JSS 1 BASIC TECHNOLOGY NOTES

Week One Topic: Understanding Technology

Definition: Technology is the application of special knowledge and skills toward facing
human needs and solve them satisfactorily.

Introduction:
What this means is that technology is that aspect of man’s activity, which targets his
challenges and tries to solve them by using the material things around him. Man’s
continued desire to live a more comfortable and happy life pushes him to make different
kind of things he needs by using technology.

There’s nothing in the world today, which makes man feel happier that technology does
not have a hand in. Beginning from such primitive products of technology like the hoe
to the most advanced ones like the robot, they are all the products of technology.

Technology cannot grow where research and development is not taking place. It is
research and development that helps man to come up with newer ideas of where he can
apply technology to create something new for his use and ease of living. This is what
leads man into what is called innovation and invention.

The level at which a country is looked at and called developed is measured by what that
country can do with technology. Technology is as old as the human history. And it is one
aspect of the human endeavor that will never disappear.

Advantages of technology
Technology:
1. Improves the living standard of a people.
2. Enhances and increases productivity.
3. Makes communication easier and faster.
4. Makes life and living safer.
5. Helps to secure our environment.
6. Saves a lot of time, energy and resources.
7. Makes movement very easy and enjoyable.
8. Boosts entertainment, commerce and industry.
9. It preserves vital data.
10. Enhances learning through easy access to knowledge worldwide.

Who should participate in technological activities and learning?

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Everyone is expected to learn one aspect of technology or the other. The world is getting
to the point where almost everything we do require the help of technology. So, we must
learn it and learn it very well.

Technology-related Careers

Listed below are some of the careers that are built around technological knowhow. They
include bricklaying, blueprint interpretation, glazier, painting and decoration, plumber,
plumbing, roofing, tile setting, iron worker, metal forming, sheet metal work, tool and
die work, welding, panel beating, production technologists, carpentry, cabinet making,
furniture finishing, luthier, and all fields of engineering and technical skills.

Assignment: List ten careers you can find that is related to technology.

Week Two Topic: Workshop Safety

Definition: A workshop is a room or a building space where machines and useful items
or devices are produced, repaired and or maintained.

Human beings used hand tools and machine tools to carry out the three functions we
mentioned above. None of these things have brain. For this reason, all of them pose
dangerous threat to the people who use them to work in the workshop.

Whenever any of these machines injures, damages or kills a human being, we say that
an accident has happened. Hence, accident is seen as any unfavorable and unexpected
event that happens, which leads to injury, death or damage to property. In everything
that man does, effort is made to reduce accidents to the smallest level possible. This is
the reason why we have to learn about workshop safety.

Causes of accident
There are so many things that can cause an accident. We will briefly look at thirteen of
them.
1. Taking shortcuts: This is when people decide to take shorter means to finish what
they are doing, especially when they feel they are familiar with the machine.
2. Fatigue: When someone is tired and he still insists on continuing to work.
3. Over confidence: This is the bane of people who feel they have mastered their work.
They may not be in haste; but they can mistakenly do something that can lead to the
accident.
4. Pre-occupation: When so many life challenge cloud the mind of someone working
in a workshop, he can lose concentration and get himself fatally injured.
5. Poor Knowledge of the machine: There is a saying that half knowledge is more
deadly than no knowledge. When someone who is not properly educated about how to
use a machine goes ahead to use it, you can guess what may result later.
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6. Liquid surface: When the floor, handles, machine parts, etc are wet by anything,
friction can be lost. And that can lead to a severe issue.
7. Untidy workshop or house: When the environment is not clean, it affects the mind
of the workers. This naturally moves people to do things carelessly. And that is a
dangerous behavior in a workshop.
8. Hazardous material: Dangerous chemicals like fuel, acid, diesel, gas, and smoke are
some of the hazards that can be had in a workshop. They have made accident more
deadly than normal.
9. Ignoring safety rules: When people intentionally refuse to follow safety rules or,
when they fail to educate others about it, they set up a situation that can lead to severe
accidents.
10. Attempting risky challenges: When people choose to lift or carry loads that are more
than they can bear, they are inviting trouble. The same goes with the man who feels he
can do things alone by refusing to ask others to help him.
11. Emotional imbalance: Some can be working with a bad, good or lonely feeling. It is
very deadly to work on a machine, etc, when you are very much excited, loved, angry or
feeling depressed or lonely.
12. Costly mistakes: When some starts a machine without checking if no one is near it.
Walking into an object that moves unexpectedly. Throwing sharp objects in the name of
play, etc. All these contribute to making accident happen.
13. Poor planning: Once you do not plan how to work, the tendency to make serious
mistake is sure.

Week Three Topic: Workshop Safety

Types of workshop accident

1. Stepping on sharp objects.
2. Injuries caused by faulty machines.
3. Attacks from corrosive substances.
4. Electrocution.
5. Suffocation.
6. Falling from a height.
7. Toxic gas emission and inhalation.
8. Ear and eye problems from unhealthy sounds and light.
9. Fire outbreak and it injuries.

Types of fire accident

1. Electrical fire caused by sparks and burning accessories.
2. Liquid chemical fire caused by inflammable liquids.
3. Solid materials fire cause by objects that can catch fire easily such as paper, etc.

Safety rules and regulation

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The rules and regulations listed below are some of the instructions you are to carefully
obey when you are in the workshop area.

1. Listen carefully to instructions before using the workshop or its equipment.

2. Do not play anyhow in the workshop. None of the machines is your mate.
3. Try to know where safety devices and gadgets are kept for prompt action.
4. Wear safety materials as long as you are in the workshop.
5. Makes sure there is enough space around you.
6. Do not attempt to start a machine without first knowing how to stop it.
7. Keep all you limbs and clothing away from moving machine parts.
8. Never you be in haste in whatever you are doing in the workshop.
9. Be careful when using sharp hand tools that can cut easily.
10. Read any post or bill you see on the walls of the workshop and keep to them.
11. Report any damage you notice in the workshop.

Week Four Topic: Workshop Safety

In this lesson we shall be looking at the devices that are used to fight, manage and stop
accident cases from occurring. Let’s take a look at some of the safety gadgets and devices
that are required in the workshop and their uses.

1. Overall: It protects the body from injuries coming from scratches and bruises. It also
gives the person smart look.
2. Boots: Workshop books are designed to protect the feet from sharp objects and
corrosive substances.
3. Goggles: The piece of device protects the eyes from intense light, flying particles, and
dust.
4. Hand gloves: Protects the hands from cutting tools, corrosive substances and electric
shock.
5. Helmet: It protects the head from severe injuries caused by falling objects, accidents
fall and crashing, and unexpected collision.
6. Safety belt: Used to fasten people on firm supports when working on high altitudes.
7. Ear pad: It is a head device that is used to protect the ears from intense sounds.
8. Bucket of sand: It is kept at selected areas in the workshop. It is used to fight fire
outbreak when fire extinguisher is not enough or has finished.
9. Fire extinguisher: It is used to fight fire outbreak in the workshop.
10. Tick blanket: Used to fight off fire that catches human beings and small inflammable
materials.
11. Fire alarm: Used to alert people of danger around working vicinity.
12. Bills, signs, and poster: Used to educate people on what to do, where to go, and how
to behave in the face of danger. Some this bills, sign and posters are shown below.
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13. CCTV cameras: Used to monitor movements and work situations in and around the
working space to track possible danger signs.

Pictures of some of the safety devices and gadgets

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Week Five Topic: Identification of materials

There is the need to identify and know the types of material around us, which are used
to make things that are useful to us. That means, these materials are the ones that man
uses to produce anything he wants to make.

In this week’s lesson, we will only identify wood and ceramics. This will give us the
opportunity to know their properties, nature and what they are used to make in
technological activities.

Identification of wood

Wood is an engineering material that is extracted from trees. It has a lot of technical
value. In many things that man has built, wood is often found in one area or the other in
them. There are two main types of wood in existence. They are hardwood and softwood.
In identifying wood, we shall look at it based on this two types. The table below presents
them according to their specific properties and examples.
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Specific properties of wood

S/No Hardwood Softwood
1. They are called deciduous wood They are call coniferous wood
2. They have broad leaves They have scale-like or needle-like leaves
3. They are heavy in weight They are light in weight
4. They have dark coloration They are light in color
5. They have complex cellular They have simple cellular structure
structure
6. Oak, Iroko, Teak, Mahogany, Cedar, Spruce, Pine, Cyprus, Fir, etc are
Mansonia, etc are examples. examples.

General properties of wood

All wood have the following general properties

1. They appear dark or light in color.
2. They are all poor conductors of heat.
3. Magnet does not attract them.
4. They are poor conductors of electricity when they are dry.
5. When polished, wood looks shiny.
6. They are useful in making furniture, weapon, hand tools, then vehicles, train and
aircraft body part, roofing materials and building house.
7. They make low sounds when wet.
8. Wood can absorb shock or impact.

Identification of ceramics

Ceramics are made from clay. The same goes with glass. The only difference between
them is the ways they are made.

To identify ceramics, we have to look out for the following properties in a material that
we see.

1. Brittleness: Ceramics can break easily once they fall on a hard surface.
2. Heat resistant: They do not conduct heat and so, they also don’t burn in the fire.
3. Inorganic materials: They are made from mainly inorganic materials like silicon
(sand), sillimanite, sulphur and the rest.
4. Non-sonorous: They don’t make loud sounds when hit.
5. Poor Electric conductor: They do not allow current to past through them.
6. Water resistant: They can retain water. That means they cannot absorb water or
allow it to pass through them.
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7. Refractory: Some ceramics can change the direction of light and heat.
8. Shiny in nature: Ceramics can sparkle in the eye and look like the mirror.

Week Six Topic: Identification of materials

In this lesson, we will identify plastics and rubber. They are another set of materials that
man uses when he wants to make things. We will now take a look at the properties they
have that can help us identify them.

Identification of plastics

Plastics are materials that man extracted from two sources. One of them is petroleum.
This source gives us the type of plastics that are called thermoplastics. The second
source is chemical reactions. This source gives man the type of plastics that are called
thermosetting plastics.

Properties of plastics

Listed below are the properties of plastics:

1. They are very light and so can float on water.
2. They are poor conductors or heat and electricity.
3. They can never decay or rust.
4. They can be melted and be re-molded.
5. They can be folded into different shapes.
6. They don’t cut easily when stretched.
7. When stretched, their length increase only a little.

Identification of rubber

Rubber is a material that is extracted from two sources like plastics. The first source is
called latex. And it is collected from a special tree called Hevea. This latex gives man the
type of rubber that is called natural rubber. The second source of rubber is chemical
reactions. It gives man the type of rubber that is called synthetic rubber.

Properties of rubber
The list below presents to us the properties of rubber. They include:
1. They are elastic, meaning they stretch to twice their normal lengths.
2. They can return to their normal length as stretching.
3. They are poor heat and electricity conductor.
4. They are very good shock absorbers.
5. They are highly water resistant.
6. They can look dark reddish, yellow or white.
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Week Seven Topic: Identification of materials

The materials we will be identifying in this lesson are glass and metals. It’s possible you
already know them. But it’s important that we get to know them even better. And
because they are part of the materials that play major role in engineering, that’s why we
have to study them.

Identification of Glass
Listed below are the properties of glass, which we can use to identify them.
1. They can break very easily.
2. They are poor conductor of heat and electricity.
3. They do not rust or decay.
4. They are water resistant, meaning water cannot pass through them.
5. They are made from inorganic materials such as silicon, etc.
6. They are non-metallic, hence do not possess metal properties.
7. They are hard when felt with the hand.
8. They are transparent.
9. They are not elastic like rubber and plastic.

Identification of metal

For us to identify metal, we should look out for the following properties on the material
before us.
1. Toughness: They don’t bend, stretch or break easily.
2. Malleability: Metals can be hammered into different shapes.
3. Fusibility: Metals can melt when they are subjected to high heat or temperature.
4. Density: Metals feel heavy when you try to lift them up.
5. Ductility: Metals can be stretched into thin wire under certain conditions. They can
also be deformed permanently without them breaking.
6. Brittleness: This is the tendency of certain metals, like iron, to break instead of
bending or stretching.
7. Magnetism: Some metals, like iron, can be attracted to a magnet.
8. Conductivity: All metals allow current and heat to travel through them.
9. Hardness: It is difficult to scratch or pierce metals by using other hard objects.
10. Elasticity: Some metals can be stretched to a new length and they will gradually
return to their normal length again. They stretching is always small.

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Week Eight Topic: Drawing Instruments

Drawing instrument are the m materials that are used to draw in Basic Tech. We use it
is in the section of Basic Tech called Technical Drawing. This lesson will help us to
identify the drawing instrument that we would need in this subject and beyond.

Drawing Materials

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Standard Drawing Board

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Week Nine Topic: Scale Drawing

Measurement: This is the act of using a special instrument to give specific values for the
distance between two points. It is through measurement that we can be able to describe
the size of any object accurately.

Types of measurement

There are basically two types of measurement. They are:

1. Angular measurement: When we measure the angle between two lines or points. We
do this by using the protractor to measure them.
2. Linear measurement: This is when we measure the distance between lines that are
connected by a straight line. We use meter rules to take this kind of measurement.

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How to read graduation:

Meter rules are graduated in

millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm),
and so on. For anyone to read
measurement from any of this
instrument, the starting point is not
the place where you see 1cm or 10mm.
No. That’s not where the starting point
on the ruler is. The correct starting
point, i.e, where you mark and
consider it to be the place where you measurement
will begin, is the mark on the ruler where you see
0cm or 0mm. so, you place the 0 (zero) mark on
the ruler on the point, where your measurement
begins. Then, you start counting from 1cm or
10mm and continue.

The same thing applies to angles. When you want

to measure an angle, the 00 mark on the protractor
is where you place on the starting point. Then you
count along the curved edge of the tool. Remember
that the small lines that are 4 in number, marked between the loner one ones gives you
the opportunity to count small lengths and angles. For instance, if you are to measure
5.7cm, when you count to the number 5, you then count the shorter lines including the
longer ones that do not have number written on them. Once you count the lines to the
seventh on, you stop. That’s where you measurement, which started at 0cm, will stop.
In the case of angle, the small
lines, too, allows you to include
smaller angles. As an example, if
you want to measure 840, you
arrange the protractor so that its
00 sits at the starting point. Then,
count along the curved edge,
either from your right or from
your left, till you have reached the
80 written on the protractor. You
get the remaining 40 by counting
4 small lines ahead of the 80.
That’s where you 840 angle stops.

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Week Ten Topic: Scale Drawing

In this lesson, we will look at what scale rule is all about. It is very important that we
learn how to use it.

Scale rule is a special type of measuring device that allows us to measure large distances
while using a very small ruler to do so. It exists in two types namely: plain scale and
diagonal scale. As for this lesson, we shall concentrate on plain scale.

Interpretation of scale rule

If you look at the three arms of the scale rule, you will see that each of their faces marked
with something like this 1: 100; 1: 200; 1: 250; 1: 300, and so on. If I take 1: 250 for
example, before you can tell what you are measuring, find out first what unit it is you
are measuring. So, on that arm where you see 1: 250, you will also see something like
this 5m along the face where the 1: 250 is written. The “m” in front of the 5 tells you that
you are trying to take a measurement in meters. So, what 1: 250 means is this: that for
every 1 unit measurement you take on the ruler, you have assigned 250m distance to the
object in real life.

In practical sense, this statement means reducing the size of the object by 250 times. In
other words, 1: 250 actually means 1 divide by 250 or, 1/250, which gives us 0.004 of
the normal size of the object.

So, if you are asked to draw an object by using the scale 1: 500, what you are asked to
do is to divide every measurement given on the object by 500. This number will reduce
the object to a small size. Thus, the bigger the number under the division sign, the
smaller the size of the object will be. That means, 1: 20 scale will produce a bigger object
than the object drawn with 1: 100 scale will produce.

How scale rule is used

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To use the scale rule, all you need to do is to find the face
that contains the ratio you were asked to use to draw the
object. If the ratio is 1: 200, then, along the length of that face
where you see 1: 200, there are numbers written. If the
intervals of the numbers are 1, i.e, if you see the numbers in
this form: 1, 2, 3… etc, then, each of them represent 200. But
if the intervals are 2, 4, 6…, then each number there
represents 100. You get this by dividing 200 with the first
number, 2. That’s how it applies all other ratios.

Finally…
Scale rule is normally used to help engineers and architects to reduce the sizes of their
drawing to a smaller size.

Week Eleven Topic: Scale Drawing

In this lesson, we shall learn how to use scale to increase or decrease the sizes of given
objects.

Examples
1. Construct a rectangle of sides 100 by 50 and re-construct it in the ratios (a) 1: 5 (b)
1: 10.
2. Construct a cuboid of sides 80 x 50 x 30 and reconstruct it in the ratio 1:15.
3. Construct a cylinder, whose base radius is 20 and height is 120. Then reconstruct it
to the ratio 1: 10
NB: The teacher will guide the students through this process.

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