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Introduction to
Philosophy
Quarter 2 – Module 5:
“The Society for Me and You!”
Introduction to Philosophy– Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 5: The Society for Me and You!
First Edition, 2020

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 11/12

Introduction to
Philosophy
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
“The Society for Me and You!”
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on
any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are
done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this
material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn
This module is designed to discuss about the relationship or
connection between man and society. The nature of a society and some
ideas coming from selected philosophers about the foundation in the
establishment or the formation of societies are also presented as part of the
topic.

In addition, the influence of society towards individuals which are

elaborated through the idea of the social process is also specified.
Furthermore, the learners are also tasked to analyze the transformation of
man brought by the society where he or she belongs.

Therefore as a learner, you are expected to understand and analyze

the general concept in this area of the subject. The following are the content
and performance standards that you need to achieve.

Content Standards:
 The learner understands the interplay between the individuality of
human beings and their social contexts.

Performance Standards:
 The learner evaluates the formation of human relationships and how
individuals are shaped by their social contexts

MELC (PPT 11/12-IIf-7.1)

 Recognize how individuals form societies and how individuals are
transformed by societies.

Finally, at the end of this module, you, as the learner is expected to:
1. Define Society

2. Describe how society is formed

3. Explain how individuals are formed in society

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 4. Construct a meaningful description of the Filipino Society
Let Us Try
“No man is an island,” from this given quote one can comprehend
that a person cannot live all by himself or herself alone. Thus, man has a
tendency to form groups and socialize or interact with others.

Also, as they say, “everything starts at home”, that is why a family is

referred to as the basic unit of the larger society. From this, let us know
about your prior knowledge with regards to how humans organize
themselves.

In this activity, focus on your own family and describe its nature by
answering the questions below. Use the graphic organizer as template to
help you realize this activity. This is also meant to know and assess your
prior knowledge with regards to how humans organize themselves, which
will become the starting point in understanding the concept of forming
society which is the highlight of this topic. It will be rated using the rubrics
provided (refer to Appendix A).

A. What are the shared characteristics and values of your family?

B. How your family was slowly organized as a group?

C. How do interactions shape and maintain the family?

D. What strengthens the bond among the members of the family?

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 A B

My FAMILY
C D

Answer this:

How do you describe a family as an organized group?

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 Let Us Study
Read the information thoroughly and understand the concepts. The
lesson focuses on the nature of the society in general as well as its
characteristics, the formation of the society by the individuals with the
points coming from the different philosophers, and how society has
transformed and influenced human beings. This part of the module is
important, since the activities are all based in the discussion.

The area of Social Philosophy gives emphasis on the study of the

society, and its impact or effect on the individual. Philosophical concepts are
employed in a social context and dwells into how the interactions influence
experiences, ideas, perceptions and values. Themes that are connected to
the study of social philosophy comprise social ontology, social, ethics,
democracy, human rights, equality and justice. Other social sciences are
seldom influenced by the concepts and discussions in social philosophy, like
the areas of psychology, political science, sociology, and linguistics.

What is a Society?

Society is defined as a large, independent, and organized group of

people occupying the same territory and sharing a common culture and
custom. Throughout the different daily interactions and socialization of the
individuals, there is sharing of knowledge, skills, and behavior from one
person to the other. These interactions are frequently managed by rules
which can be written or unwritten that shows the ideas, outlooks, and
values shared among the members of the social structure (Roberto D.
Abella. 2016. "Man and Society." In Introduction to the Philosophy of the
Human Person).

How is society formed?

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 According to Abella (2016) in his book “Introduction to the Philosophy
of the Human Person”, human beings are said to have a natural inclination
to collaborate and organize, and that the society is also a natural product of
this human inclination to socialize. For the duration of the Enlightenment,
social philosophers or thinkers wonder about the natural laws that operates
the societies of the human beings, and in their dialogues, some philosophers
proposed their ideas in relation to the establishment of the societies.
Enlightenment philosophers, such as: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke,
and Jean Jacques Rousseau were some of the known social theorists who
discussed the backgrounds of human society. In order to wholly
understand the real character of the society, they visualize human beings as
living in so-called natural state, removed from modernity and civilization.
Investigating human beings in their natural state provided the
aforementioned philosophers an opportunity to review the origins of the
society and connect them to other ideas like the man’s intrinsic character
and freedom. Different perspectives to explain the developments that gave
an avenue to the occurrence of human society.
For Thomas Hobbes, an individual in his natural state is regulated by
his personal needs and these are often directed to a conflict with his
fellowmen. As a result, society becomes a channel by which men seek to
command their natural tendencies and execute order. Furthermore, the
people who form or establish societies engage themselves in a social
contract --- which is an agreement where the people surrender some of
their wants and give in to a higher authority. Through this, the society
has the ability to perform and meet the needs of the many, and guarantee
the continued existence of humanity.
John Locke suggested his personal ideas with regards to the concept
of social contract with a different assumption. Locke regarded man in his
natural state as more collaborative and reasonable, which is in contrary to
the idea of Hobbes. And also, according to Locke society is formed through
the permission or consent of the people that organized it. The concept that is
known as the “concept of the governed”. The social contract is an
agreement among the individuals to cooperate and impart the load of

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sustaining the welfare of the society. Additionally, the authority established
to manage the society should show and reflect the principles of the people
who organized it. Should this authority become unsuccessful to maintain its
responsibility or live up to the standards of the individuals, it will be rejected
and substituted with a new one.
The ideas of Jean Jacque Rousseau in connection to social contract
directed him to promote the concept of the general will. Rousseau supposed
that even if the individuals are the ones that organized the society and
established authority or government, in extreme cases, the government has
the ability to impose its will on the people. This is based on the assumption
that the people have permitted the government to act on their behalf, and
that it is referred to be the best judge of what is most beneficial for society.
More recent views on the social contract give emphasis to individual
decision-making in society. John Rawls redefined the social contract and
explained that human beings approach social cooperation in a rational
manner in order to meet their individual self-interests. Rawls introduced a
version of the natural state which he called the original position to explain
social formation. He imagined humans as having a veil of ignorance or no
knowledge of one’s own characteristics such as gender, race, or social
status. In this state, humans would naturally seek a just and fair society in
an effort to look out for their own interests.
David Gauthier described man’s self-interest as a significant factor in
building and maintaining societies. But this selfish interest benefits society
as a whole, since the actions of individuals in meeting their individual needs
also further the interests of the other members of society.

Characteristics of Society
(Mariano M. Arriola, 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person)

A group of people living together is considered to be a society if it has

the following characteristics. These are:

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1. Society is a social system.
A social system consists of individuals interacting with
each other. A system consists of sub-parts whereby a change in
one part affects the other parts. Thus, a change in one group of
individuals will affect the stability of the other parts of the
system.
2. Society is relatively large.
The individuals must be socially united in order to be
considered reasonably large compared to the people who are
individually scattered. Therefore, the members in a family, tribe,
clan, neighborhood, community are socially integrated to be
relatively large in scope.
3. Society socializes its members and those from without.
The society’s members are taught of the fundamental
norms and expectations because most of the members are born
to it. Those who are from the other societies are socialized and
taught of the said norms and expectations before they are
recognized as functioning members of such society.
4. Society endures, produces, and sustains its members for
generations.
For society to survive, it must have the ability to produce,
endure, and sustain its new members for at least several
generations. For instance, if a society cannot assist its members
during their extreme conditions on hunger and poverty that
society will not survive long.
5. Society hold its members through a common culture.
The existence of symbols, norms, values, patterns of
interaction, vision, and mission that are normally shared among
the members of the society holds the individuals in the society
together.
6. Society has clearly-defined geographical territory.

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 The members in a society must live in a certain specific
habitat or place and have a common belongingness and sense of
purpose.

How societies transform the individuals?

In almost all features of a person’s life, the society has its significant
influence. The idea of being part of a group can seldom result in significant
changes in the current behavior of a person. Furthermore, a person
assumes a set of principles and behavior considered appropriate within his
or her society through socialization. Socialization is the process by which an
individual learns the prevailing behaviors, attitudes, and values within his
or her society. Different social institutions such as the family, community,
school, government, church, and even mass media are agents of
socialization that shape or mold the personality of the person. Socialization
is a continuing process that passes through almost all aspects of human
interaction. However, each person preserve their personal traits that are
unique to them, the society affects particular aspects of individual behavior,
which results in some changes in a person’s views and behavior (Abella,
2016).
No typical man lives alone for a long period of time --- because man by
nature is a social being. The sociability of man is illustrated in John Donne’s
immortal song No man is an island; no man stands alone; each man is
my brother; each man is my friend. His song suggests that a human being
lives and intermingles with others for survival and from those other people
he gradually obtains his identity that will shape his or her character and
personality.
The society functions in the molding, shaping as well as the reshaping
of both personality and character. Societies vary in nature, there are those
which are authoritarian, while others are permissive although many
numerous societies are also democratic. From the time a child is born and

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while he or she grows in any of these societies he or she belongs, the child
starts to learn and acquire the skills, values, and culture of the said place.
He also recognizes himself or herself in relation with other people. The way
he or she reasonably pictures himself or herself in relation with others ---
parents, siblings, peers, neighbors, teachers, political and religious leaders
among others, is the basis of his roles, attitudes, images, aspirations,
talents, and value orientations. Charles Horton Cooley referred the process
of self-realization and self-concepts, as the “looking glass self”.
Looking at the human person in this perspective should lead us to the
discussion of one of the basic dimensions of social life and that is the
socialization process of the individual. Social process is a long and
complicated way of being inducted into a group whereby the individuals
interacts and learns the physical, intellectual, and social skills, values and
culture of the society where he is a member. The social process begins at
birth and continues throughout life. In this process, the individual becomes
a social person; for example, a recognized Filipino.
The individual relates himself with significant people --- parents,
peers, friends, neighbors, and teachers, political and religious leaders,
among others. Some of the behaviors and values of these people are
accepted, adopted, and internalized and form part of his personality and
character. The individual learns through listening, observing, and imitating.
The individual interacting with other people varies according to the degree,
intensity and the type of society of which he is a member (Abella, 2016).

THE SOCIAL PROCESS

(Mariano M. Arriola, 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person)

Stages of Social Process

There are three (3) stages in the development of self-concept and the
development of self in society.

 The Imitation Stage (below 3 years old)

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 The first entrance into the society. As a new member of
the society, the child is almost powerless. His thoughts, feelings
and actions, and activities depend upon the teaching and
examples by the members of the family. Likewise, the child
takes on and copies the habits and activities of the parents and
siblings by subconscious conformity --- without understanding
the meaning and significance of the action. This is the first step
in the development of the individual’s self-concept and in taking
different roles meaningfully.

 The Play Stage (3 to 5 years old)

The child plays different roles and assumes like a father,
mother, physician, patient, teacher, student, and what not. The
child’s development of self-concept is conceived by other people.
It is conditioned by the roles which he takes and plays and his
roles are defined by the treatment of superiors and peers.

 The Game Stage (6 years and above)

The child acts like a member of a team. This is the stage
where he develops a self-concept consistent with the
expectations of all others --- the generalized others. The third
stage has something in common with Jean Piaget’s Moral
Judgment of the Child --- the codification of roles. The child
takes on every detail of procedures in the game and actually
observes the code of rules.

Importance of Social Process

1. It plays a vital role in the transmission of culture.

It is through this where the each generation acquires the
previous generation’s culture --- knowledge, values, norms, beliefs,
customs, languages, and etc.
2. It plays a vital role in personality development.

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 If the child is provided the needed care, nurture, and protection,
he or she will likely develop a feelings of security and trust. The
appropriate skills and values the child received from training,
observation, and imitation would also enable him to cope and
function effectively with all sectors of society.
3. It plays a vital role in sex-role differentiation.
Every individual is expected to play his role in society according
to his gender. However, the degree and intensity of family
upbringing and socialization activities have more impact in shaping
sex role. Masculine and Feminine behavior is not inborn but taught
and learned.
4. It plays vital role in social learning.
The individual learns from other people through shared
knowledge and skill, social relations and personal contact with
others. In social learning, an individual learns through imitation,
suggestion, cooperation, competition, and communication as well
as the leadership ability.

Functions of Social Process

1. It develops skills and discipline

In addition to what parents and teachers teach, children learn
discipline and skill through interaction with significant people,
parents, elders, and peers
2. It instills aspirations and the values of good-living
The child’s aspirations and values of good living emanates from
interaction with people. This aspiration and values of good living are
enriched or enhanced as the individual grows throughout life.
3. It instills the social life roles of individuals.
A number of social roles and certain behavior are expected in
each of this role. From childhood to adulthood; social roles are
expected to be observed by individuals.

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Components of Social Process

1. Motive
It is a strong driving force to behavior. It is a person’s desire to
achieve goal. Different people have different motives and motives are
not of equal strength. All behavior starts with a motive, however, some
motives take priority over others.
2. Context
It refers to those activities or situations performed by the
individual in a certain physical and social environment to be able to
achieve a goal. The presence of incentives may intensify or redirect the
behavior to reach a goal.
3. Norms
These are rules that regulate or guide a human behavior.
Human beings should act accordingly in a certain situation and one
must not go against the norms because society does not tolerate
behavior that is not in accord with the norms. Society punishes
violation of the norms by ostracism, rejection, and other social
disapproval.
4. Goal
It is the end for which one wishes to achieve or attain. It is a
substance, object or situation that satisfies a motive. All motives are
directed to a goal.

CONTEXT

MOTIVE GOAL

NORMS
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Major Functions of Society to Human Persons

1. Society provides a system of socialization.

Knowledge and skills, dominant patterns of behavior, moral and
social values and aspects of personality are transmitted to the
members especially to the young. The family, the peer groups, the
school, the church, and the other government and non-government
organizations play a role in the individual’s development.
2. Society provides the basic needs of its members.
Food, clothing, shelter, medicine, education, transportation and
communication, facilities, etc., must be provided by society to satisfy
the basic needs of its members.
3. Society regulates and controls people’s behavior.
Conformity to the prevailing norms of conduct endures social
controls. The police, armed forces, law-enforcement agencies and even
the church and other government and non-government organizations
exist as means of social – control. Peace and order are created through
a system of norms and formal organizations.
4. Society provides the means of social participation.
Through social participation, the individual in a society learns
to interact with each other, present and discuss their concerns and
solve their own problems or renew their commitments and values. The
people are given opportunities to contribute to knowledge and skills
for the betterment of their family, neighborhood, and community
religious organizations, civic-organizations, people’s organizations and
nongovernment organizations do their part in community
development.

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 5. Society provides mutual support to the members.
Mutual support is provided to the members of the society in the
form of relief in any form and solutions to problems met by them. This
form of assistance may come from the family, neighbors, clans,
government and nongovernment agencies, civic and religious
organizations.

How does our own society define our identity as Filipinos?

(Roberto D. Abella. 2016. "Man and Society." In Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human Person)
Our own Filipino society has a set a social values that govern our
everyday interactions and define our character as uniquely Filipino.
Apparent in a Filipino society is the great significance attached to a
harmonious relations. Among the family members, the relationship is very
close, and this applies to the members of the extended family as well. The
need to establish and sustain smooth interpersonal relationships also define
community relations. A number of traditions that contribute to harmonious
relationships in a Filipino society were specified by anthropologists and
sociologists like pakikisama, pakikipagkapwa-tao, utang-na-loob,
damayan, and bayanihan. These traditions contribute to a strong sense of
community among Filipinos.
In the Filipino society religion also plays an important role. Most of
the Filipinos are followers of the Christian faith and the religion has a
relevant impact or effect in many practices and traditions such as the
“fiesta” and the commemoration of religious feasts like the Holy Week and
Christmas. Religion also influences the ethics and morality of Filipinos,
which are referred as family-centered and conservative.
The introduction of new changes into our society are brought by the
changes and developments throughout our history and the increased
interaction with other foreign nations. These changes, in turn, have resulted
in the transformation of certain aspects of Filipino life. Perspectives on
marriage, relationships, and role of women in society have been altered

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because of the arrival of Western ideas. Rising global interactions in the
present modern society will influence additional changes in Filipino society.

Let Us Practice
“Man by nature is a social animal”, this statement conveys the
idea that man always has the tendency to form groups, to live along with
other human beings and to socialize. In this activity, let yourself be the
focus and utilize your own involvement in the society to dissect the
aforementioned nature of man. Cite at least three evidences or scenarios,
through your personal experiences, that would show and prove the natural
tendency of man to socialize. Then, give a general explanation based on the
scenarios (your answers). Refer to Appendix A for the rubric.

Evidence 1

“ME” as
a social Evidence 2
animal

Evidence 3
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Explanation:
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1. How does the interaction of man with others influence the society as a
whole?

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2. In your own local community, how did these evidences foster your
own tendency as a human being to socialize and interact? Cite specific
scenario/s and Explain.

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3. In general, how does the society provides the opportunity for

socialization to its members?

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4.

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 Let Us Practice More
The ideas of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Rawls in relation to the
formation of the society by the people were already presented above. Use the
table below to explain their concept of a society. After doing so, cite a sample
scenario where the idea of each philosopher can be manifested in a society.
Also, answer the questions that follow. The output will be evaluated using
the rubric (refer to Appendix A).

Idea on the formation Sample Scenario

Philosophers
of societies. (real-life)

1. Thomas Hobbes

2. John Locke

3. Jean Jacques
Rousseau

4. John Rawls

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Questions:

1. In order to fully understand the true character of society, Hobbes,

Locke, and Rousseau imagined humans as living in a so-called
natural state, removed from modernity and civilization. How do this
ways of perceiving the individuals relevant to the viewpoints of these
three philosophers? Explain.
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2. Based on the aforementioned philosophers’ ideas on the formation of

the societies, what human nature or attribute do you think was
focused by the three? Was it the same to all of them? Explain.

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3. If you were to evaluate the present society that we have today, which
among the three philosophers’ idea can be truly manifested? Why?

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 Let Us Remember
The three developmental stages that enable man to develop himself
or herself and his or her self-concept were presented above. From the given
explanation and based on what you have understood, establish the
connection of these stages and highlight the key components that an
individual may acquire as he or she moves along the different stages. On a
sheet of paper and use the template provided below.

Developmental Stages

Imitation
Play Stage Game Stage
Stage

Acquired characteristics

Application of the acquired

characteristics in the society

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Questions:
1. Does every person need to go through the three stages in the
development of his or her self-concept? Why or why not?

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2. How do each stage differ in the development of man’s self-concept?

Explain.
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3. Are the three stages interconnected? If so, show and discuss their
interconnectedness.
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 Let Us Assess
In this section, write your own composition in 250 to 300-word essay
on a one whole sheet of paper and discuss how the existence of the society
where you have grown and lived up until now transformed you as an
individual. Be critical and explain how the different aspects in your own
society contributed to you as a person. Make sure to create your own title.
Your output will be graded based on the rubric presented in Appendix B.

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 Let Us Enhance
In this task, discuss the importance of social process and elaborate
on the role of the society on the following importance: (1) Transmission of
Culture, (2) Personality Development, (3) Sex-role Differentiation, and (4)
Social Learning. Make sure to base your discussions of each as to how your
own local society took part in your self-formation. The graphic organizer
below will be utilized for this activity. Kindly use the rubric in Appendix A as
your guide.

1. Transmission
of Culture

2. Personality
Development

Importance
of Social
Process

3. Sex-role
Differentiation

4. Social
Learning

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Answer the following questions.

1. How important is the transmission of culture from one generation to

the other? Explain
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2. In the context of sex-role differentiation, why is it necessary for an

individual to play the role that is expected for him or her, as a man or
a woman? Explain.
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3. How important is the role of a family, particularly the parents, in the

development of their child’s personality? Explain.
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 Let Us Reflect
In this activity, assess and evaluate how the society’s functions
are provided in the Philippine setting. Choose three functions only, give an
example for each, and explain how these functions are played in the
Philippine society. Use the rubric given in Appendix A for this.

A. Function No. 1

B. Function No. 2

C. Function No. 3

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Question:
1. How Philippine society shaped the Filipino identity that is
known today?
Task: (Specify at least 5 important factors in the Philippine
society that contributes to the Filipino character and discuss
each.)

A. Factor #1
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B. Factor #2
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C. Factor #3
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D. Factor #4
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E. Factor #5
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 Answer Key

Appendix A
Does not meet Approaches Meets expectations Exceed
expectation expectation (3 points) Expectations
(1 point) (2 points) (4 points)
Content The information has Information clearly Information clearly Information
little or nothing to do relates to the main relates to the main clearly relates to
topic or simply topic, but no details topic. It provides at the main topic.
restates the main or examples are least 1 supporting With several
concept. given. detail or example. examples and
adds new
concepts.
Required Organizer included One required Two required Two required
Elements all required elements. element was element were element were
missing. missing. missing.

Critical Does not respond to Responds to Some critical Develops critical

Thinking the question pose by questions but does thinking and thinking process
the facilitator. not engage in reflection was consistently
premise reflection. demonstrated. through reflection
with self-
questioning.
Utilization Professional Professional Professional Professional
of language vocabulary and vocabulary and vocabulary and vocabulary and
writing styles were writing styles were writing styles were writing styles
not used. used occasionally used frequently were used
throughout the throughout the throughout the
discussion. discussion. discussion.
Rubrics

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Appendix B
RUBRICS

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 References

Abella, Roberto D. 2016. "Man and Society." In Introduction to the Philosophy

of the Human Person, by Roberto D. Abella, 113 - 126. Quezon City: C
and E Publishing, Inc.

Arriola, Mariano M. 2016. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human

Person. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services and Publishing Inc.

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