Chapter 1

Introductory Concepts

Dr Abdelaziz Yousif Ahmed

22-03-23
Ext: 7845

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

 Define analog digital quantity

 Explain the difference between digital and analog quantities
 State the advantages of digital over analog
 Give examples of how digital and analog quantities are used in electronics
 Define binary
 Name the bits in a binary system
 Explain how voltage levels are used to represent bits
 Explain how voltage levels are interpreted by a digital circuit
 Describe the general characteristics of a pulse
 Determine the amplitude, rise time, fall time, and width of a pulse
 Identify and describe the characteristics of a digital waveform
 Determine the amplitude, period, frequency, and duty cycle of a digital
waveform
 Explain what a timing diagram is and state its purpose
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

 Explain serial and parallel data transfer and state the advantage and
disadvantage of each
 List three basic logic functions
 Define the NOT function
 Define the AND function
 Define the OR function
 Describe code conversion, encoding, and decoding
 Describe multiplexing and demultiplexing
 Describe the counting function
 Describe the storage function
 State the major types of programmable logic and discuss the differences
 Discuss the programmable logic design process

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Analog Quantities

Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary

continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)

100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .

Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more

efficiently but can only assign discrete values to each point.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Analog and Digital Systems

Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to

take advantage of each technology. A typical CD player
accepts digital data from the CD drive and converts it to an
analog signal for amplification.
CD drive

10110011101 Digital-to-analog Linear amplifier

Digital data converter Analog
reproduction
of music audio Speaker
signal
Sound
waves

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels

Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which

are represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH
and LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary
system.
VH(max)
In binary, a single number is HIGH
called a bit (for binary digit). A VH(min)

bit can have the value of either Invalid

VL(max)
a 0 or a 1, depending on if the
voltage is HIGH or LOW. LOW
VL(min)

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Digital Waveforms

Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH

levels. A positive going pulse is one that goes from a
normally LOW logic level to a HIGH level and then back
again. Digital waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.
HIGH HIGH
Rising or Falling or Falling or Rising or
leading edge trailing edge leading edge trailing edge

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a) Positive–going pulse (b) Negative–going pulse

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Pulse Definitions

Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width

10%
Ringing

Base line Undershoot

tr tf
Rise time Fall time

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Periodic Pulse Waveforms

Periodic pulse waveforms are composed of pulses that repeats

in a fixed interval called the period. The frequency is the rate
it repeats and is measured in hertz.
1 1
f  T
T f

The clock is a basic timing signal that is an example of a

periodic wave.
What is the period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Pulse Definitions

In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms

are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts

Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)

Time
Period, T

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Timing Diagrams

A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between

two or more digital waveforms,
Clock

A diagram like this can be observed

directly on a logic analyzer.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Serial and Parallel Data

Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel

transfer.
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
t0 t1 t2 t3 t 4 t 5 t6 t7
Computer Modem

1
Computer Printer
0

0
t0 t1

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Basic Logic Functions

True only if all input conditions

are true.

True only if one or more input

conditions are true.

Indicates the opposite condition.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Basic System Functions

And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

various logic functions. A few examples are:

The comparison function A

Comparator
A> B

Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B

Basic arithmetic functions Adder

A
Two Σ Sum
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Basic System Functions

HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
5 for 9 used for
4 storage and/or
The encoding function 7 8 9
3
2
1
computation

4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

The decoding function

Decoder

Binary input

7-segment display

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Basic System Functions

The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Basic System Functions

The counting function

Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.

…and other functions such as code conversion

and storage.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Basic System Functions

One type of storage function is the shift register,

that moves and stores data each time it is clocked.
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Integrated Circuits

Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins) chip:

Plastic
Chip case

Pins

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular

for laboratory experiments with logic.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Integrated Circuits

An example of laboratory prototyping is shown. The circuit

is wired using DIP chips and tested.

DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Integrated Circuits

DIP chips and surface mount chips

Pin 1

Dual in-line package Small outline IC (SOIC)

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Integrated Circuits

Other surface mount packages:

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Test and Measurement Instruments

The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope

can be divided into four major groups.

VERTICAL HORIZONTAL TRIGGER

CH 1 CH 2 BOTH SLOPE
Ð +

POSITION POSITION POSITION LEVEL

VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV SEC/DIV SOURCE

CH 1
CH 2
EXT
5V 2 mV 5V 2 mV 5s 5 ns
LINE
COUPLING COUPLING
AC-DC-GND AC-DC-GND TRIG COUP
DC AC

DISPLAY
PROBE COMP CH 1 CH 2 EXT TRIG
5V

INTENSITY

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Test and Measurement Instruments

The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital

information or show data in tabular form.

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
Test and Measurement Instruments

The DMM can make three basic 0.01 V

OFF V

electrical measurements. Hz

mV

Voltage 10 A
A Range
Autorange
Touc h/Hold
1s
1s

Resistance 40 m A

Fused
COM

Current

In digital work, DMMs are useful for checking power

supply voltages, verifying resistors, testing continuity,
and occasionally making other measurements.
Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems

a. are less prone to noise
b. can represent an infinite number of values
c. can handle much higher power
d. all of the above

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. ten

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the

leading edge of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge
of the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the

trailing edge of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of
the pulse is called the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the

a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is

a. 20 MHz
b. 200 MHz
c. 2 GHz
d. 20 GHz

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

7. AND, OR, and NOT gates can be used to form

a. storage devices
b. comparators
c. data selectors
d. all of the above

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

8. A shift register is an example of a

a. storage device
b. comparator
c. data selector
d. counter

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

9. A device that is used to switch one of several input lines to

a single output line is called a
a. comparator
b. decoder
c. counter
d. multiplexer

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

10. For most digital work, an oscilloscope should be coupled

to the signal using
a. ac coupling
b. dc coupling
c. GND coupling
d. none of the above

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved
 Quiz

Answers:
1. a 6. c
2. b 7. d
3. d 8. a
4. b 9. d
5. c 10. b

Digital Fundamentals, Eleventh Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2016 by Pearson Education, Ltd.
Thomas L. Floyd All Rights Reserved