CS2311 Computer Programming

LT04: Control Flow - Loop

Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong

Semester A 2022-23
 Recap: Lab 3 Q1
• write a program that calculates the result of 'a', 'operator', 'b'

2
 Recap: Lab 3 Q1
• write a program that calculates the result of 'a', 'operator', 'b'
a o b
if Cem

xx x x

else
L 11 O Il o I Il o L L Il
if o t 11 0
O 7 11 0

a in valid input c end l

cont
else
coat cc invalid operation 3
 Recap: Lab 3 Q2
• write a program that
reads 3 integer
values (> 0) from the
user. The 3 values
are interpreted as
representing the
lengths of the three It 2 2 10 cannot form
sides of a triangle. a triangle
• Check the property
of the triangle

4
 Recap: Lab 3 Q2
• write a program that
reads 3 integer
values (> 0) from the else if a b 11 Iso
user. The 3 values be all a c A
Iso Eq
are interpreted as
representing the
lengths of the three
sides of a triangle. else 11 scalene
• Check the property
of the triangle

5
 Today's Outline
• Loop
• while
• do-while
• for

• Programming styles for control flow

• Exercises

6
 Loop Start
Mit
radar
• When the execution enters a loop, it
executes a block of code repeatedly as check the False
condition Condition
long as a loop condition is met

True
• Beside sequential and branch execution Code
loop is another common control flow
radar check radar det
obj
Navigate the car
End

7
 Loop (cont'd)
x=0 Initial of
• Print "hello world" 10 times the loop

1. Set x=0;
cout << "hello world\n"
2. cout << "hello world\n"
3. if (x < 10) then add 1 to x and loop x = x+1
back
check the condition
4. Else exit the loop Yes
x < 10?

No
end loop
8
 Loop (cont'd)
x=0
• In general, a loop consists of four parts
initialization statements . before the loop
cout << "hello world\n"
body ..executed repeatedly while
the loop condition is true
loop condition . x = x+1

post loop statements (stepping forward to

Yes
exit loop condition) x < 10?

No

9
 Types of Loop
• while loop
• do-while loop
• for loop

10
 while check expression

• Syntax loop condition

while (expression) body
{
loop statement(s); 11
}
loop body

• Semantics
• If the value of expression is non-zero (true), loop statements will be
executed, otherwise, the loop terminates
• After loop statements are executed, the expression will be tested again

11
 int main() {
int x, max;
while max = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
To collect
• An Example:
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n"; 11 the input
cin >> x;
while (x != 0) { from the
• Ask user to input positive if (x > max) user
integers max = x;
cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
• Stop when user enters '0' cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
cin >> x;
• Print the maximum of }
entered positive integers if (max == 0) {
before quit cout << "You didn't enter any positive integer\n";
} else {
cout << "The maximum integer you entered is ";
cout << max << endl;
}
return 0;
} 17
 do-while
• Syntax
do { Difference of while and do
loop statement(s);
while
}
while (expression); Do while Execute the loop body
first Then check the loop expression
• Semantics If the expression is false Then
execute the loop body again
• loop statements are executed first; thus the loop body will be executed
for at least once
• If the value of expression is non-zero (true), the loop repeats; otherwise,
the loop terminates while check the loop expression first
then execute the loop body
18
 int main() {
int x, max;
do-while max = 0;

do {
• An Example: cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
• Ask user to input positive cin >> x;
integers if (x > max)
max = x;
• Stop when user enters '0' } while (x != 0);
• Print the maximum of if (max == 0) {
entered positive integers cout << "You didn't enter any positive integer\n";
before quit } else {
cout << "The maximum integer you entered is ";
cout << max << endl;
}

return 0;
} 19
 while vs do-while
int x, max;
max = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
cin >> x;
while (x != 0) {
if (x > max)
max = x;
cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
cin >> x;
}

• do-while is better suited for loops that require at least one iteration
20
 while vs do-while
int x, max; int x, max;
max = 0; max = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
Nothing here
cin >> x;
while (x != 0) { do {
if (x > max) cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
max = x; cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
cout << "Enter a positive integer. "; cin >> x;
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n"; if (x > max)
cin >> x; max = x;
} } while (x != 0);

• do-while is better suited for loops that require at least one iteration
21
 while vs do-while
int x, max; int x, max;
max = 0; max = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
cin >> x;
while (x != 0) { do {
if (x > max) cout << "Enter a positive integer. ";
max = x; cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n";
cout << "Enter a positive integer. "; cin >> x;
cout << "Type 0 to quit.\n"; if (x > max)
cin >> x; max = x;
} } while (x != 0);

• do-while is better suited for loops that require at least one iteration
22
while vs do-while
initialization initialization

While (...){ check the do{

loop condition
true true

} false }while(…)

false

23
 structureof a loop
for: Syntax initial statement
loop condition
initial condition post loop post loop statement
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) {
loop statements; step
} loop body I exp r
2 check expr 2
• Semantics 3 loop statement
4 expr3
Loop statements are repeatedly executed as long as expr2 is non-zero (true).
Otherwise, the loop ends. stop if expr 2 is false
expr1: executed before entering the loop body. Often used for initializing a loop
counter or loop status.
expr3: executed after each iteration of the loop body. Often used to update the
loop counter or loop status.
24
 for: Examples
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int i; from i O
start
for (i=0;i<10;i++) {
if(i%2==0) 11 to check whether i is even
cout << i << endl;
}
return 0;
}
 for: Examples
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() { int main() {
int i; I declan outside the loop
for (i=0;i<10;i++) {
body for(int i=0;i<10;i++) {
if(i%2==0) if(i%2==0)
cout << i << endl; cout << i << endl;
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// get input from user until a positive integer is entered
int main() {
int x;
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> x;
while (x <= 0) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
cin >> x;
}
return 0;
}
#include <iostream> initialization
using namespace std;
// get input from user until a positive integer is entered loop condition .
int main() {
int x;
body
cout << "Enter a number: "; post loop statements
cin >> x;
while (x <= 0) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
cin >> x;
}
// for-loop equivalent to the above while-loop
for (cin >> x; x <= 0; cin >> x) {

}
return 0;
}
#include <iostream> initialization
using namespace std;
// get input from user until a positive integer is entered loop condition .
int main() {
int x;
body
cout << "Enter a number: "; post loop statements
cin >> x;
while (x <= 0) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
cin >> x;
}
// for-loop equivalent to the above while-loop
for (cin >> x; x <= 0; cin >> x) {
exprl
exprt exprz exprz check expr2
} body
return 0; expr3
}
#include <iostream> initialization
using namespace std;
// get input from user until a positive integer is entered loop condition .
int main() {
int x;
body
cout << "Enter a number: "; post loop statements
cin >> x;
while (x <= 0) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
cin >> x;
}
// for-loop equivalent to the above while-loop
for (cin >> x; x <= 0; cin >> x) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
}
return 0;
}
#include <iostream> initialization
using namespace std;
// get input from user until a positive integer is entered loop condition .
int main() {
int x;
body
cout << "Enter a number: "; post loop statements
cin >> x;
while (x <= 0) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
cin >> x;
}
// for-loop equivalent to the above while-loop
for (cin >> x; x <= 0; cin >> x) {
cout << "Input must be positive." << endl;
cout << "Enter number: ";
}
return 0;
}
 for: Examples
• Aside from using int as loop counters, we can also use other integral
types

initial statement post loop statement

for (char ch='a'; ch<='z'; ch++)
{ condition
cout << ch << endl;
}
we can use different
type for the loop
counter

32
 for: Syntax (cont'd)
for (expr1; expr2; expr3) {
loop statements;
}

• expr1 and expr3 can contain multiple statements. Each statement is

separated by a comma ','
• Example
for (int i=0, j=0; i<10; i++, j++)
…

33
 for: Examples (cont'd) 27 Str 237 Str 24
Str OT Str El Str
• Palindrome string: a string is char str[5]; declare an array of
bool is_palindrome; char type
palindrome if the reverse of that
cout << "Input 5 letters: ";
string is the same as the original
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
(e.g., abcba)
cin >> str[i];
• Check if a string consisting of 5 }
characters is palindrome or not is_palindrome = true;
for (int i=0, j=4; i<5; i++, j--) {
Palindrome string is_palindrome &= str[i]==str[j];
Not palindrome
}A ab ca b
string A reverse of
string cout << "It's";
e
g string A abeba cout << (is_palindrome ? " ":" NOT ");
reverse of string A cout << "palindrome\n";
abeba
 for: Examples (cont'd)
• Palindrome string: a string is char str[5];
bool is_palindrome;
palindrome if the reverse of that
cout << "Input 5 letters: ";
string is the same as the original
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
(e.g., abcba)
cin >> str[i];
• Check if a string consisting of 5 }
characters is palindrome or not is_palindrome = true;
i j
W for (int i=0, j=4; i<5; i++, j--) {
is_palindrome &= str[i]==str[j];
a b e b a } true if
Str E O I EZ 23 4 Str 24
cout <<IoT"It's";
Str Str II Str E3
cout << 22 Str E 2 ? " ":" NOT ");
Str (is_palindrome
cout << "palindrome\n";
 for: Examples (cont'd)
• Palindrome string: a string is char str[5];
bool is_palindrome;
palindrome if the reverse of that
cout << "Input 5 letters: ";
string is the same as the original
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
(e.g., abcba)
cin >> str[i];
• Check if a string consisting of 5 }
characters is palindrome or not is_palindrome = true;

83234
for (int i=0, j=4; i<5; i++, j--) {
i is_palindrome &= str[i]==str[j];

1111
}
cout << "It's";
j 4 3 21 0 cout << (is_palindrome ? " ":" NOT ");
cout << "palindrome\n";
a b e b a
 for: Nested Loop
int i, j;
outer Loop
for (i=0; i<3; i++) {
cout << "Outer for: \n"; Thner loop
for (j=0; j<2; j++) {
cout << "Inner for: ";
cout << "i=" << i << ", j=" << j << endl;
} // end of inner loop
cout << endl;
} // end of outer loop

• Thethis
outer loop is executed
two 3level
times. In each iteration
nested of the outer loop,
loop
is
the inner loop is executed 2 times
 for: Nested Loop
int i, j; Outer for:
for (i=0; i<3; i++) { Inner for:i=0, j=0
cout << "Outer for: \n"; Inner for:i=0, j=1
for (j=0; j<2; j++) {
Outer for:
cout << "Inner for: "; Inner for:i=1, j=0
cout << "i=" << i << ", j=" << j << endl; Inner for:i=1, j=1
} // end of inner loop
cout << endl; Outer for:
Inner for:i=2, j=0
} // end of outer loop
Inner for:i=2, j=1

• The outer loop is executed 3 times. In each iteration of the outer loop,
the inner loop is executed 2 times
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9

• E.g., when n = 5, the following matrix is generated

1 Koo Xo Xoz Xon

X 10 X 11 X iz Xin
2
3
no Xn Xnz Xun
4
5

39
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9
Col k
• Solution co tsk I

int n; K column
1
cin >> n; K 1column

for (int row=1; row<=n; row++) { 2

for (int col=1; col<=row-1; col++) 3
cout << " "; 4 coutcrowscendl
cout << row << endl; here
5
}

conte here 40
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9

• Solution
int n;
1 // row-1=0
cin >> n;
for (int row=1; row<=n; row++) { 2
for (int col=1; col<=row-1; col++) 3
cout << " "; not executed 4
cout << row << endl;
5
}

41
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9

• Solution
int n;
1
cin >> n;
for (int row=1; row<=n; row++) { 2 // row-1=1
Col 2 2 I col++)
for (int col=1; col<=row-1; 3
cout << " "; executed 1 time 4
cout << row << endl;
5
}

42
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9

• Solution
int n;
1
cin >> n;
for (int row=1; row<=n; row++) { 2
Col 3 Icol++)
for (int col=1; col<=row-1; 3 // row-1=2
cout << " "; executed 2 times 4
cout << row << endl;
5
}
print the row number
43
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9

• Solution
int n;
1
cin >> n;
for (int row=1; row<=n; row++) { 2
for (int col=1; col<=row-1; col++) 3
cout << " "; 4 // row-1=3
cout << row << endl;
5
}

44
 for: Nested Loop (Example)
• Write a program to generate a n x n diagonal matrix (n is input by the
user), where the element at the i-th row is i. Assume n > 1 and n <= 9

• Solution
int n;
1
cin >> n;
for (int row=1; row<=n; row++) { 2
for (int col=1; col<=row-1; col++) 3
cout << " "; 4
cout << row << endl;
5 // row-1=4
}

45
 for: Common Errors
• Scope of loop counter declaration

for (int k=1; k<=8; k++)

cout << "log(" << k << ") = " << log(1.0*k) << endl;
cout << k << endl; // SYNTAX ERROR
not defined
// Variable k can be declared before the for-loop
int k=0;
for (k=1; k<=8; k++)
cout << "sqrt(" << k << ") = " << sqrt(k) << endl;
cout << k << endl;

46
 for: Common Errors The variable k is declared within the
for-loop. It is not visible/accessible
outside the for-loop.
• Scope of loop counter declaration

for (int k=1; k<=8; k++)

cout << "log(" << k << ") = " << log(1.0*k) << endl;
cout << k << endl; // SYNTAX ERROR

// Variable k can be declared before the for-loop

int k=0;
for (k=1; k<=8; k++)
cout << "sqrt(" << k << ") = " << sqrt(k) << endl;
cout << k << endl;

47
 for: Common Errors (cont'd)
• Unaware of extra semi-colons, e.g.
int sum = 0;
for (j=1; j<=10; j++)
sum += j;
1 2 34 8 9 10
Is NOT the same as
int sum = 0;
for (j=1; j<=10; j++) ;
sum += j;
sum O
sum sum tj
48
 for: Common Errors (cont'd)
• Unreachable loop termination condition => unintended infinite loop
• Example I
infinite loop
for (char i=0; i<256; ++i)
{
cout << "i= " << i << endl;
}

It infinite loop
is because size of character is always
smaller than 256

49
 for: Common Errors (cont'd)
• Unreachable loop termination condition => unintended infinite loop
• Example II
infinite loop
for (unsigned int i=100; i>=0; --i)
{
cout << "i= " << i << endl;
}

since i is unsigned integer

i will never smaller than zero
Tht O 0 0000 000000000000 0
Unsigned 4294967295 interpret 50as the
unsigned int c l Ox FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF value
 for: Common Errors (cont'd)
• Unreachable loop termination condition => unintended infinite loop
• Example III
int iter=0;
I
for (float i=0.0; i!=0.000001; i+=0.0000001)
cout << "This is the " << ++iter << " iteration\n";

float type It can

only evaluate 6

07 digits after decimal point

O 1.00000012 e
2.00000012 e 7 e 6
1.0000011

51
 for: Common Errors (cont'd)
• Unreachable loop termination condition => unintended infinite loop
• Example III
int iter=0; 5 6
for (float i=0.0; i!=0.000001; i+=0.0000001)
cout << "This is the " << ++iter << " iteration\n";

int iter=0;
for (float i=0.0; i<0.000001; i+=0.0000001)
cout << "This is the " << ++iter << " iteration\n";

52
 for: Common Errors (cont'd)
• Unreachable loop termination condition => unintended infinite loop
• Example III float type precision 6 digits after decimal • To control a loop, use a
relational expression if
int iter=0;
possible, rather than
for (float i=0.0; i!=0.000001; i+=0.0000001) an equality expression
cout << "This is the " << ++iter << " iteration\n";
• Don’t use a variable of
any floating point data
int iter=0; better to use relation
type to control a loop
for (float i=0.0; i<0.000001; i+=0.0000001) because real numbers
cout << "This is the " << ++iter << " iteration\n"; are represented in
their approximate

infinite because exceeded the

values internally

precision of float 53
 break Statement
• The break statement causes an exit from the innermost enclosing loop or
switch statement

while (1) { while 1

cin >> n; while 1
if (n < 0)
break;
cout << n << endl;
}
// if break is run, jumps to here

54
 continue Statement
continue statement causes the current iteration of a loop to stop and the
next iteration to begin immediately
It can be applied in a while, do-while or for statement
cnt=0; check if cut 10
while (cnt<10) {
cin >> x; want user to input 10
if (x > -0.01 && x < 0.01) numbers
continue; // discard small values
++cnt;
whose
sum += x;
values are
}
absolute greater
than 0.01
55
continue, break
while false

true
continue jump
start another
loop cycle Out
break

jump out

56
 goto Statement Use to go to the specified line

• goto statement transfers control to int main() {

int num;
another statement specified by a label cin >> num;
if (num%2 == 0)
• goto statement is considered a harmful
goto even;
construct and a bad programming else
practice goto odd;
• It makes the logic of the program even:
complex and tangled cout << num << " is even\n";
return 0;
• It can be replaced with the use of break odd:
and continue cout << num << " is odd\n";
return 0;
Try not to always }
use go to statement 57
 Short-Circuit Evaluation with goto
if (a || b || c)
a check
statement1;
statement2;
a is
T true
is equivalent to … on
if (a) goto True;
Il Il c
ifa (b) gotob True;
false
if (c) goto True;
goto Done; // a||b||c == false
True:
statement1; statement 1 statement 2
Done:
statement2;
 Short-Circuit Evaluation with goto
if (a || b || c) true
as is a a is
statement1;
F false
statement2;
T
b
is equivalent to … check
if (a) goto True; b'is
if (b) goto True; true or
if (c) goto True; false
goto Done; // a||b||c == false
True:
statement1; statement 1 statement 2
Done:
statement2;
 Short-Circuit Evaluation with goto
if (a || b || c)
a
statement1;
F
statement2; true
T is
b b b is false
is equivalent to … T
F
if (a) goto True;
if (b) goto True; c check c'is
if (c) goto True; true or
goto Done; // a||b||c == false false
True:
statement1; statement 1 statement 2
Done:
statement2;
 Short-Circuit Evaluation with goto
if (a || b || c)
a
statement1;
F
statement2;
T
b
is equivalent to … T
F
if (a) goto True;
if (b) goto True; c
if (c) goto True;
T F c is false
goto Done; // a||b||c == false
c'is true
True:
statement1; statement 1 statement 2
Done:
statement2;
 Short-Circuit Evaluation with goto
if (a || b || c)
a
statement1;
F
statement2;
T
b
is equivalent to … T
F
if (a) goto S1;
if (b) goto S1; c
if (c) goto S1;
goto S2; // a||b||c == false T F
S1:
statement1; statement 1 statement 2
S2:
statement2;
 Short-Circuit Evaluation with goto
if (a && b && c)
statement1;
statement2;
is equivalent to ?
 Today's Outline
• Loop
• while
• do-while
• for

• Programming styles for control flow

• Exercises

67
 of control
Indentation To indicate the flow

int main() { • Indent code in a consistent fashion to

int i; indicate the flow of control (use the
for (i=0; i<100; i++) { tab key)
if (i>3)
• Note the multiple levels of indentation
cout << i;
}
return 0;
}
1st level (1 tab)
2nd level (2 tabs)
3rd level (3 tabs)
68
 Formatting Programs
• Indent the code properly as you write the program to reflect the structure of the
program.
• Improve readability and increase the ease for debugging the program
• In assignment, marks will be allocated for indentation.

• To indent in visual studio, you may press the tab button

• You may select multiple lines of statements and press tab to indent all of them

• To move back one level to the left, press shift+tab

69
 if Condition Style Example of bad spell
if(condition) { // Bad-space missing after if

if ( condition ) { // Bad-space between the parentheses

and the condition

if (condition){ // Bad–space missing before {

if(condition){ // Doubly bad

if (int a = f();a == 10) { // Bad – space missing after the

semicolon

if (conditionA && conditionB) { // GOOD

70
 Today's Outline
• Loop
• while
• do-while
• for

• Programming styles for control flow

• Exercises

71
 Exercises: Data Types 1
• What will be printed and why?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
char vChar1 = 'A';
char vChar2 = '0';
cout << vChar1 << " " << vChar2 << endl;
cout << ++vChar1 << endl;
return 0;
}
Output
72
 Exercises: Data Types 2
• For integral operands, division operator int m = 3, n = 2;
yields algebraic quotient with any fractional double k;
part discarded (i.e., round towards zero) k = m / n; 11 1 tht
• If quotient a/b is representable in type of k = m / double(n); 111.5 dou
result, (a/b)*b+a%b is equal to a k = double(m) / n;111.5 dou
• So, assuming b is not zero and no overflow, k = double(m/n); 111 the
a%b equals a-(a/b)*b k = m / 2; 11 1 int
• What's the value of k at each step? k = m / 2.0; 11 1.5 doub
Tht float

73
 Exercises: I/O
• write a program ConvertTemperature.cpp Expected Output:
a) read a temperature in Celsius (data type: Enter Temperature in
int) and display it in Fahrenheit (data type: Centigrade:
double). Round the result to 2 decimal places. 30
• Hint: Fahrenheit = 9/5*Celsius + 32 Temperature in Fahrenheit
is:
b) convert calculated Fahrenheit (data type: 86.00
double) into Kelvin (data type: double). Round Temperature in Kelvin is:
the result to 2 decimal places. 303.15
• Hint: Kelvin = (Fahrenheit+459.67) * 5/9

74
 Exercises: I/O
int Celsius;
double Fahrenheit, Kelvin;
cout << "Enter Temperature in Centigrade:\n";
cin >> Celsius;
cout <<"Temperature in Fahrenheit is:\n";
Fahrenheit = 9.0 / 5 * Celsius + 32;
cout << fixed << setprecision(2);
cout << Fahrenheit << "\n";
cout << "Temperature in Kelvin is:\n";
Kelvin = (Fahrenheit + 459.67) * 5 / 9.0;
cout << Kelvin << "\n";

75
 Exercises: Loop 1
• write a program to generate a matrix of n rows and m column (n and m is
input by the user), where the element at the i-th row and j-th colum is the
multiplication of i and j. Assume n > 1 and m <= 9

• E.g., when n = 4, m = 3, the following matrix is generated

1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9
4 8 12

78
 Exercises: Loop 1
int main() {
int n, m; // n: rows, m: columns
cin >> n >> m;
for (int i=1; i<=n; i++) {
for (int j=1; j<=m; j++) {
// for the element at the i-th row and j-th column
cout << i*j << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
79
 Exercises: Loop 2
• write a program to produce a nxn Example 1 Example 2
Enter the number of rows: 5 Enter the number of rows: 8
matrix (n is input by user) with 0's 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
down the main diagonal, 1's in the 1 0 1 2 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
entries just above and below the 3 2 1 0 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
main diagonal, 2's above and below 4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
that, etc. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
• hint: consider using nested for-loop, Example 3 Example 4
with the outer loop responsible for Enter the number of rows: 0 Enter the number of rows: 3
row and the inner loop for each Please enter positive 0 1 2
integer. 1 0 1
column 2 1 0

80
 Exercises: Loop 2
int n;
cout << "Enter the number of rows: ";
cin >> n;
if (n <= 0) {
cout << "Please enter positive integer.\n";
} else {
for (int row=0; row<n; row++) {
for (int col=0; col<n; col++)
cout << abs(col-row) << " ";
cout << endl;
}
}

81
 Exercises: Loop 3
• Monte Carlo estimation of Pi R
• circle_area = Pi*R*R/4
• square_area = R*R
• Pi = 4*circle_area/square_area R
• How to estimate circle_area/square_area?
 Exercises: Loop 3
• Monte Carlo estimation of Pi R
• circle_area = Pi*R*R/4
• square_area = R*R
• Pi = 4*circle_area/square_area R
• How to estimate circle_area/square_area?
• Randomly throw N points to the square
• Let M be the number of points falling to the yellow area
M
• circle_area/square_area ≈
N
 Exercises: Loop 3
// Assume R=1 R
int M=0;
for (int n=0; n<N; n++) {
// Randomly throw a point
double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX; R
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
M++; // Increment M if (x, y) is within the yellow area
if (n!=0 && n%1000==0)
cout << n << " " << 4.0*M/n << endl;
}

84
 Exercises: Loop 3
// Assume R=1 R
int M=0, N=10000;
for (int n=0; n<N; n++) {
// Randomly throw a point
double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX; R
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
M++; // Increment M if (x, y) is within the yellow area
double est = 4.0*M/n;
cout << n << " " << est << endl;
}

85
 Exercises: Loop 3
• Each round we throw 10000 pts
• Then observe if the estimated value
of Pi has changed significantly
• If true, the estimation is not stable
=> continue throwing pts
• If false, the estimation is now
stable, stop
 double precision = 1e-7;

Exercises: Loop 3 double prev_est = 0, curr_est;

int M=0, N=0;
while (true) {
• Each round we throw 10000 pts
• Then observe if the estimated value for (int n=0; n<10000; n++) {
of Pi has changed significantly double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
• If true, the estimation is not stable if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
=> continue throwing pts M++;
N++;
• If false, the estimation is now } // end of for
stable, stop curr_est = 4.0*M/N;
cout << curr_est << endl;
if (abs(curr_est-prev_est) < precision)
break;
prev_est = curr_est;
} // end of while
 double precision = 1e-7;

Exercises: Loop 3 double prev_est=0, curr_est=0;

int M=0, N=0;
while (true) {
• Each round we throw 10000 pts
prev_est = curr_est;
• Then observe if the estimated value for (int n=0; n<10000; n++) {
of Pi has changed significantly double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
• If true, the estimation is not stable if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
=> continue throwing pts M++;
N++;
• If false, the estimation is now } // end of for
stable, stop curr_est = 4.0*M/N;
} // end of while
cout << curr_est << endl;
if (abs(curr_est-prev_est) < precision)
break;
 double precision = 1e-7;

Exercises: Loop 3 double prev_est=0, curr_est=0;

int M=0, N=0;
while (true) {
• Each round we throw 10000 pts
prev_est = curr_est;
• Then observe if the estimated value for (int n=0; n<10000; n++) {
of Pi has changed significantly double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
• If true, the estimation is not stable if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
=> continue throwing pts M++;
N++;
• If false, the estimation is now } // end of for
stable, stop curr_est = 4.0*M/N;
cout << curr_est << endl;
} // end of while
cout << curr_est << endl;
if (abs(curr_est-prev_est) < precision)
break;
 double precision = 1e-10;

Exercises: Loop 3 double prev_est=0, curr_est=0;

int M=0, N=0;
while (true) {
• Each round we throw 10000 pts
prev_est = curr_est;
• Then observe if the estimated value for (int n=0; n<10000; n++) {
of Pi has changed significantly double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
• If true, the estimation is not stable if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
=> continue throwing pts M++;
N++;
• If false, the estimation is now } // end of for
stable, stop curr_est = 4.0*M/N;
cout << curr_est << endl;
if (abs(curr_est-prev_est) < precision)
break;
} // end of while
 double precision = 1e-10;

Exercises: Loop 3 double prev_est=0, curr_est=0;

int M=0, N=0;
while (true) do {
• Each round we throw 10000 pts
prev_est = curr_est;
• Then observe if the estimated value for (int n=0; n<10000; n++) {
of Pi has changed significantly double x = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
double y = (double)rand()/RAND_MAX;
• If true, the estimation is not stable if (x*x+y*y < 1.0)
=> continue throwing pts M++;
N++;
• If false, the estimation is now } // end of for
stable, stop curr_est = 4.0*M/N;
cout << curr_est << endl;
if (abs(curr_est-prev_est) < precision)
break;
} while (abs(curr_est-prev_est)<precision);
 Exercises: Conditional + Loop
• Guess an integer number in user's mind. Assume the number is positive and
not greater than 100 (i.e., 0 < num <= 100)
• In each round, the program asks the user a question and the user answers with
'T' (true) or 'F' (false), until the program guesses the correct number
• Try to guess the number with as few rounds as possible
• Example:
Is it 99? N
Is it 98? N
…
Is it 16? Y
92