DINESH VIDHYAPEETH
HAPUR
MATHEMATICS PROJECT FILE
ON
Continuity and Differentiability
SESSION- 2022-23
PREPARED BY: - GUIDED BY: -
Vranda Garg Mr. Vishal Adhana
XII-science
Roll no. Teacher’s sign
Certificate
This is to certify that Vranda Garg, a student of class XII Science roll no
____________ has successfully completed the research on the topic Continuity
and Differentiability during the year 2022-23 in partial fulfilment Mathematics
Examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.
INDEX
1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Continuous function
o Continuity of a function at a point
o Types of discontinuous function
o Theorems of continuity
o Continuity of a function in an interval
Intermediate value theorem
4. Differentiability
o Meaning of derivative
o Differentiability of function at a point
o Geometrical interpretation of differentiability
o Differentiability over an interval
o Relation btw continuity and differentiability
5. Differentiation
6. Solved Examples
7. Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A special acknowledgement goes to a principal Mrs. Aakanksha
Tyagi who gave me the golden opportunity of this wonderful
project who have also helped me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many new things.
I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Mr. Vishal Adhana
for guiding me throughout this process and helping me to line
up the project.
I wish to thank my parents as well for their support and
encouragement without which I could not have completed this
project in limited time frame.
Thank you !
INTRODUCTION
Function, in mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between one
variable (the independent variable) and another variable (the dependent variable).
FUNCTION- it is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value
in the range.
E.g. Function Not Function
(2,3), (-1,2), (3,5), (4,3) (2,3),(-1,2),(2,5),(4,3)
-1 -1
2
2 2
3 3 FUNCTIONS:3
CONTINUOUS
A function
the dependent variable are called continuous functions.
5
4 for which a small change in the independent4variable causes only a small change and not a sudden jump in
a function is continuous at fixed point if we can draw the graph of the function around the point without lifting the
pen from the plane of the paper.
a a a
Continuous function Discontinuous function Discontinuous function Discontinuous function
Continuity of a function at a point:
A function ƒ(x) is said to be continuous at x = a, if lim
x→ a
f (x )= ƒ(a).
Symbolically ƒ is continuous at x = a if
lim f ( a−h)= lim f ( a+h)= ƒ(a), h > 0
h→ 0 h→ 0
i. e. (LHL=a = RHL) equals value of 'ƒ' at x = a.
If a function f (x) is continuous at x = c, the graph of f (x) at the corresponding point (c, f (c)) will not be broken. But if
f(x) is discontinuous at x = c, the graph will be broken when x = c.
A function f can be discontinuous due to any of the following three reasons:
(i) lim f ( x ) does not exist i.e., lim ¿ lim ¿
−¿ +¿
x →c x→ c f (x)¿ x→ c f (x)¿
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x = c
(iii) lim f ( x ) f (c)
x →c
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c.
Types of Discontinuity
There are three types of discontinuity.
Jump Discontinuity
Infinite Discontinuity
Removable Discontinuity
Jump Discontinuity
Jump discontinuity is of two types:
Discontinuity of the First Kind
Discontinuity of the Second Kind
Discontinuity of the First Kind: Function f(x) is said to have a discontinuity of the first kind from the right at x = a,
if the right hand of the function exists but is not equal to f(a). In Jump Discontinuity, the Left-Hand Limit and the
Right-Hand Limit exist and are finite but not equal to each other.
Discontinuity of the Second Kind: A function f(x) is said to have discontinuity of the second kind at x = a, if
neither left-hand limit of f(x) at x = a nor right-hand limit of f(x) at x = a exists.
Removable Discontinuity
A function f(x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = a, if the left-hand limit at x tends to point ‘a’ is
equal to the right-hand limit at x tends to point ‘a’ but their common value is not equal to f(a). A removable
discontinuity occurs when there is a rational expression with common factors in the numerator and
denominator. Since these factors can be cancelled, the discontinuity is removed.
Infinite Discontinuity
In Infinite Discontinuity, either one or both Right Hand and Left Hand Limit do not exist or are Infinite. It is also
known as Essential Discontinuity. Whenever the graph of a function f(x) has the line x = k, as a vertical
asymptote, then f(x) becomes positively or negatively infinite as x→k+ or x→k–. Then, function f(x) is said to have
an infinite discontinuity.
THEOREMS ON CONTINUITY
Theorem 1
Suppose f and g be two real functions continuous at a real number c. Then
(1) f + g is continuous at x = c.
(2) f – g is continuous at x = c.
(3) f . g is continuous at x = c.
(4) ( fg ) is continuous at x = c, (provided g (c) ≠ 0).
Theorem 2
Suppose f and g are real valued functions such that (f o g) is defined at c. If g is continuous at c and if f is continuous
at g (c), then (f o g) is continuous at c. The following examples illustrate this theorem.
CONTINUITY OF THE FUNCTION IN AN INTERVAL:
(a) A function is said to be continuous in (a, b) if ƒ is continuous at each and every point belonging to (a, b).
(b) A function is said to be continuous in a closed interval [a,b] if :
(i) ƒ is continuous in the open interval (a,b)
(ii) ƒ is right continuous at 'a'
(iii) ƒ is left continuous at 'b'
Note:
(i) All polynomials, trigonometrical functions, exponential and logarithmic functions are continuous in their domains.
Continuity of a function should be checked at the following points
(i) Continuity of a function should be checked at the points where definition of a function changes.
(ii) Continuity of {f(x)} and [f(x)] should be checked at all points where f(x) becomes integer.
(iii) Continuity of sgn (f(x)) should be checked at the points where f(x) = 0 (if f(x) = 0 in any open
interval containing a, then x = a is not a point of discontinuity)
(iv) In case of composite function f(g(x)) continuity should be checked at all possible points of
discontinuity of g(x) and at the points where g(x) = c, where x = c is a possible point of discontinuity
of f(x).
Intermediate value theorem:
A function f which is continuous in a,b possesses the following properties:
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in
the open interval (a, b).
(ii) (ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = K in the open interval (a, b).
DIFFERENTIABILITY
MEANING OF DERIVATIVE:
The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to the dependent variable is called derivative.
f(x) is said to be differentiable at the point x = a if the derivative f ‘(a) exists at every point in its domain. It is
given by
f ( a+h ) −f ( a )
F '(a)= lim
h→ 0 h
For a function to be differentiable at any point x=a in its domain, it must be continuous at that particular point
but vice-versa is not always true.
Differentiability of a function at a point:
(i) The right hand derivative of f (x) at x = a denoted by f (a+ ) is defined by:
lim ¿
R.H.D. = f (a+) = h → 0 +¿ f ( a+h )− f ( a )
¿
,provided the limit exists.
h
(ii) The left hand derivative of f(x) at x = a denoted by f (a–) is defined by:
lim ¿
L.H.D. = f (a–) = h → 0 −¿ f ( a +h) −f (a )
¿
, provided the limit exists.
h
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if:
f (a+) = f (a–) = finite
f ( a+h ) −f ( a )
By definition f (a) = lim
h→ 0 h
Note:
(i) All polynomial, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential function are continuous and differentiable in
their domains.
(ii) If ƒ(x) and g(x) are differentiable at x = a then the function
ƒ(x)
ƒ(x) + g(x), ƒ(x) – g(x), ƒ(x). g(x) will also be differentiable at x = a and if g(a) 0 then the function will
g(x)
also be differentiable at x = a.
(iii) Let ƒ'(a+) = p and ƒ'(a–) = q where p and q are finite then:
(i) p = q ƒ is differentiable at x = a ƒ is continuous at x = a
(ii) (ii) p q ƒ is not differentiable at x = a, but ƒ is continuous at x = a.
Geometrical interpretation of differentiability:
(i) If the function y = ƒ(x) is differentiable at x = 0, then a unique tangent can be drawn to the curve y = ƒ(x) at
the point P(a, ƒ(a)) and ƒ'(a) represent the slope of the tangent at point P.
(ii) If the function ƒ(x) does not have a unique tangent (p q) but is continuous at x = a. it geometrically
implies a sharp corner at x = a.
Note that p and q may not be finite, where p = ƒ'(a +) and q = ƒ'(a–)
1
e.g. (1) ƒ(x) = |x| and x 3 is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 and there is sharp corner at x = 0.
NOTE:
1
ƒ(x) = x 3 is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0 because ƒ'(0 +) and ƒ'(0–) .
(Have a unique tangent but does not have sharp corner)
Note:
sharp corner non differentiable
non differentiable sharp corner
Vertical Tangent:
(i) If for y = ƒ(x); ƒ'(a+) and ƒ'(a–) or ƒ'(a+) – and ƒ'(a) – then at x = a, y = ƒ(x) has vertical
tangent at x = a.
(ii) If a function has vertical tangent at x = a then it is non differentiable at x = 0.
DIFFERENTIABILITY OVER AN INTERVAL:
(a) ƒ(x) is said to be differentiable over an open interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at each and every point of the
open interval (a, b).
(b) ƒ(x) is said to be differentiable over the closed interval [a, b] if:
(i) ƒ(x) is differentiable in (a, b) and
(ii) for the points a and b, ƒ'(a +) and ƒ'(b–) exist.
Note: Derivability should be checked at following points
(i) At all points where continuity is required to be checked.
(ii) At the critical points of modulus and inverse trigonometric function.
Relation between differentiability & continuity:
(i) If f (a) exists, then f(x) is continuous at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is differentiable at every point of its domain of definition, then it is continuous in that domain.
DIFFERENTIATION
The process of finding derivative of a function is called differentiation. We also use the phrase differentiate f(x) with
respect to x to mean find f ′(x).
The following rules were established as a part of algebra of derivatives:
(1) (u ± v) ′ = u′ ± v′
(2) (uv)′ = u′v + uv′ (Leibnitz or product rule)
() u’ v−v ’ u
'
u
(3) = , wherever v ≠ 0 (Quotient rule).
v v2
Chain Rule:
Let f be a real valued function which is a composite of two functions u and v;
dt dv
i.e., f = v o u. Suppose t = u(x) and if both and exist, we have
dx dt
df df dt
= .
dx dt dx
f(x) xn sin x cos x tan x sec x cosec x cot x
f’(x) nxn-1 cos x -sin x sec2x sec x tan x -cosec x cot x -cosec2x
F(x) ex ax ln x sin-1x cos-1x tan-1x
F’(x) ex axlna 1 1 −1 1
x √1−x 2
√1−x 2
1+ x2
Solved examples:
Q.3: Differentiate f(x) = (x4 – 1)50
Solution: given, y=(x4-1)50
By using chain rule
dy
= 50(x4-1)494x3
dx
=200x3(x4-1)49
Q.4: Examine the differentiability of f (x ) = x at x = 0.
1/3
Solution:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://byjus.com/maths/differentiation/
https://byjus.com/maths/continuity-and-differentiability/
https://ncert.nic.in/
https://www.britannica.com/science/function-mathematics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)
