Olympism

Ancient Olympic Games

The ancient Olympic games originated in ancient Greece in the year
776 BC through 393 AD.

The games were held with the religious customs in the honor of their
God ‘Zeus’.

The ceremony of the Olympic games begins from the new moon day
in July after every four years. The events continued for five days.

First-day opening ceremony held, second-day animal games, third-

day foot race, chariot race, equestrian, throwing and jumping, fourth-
day boxing, wrestling, sword fighting and other contact games, fifth
and final day closing ceremony with prize distribution.

Modern Olympic Games

It was Baron Pierre de Coubertin who started Modern Olympic games
by drawing the inspiration of Ancient Olympic games. He founded the
International Olympic Committee in 1894 in Paris.

The first games were started in 1896 in Athens, the capital of Greece.
In the first Olympic 280 participants from 13 nations participated in 43
events including track-and-field.

Olympic
Olympic Symbol, Flag, Motto, Oath, Flame,
Anthem
Olympic Symbol

The official symbol of the modern Olympic Games is five coloured

interlaced rings. These rings represent the continents of North and
South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Europe.
They also symbolize the uniting of athletes from all over the world to
compete at the Olympic Games. The Olympic flag, first used at the
Antwerp Games in 1920, has the Olympic symbol in the center of a
white field the Olympic rings remain a global representation of the
Olympic

Olympic Flag:

Olympic Flag was designed in 1913. This was first flown in 1920 at
Antwerp Olympic games. This flag consists of five ring circles
interlinked with each other on a white background.

The colours of rings are green represents Europe, black represents

Africa, blue represents Australia and Oceania, yellow represents Asia
and red represent America.

Olympic Motto

Olympic Moto consisting of Latin words Citius, Altus, Fortius meaning

faster higher stronger was introduced in 1924 the Moto was designed
to encourage the athletes to impress the Olympics spirit and perform
to the best of their abilities.

The Olympic motto was amended to “Faster, Higher, Stronger—

Together” during the International Olympic Committee’s session in
Tokyo in 2021. The motto now reads ‘Citius, Altius, Fortius —
Communis’ in Latin.

Olympic Oath

At the opening ceremony, an athlete from the host country takes the
following oath on behalf of all the athletes:

"In the name of all the competitors I promise that

we shall take part in these Olympic Games,
respecting and abiding by the rules which govern
them, committing ourselves to a sport without
doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of
sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor
of our teams."
The oath-taking practice started from the 1920 Games.

Olympic Flame

The Olympic flame symbolizes the continuity between the ancient

modern Games. Modern Games are opened officially by runners
carrying a burning torch brought from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.

Except where travel by ship or plane is necessary, the torch is carried

overland Greece by a relay of athletes.

At the site of the Games, the torch is used to light the flame of a giant
torch, or cauldron, which burns for the entire duration of the Games.
The flame was first lighted at the 1928 Games.

Olympic Anthem

Created by Greek composer Spýros Samáaras to words written by his

fellow countryman, poet Kostís Palamás, the Olympic Anthem is in
fact the oldest property of the modern Games.

The Olympic anthem lyrics penned by Palamas to accompany the

music by Samaras create a bridge between the ancient and modern
Games:

Olympic Anthem
“O Ancient immortal Spirit, pure father
Of beauty, of greatness and of truth,
Descend, reveal yourself and flash like lightning here,
within the glory of your own earth and sky.
At running and at wrestling and at throwing,
Shine in the momentum of noble contests,
And crown with the unfading branch
And make the body worthy and ironlike.
Plains, mountains and seas glow with you
Like a white-and-purple great temple,
And hurries at the temple here, your pilgrim,
O Ancient immortal Spirit, every nation.”
Ideals of Olympic games
Olympic Movement happens to build a peaceful and better world by
educating youth through sport practised without any discrimination
and mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair
play.

Objectives of Olympic Games

• To draw the attention of the world that sports not only help
in developing good health of young people but to create
better citizens and promote the development of their
character and personality
• To create a sense of loyalty, team spirit.
• To inculcate the concept that sports are a pastime and not
an instrument for the material.
• To create a spirit of international Amity and Goodwill and
to contribute to better understanding among people and
nations.
Olympism
Olympism refers to the philosophy of the Olympic games. It seeks to
create a way of life by blending sport with culture, education and
international cooperation.

It is based on the joy of effort, the educational value, social

responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.

The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the

harmonious development of humankind, with a view to promoting a
peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity.

Value of Olympism
There are three values of Olympism Excellence, Friendship and
Respect. These values constitute the foundation on which the
Olympic Movement builds its activities to promote sport, culture and
education to build a better world.

Excellence:
First value is striving for best and excellence and encouraging people
to be the best they can be. The important thing is not winning, but
taking part, making progress and enjoying the healthy combination of
body, will and mind.

Friendship:

Celebrating friendship is quite unique to the Olympic Games – an

event that brings people together after every four years.

Friendship is at the heart of the Olympic Movement. It encourages us

to see sport as an instrument for mutual understanding between
individuals, and between people all over the world.

Respect:

This includes respect for yourself , the rules and regulations, your
opponents, your body, for other people, for sport and for the
environment.

The Olympic Movement

The Olympic Movement is composed of three main constituents: the
International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Sports
Federations (IFs) and the National Olympic Committees (NOCs).

The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a

peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced
in accordance with Olympism and its values.

Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires compliance with the

Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.

In addition to its three main constituents, the Olympic Movement also

encompasses the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games
(“OCOGs”), the national associations, clubs and persons belonging to
the IFs and NOCs, particularly the athletes, whose interests constitute
a fundamental element of the Olympic Movement’s action.
As well as the judges, referees, coaches and the other sports officials
and technicians. It also includes other organizations and institutions
as recognised by the IOC.

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the supreme authority of the
Olympic movement formed in June 1894. The headquarters of IOC is
at Lausanne, Switzerland. It is the authority which organises the
modern Summer and Winter Olympic Games.

The IOC is the main governing body of the National Olympic

Committees (NOC), the international sports federation, the athletes,
the sponsors, the broadcast partners and united nation agencies.

The Role Of IOC

• To encourage and support the promotion of ethics in

sports as well as education of youth through sports.
• To dedicate its effort to ensure that in sports the spirit of
fare play prevails
• To encourage and support the organisation, development
and coordination of sports and sports competitions
• To ensure the regular celebration of Olympic games
• To cooperate with the competent public or private
organisation and authorities.
• To take action in order to strengthen the unity and to
protect the independence of Olympic movement
• To act against any form of discrimination affecting the
Olympic movement
• To encourage and support the promotion of women in
sports at all levels
Indian Olympic Association (IOA)

IOA was formed in 1927 by Sir Dorabji Tata as it’s first president, D.G.
Noehrem as it’s secretary and G.D. Sodhi as assistant secretary. It is
affiliated with IOC. The head office of IOA is in New Delhi.

The Functions Of IOA

 • To develop and promote Olympic movement and amateur
sports
• To promote and encourage physical moral and cultural
values among youth for development of good health and
good citizen
• To enforce all rules and regulation of games and sports at
National level competitions
• To provide training and preparation of players for
participation at international level competitions
• To provide technical help for conducting National Level
Competition
• To observe and check the smooth working of national
sports association
• To provide official sponsorship to players for participation
at International Level Competition
• To supervise the sports development in the country
• To arrange funds for Sports program for training of players,
infrastructural development and sponsorship of players,
etc.
• To promote Olympic games at every level in India.
National Olympic Committees (NOC)
The mission of the National Olympic movement is to promote, protect
and develop the Olympic movement in their respective countries, in
accordance with Olympic charter.

NOC encourage the development of sports as well as sports for all

while also providing training of sports administrator based on the
fundamentals of olympism

There are 206 NOCs. The IOC is the sole authority to recognise a
NOC. Together with the International Sport Federations, the NOCs
are a constituent of the Olympic Movement under the leadership of
the IOC.

The mission of the NOCs is to develop, promote and protect the

Olympic Movement in their respective countries, in accordance with
the Olympic Charter.
 The International Sports Federations
The International Sports Federations are international non-
governmental organizations which are recognised by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) as administering one or more sports at
world level.

International Sports Federations seeking IOC recognition must ensure

that their statutes, practice and activities conform with the Olympic
Charter.

Responsibilities of IFs

• The international Sports federations are responsible for

establishing and enforcing the rules concerning the
practice of the respective sports and to insure their
application.
• To oversee the development of their sports worldwide
acting in accordance with the Olympic Charter, including
the adaption and implementation of world anti doping
code.
• To manage and to monitor the everyday running of the
world’s various sports disciplines, including for those on
the programme, the practical organization of events during
the Games. To supervise the development of athletes
practicing these sports at every level.
• IFs governs its sport at world level and ensures its
promotion and development. They monitor the everyday
administration of their sports and guarantee the regular
organization of competitions as well as respect for the
rules of fair play.
Association of Federations

In order to discuss common problems and decide on their events

calendars, the summer federations, the winter federations and the
recognised federations have formed associations:

• The Association of Summer Olympic International

Federations (ASOIF)
• The Association of International Olympic Winter Sports
Federations (AIOWF)
 • The Association of IOC Recognised International Sports
Federations (ARISF).
Other Federations

• Badminton World Federation (BWF)

• Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
• International Basketball Federation (FIBA)
• International Biathlon Union (IBU)
• International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation (IBSF)
• International Boxing Association (IBA)
• International Canoe Federation (ICF)
• International Equestrian Federation (FEI)
• International Fencing Federation (FIE)
• International Golf Federation (IGF)
• International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)
• International Handball Federation (IHF)
• International Hockey Federation (FIH)
• International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)
• International Judo Federation (IJF)
• International Luge Federation (FIL)
• International Modern Pentathlon Union (UIPM)
• International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF)
• International Skating Union (ISU)
• International Ski Federation (FIS)
• International Ski Mountaineering Federation
• International Surfing Association
• International Swimming Federation (FINA)
• International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
• International Tennis Federation (ITF)
• International Volleyball Federation (FIVB)
• International Weightlifting Federation (IWF);
• The International Federation of Sport Climbing
• Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)
• United World Wrestling (UWW)
• World Archery Federation (WA)
• World Athletics (WA)
• World Curling Federation
• World DanceSport Federation (WDSF)
• World Rowing (FISA)
• World Rugby (WR)
• World Sailing (WS)
 • World Skate
• World Taekwondo (WT)
• World Triathlon (TRI)
Olympic Family

The Olympic Family regroups diverse groups of leaders from the

Olympic Movement, including the IOC President and IOC Members,
International Federations and National Olympic Committees
Presidents and Secretaries General, Chairs and CEOs of TOP
Partners, future OCOG senior executives, RHB senior executives and
others.
Physical Education & Sports
For CWSN
Concept of Disability and Disorders
Disability
Disability is an impairment that may be cognitive, developmental,
intellectual, mental, physical, sensory or some combination of these.

It is a functional limitation or restriction of an individual’s ability to

perform an activity. It means disability creates obstruction in the
normal function or movement of an individual. It limits and restricts the
activity of a person.

Types of Disability
Some individuals are disabled right at birth, others get disabled due to
some incidence during the course of their lives. Some disabilities are
as follows:

Types of Disability
♿ Physical Disability
It is a limitation of individuals’ physical functioning which may be
related to the upper or lower body. These are generally related to
musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems.
Disability in mobility can be either inborn or acquired with age.

? Sensory Disability
Sensory impairment is when one of the senses; sight, hearing, smell,
touch, and taste is no longer normal.

⏩ Spinal cord disability: It can lead to lifelong disability. It generally

occurs due to severe accidents.

⏩ Brain Disability: This type of disability occurs due to brain injury

from external forces.
⏩ Vision Disability: This is related to vision problems that may be in-
born or happen afterward. Vision disability may be mild, moderate,
severe, or blindness.

⏩ Hearing Disability: It includes people that are completely or

partially deaf. People who are partially deaf can use hearing aids. It
can be evident at birth or occur later in life.

? Cognitive or Learning Disability:

It is a neurological disorder. It can affect an individual’s ability to read,
speak and write.

⏩ Memory Disorder: Individual who has auditory problems or

difficulty in remembering something.

⏩ Dyslexia: Individuals have difficulties in writing, reading, and

speaking.

? Intellectual Disability:
This disability is related to the limitations of intellectual functioning
(such as reasoning, and learning) and Adaptive behavior ( such as
social and practical skills).
Disorder
The disorder is a problem that disrupts normal physical or mental
functions. It is a state of confusion that interrupts normal function. It is
an abnormality of physical and mental states like psychiatric
disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. The disorder
may be resulting from a genetic failure in development or from
external factors such as poison, trauma, or disease.

Types of Disorders

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

•
• SPD ( Sensory Processing Disorder)
• ASD ( Autism Spectrum Disorder)
• ODD ( Oppositional Defiant Disorder)
• OCD ( Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
It is a brain disorder that is characterized by problems paying
attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior.
Individuals may have some problems focusing on activities. They may
be hyperactive or may be unable to control their impulses. It has three
types

• Inattention: Children lack concentration in any work, have

difficulty sustaining focus, and are unorganized.
• Hyperactivity: Children are unusually or abnormally
active. They have impulsive actions, a shorter attention
span, and are easily distracted.
• Impulsive: Impulsivity is the tendency to act without
thinking about the consequences.
Causes

•Genetic factors are one of the main cause

• Children with low birth weight
• When a baby’s brain is damaged before or after birth
• Lack of discipline in the family
• Addiction to a certain diet
• Exposure to toxic substances at an early age.
SPD ( Sensory Processing Disorder )

It is a condition in which the brain has difficulty in receiving and

responding to information that comes in through the senses. It is
some sort of neurological jam that prevents certain parts of the brain
from receiving the information required to interpret sensory
information accurately.

Sensory processing disorder may affect our senses such as touch,

sight, taste, or movement. In this disorder, the person may scream
when touched, or dive under the table after hearing the sound. In
some cases, they remain unresponsive to anything around them.
Even he may fail to give a response to Extreme heat or cold for pain.

Causes

• Genetic factors are one of the main causes

• Low birth weight is another cause
• Excessive restrictions in early life
• Have differences in brain structure
ASD ( Autism Spectrum Disorder )

It includes a wide range and levels of disability. Individual ability to

function in society, at school, at work, or in other areas of life gets
hurt.

Some people are mildly impaired, while others are severely disabled.
Early treatment and proper care can reduce difficulties while helping
them to learn new skills and make the most of their strength.

People with an ASD often have these characteristics:

• Ongoing social problems include difficulty in

communicating and interacting with others and obsessive
interests.
• Repetitive behavior as well as Limited interest in activities.
• Difficulties in language, social skills, and behavior
Causes

Biological or genetic factors: Something happens during

•
fetal development. Children may inherit problematic genes
from parents.
• Environmental Factors: High levels of pollution and
pesticides in food may also be one of the reasons.
• Brain Development: The connection between the brain
cells are not proper, which may be another cause.
ODD ( Oppositional Defiant Disorder )

It is a condition in which a child displays an ongoing pattern of angry

or irritable mood, and argumentative, hostile behavior directed
towards authority.

Individuals behave like rebels, argue with adults, and refuse to obey
any rules. They exhibit angry outbursts and have a hard time
controlling their anger or aggression. They have difficulty making
friends and have low esteem. They have negativity in their behavior.

Causes

• Biological or genetic causes: Children may develop

ODD if their parents have a history of ADHD or ODD.
 Physical Factors: when an imbalance exists and
•
messages are not communicated properly with other parts
of the brain, the symptoms may occur.
• Psychological Factors: Children may develop this if they
have bad relationships with parents or neglectful parents.
• Social Factors: It may happen due to poverty, chaotic
environment in the family, and exposure to violence
OCD ( Obsessive Compulsive Disorder )

It is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things

repeatedly or have certain thoughts repeatedly. They have fear of
contamination by germs, getting dirty, making mistakes, being
embarrassed, etc. They do some common activities which include
repeated hand washing, repeated counting, checking things over and
over again, repeating certain words, and so on.

Causes

• Serotonin which sends messages in the brain sends

improper messages from one part of the Brain to others,
which may cause OCD

Aim And Objective of Adaptive

Physical Education
Adaptive Physical Education is an individualized program of
instruction created for students with disabilities that enable success in
Physical Education.

Adaptive Physical Education provides a safe, personally satisfying,

and successful experience for students of varying abilities.

It is a diversified program and includes developmental and remedial

activities.

Aim: Adaptive Physical Education aims to ensure that the child is

provided with physical education services that meet his/her needs,
and that aim to achieve physical, mental, emotional, and social
growth.

Objectives:

•To develop students’ motor skills

• To develop self-esteem and promote sportsmanship
• To develop social qualities for adjustment in the society
• To provide an opportunity to learn and to participate in
several appropriate recreational and leisure time sports
and activities.
• To develop organic and neuromuscular systems
• To develop knowledge and an appreciation of his physical
and mental limitations.
• To help students to understand and appreciate a variety of
sports that can enjoy as non-participants or spectators.
Organizations promoting Adaptive Sports

Special Olympic Bharat

It is the organization approved by the National Sports Federation and

Special Olympic International for the development of persons with
intellectual disabilities.

It is a movement that uses sports to reform the lives of disabled

people. It gives training and coaching to build interest in sports, skill
perfection, social interaction, communication skills, talent, and
leadership abilities in intellectually disabled persons.

Paralympic

Paralympic Games involve Athletes with a range of disabilities

including impaired muscle power, impaired passive range of
movement, limb deficiency, leg length difference, short stature,
hypertonia, vision impairment, and intellectual impairment.

Deaflympics

The Deaflympics are an international event sanctioned by the IOC at

which deaf athletes compete at an elite sports level. It provides
opportunities for deaf persons to participate in elite sports.
The Deaflympic participants cannot be guided by sounds like the
starter’s guns or referee whistles.

Role Of Various Professionals For

Children With Special Needs
Role of Various Professionals
Role of counselor

A school counselor helps children in all ways, be it academic, social,

behavioral,al or emotional.
They work in collaboration with the parents, teachers, and special
educators to create a healthy learning environment that makes them
feel comfortable.

Role of Occupational Therapist

The Occupational Therapist will provide education and resources to

teachers and parents about how children typically develop motor skills
and how to promote this development in the classroom and at home.
They help teachers learn to recognize and help children who may
have motor skill problems which are making some daily activities a
challenge to learn.

Role of Physiotherapist

Physiotherapy is an allied health care profession that promotes the

health and well-being of all.
It aims to help maximize movement and functions when someone is
affected by injury, illness, developmental delay or other disability.

Role of Physical Education Teacher

Physical Education Teachers are responsible for the education of

primary and secondary school students in physical activity and
psychomotor learning.
He is responsible for the overall wellness and development of
students.
PET evaluates the student’s performance, attitude, and level of
Physical Fitness. Students are evaluated in periodic tests that give
teachers a better picture of students’ overall health and level of
athletic skill.

Role of Speech Therapist

Speech and language therapy is concerned with the identification,

assessment, and support of speech, language, and communication of
children.
They work closely with parents, teachers, nurses, occupational
therapists, and doctors. Speech and language therapists have an
important role in supporting schools to meet the needs of children.
Concept of Inclusion

Inclusion is an educational practice where every person can

participate equally in all social processes. It is an approach to
educating students with special educational needs.

In this inclusion approach, students with special needs are fully

integrated into the general education classrooms at a school.

The ideology of Inclusion philosophy is, that every individual,

regardless of his/her disabilities, has the right to be incorporated fully
into society. Fully inclusive schools don’t separate general and special
education, where all students learn together.

Need for Inclusive Education

The need for Inclusion is very much there to improve the motor skills
of students with disabilities.

Institutions need to provide equal chances to every disabled student

to participate as per their abilities to boost their confidence level.

Normal students get a chance to increase friendships with disabled

children.

Diversified teaching strategies benefit all students. Children with

disabilities learn more from other students, which develops their social
and communication skills.
Implementation of Inclusive education

• Teaching must be planned with all students in mind as per

their abilities
• Teaching lessons must encourage the participation of all
students
• Ensure that every student is actively involved
• Students are encouraged to support each other in learning
• Proper support is provided in case students experience
difficulties
• Students should feel that they have somebody to speak to
when they are worried
• All students are equally valued
• Teachers and students treat each other with respect
• The school must be accessible to all students
• Teachers should make sure that all students participate
and learn
• The school should monitor the participation, and
achievement of all students
Physical Fitness, Wellness &
Lifestyle
Meaning of Physical Fitness
An individual can do his regular work effectively with joy and pleasure,
after the work is over he still has sufficient capacity to do more work
without any exertion. Moreover, his recovery is faster and quicker.

The person who remains energetic, enthusiastic and cheerful in doing

his work is said to be physically fit. The level of physical fitness varies
from person to person. It depends upon the nature of work, size,
shape and structure.

Every game requires different levels of physical fitness depending

upon the type of activity.

A fit person can do daily routine work without any fatigue, also able to
participate in playful activities and still reserve capacity to meet any
emergency

Meaning of Wellness
Wellness is related to good health, the balance of mind and body and
spirit of the overall feeling of well-being. It gives us the motive to live
most, serve the best. Thus gives a healthy and happy life.

James Randi, ” Wellness is a health-related practice to optimise

individual ability with the balance of physical, psychological,
intellectual, social, emotional and spiritual aspects of life.”

It is the maximum capacity of an individual to lead a well-balanced life

related to good health, active physical life, positive mental ability, well
adjusted social life without stress. Wellness makes a person as an
active member of society and a good citizen
 Meaning of Lifestyle
Today our environment is polluted, due to this our life is full of stress.
Poor diet has made the situation more bad.

The sedentary lifestyle also led to many health problems like cardiac
disorder, diabetes, cancer, asthma, obesity and many more problems.

Changes in lifestyle can improve the health of an individual. Changes

such as regular physical activity, eating nutritious food, avoid fried and
junk food, drink sufficient water, mental personal hygiene, maintain
good posture, proper rest and sleep, manage stress and tension, no
intoxicants etc.

Importance of Physical Fitness and Wellness

• Total work Efficiency improves
• Better quality of work
• Optimum growth and development
• Better utilisation of time
• Healthy environment
• Prevent health hazards and health problems
• Improve physiological functioning
• Good posture
• Improvement in physical ability
• Development of social quality
• Prevent premature ageing
• Preparedness of emergency
• Decrease Stress
Components of Physical Fitness
Strength

Strength is the ability to overcome resistance or act against

resistance. It is the total amount of force a muscle can exert to do any
work.

Different sports require different levels and types of strength, which

can be improved through specific training. Strength can be measured
in pounds or Dynes.
Types of strength

Strength is divided into the following types

• Static Strength
• Dynamic Strength
Static Strength: It is the ability to act against resistance from one
position without any movement, it is also called Isometric Strength
e.g. arm wrestling, powerlifting, wall pushing.

Dynamic Strength: It is the ability to act against resistance with

movement, it is also called Isotonic Strength. Movements are visible
when someone is doing dynamic strength training. It is divided into
three parts.

1. Maximum Strength: It is the ability to act against

maximum resistant. It is required in weightlifting, throwing,
wrestling, etc.
2. Explosive Strength: It is the ability to overcome
resistance with high speed. It is the ability to do the forceful
movement at a quickest possible time.
It is generally required in jumping activities. This Strength can be
measured by a Dynamometer.

3. Strength Endurance: It is the ability to overcome resistance for a

longer period under conditions of fatigue.

It is required for all kinds of races, swimming, cycling and

mountaineering.

Endurance

Endurance is the ability to sustain or continue the activity. In other

words, it is the ability to resist fatigue for a longer period.

Endurance is required for almost all the major sports. It is one of the
important components for middle and long-distance races, football,
hockey, basketball, handball, etc.

Types of Endurance
It is required for all kinds of races, swimming, cycling and
mountaineering.

Speed Endurance:

This is the type of endurance in which the activity is done with high
speed and intensity. This endurance is for a shorter duration ( from 30
to 60 sec) with 80℅ to 90℅ of top speed ability.

This type of Endurance required in medium distance races,

swimming, basketball, tennis, badminton etc.

Strength Endurance:

In this type of endurance, activity is done powerfully and forcefully for

a longer duration. This duration is from 2 to 3 minutes. Strength
endurance is generally performed in absence of oxygen. It is required
in wrestling, boxing, Judo, etc.

Long term Endurance:

This type of Endurance is required when the activity is done for a

longer duration and the speed is slow. It delays fatigue. This
endurance is required for long-distance running, cycling, cross
country, marathon, football, etc

Speed

Speed is the ability to do the movement at a faster rate or minimum

possible time. Speed depends on heredity but can be developed
through proper training.

Types of speed

Reaction Time: It is the time taken by the body to respond

immediately after getting stimulus. It is the first reaction to bring our
body into action.

Acceleration Ability: It is the time taken by the body to reach its

maximum speed.
Speed of Movement: It is the total time taken by the body to perform
complete action.

Locomotor ability: It is the ability to maintain maximum speed for a

longer period.

Speed endurance: It is the ability to perform any movements with

high speed under conditions of fatigue.

Flexibility

Flexibility is the ability to do the movement with a greater range of

joint.

It is affected by muscle length, ligaments and tendons. Good

Flexibility helps in preventing injuries, Improving Posture, make the
joint healthy, Improving balance.

Types of flexibility

Passive Flexibility: Joints can move to its maximum range with

external help, e.g. stretching with a partner.

Active Flexibility: This flexibility exercises are performed without

external help

Active flexibility further divided into two parts:

• Static Flexibility: It is the flexibility performed from a static

or stationary position. e.g. Chakrasana, toe touching
• Dynamic Flexibility: It is the flexibility performed when a
person is in motion. This flexibility is required for
gymnastics, diving, etc.
Coordinative Ability

It is the ability to perform the movement with perfection and efficiency.

It is the ability to do a sequence of movements smoothly and
accurately.
Coordination is the proper combination of strength, speed, endurance
and flexibility during movement

Components of Wellness
Physical Activities: It makes the person fit and healthy, which
improves growth and development.

Balanced emotional life: Well balanced and controlled emotional life

is required for wellness

Intellectual attitude: Wellness required positive intellectual attitude. It

improves our behaviour, intelligence, alertness, etc.

Active social life: Active social life improves our social qualities and
helps us to adjust well in society.

Managing stress: Wellness needs proper management of stress. It

keeps us calm and controls our anxiety.

Spiritual well-being: It makes the person ethically and morally right.

Occupational wellness: It helps a person to do hard work and earn a

livelihood with honesty.

Environmental wellness: Wellness promotes a good environment

which is safe, clean and healthy.

Components of Health-Related Fitness

Components of Health-Related Fitness
?Cardiovascular Endurance:
It is the ability to do work for a longer period. It requires a strong heart,
healthy lungs, and clear blood vessels to supply oxygenated blood to
the whole body.

Muscular strength:
It is the ability to overcome resistance with muscular force. It is
measured by how much weight a person can lift.
 Muscular Endurance:
It is the ability of a muscle or to perform repetitive muscular
contractions against a force for a longer period. The more your
muscular endurance is, higher numbers of repetitions you could
complete.

Flexibility:
It is the ability to use joints in its full range of movement. It depends
upon long muscles and flexible joints.

Body Composition:
It is the percentage of body fat compared to other body Tissue.
People who have a high percentage of fat are more likely to fall sick.
 Yoga
Meaning And Importance of Yoga
Meaning

The term Yoga comes from the Sanskrit word ‘Yuj’, meaning ‘union’ or
‘to join’. It is the union of Atma (soul) and Paramatma (super
controller).

Yoga brings physical harmony and mental balance. It is the

combination of physical asanas, meditation, and breathing techniques
to strengthen the muscles and relieve stress.

The main purpose of Yoga is to provide a sound body and a sound

mind. The aim of Yoga is ‘self-identification’ and ‘self-perfection’ which
comes through ‘self-purification and self-realization’.

Importance

• Yoga improves the efficiency of the cardiovascular system

• Organs get strengthened
• It prevents premature aging
• It helps to maintain good posture
• Yoga Improves brain function
• It lowers stress levels
• Yoga increases flexibility
• Yoga lowers blood pressure
• Gives relief from stress and anxiety
• It can give relieves from chronic back pain
• It lowers blood sugar level
• It improves the sense of balance
• It makes the bones stronger
• Helps to maintain a healthy weight
• Lowers risk of many diseases
Ashtanga Yoga
Elements of Yoga
In Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, the eightfold path is called ashtanga, which
means “eight limbs (ashta = eight, anga = limb). These eight steps
are a guideline on how to live a good life.

The focus is on moral and ethical conduct and self-discipline. These

are designed to improve health and benefit in spiritual areas of our
lives.

The first four stages of Patanjali’s ashtanga Yoga concentrate on

refining our personalities, gaining mastery over the body, and
developing an energetic awareness of ourselves, to prepare for the
second half of this process which deals with the senses, the mind,
and attaining a higher state of consciousness.

Eight elements to attain the highest purification of body and mind are
as follows:

Yama (abstinence)

There are many morality guidelines for good behavior in society,

which must be followed by everyone. These elements are the basic
principles for the benefit of society.

These principles are:

• Ahimsa (Non-Harming)
• Satya (Truthfulness )
• Asteya ( Non-Stealing )
• Brahmacharya (Moderating the Senses )
• Aparigraha (Non-Possessiveness )
Niyam (observances)

Niyam is personal observance or self-purification by discipline. It

makes the individual healthy.

•Saucha (Cleanliness)
• Santosh (Contentment)
• Tapa (Austerity)
• Swadhyaya (Study of good literature)
• Ishwar Paridhana (Surrender to God)
Asanas (yoga postures)
Asanas are slow stretching activities performed to improve the whole
body’s fitness. It can be done in all three positions viz. Standing,
sitting, and lying.

Pranayama (breathing control)

Pranayama is a systematic and rhythmic control of breathing,

performed to improve the internal functioning of the whole body.

Pranayam is based upon Purak (Inhale) Rechak (Exhale) and

Kumbhak (holding breath)

Pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses)

Pratyahara is the conscious withdrawal of energy from the senses. It

is performed to improve intellectual capability. It develops inner
mental strength by controlling sense organs

Dharana (concentration)

Dharana is fixing the attention on a single object for a long time to

improve concentration. This mental fixation should be uninterrupted
and without any kind of mental activity.

Dhayana (meditation)

Dhayana is the process of controlling the mind through meditation. It

develops a high level of concentration.

Samadhi (absorption)

Samadhi is the state of super-consciousness where dhyana reaches

its final stage. It is also the state of union with God, merging
consciousness and salvation

Yogic Kriyas (Shat Karma)

Yogic Kriyas are cleansing techniques that cleanse various internal
organs of the body. They are also called shat kriyas or shatkarmas
because they are six in number.

Shuddhi Kriya (Shatkanna): Shatkarmas cleanse and activate all vital

organs of the body, especially the digestive, respiratory, circulatory,
and nervous systems.

They are preventive as well as curative in nature. One’s capacity to

digest, taste, work, think, and feel gets enhanced. These kriyas are
done to prepare the body for Yoga practices such as asanas,
pranayama, and meditation by eliminating physical distractions,
discomfort, and fatigue.

There are six major cleaning processes in Yoga:

1. Kapalbhati

2. Neti (upper nasal track)

3. Trataka (eye exercises)

4. Nauli (abdominal muscle and viscera)

5. Dhouti (cleansing the intestine)

6. Vasti (cleaning of the rectum)

Kapalbhati

It is designed to stimulate the brain cells and purify the brain.

‘Kapalbhati’ comes from the word ‘Kapal’ (forehead) and ‘Bhati’ which
means ‘to shiné’.

Procedure:

• Sit in any meditative posture.

• Close the eyes and relax the whole body.
• Inhale deeply through both nostrils, expand the chest.
• Exhale breath with forceful contractions of the abdominal
muscles and relax.
 • Continue active/forceful exhalation and passive inhalation.
Benefits:

• Kapalbhati generates heat in the body, dissolving toxins

and other waste matter.
• It improves the functioning of the kidneys and liver.
• It removes stress from the eyes and erases dark circles.
• It enhances blood circulation and digestion.
• It increases metabolic rate, thus aiding weight loss.
• It stimulates abdominal organs and is thus helpful for
diabetic patients.
• It rejuvenates the brain and energizes nerves.
• The process has a calming effect and uplifts the mind.
• It gives a sense of balance and sensibility, makes one feel
pure and clutter-free.
• It eliminates acidity and gas-related problems. Kapalbhati
strengthens the lungs.
• It improves memory and concentration.
• It clears and activates the chakras in the body.
• It helps in curing asthma, sinus and hair loss.
• It keeps depression at bay and fills one with positivity.
Neti Kriyas

Neti Kriya is a type of Yogic nasal-cleansing exercise. Neti Kriya is

designed to purify the nasal passages and bathe the sinuses.

They are said to remove toxins and anything blocking the flow of
prana or energy in the body. Neti is a Sanskrit term derived from the
roots na and ti, which together translate as “not so”.

Types of Neti

Jala neti, which is practiced using a neti pot filled with saline solution
to cleanse the nasal passages. In this technique, the head is tilted to
the side and then salt water is poured into a nostril and exits through
the other nostril.

Sutra neti, a thread is passed through the nostrils and out of the
mouth. The yogi then holds both ends of the string, pulling it back and
forth to cleanse the nose. The thread should be rolled cotton and is
often dipped in beeswax for easier threading.
A soft rubber catheter may also be used. Sutra neti is said to be a
more effective cleansing technique than jala neti.

Dugdha neti is similar to jala neti in which a neti pot is used to

cleanse the nasal passageways with warm saline solution, except that
warm milk is used instead.

Ghrita neti is similar to jala neti in which a neti pot is filled with warm
ghee instead. It is done using a neti pot, or a few drops of warm ghee
can simply be sniffed into each nostril at a time to coat and line the
nasal passageways.

Trataka

Trataka, a technique used in a meditation practice, is one of the six

purification techniques, called shatkarmas, of Hatha Yoga.

Trataka is a Sanskrit word, which means ‘to look’ or ‘to gaze,’ As such’
this meditation technique involves staring at a single point of focus.

This is typically the flame of a candle, but other objects that may be
used include a dot on the wall, an object of worship, a deity, flower,
mountain, the rising sun or moon. However, a flame is believed to
work better.

Meditating in this way is believed to energize the (third eye) chakra,

which is associated with intuition and wisdom, as well as psychic
abilities.

Procedure

• Light a candle and sit at least one metre away from it with
the flame at eye level.
• Focus the gaze on the flame and keep it there without
blinking for as long as possible.
• As thoughts arise, acknowledge them, then ret-um to focus
on the flame.
• When the eyes start to water and tears flow, close the
eyes and focus on the after-glow of the flame, bnnging
awareness to the third eye point.
• Meditate here until ready to come out of the practice.
Trataka is said to be most effective when practiced consistently at
sunrise or midday. Its effects can be enhanced.

Benefits of trataka include:

• Strengthens eye muscles

• Purifies the eyes

• Treats eye disorders

• Relieves insomnia

• Aids in treating depression oves concentration

• Calms the mind

• Promotes emotional stability

• Boosts willpower

• Develops intuition and clairvoyance

Nauli

Nauli is one of the Shatkarmas in Yogic Kriyas, which is an integral

part of Hatha Yoga. This kriya uses the abdominal muscles to
massage the organs in the abdomen and stomach region.

It has Immense health benefits, but is not easy to do, especially at the
beginning. This is an exercise that Involves a rolling movement of the
abdominal muscles.

Nauli kriya is typically practiced on an empty stomach and from a

standing position. Nauli kriya begins with a complete breath out, then
the abdomen is brought in, contracting the central muscles

Nauli kriya is thought to relieve constipation and digestive issues.

Those who suffer from heart disease, high blood pressure, hernia,
ulcers or gastrointestinal problems should not practise this
The best time to practise is early morning after bowel movement.

Procedure

1. First stand with your legs apart and then bend the knees. While
bending the knees, use the

2. Exhale forcefully making a hissing sound, just like in Kapalbhati.

3. Try to contract the belly inward and then upward. This is the base
position for performing Nauli

4. Stop the breath and isolate the abdominal muscles (Left rectus
muscles for vama Nauli, right ones for Dakshina Nauli and middle
ones for Madhya Nauli).

5. Then fry and hold the position for a few seconds.

6. Breathe in and release the kriya pose. Come back to a comfortable

standing position.

Benefits

• Massage of internal organs keeps them healthy.

• Strengthens stomach muscles and helps improve digestion
capability.
• Strengthens functioning of vital organs.
Dhouti

This is for purification of the esophagus and stomach. This technique

is also known as Gaj Karn. Gaj means elephant. When an elephant
experiences nausea’ it reaches its trunk deep into its gullet

Dhouti is a method of washing up of the entire tract starting from the

mouth to the digestive path at the beginning of the small intestines,
that is the mouth’ stomach. etc.

One can wash one’s mouth, but in the daily routine one cannot wash
the Esophagus or the stomach. The impurities residing there are
carried along with the food particles and are mixed in some proportion
with the blood.

There are two kinds:

i. Jala Dhauti or Kunjala Kriya

Procedure:

Mix two liters of warm water (40°) with 1 teaspoon of salt. Stand
upright and drink the water rapidly glass by glass. Bend forward
slightly, press the left hand into the lower abdomen and extend the
index and middle fingers of the right hand partially down the throat.

Simultaneously, press the tongue down so that nausea is induced.

The entire quantity of the water comes out again in half a minute.

This can be repeated once or twice each week and is best performed
in the morning on an empty stomach.

Benefits:

Has a beneficial influence on high acidity, allergies and asthma.

Eliminates halitosis (bad breath).

Caution:

Do not practice this exercise with high blood pressure or glaucoma.

ii. Vastra Dhauti

Procedure:

This stomach purification technique requires the use of a strip of

cotton, 3 meters in length and 10 centimeters wide. First-time practice
of this technique must be performed only with the guidance of a “Yoga
in Daily Life” teacher.

Benefits:
Like Dhauti this technique purifies the stomach and helps relieve high
acidity. It purifies the upper respiratory tract, and thereby eases
asthma, and dust and pollen allergies.

Vasti

Medicated oil or ghee and herbal decoction is given as enema to

clean the colon and increase the muscle tone. After this, the
previously-lubricated nozzle is pushed into the rectum for about 4 to 6
inches so as to make the oil or decoction enter and move through the
colon.

The general idea is to clean from inside. Ayurveda has favored this
method of treatment for various disorders.

Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation & Yogic Kriyas

Asanas

Asanas are the third step of yoga in which slow stretching activities
are performed, by holding body postures which brings stability of body
and poised mind.

Asana has three categories:

• Cultural Asana: For overall body fitness

• Meditative and Relaxative Asana: For improving mental activities
• Therapeutic Asana: For curing a various health problem
These Asanas are performed in standing, sitting and lying (supine and
prone) position. The warming up in Yoga is performed with Surya
Namaskar.

These are slow stretching activities in which heart rate, breathing rate
and body temperature remain almost normal. The effects of Asanas
are felt internally.

Pranayama
It is the fourth stage of Yoga. Pranayam is systematic breathing
activities in which inhalation (purak), exhalation (rechak) holding of
breath (kumbhak) are controlled.

This systematic rhythmic control of breathing provides deep effects

over an individual health. It develops inner strength and cure’s many
health ailments.

Anulom-Vilom Pranayam

It is an alternate breathing technique. In this process close your right

nostril with the thumb, breathe in from left nostril, than close left nostril
and breathe out from right nostril. Repeat from another side.

Kapalbhati Pranayam

In Kapalbhati pranayam forceful exhalation is performed where

inhalation happens automatically. Exhalation is done from the nose
with pressure while the stomach is vibrated in and out.

Bhramari Pranayama

In this pranayama, exhalation is done with humming sound from the

throat with closed ears with thumbs.

Sitli Pranayam

It is a forceful exhalation from the mouth with the tongue rolled. It

provides a cold feeling to the body.

Meditation

Meditation is a process which controls the mind and its activitie. It is a

very powerful process as it stabilises the mind in a proper direction.

In meditation, we focus our mind on a particular object, thought, or

activity and pay attention to the breath.

Yoga For Concentration

Sukhasana
It is a simple sitting posture with crossed legs, hands over the knee
and back straight

Benefits:

• Improves concentration
• Improves leg Strength
• Cures Arthritis, and Knock Knee
Tadasana

It is a standing posture on toes, arms straight up and joined palms.

Benefits:

Develop leg muscles

•
• Increase height in children
• Relieve ankle and leg pain
• Improves concentration
Padmasana

It is a sitting posture with crossed legs, feets touching opposite hips,

hands on the knees and back straight.

Benefits

•Improve concentration
• Improve leg strength
• Cures Arthritis, Sciatica and Knock Knee
Shashank Asana

Sit in the kneeling position while keeping the hips on the heels, toes
pointing outside and big toes should touch each other at the back.
Bend body at the front while hands and head touches the floor at the
front.

Benefits

• Improves concentration
• Improves leg strength and flexibility.
 • Cures Arthritis, Knock Knee
Naukasan

Lie down flat, lift your chest and feet off the ground upto 10 inches,
stretch your arms towards feet. Feel the tension in your stomach area,
the weight of your body on the buttocks.

Benefits

• It strengthens the arms, thighs and shoulders, neck

muscles.
• It improves the function of organs
• It helps in regulating blood flow
Vriksh asana

Stand straight, feets together, bend your right knee, place your right
sole on your left thigh, gently raise your arms over your head and
bring them together. Look straight

Benefits

•It strengthens the spine

• It improves neuromuscular coordination.
• It tones the leg muscles
• It strengthens the knees
Garud Asana

Stand straight, bend your right knee and left foot cross over the right
knee. Cross the right arm over the left arm and bend your elbows,
palms facing each other

Benefits

• It stretches the thighs, shoulders and upper back.

• It improves balance.
• Strengthens the calves.
• Makes the hip flexible
Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration

Yog Nidra
Yog Nidra is a relaxation techniques for relaxing body and improving
concentration.

Procedure

• Lie down straight on your back

• Close your eyes.
• Take a few relaxed and slow deep breaths
• Take your attention to your right foot for a few seconds,
while relaxing your foot.
• Next move your attention to the right knee, right thigh and
hip.
• Repeat this same process for the left leg.
• Take your attention to all parts of the upper body: stomach,
navel region, chest.
• Now take attention to the right shoulder, right arm, palms,
and fingers.
• Repeat this same process on the left shoulder, left arm
• Finally throat, face, and top of the head.
• Now take a deep breath and observe the sensations in
your body.
• Relax in this state for a few minutes.
• Slowly sit up and open your eyes.
Benefits

• It improves concentration
• It cools down the body after yoga postures
• It activates the nervous system to absorb the effects of
yoga asanas
Changing Trends & Career in
Physical Education
Meaning of Physical Education

• Physical Education is study regarding the development of physically,

mentaly, emotionally and social fitness citizens through the medium of
physical activities.

• It is an integral part of the total education process.

• According to Charles A Bucher, "physical education is an integral part of total

education process and has its aim in the development of physically, mentally,
emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities
which have been selected with a view to realize these out comes.

• Physical education is the sum of changes in the individual caused by

experience which can bring in motor activity.”

Aims and objectives of Physical Education:

• To make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit

• To develop certain personal and social qualities in every child

• To make good and responsible citizens out of them

Changing trends in Physical Education

• Physical Education is has its roots in history. It has being taught from
previous many years. In ancient time, man needed physical education to stay
alive.

• With Changing Civilization, meaning of physical education has been

changing.
Physical education is much more than that in the present context, the effort of
imparting education through physical activities as called physical education.

Career Option in Physical Education

Soft Skills

• ‘soft skills’ means skills which characterise relationships with other people,
or which are about how you approach life and work.

• Others phrases that are often used for these types of skills include: ‘people
skills’, “interpersonal skills’, ‘social skills’ or ‘transferable skills’.

(i) Communication Skills

• The skills used to communicate with others in decent ways are collectively
known as communication skills.
• People with strong communication skills can build relationships, listen well,
and vary their communication to suit the circumstances.

• It is suggested, one should work on communication skills, to develop

(ii) Making Decisions

Decision making is an important soft skill which is required at every stage of

life.

(iii) Self Motivation

• People who are self-motivated get on by themselves.

• They don't need close supervision and they are good to work with because
they are generally positive about life and can be counted upon to keep going.
It also helps to work on your personal resilience and adaptability to change.

(iv) Leadership Skills

• The ability to lead is one of the best qualities one can have.

• It is the quality to lead and motivate the group of people.

• There are many leadership related courses available and much has been
written about how to develop your leadership skills.
NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 8 Fundamentals of
Anatomy and Physiology Class 11 Physical Education
Topics in the Chapter
• Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
• Importance of Anatomy and Physiology with respect to Physical
Education
• Skeleton system
• Function and structure of Respiratory system
• Structure of Heart and Introduction to circulatory system

Definition of Anatomy and Physiology

Types of Joints and their Categories

• Immovable Joints: These joints are fixed and do not move Eg: skull Joint
• Slightly Movable Joints: The movement of such joints is very limited Eg:
Inter-vertibrations.
• Freely Movable Joints: Such joints are freely movable.

Muscular System

→ Muscle is the tissue composed of fibers capable effect bodily movement or

muscle is the body tissue that can contract to produce movement.

→ The system formed by muscles to perform different functions is known as

Muscular System.

Properties of Muscular System

• Movement is possible in the human body due to the contraction an
expansion of muscles.
• Muscles consist of 40-50% weight of body.
• The muscular system consists of 600 muscles.
• Muscles also assist in the circulation of blood
• They also give shape to the individual
• 'Myology' is study of Muscles.
Structure of Muscle
→ Every muscle fibre made up of very large number of microscopic threads
called myofibril.

→ Each myofibril consists of protein molecules called Actine and myosin.

Structure and Functions of Respiratory System

Respiratory System: The Respiratory system is a system which regulates the
exchange of gases. It is the process of intake of oxygen gas and exhaling
Carbon di oxide gas.

Types of Respiration

1. External Respiration
2. Internal or Tissues Respiration

Functions of Respiration System

• To provide required amount of Oxygen to blood cells.
• Removal of waste products from the body eg. CO 2
• Maintain body temperature.
• It affects circulation of blood.

Structure of heart and Introduction of Circulatory System

Circulatory System

• Circulatory system exists in our body for transporting materials (For

example nutrients from food whenever required.
• It consists of heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

Heart

→ The human heart is a hollow cone-shaped muscular organ. It is a pumping

system inside the body.

Structure of Heart

→ The heart is divided into four chambers. A septum divides it into a left and
right side. Each side is further divided into an upper and lower chambers.
→The upper two chambers called arteries and the bottom chambers are
ventricles.

Function of Heart: Systemic Circulation Pulmonary Circulation

• Arteries: Arteries are blood vessels that take blood away from the heart,
except for pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood from the
heart to the lungs.

• Veins: Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart.

• Capillaries: Exchange of material take-place in capillaries.

• Blood: Blood is a special mixture of fluid which acts as a medium of

transporting nutrients and gases from one part of body to another.

• Heart Rate: It is number of pumping of heart in one minute.

• Stroke Volume: It is the volume of blood pumped by heart in one beat. It is

approximately 80 ml per beat in normal adult, whereas trained players have
100 ml per beat as stroke.

• Cardiac Output: It is given as Stroke volume x heart rate. It is 5 to 6 liters at

basal level.

• Blood Pressure: It is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood
vessels

• Second Wind: The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercises is

removed automatically by our body. It is called as second wind.

• Oxygen Debt: The amount of oxygen taken by an athlete during the recovery
period after strenuous activity is called oxygen debt.