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Living Together in Space The Design and Operation of The Life Support Systems On The International Space Station

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Living Together in Space The Design and Operation of The Life Support Systems On The International Space Station

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NASA/TM1998206956/VOL1

Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the

Life Support Systems on the International Space Station
P.O. Wieland
:

Zusammenleben im Weltraum: Der Entwurf und

Betrieb der Lebenserhaltungsysteme auf der
internationalen Weltraumstation

Vivre Ensemble dans lEspace: Conception et

Opration des quipements de survie bord
de la Station Spatiale Internationale
Vivere Insieme nello Spazio: Progetto e
Utilizzo dei Sistemi di Supporto alla Vita
Umana della Stazione Spaziale Internazionale

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC, Alabama 35812

January 1998

The NASA STI Program Officein Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to
the advancement of aeronautics and space
science. The NASA Scientific and Technical
Information (STI) Program Office plays a key
part in helping NASA maintain this important
role.
The NASA STI Program Office is operated by
Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASAs
scientific and technical information. The NASA STI
Program Office provides access to the NASA STI
Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and
space science STI in the world. The Program Office is
also NASAs institutional mechanism for
disseminating the results of its research and
development activities. These results are published by
NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which
includes the following report types:
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completed research or a major significant phase of
research that present the results of NASA programs
and include extensive data or theoretical analysis.
Includes compilations of significant scientific and
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peer-reviewed formal professional papers but has
less stringent limitations on manuscript length and
extent of graphic presentations.
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technical findings that are preliminary or of
specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports,
working papers, and bibliographies that contain
minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive
analysis.
CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and technical
findings by NASA-sponsored contractors and
grantees.

CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected papers

from scientific and technical conferences,
symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored or
cosponsored by NASA.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, or
historical information from NASA programs,
projects, and mission, often concerned with
subjects having substantial public interest.
TECHNICAL TRANSLATION.
English-language translations of foreign scientific
and technical material pertinent to NASAs
mission.
Specialized services that complement the STI Program
Offices diverse offerings include creating custom
thesauri, building customized databases, organizing
and publishing research resultseven providing
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For more information about the NASA STI Program
Office, see the following:
Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at
http://www.sti.nasa.gov
E-mail your question via the Internet to
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Fax your question to the NASA Access Help Desk
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Write to:
NASA Access Help Desk
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information
800 Elkridge Landing Road
Linthicum Heights, MD 21090 2934

NASA/TM98206956/VOL1

Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the

Life Support Systems on the International Space Station
:

Zusammenleben im Weltraum: Der Entwurf und Betrieb der

Lebenserhaltungsysteme auf der Internationalen Weltraumstation

Vivre Ensemble dans lEspace: Conception et Opration des

quipements de survie bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale
Vivere Insieme nello Spazio: Progetto e Utilizzo dei Sistemi di
Supporto alla Vita Umana della Stazione Spaziale Internazionale
P.O. Wieland
Marshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration
Marshall Space Flight Center

January 1998
i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many people contributed to the information in this
report. The engineers and scientists in the Environmental
Control and Life Support Branch (ED62) at the Marshall
Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Life Support group
at the Manned Operations Division (MOD) of the Johnson
Space Center (JSC) provided much information on the
U.S. ECLS technologies and on integration concerns.
Engineers with the prime contractor for the U.S. segment,
Boeing, also provided information on the U.S. and
Russian ECLSS technologies and on integration concerns.

The European Space Agency (ESA), the Japanese

National Space Development Agency (NASDA), and
Alenia Spazio (of Italy) provided information on the
modules that they are building. Other sources of information include ECLSS Technical Interchange Meetings and
teleconferences with the Russians and Americans held in
Houston, TX; Huntsville, AL; and Moscow, Russia. The
prime contractor for the Russian segment, Energia (PKK
), and their subcontractors, especially
NIICHIMMASH (), also provided
information contained in this report.

Schematics showing the system layouts were

provided by the ISS program office in Houston, TX. Many
schematics of the U.S. On-Orbit Segment (USOS) ECLS
equipment were provided by Boeing/PG3.

Individuals who provided information in person or

via papers or presentations include the following:

RUSSIAN:

NASA/JSC/MOD:

RSC Energia:

Peter Cerna

Dr. Eugene Zaitzev

Dr. Nikolai Protosov
Mr. Oleg Sourgoutchev

Anthony Sang

Dr. Edward Grigorov

Mr. Vladimir Komolov
Dr. Alexander Riabkin

Boeing/Prime:

NIICHIMMASH:
Dr. Leonid Bobe
IMBP:
Dr. Yuri Sinyak

Cindy Philistine
Donald Sargent

Daniel Leonard
Glen Sitler

Mo Saiidi
Michael Wood

Kevin Moore

NASA/Space Station Program Office:

David Williams

Eric Saari

Rockwell Space Operations Corporation:

Tony de Vera
C.E. Sparks

NASA/MSFC/ED62:
Robert Bagdigian
Layne Carter
Gerald Franks
Cindy Hutchens
Kathryn Ogle
Charles Ray
David Tabb

Greg Gentry
Bruce Wright

Boeing/PG3:

UNITED STATES:

James Reuter

Sarah Kirby

Robyn Carrasquillo
Robert Erickson
Donald Holder
James Knox
Jay Perry
Monserrate Roman
Mary Traweek

Arthur Hsu

Translation assistance was provided by Ilya Zhadovetsky

(CSC, Huntsville, AL).
Detailed editorial support and production assistance at
MSFC was provided by MSI, a Division of The Bionetics
Corporation.

Available from:
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information
800 Elkridge Landing Road
Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934
(301) 621-0390

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4650

On the Cover
The cover illustration shows the International Space Station (ISS) in low-Earth orbit with the space shuttle docked to
Node 2 and two Soyuz vehicles docked to the Russian Segment. The Earths horizon represents that earth-observation
will be one activity performed from the ISS, that the research performed on board the ISS will benefit everyone on Earth,
and that this project is a cooperative venture involving many nations. The international cooperation required for the ISS
project is also indicated by the translations of the document title into the languages of the primary partners. The Moon,
Mars, and stars in the background represent that astronomical observation will also be an activity performed from the
ISS. In addition, they represent the potential for future cooperative projects, including deep space missions and returning
people to the Moon and sending crews to Mars.

A Parable
There is a story about a man who left this Earth and was taken on a tour of the inner realms. He was shown a room where
he saw a large group of hungry people trying to eat dinner, but because the spoons that they were trying to eat with were
longer than their arms, they remained frustrated and hungry.
This, his guide told him, is Hell.
Thats terrible! exclaimed the man.
Please show me Heaven!
Very well, agreed the guide, and on they went.
When they opened Heavens door, the man was perplexed to see what looked very much like the same
scene: there was a group of people with spoons longer than their arms. As he looked more closely,
however, he saw happy faces and full tummies, for there was one important difference:
the people in Heaven had learned to feed each other.
From The Dragon Doesnt Live Here Anymore,
by Alan Cohen

,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , .
! . , !
, , .
, , ,
, :
. ,
,
,
: .

( )
(Translated by Ilya Zhadovetsky)
iii

(Translated by Kazuo Ben Hayashida)

Hier ist die Geschichte von einem Mann der von der Erde Abschied nahm, und er wurde auf eine Tour
des Jenseits gefuehrt. Sein Begleiter brachte ihn zu einem Raum, wo eine grosse Gruppe von
ausgehungerten Leuten versuchte zu essen. Sie konnten aber nichts in ihren Mund bekommen, denn ihre
Loeffel waren laenger als ihre Arme. Sie blieben hungrig und verzweifelt.
Dies ist die Hoelle erklaerte sein Begleiter.
Das ist schrecklich rief der Mann.
Bitte, zeig mir den Himmel!
Sicher, sagte der Begleiter, und sie gingen weiter.
Als sie die Himmelstuere oeffneten, war der Mann voellig verwirrt. Was er sah schien die gleiche Szene
zu sein wie zuvor: Eine Gruppe von Leuten mit Loeffeln laenger als ihre Arme. Bei naeherem Zusehen
sah er aber frohe Gesichter und volle Baeuche, denn hier war ein bedeutender Unterschied: Die Leute
im Himmel hatten gelernt sich gegenseitig zu fuettern.

Aus: Der Drache wohnt hier nicht mehr, von Alan Cohen
(Translated by Werner Dahm)

On raconte lhistoire dun homme qui, ayant quitt notre Terre, eut la chance de visiter les royaumes
ternels. On lui montra une pice o une multitude de gens affams taient assembls pour dner, mais
parce que leurs cuillers taient plus longues que leurs bras, ils demeuraient frustrs et jeun.
Voici lEnfer! expliqua son guide.
Cest horrible! scria lhomme.
Montrez-moi vite le Paradis!
Entendu, acquiesca le guide, et ils sen furent.
Quand ils ouvrirent les portes du Paradis, lhomme stonna de voir devant lui une scne presque
identique: une foule de gens avec des cuillers plus longues que leurs bras. Mais, aprs un examen plus
attentif, il vit lair content des visages et les ventres pleins cause dune diffrence importante:
les gens du Paradis avaient appris se nourrir les uns les autres.
daprs The Dragon Doesnt Live Here Anymore,
par Alan Cohen
(Translated by Laurent Sibille)

C una storia di un uomo che lasci questa terra e prese parte a un viaggio al linterno del regno dei
cieli. Gli venne mostrata una stanza dove vide un grup po di persone affamate che si apprestavano a
consumare una cena, ma, poich i cucchiai con cui cercavano di mangiare erano pi lunghi delle loro
braccia, essi rimanevano frustrati ed affamati.
Questo, gli disse la Guida, lInferno.
terribile! esclamo luomo.
Per favore fammi vedere il Paradiso!
Molto bene, concord la Guida e si incamminarono.
Aperta la porta del paradiso, luomo fu perplesso nel vedere quella che sembrava la stessa scena:
cerano un gruppo di persone con i cucchiai pi lunghi delle loro braccia. Tuttavia, guardando pi da
vicino, vide faccie felici e pancie piene.
Con una differenza importante:
La gente in Paradiso aveva imparato a imboccarsi lun con laltro.
da Il Drago non vive pi qui di Alan Cohen
(Translated by Franco Pennati (Alenia/ASI))

PREFACE
This report addresses the following questions relating
to the ISS ECLS systems:

The International Space Station (ISS) incorporates

elements and features from the planned Space Station
Freedom, under development by an international consortium led by the United States (U.S.), and the planned Mir2, under development by Russia, with modifications to
make them complementary. With this increased cooperation between Russia, the United States, and the other
international partners on the ISS project, understanding
the designs and methods of design of the other partners
is crucial for project success.

Some of the functions of the ISS are performed by

parallel but separate systems. Environmental Control and
Life Support (ECLS) is one system in which functions are
performed independently on the Russian Segment (RS)
and on the U.S./international segments of the ISS. During
the construction period, the RS has the capability for
waste processing and water purification before the U.S./
international segments and, for that period of time,
supports the entire ISS for those functions. Also during
that period, the Russians provide oxygen and nitrogen
for metabolic consumption and structural leakage.

This report describes, in two volumes, the design and

operation of the ECLS Systems (ECLS) used on the ISS.
Volume I is divided into three chapters. Chapter I is a
general overview of the ISS, describing the configuration,
general requirements, and distribution of systems as
related to the ECLSS. It includes discussion of the design
philosophies of the partners and methods of verification
of equipment. Chapter II describes the U.S. ECLSS and
technologies in greater detail. Chapter III describes the
ECLSS in the European Attached Pressurized Module
(APM), Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), and Italian
Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module (MPLM). Volume II
describes the Russian ECLSS and technologies in greater
detail. (Volume II distribution is restricted to use within
the contractual agreement between the United States and
Russia.)

How does the ISS design, in general, affect the

ECLSS design?

What requirements are placed on the ECLSS?

What design philosophies are used in planning

the different ECLS systems?

What ECLS technologies are used?

What are the designs of the ECLS systems and

how do they operate?

How do the ECLSS capabilities change during

the assembly of the ISS?

How is the ECLSS verified?

What safety features are included in the ECLSS?

What are the procedures for responding to a

failure?

How is the ECLSS maintained?

This report contains information that was available as

of June 1996 with some updates as of September 1997.
Every effort was made to ensure that the information is
accurate; however, not all of the ISS ECLSS details were
finalized at that time. See the Bibliography for references
used in preparing this document.

To receive corrections and updates, or to suggest

changes, please contact the author. Comments regarding
this report are invited and may be sent to the author at
NASA/MSFC/ED62, Marshall Space Flight Center, AL
35812; or via e-mail: [email protected].

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I: Overview
1.0

2.0

3.0.

4.0.

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................

1.1

Background ................................................................................................................................................

1.2

ISS Mission Scenario .................................................................................................................................

DESCRIPTION OF ISS AND THE ECLS SYSTEMS ........................................................................................

2.1

Description of the Russian Segment and ECLS Capabilities ....................................................................

2.2

Description of the U.S. On-Orbit Segment and ECLS Capabilities ..........................................................

2.3

Description of the International Segments and ECLS Capabilities ...........................................................

2.4

Construction of ISS and the ECLS Capabilities During Station Assembly ...............................................

2.4.1

Phase 2Flights 1A Through 6A ...............................................................................................

2.4.2

Phase 3Flights 6R Through 18A .............................................................................................

ISS SEGMENT ECLS SPECIFICATIONS ..........................................................................................................

3.1

ECLS Performance Requirements .............................................................................................................

3.2

Design Philosophies ...................................................................................................................................

3.3

ISS ECLS Capabilities ...............................................................................................................................

3.3.1

RS ECLS Capabilities .................................................................................................................

3.3.2

USOS ECLS Capabilities ............................................................................................................

3.3.3

APM ECLS Capabilities ..............................................................................................................

3.3.4

JEM ECLS Capabilities ...............................................................................................................

3.3.5

MPLM ECLS Capabilities ..........................................................................................................

INTEGRATED OPERATION ..............................................................................................................................

4.1

Intermodule ECLS Interfaces ....................................................................................................................

4.1.1

RS ECLS Interface with the USOS .............................................................................................

4.1.2

RS-to-EVA ECLS Interface .........................................................................................................

4.1.3

USOS to APM, JEM, and MPLM ECLS Interface .....................................................................

4.1.4

USOS-to-AL-to-EVA Interface ...................................................................................................

vii

4.2

Operational Considerations ........................................................................................................................

4.3

Responsibilities ..........................................................................................................................................

5.0. SAFETY, RELIABILITY, AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ....................................................................................

5.1

System Durability and Maintainability ......................................................................................................

5.2

Human Factors and Other Requirements ...................................................................................................

5.3

Safety Features ...........................................................................................................................................

5.3.1

Failure Tolerance .........................................................................................................................

5.3.2

Design for Safety .........................................................................................................................

5.4

Failure Response Procedures .....................................................................................................................

5.5

Verification .................................................................................................................................................

5.5.1

Verification Methods ...................................................................................................................

5.5.2

Verification Levels .......................................................................................................................

5.5.3

Verification Phases ......................................................................................................................

5.5.4

Verification of ECLS Functions ..................................................................................................

Failure Detection, Isolation, and Recovery ................................................................................................

5.6

Chapter II: The United States On-Orbit Segment

and Its Environmental Control and Life Support System
1.0

2.0

3.0

INTRODUCTION: THE UNITED STATES ON-ORBIT SEGMENT AND ITS ECLSS ..................................

1.1

The USOS Pressurized Elements ...............................................................................................................

1.2

The USOS ECLS Functions ......................................................................................................................

DESCRIPTION OF THE USOS ECLSS .............................................................................................................

2.1

USOS ECLS System Design and Operation ..............................................................................................

2.2.

ECLS Monitoring and Control ..................................................................................................................

2.3

ECLS Interconnections Between the Elements .........................................................................................

2.4

Logistics Resupply .....................................................................................................................................

ECLS TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................................................................

3.1

Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) ....................................................................................................

3.1.1

Control Total Atmospheric Pressure ............................................................................................

3.1.1.1

Monitor Total Atmospheric Pressure ...........................................................................

3.1.1.2

Introduce Nitrogen ......................................................................................................

viii

3.1.2

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure .................................................................................................

3.1.2.1

Monitor Oxygen Partial Pressure ................................................................................

3.1.2.2

Introduce Oxygen ........................................................................................................

3.1.2.2.1

Oxygen Supply/Generation Assembly ....................................................

3.1.2.2.1.1

Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) Design ...................

3.1.2.2.1.2

OGA Operation ..................................................................

3.1.2.2.1.3

OGA Performance ..............................................................

3.1.3

Relieve Overpressure ...................................................................................................................

3.1.4

Equalize Pressure .........................................................................................................................

3.1.4.1

MPEV Design ..............................................................................................................

3.1.4.2

MPEV Operation .........................................................................................................

3.1.4.3

MPEV Performance ....................................................................................................

Respond to Rapid Decompression ...............................................................................................

3.1.5.1

Detect Rapid Decompression ......................................................................................

3.1.5.2

Recover From Rapid Decompression .........................................................................

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere .............................................................................................

3.1.6.1

Detect Hazardous Atmosphere ....................................................................................

3.1.6.2

Remove Hazardous Atmosphere .................................................................................

3.1.6.3

Recover from Hazardous Atmosphere ........................................................................

Temperature and Humidity Control (THC) ...............................................................................................

3.1.5

3.1.6

3.2

3.2.1

Control Atmospheric Temperature .............................................................................................. 101

3.2.1.1

Monitor Atmospheric Temperature ............................................................................. 101

3.2.1.2

Remove Atmospheric Heat .......................................................................................... 101

3.2.1.3
3.2.2

3.2.3

3.2.1.2.1

CCAA Design ........................................................................................... 103

3.2.1.2.2

CCAA Operation ...................................................................................... 110

3.2.1.2.3

CCAA Performance .................................................................................. 111

Avionics Air Assembly (AAA) .................................................................................... 111

Control Atmospheric Moisture .................................................................................................... 116

3.2.2.1

Monitor Humidity ....................................................................................................... 116

3.2.2.2

Remove Atmospheric Moisture ................................................................................... 116

3.2.2.3

Dispose of Removed Moisture .................................................................................... 116

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants ................................................................................ 116

3.2.3.1

Remove Airborne Particulate Contaminants ............................................................... 116

3.2.3.2

Dispose of Airborne Particulate Contaminants ........................................................... 116

3.2.4

3.3

Control Airborne Microorganisms ............................................................................................... 116

3.2.4.1

Remove Airborne Microorganisms ............................................................................. 116

3.2.4.2

Dispose of Airborne Microorganisms ......................................................................... 117

3.2.5

Circulate Atmosphere: Intramodule ............................................................................................ 117

3.2.6

Circulate Atmosphere: Intermodule ............................................................................................ 117

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) ............................................................................................................... 120

3.3.1

Control Carbon Dioxide .............................................................................................................. 121

3.3.1.1

Monitor CO2 ....................................................................................................................................... 121

3.3.1.2

Remove CO2 ....................................................................................................................................... 121

3.3.1.3
3.3.2

3.3.2.2

3.3.2.3

4BMS Operation ....................................................................................... 138

3.3.1.2.3

4BMS Performance .................................................................................. 139

Dispose of CO2 .................................................................................................................................. 139

Monitor Gaseous Contaminants .................................................................................. 139

3.3.2.1.1

Major Constituent Analyzer (MCA) Design ............................................ 140

3.3.2.1.2

MCA Operation ........................................................................................ 143

3.3.2.1.3

MCA Performance .................................................................................... 143

3.3.2.1.4

Sample Delivery Subsystem (SDS) .......................................................... 144

Remove Gaseous Contaminants .................................................................................. 147

3.3.2.2.1

Trace Contaminant Control Subassembly (TCCS) Design ...................... 147

3.3.2.2.2

TCCS Operation ....................................................................................... 152

3.3.2.2.3

TCCS Performance ................................................................................... 155

Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants .............................................................................. 156

Respond to Fire ............................................................................................................................ 159

3.4.1.1

Detect a Fire Event ...................................................................................................... 162

3.4.1.2

Isolate Fire Control Zone ............................................................................................ 162

3.4.1.3

Extinguish Fire ............................................................................................................ 162

3.4.1.4

Recover From a Fire .................................................................................................... 163

Waste Management (WM) ......................................................................................................................... 163

3.5.1

3.6

3.3.1.2.2

Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) ...................................................................................................... 156

3.4.1

3.5

4BMS Design ........................................................................................... 121

Control Gaseous Contaminants ................................................................................................... 139

3.3.2.1

3.4

3.3.1.2.1

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes ................................................................................... 163

Water Recovery and Management (WRM) ............................................................................................... 163

3.6.1

Provide Water for Crew Use ........................................................................................................ 166

3.6.2

3.6.1.1

Wastewater Vent Assembly ......................................................................................... 167

3.6.1.2

Condensate and Fuel-Cell Water Storage Tanks ......................................................... 172

3.6.1.3

Contingency Water Collection .................................................................................... 176

3.6.1.4

Water Distribution Network ........................................................................................ 176

Monitor Water Quality ................................................................................................................. 176

3.6.2.1

3.6.3

Supply Potable Water .................................................................................................................. 178

3.6.4

Supply Hygiene Water ................................................................................................................. 178

3.6.5

Process Wastewater
3.6.5.1

3.6.5.2

3.6.7
3.7

.................................................................................................................. 178

Water Processor (WP) ................................................................................................. 178

3.6.5.1.1

WP Design ................................................................................................ 179

3.6.5.1.2

WP Operation ........................................................................................... 179

3.6.5.1.3

WP Performance ....................................................................................... 180

Urine Processor (UP) .................................................................................................. 180

3.6.5.2.1

UP Design ................................................................................................. 180

3.6.5.2.2

UP Operation ............................................................................................ 183

3.6.5.2.3

UP Performance ........................................................................................ 183

Supply Water for Payloads .......................................................................................................... 183

Vacuum Services (VS) ............................................................................................................................... 183

3.7.1

3.8

Process Control and Water Quality Monitor (PCWQM) ............................................ 176

Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads ................................................................................. 184

3.7.1.1

Provide Vacuum Exhaust ............................................................................................. 184

3.7.1.2

Provide Vacuum Resource ........................................................................................... 184

Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Support ..................................................................................................... 184

3.8.1

3.8.2

3.8.3

Support Denitrogenation ............................................................................................................. 189

3.8.1.1

Support In-Suit Prebreathe .......................................................................................... 189

3.8.1.2

Support Campout Prebreathe ...................................................................................... 189

Support Service and Checkout .................................................................................................... 189

3.8.2.1

Provide Water .............................................................................................................. 189

3.8.2.2

Provide Oxygen ........................................................................................................... 189

3.8.2.3

Provide In-Suit Purge .................................................................................................. 189

Support Station Egress ................................................................................................................ 189

3.8.3.1

3.8.4

Evacuate Airlock ......................................................................................................... 189

Support Station Ingress ................................................................................................................ 189

3.8.4.1

Accept Wastewater ...................................................................................................... 189

3.9

Other ECLSS Functions ............................................................................................................................. 189

3.9.1

Distribute Gases to User Payloads .............................................................................................. 189

4.0

SAFETY FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 190

5.0

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................................... 191

6.0

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND FAILURE RESPONSES ........................................................................ 193

6.1

Responses to Equipment Failures .............................................................................................................. 193

6.1.1

4BMS Failure Modes and Responses .......................................................................................... 193

6.2

Responses to Operating Error .................................................................................................................... 196

6.3

Responses to External Events .................................................................................................................... 196

6.4

Venting a Module ..................................................................................................................................... 196

Chapter III: The European, Japanese, and Italian Segement ECLSS

1.0

2.0

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 197

1.1

The APM, JEM, and MPLM ECLS Functions .......................................................................................... 197

1.2

Commonality of Hardware ........................................................................................................................ 197

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE APM, JEM, AND MPLM SEGMENT ECLSS ........................................................ 199
2.1

2.1.1

APM ECLSS Design and Operation ........................................................................................... 199

2.1.2

JEM ECLSS Design and Operation ............................................................................................ 201

2.1.3

MPLM ECLSS Design and Operation ........................................................................................ 204

2.2

ECLS Monitoring and Control .................................................................................................................. 206

2.3

ECLS Interconnections .............................................................................................................................. 206

2.4

3.0

ECLS System Design and Operation ......................................................................................................... 199

2.3.1

APM Interconnections ................................................................................................................. 206

2.3.2

JEM Interconnections .................................................................................................................. 209

2.3.3

MPLM Interconnections .............................................................................................................. 209

Logistics Resupply ..................................................................................................................................... 211

ECLS TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................................................................................... 215

3.1

Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) .................................................................................................... 215

xii

3.1.1

APM ACS .................................................................................................................................... 219

3.1.1.1

Control Total Atmospheric Pressure ............................................................................ 219

3.1.1.1.1

Monitor Total Atmospheric Pressure ........................................................ 219

3.1.1.1.2

Negative Pressure Relief Assembly (NPRA) ........................................... 219

3.1.1.1.3

N2 Distribution ......................................................................................... 220

3.1.1.2

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure ................................................................................. 220

3.1.1.3

Relieve Overpressure .................................................................................................. 220

3.1.1.4

Equalize Pressure ........................................................................................................ 221

3.1.1.5

Respond to Rapid Decompression .............................................................................. 221

3.1.1.6

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere ............................................................................ 222

3.1.1.6.1

Depressurization Assembly (DA) ............................................................. 222

3.1.1.6.1.1 DA Design ............................................................................. 222
3.1.1.6.1.2 DA Operation ......................................................................... 223
3.1.1.6.1.3 DA Performance .................................................................... 223

3.1.2

JEM ACS ..................................................................................................................................... 223

3.1.2.1

Control Total Atmospheric Pressure ............................................................................ 223

3.1.2.1.1

Monitor Total Atmosphere Pressure ......................................................... 223

3.1.2.1.2

Negative Pressure Relief Assembly (NPRA) ........................................... 223

3.1.2.1.3

N2 Distribution ......................................................................................... 223

3.1.2.2

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure ................................................................................. 223

3.1.2.3

Relieve Overpressure .................................................................................................. 224

3.1.2.4

Equalize Pressure ........................................................................................................ 224

3.1.2.5

Respond to Rapid Decompression .............................................................................. 225

3.1.2.6

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere ............................................................................ 225

3.1.2.6.1

3.1.3

Depressurization Assembly ...................................................................... 225

MPLM ACS ................................................................................................................................. 225

3.1.3.1

Control Total Atmospheric Pressure ............................................................................ 225

3.1.3.2

Negative Pressure Relief ............................................................................................. 225

3.1.3.3

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure ................................................................................. 225

3.1.3.3.1

SDS Sample Line ..................................................................................... 225

3.1.3.3.2

SDS Shutoff Valve .................................................................................... 225

3.1.3.3.3

SDS Filter ................................................................................................. 226

3.1.3.4

Relieve Overpressure .................................................................................................. 226

3.1.3.5

Equalize Pressure ........................................................................................................ 226

xiii

3.1.3.6

Respond to Rapid Decompression .............................................................................. 226

3.1.3.7

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere ............................................................................ 226

3.1.3.7.1

3.2

Temperature and Humidity Control (THC) ............................................................................................... 227

3.2.1

APM THC ................................................................................................................................... 227

3.2.1.1

3.2.2

3.2.3

Control Atmosphere Temperature ............................................................................... 229

3.2.1.1.1

Monitor Atmosphere Temperature ........................................................... 229

3.2.1.1.2

Remove Excess Heat ................................................................................ 229

3.2.1.2

Control Atmosphere Moisture ..................................................................................... 229

3.2.1.3

Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule ............................................................................. 229

3.2.1.4

Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule ............................................................................. 229

JEM THC ..................................................................................................................................... 233

3.2.2.1

3.3

Depressurization Assembly ...................................................................... 227

Control Atmosphere Temperature ............................................................................... 235

3.2.2.1.1

Monitor Atmosphere Temperature ........................................................... 235

3.2.2.1.2

Remove Excess Heat ................................................................................ 238

3.2.2.2

Control Atmosphere Moisture ..................................................................................... 238

3.2.2.3

Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule ............................................................................. 238

3.2.2.4

Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule ............................................................................. 238

MPLM THC ................................................................................................................................ 240

3.2.3.1

Control Atmospheric Temperature .............................................................................. 240

3.2.3.2

Control Atmospheric Moisture .................................................................................... 240

3.2.3.3

Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule ............................................................................. 240

3.2.3.4

Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule ............................................................................. 240

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) ............................................................................................................... 240

3.3.1

APM AR ...................................................................................................................................... 240

3.3.1.1

Control CO2 ......................................................................................................................................... 240

3.3.1.2

Control Gaseous Contaminants ................................................................................... 241

3.3.1.2.1

3.3.2

Monitor Gaseous Contaminants ............................................................... 241

3.3.1.3

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants ................................................................ 241

3.3.1.4

Control Airborne Microbial Growth ........................................................................... 241

JEM AR ....................................................................................................................................... 241

3.3.2.1

Control CO2 ......................................................................................................................................... 242

3.3.2.2

Control Gaseous Contaminants ................................................................................... 242

3.3.2.2.1

Monitor Gaseous Contaminants ............................................................... 245

xiv

3.3.3

3.3.2.3

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants ................................................................ 245

3.3.2.4

Control Airborne Microbial Growth ........................................................................... 245

MPLM AR ................................................................................................................................... 245

3.3.3.1

Control CO2 ......................................................................................................................................... 245

3.3.3.2

Control Gaseous Contaminants ................................................................................... 245

3.3.3.2.1

3.4

3.3.3.3

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants ................................................................ 245

3.3.3.4

Control Airborne Microbial Growth ........................................................................... 245

Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) ...................................................................................................... 245

3.4.1

APM FDS .................................................................................................................................... 245

3.4.1.1

3.4.2

3.4.3

3.4.1.1.1

Detect a Fire Event ................................................................................... 246

3.4.1.1.2

Isolate Fire ................................................................................................ 246

3.4.1.1.3

Extinguish Fire ......................................................................................... 246

3.4.1.1.4

Recover From a Fire ................................................................................. 249

Respond to Fire ........................................................................................................... 249

3.4.2.1.1

Detect a Fire Event ................................................................................... 249

3.4.2.1.2

Isolate Fire ................................................................................................ 249

3.4.2.1.3

Extinguish a Fire ...................................................................................... 249

MPLM FDS ................................................................................................................................. 249

3.4.3.1

Respond to Fire ........................................................................................................... 250

3.4.3.1.1

Detect a Fire ............................................................................................. 250

3.4.3.1.2

Isolate a Fire Event ................................................................................... 250

3.4.3.1.3

Extinguish a Fire ...................................................................................... 250

Waste Management (WM) ......................................................................................................................... 250

3.5.1

APM WM .................................................................................................................................... 250

3.5.1.1

3.5.2

3.5.3

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes .................................................................. 250

JEM WM ..................................................................................................................................... 250

3.5.2.1

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes .................................................................. 250

MPLM WM ................................................................................................................................. 250

3.5.3.1

3.6

Respond to Fire ........................................................................................................... 245

JEM FDS ..................................................................................................................................... 249

3.4.2.1

3.5

Monitor Gaseous Contaminants ............................................................... 245

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes .................................................................. 250

Water Recovery and Management (WRM) ............................................................................................... 250

3.6.1

APM WRM ................................................................................................................................. 250

3.6.2

3.6.3

3.7

3.6.1.1

Provide Water for Crew Use ........................................................................................ 252

3.6.1.2

Supply Water for Payloads .......................................................................................... 252

JEM WRM ................................................................................................................................... 252

3.6.2.1

Provide Water for Crew Use ........................................................................................ 253

3.6.2.2

Supply Water for Payloads .......................................................................................... 253

MPLM WRM .............................................................................................................................. 253

3.6.3.1

Provide Water for Crew Use ........................................................................................ 253

3.6.3.2

Supply Water for Payloads .......................................................................................... 256

Vacuum Services (VS) ............................................................................................................................... 256

3.7.1

APM VS ...................................................................................................................................... 256

3.7.1.1

3.7.2

Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads ................................................................. 256

3.7.1.1.1

Vacuum Resource ..................................................................................... 256

3.7.1.1.2

Waste Gas Exhaust ................................................................................... 256

JEM VS ....................................................................................................................................... 256

3.7.2.1

Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads ................................................................. 256

3.7.2.1.1 Vacuum Resource ........................................................................................................ 256

3.7.2.1.2 Waste Gas Exhaust ...................................................................................................... 256
3.7.3

MPLM VS ................................................................................................................................... 257

3.7.3.1

3.8

Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads ................................................................. 257

EVA Support .............................................................................................................................................. 258

3.8.1

3.8.2

3.8.3

APM EVA Support ...................................................................................................................... 258

3.8.1.1

Support Denitrogenation ............................................................................................. 258

3.8.1.2

Support Service and Checkout .................................................................................... 258

3.8.1.3

Support Station Egress ................................................................................................ 258

3.8.1.4

Support Station Ingress ............................................................................................... 258

JEM EVA Support ....................................................................................................................... 258

3.8.2.1

Support Denitrogenation ............................................................................................. 258

3.8.2.2

Support Service and Checkout .................................................................................... 258

3.8.2.3

Support Station Egress ................................................................................................ 258

3.8.2.4

Support Station Ingress ............................................................................................... 258

MPLM EVA Support ................................................................................................................... 258

3.8.3.1

Support Denitrogenation ............................................................................................. 258

3.8.3.2

Support Service and Checkout .................................................................................... 258

3.8.3.3

Support Station Egress ................................................................................................ 258

3.8.3.4

Support Station Ingress ............................................................................................... 258

xvi

3.9

Other ECLS Functions ............................................................................................................................... 258

3.9.1

APM Other ECLS Functions ....................................................................................................... 258

3.9.1.1

3.9.2

3.9.3

4.0

5.0

6.0

Gases to User Payloads ............................................................................................... 258

JEM Other ECLS Functions ........................................................................................................ 259

3.9.2.1

Gases to User Payloads ............................................................................................... 259

3.9.2.2

Experiment Airlock (EAL) Pressurize/Depressurize Equipment ................................ 259

MPLM Other ECLSS Functions ................................................................................................. 260

SAFETY FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 261

4.1

PPRA ......................................................................................................................................................... 261

4.2

Pressure Shell Penetrations ........................................................................................................................ 261

4.3

Failure Tolerance ........................................................................................................................................ 261

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................................... 262

5.1

APM CHX Dryout Procedure .................................................................................................................... 262

5.2

APM CHX Core Replacement Procedure.................................................................................................. 262

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND FAILURE RESPONSES ........................................................................ 263

6.1

Fire in the APM .......................................................................................................................................... 263

6.2

Fire in the JEM .......................................................................................................................................... 263

6.3

Fire/Emergency in the MPLM ................................................................................................................... 263

6.4

PPRA failure scenario ................................................................................................................................ 263

6.5

APM Water Separator Failure .................................................................................................................... 263

6.6

Depressurization of the APM, JEM, or MPLM ......................................................................................... 264

xvii

LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter I: Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

ISS configuration. ............................................................................................................................................

RS ECLSS. ......................................................................................................................................................
USOS ECLSS. .................................................................................................................................................
FGB equipment locations. ...............................................................................................................................
RS service module equipment locations. .........................................................................................................
Isometric cutaway view of the U.S. Lab . ........................................................................................................
Nodes 1 and 2 design and outfitting. ...............................................................................................................
PMA1. ...........................................................................................................................................................
Joint AL. ..........................................................................................................................................................
Joint AL equipment lock. .................................................................................................................................
JEM schematic. ................................................................................................................................................
MPLM schematic. ...........................................................................................................................................
RS fire safety criteria . .....................................................................................................................................
USOS fire protection selection criteria . ..........................................................................................................
USOS fire protection selection criteria (continued). .......................................................................................
USOS fire protection selection criteria (continued). .......................................................................................
APM external ECLS interfaces. ......................................................................................................................
JEM external ECLS interfaces. .......................................................................................................................
MPLM external ECLS interfaces. ...................................................................................................................
ISS cooling and humidity removal loads configuration after the Russian LSM installed. ..............................

4
5
6
8
9
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12
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14
15
16
17
30
36
37
38
46
47
48
50

Chapter II: The United States On-Orbit Segment

and Its Environmental Control and Life Support System
21.
22.
23.
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25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.

USOS ECLSS functions. .................................................................................................................................

USOS ECLS functional integration. ................................................................................................................
USOS PCS laptop computer. .......................................................................................................................
ECLS interconnections through PMA2 and PMA3. ...................................................................................
USOS vestibule fluid connectors. ....................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem interfaces. ..............................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem. ...............................................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem (continued) ............................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
ACS subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
ACS PCA and vent/relief valve assembly. ......................................................................................................
ACS PCP. .........................................................................................................................................................
O2 compressor modules A and B ....................................................................................................................
MPEV. .............................................................................................................................................................
Cabin atmospheric pressure sensor. .................................................................................................................
Water electrolysis for oxygen generation. .......................................................................................................
VRV assembly. ................................................................................................................................................
Overboard vent. ...............................................................................................................................................
USOS PBA . ....................................................................................................................................................
VOA block diagram. ........................................................................................................................................
xviii

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96.
97.
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99.
100.

VOA schematic. ...............................................................................................................................................

THC subsystem interfaces. ..............................................................................................................................
THC subsystem. ..............................................................................................................................................
THC subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
THC subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
THC subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
THC subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
THC subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
THC subsystem (continued). ...........................................................................................................................
THC/TCS packaging in Rack LAP6. ..............................................................................................................
USOS atmospheric temperature sensor. ..........................................................................................................
CCAA Inlet ORU ............................................................................................................................................
CCAA THC fan assembly. ...............................................................................................................................
THC CHX schematic. ......................................................................................................................................
THC CHX slurper bar schematic. ................................................................................................................
THC TCCV. .....................................................................................................................................................
THC CCAA water separator. ...........................................................................................................................
THC CCAA WS liquid sensor. ........................................................................................................................
THC CCAA HX liquid sensor. ........................................................................................................................
THC CCAA EIB. .............................................................................................................................................
CCAA process schematic. ...............................................................................................................................
CCAA commands/overrides/states. .................................................................................................................
USOS AAA schematic. ....................................................................................................................................
THC water separator. .......................................................................................................................................
THC HEPA filter assembly. .............................................................................................................................
IMV hardware. .................................................................................................................................................
IMV fan assembly ...........................................................................................................................................
IMV valve. .......................................................................................................................................................
IMV valve manual override operation. ............................................................................................................
USOS AR subsystem interfaces. .....................................................................................................................
Diagram of the USOS AR subsystem. .............................................................................................................
AR subsystem. .................................................................................................................................................
AR subsystem (continued). .............................................................................................................................
AR subsystem (continued). .............................................................................................................................
AR subsystem (continued). .............................................................................................................................
AR subsystem (continued). .............................................................................................................................
AR subsystem (continued). .............................................................................................................................
AR subsystem (continued). .............................................................................................................................
USOS AR rack packaging in the Lab. .............................................................................................................
Schematic of AR rack assembly connections. .................................................................................................
4BMS CDRA. ..................................................................................................................................................
4BMS interfaces and time-averaged thermal loads. ........................................................................................
4BMS desiccant bed/CO2 sorbent bed ORU. .................................................................................................
4BMS air check valves. ...................................................................................................................................
4BMS precooler. ..............................................................................................................................................
4BMS blower assembly. ..................................................................................................................................
4BMS air-save pump. ......................................................................................................................................
4BMS operational states and transition paths. ................................................................................................
4BMS operating sequence. ..............................................................................................................................
CO2 removal performance requirement. .........................................................................................................
Schematic of the MCA process. ......................................................................................................................
MCA hardware. ...............................................................................................................................................
Atmospheric sampling port locations. .............................................................................................................
Sample line shut-off valve. ..............................................................................................................................
Sample probe. ..................................................................................................................................................
External and Internal Sampling Adapter. .........................................................................................................
Schematic of the TCCS hardware. ..................................................................................................................
xix

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141.

TCCS charcoal bed assembly. .........................................................................................................................

Probable TCCS flow meter design. .................................................................................................................
TCCS catalytic oxidizer design. ......................................................................................................................
TCCS LiOH bed assembly. .............................................................................................................................
TCCS operating states and transition commands. ...........................................................................................
TCCS process diagram. ...................................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem. ...............................................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem (continued). ............................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem (continued). ............................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem (continued). ............................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem (continued). ............................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem (continued). ............................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem (continued). ............................................................................................................................
USOS C&W panel. ..........................................................................................................................................
Smoke detector. ...............................................................................................................................................
Fire suppression port (in an ISPR front). .........................................................................................................
PFE . ................................................................................................................................................................
USOS WM commode schematic. ....................................................................................................................
USOS WM urinal. ...........................................................................................................................................
Urine prefilter/pretreatment assembly. ............................................................................................................
WRM subsystem interfaces. ............................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem architecture. .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem. ............................................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem (continued). .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem (continued). .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem (continued). .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem (continued). .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem (continued). .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem (continued). .........................................................................................................................
USOS wastewater vent assembly. ...................................................................................................................
USOS wastewater vent locations. ....................................................................................................................
Contingency water collection container. .........................................................................................................
USOS WRM PCWQM. ...................................................................................................................................
WP schematic. .................................................................................................................................................
USOS UP schematic. .......................................................................................................................................
U.S. VCDS urine processor distillation unit. ...................................................................................................
USOS Lab VS. .................................................................................................................................................
USOS Lab VS (continued). .............................................................................................................................
Joint AL ACS Subsystem. ...............................................................................................................................
USOS TCCS in extended position for maintenance. .......................................................................................
FMEA/CIL screening process to determine criticality rating. ........................................................................

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Chapter III: The European, Japanese, and Italian Segements ECLSS

142.
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147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.

APM ECLSS schematic. .................................................................................................................................

JEM ECLSS schematic. ...................................................................................................................................
MPLM ECLSS schematic. ..............................................................................................................................
APM IMV interface connection with Node 2. ................................................................................................
APM fluid interfaces with the USOS. .............................................................................................................
JEM fluid interfaces with the USOS. ..............................................................................................................
MPLM fluid interfaces with the USOS. ..........................................................................................................
MPLM interface connections ..........................................................................................................................
ACS subsystems. .............................................................................................................................................
ACS subsystems (continued). ..........................................................................................................................
ACS subsystems (continued). ..........................................................................................................................
APM total pressure sensor. ..............................................................................................................................
xx

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191.

NPRA. .............................................................................................................................................................
APM NPRA functional schematic. ..................................................................................................................
PPRA functional schematic. ............................................................................................................................
Positive pressure relief valve. ..........................................................................................................................
APM and MPLM depressurization assembly. .................................................................................................
APM depressurization assembly functional schematic. ..................................................................................
APM heater control functional schematic. ......................................................................................................
MPLM sample line layout. ..............................................................................................................................
MPLM SDS shutoff valve. ..............................................................................................................................
MPLM SDS sample line filter . .......................................................................................................................
THC subsystems. .............................................................................................................................................
THC subsystems (continued). .........................................................................................................................
THC subsystems (continued). .........................................................................................................................
APM THC subsystem functional schematic. ...................................................................................................
APM air temperature sensor. ...........................................................................................................................
APM THC CHX Schematic. ...........................................................................................................................
APM air diffuser. .............................................................................................................................................
JEM THC subsystem. ......................................................................................................................................
JEM CHX and water separator. .......................................................................................................................
JEM intramodule circulation. ..........................................................................................................................
Atmosphere circulation in the MPLM. ............................................................................................................
AR subsystem schematic. ................................................................................................................................
AR subsystem schematic (continued). ............................................................................................................
AR subsystem schematic (continued). ............................................................................................................
FDS subsystem schematic. ..............................................................................................................................
FDS subsystem schematic (continued). ...........................................................................................................
FDS subsystem schematic (continued). ...........................................................................................................
JEM FDS schematic. .......................................................................................................................................
MPLM Fire suppression ports .........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem schematic. ...........................................................................................................................
WRM subsystem schematic (continued). ........................................................................................................
WRM subsystem schematic (continued). ........................................................................................................
APM vacuum services subsystem functional schematic. ................................................................................
APM nitrogen supply subsystem functional schematic. ..................................................................................
EAL schematic. ...............................................................................................................................................
APM shell penetration seals. ...........................................................................................................................
APM shell penetration seals (continued). ........................................................................................................
Hatch positions when the APM, JEM, or MPLM is depressurized. ................................................................

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234
235
236
237
239
241
242
243
244
246
247
248
251
252
253
254
255
257
259
260
261
261
264

LIST OF TABLES
Chapter I: Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

ECLSS capability buildup by flight. ...............................................................................................................

General ECLSS design requirements. .............................................................................................................
Metabolic design loads. ...................................................................................................................................
ECLS philosophy differences and similarities. ...............................................................................................
ISS ECLS capabilities. ....................................................................................................................................
Russian allowable concentrations of gaseous contaminants. ..........................................................................
Combustion product detection ranges. ............................................................................................................
U.S. spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations of gaseous contaminants. .............................................
Trace gas detection limit. .................................................................................................................................
USOS water quality requirements. ..................................................................................................................
An example verification matrix. ......................................................................................................................

xxi

18
23
24
25
27
31
33
34
35
40
53

12.
13.
14.
15.

Verification methods for RS ECLS functions. .................................................................................................

Verification methods for USOS ECLS functions. ...........................................................................................
Verification methods for APM, JEM, and MPLM ECLS functions. ...............................................................
ECLS capabilities requiring automatic fault detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR). ...............................

55
56
57
58

Chapter II: The United States On-Orbit Segment

and Its Environmental Control and Life Support System
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

USOS ECLS capabilities and locations. ..........................................................................................................

The major USOS ECLS hardware items and their locations. .........................................................................
ECLS mass and energy flows between modules. ............................................................................................
Vestibule fluid feedthroughs and jumpers. ......................................................................................................
USOS ECLS components. ...............................................................................................................................
ORCA interfaces and conditions .....................................................................................................................
CCAA operating conditions. ...........................................................................................................................
4BMS sensor specifications. ...........................................................................................................................
4BMS power consumption. .............................................................................................................................
4BMS mass properties. ....................................................................................................................................
4BMS limited life items. .................................................................................................................................
4BMS states. ....................................................................................................................................................
MCA sensor specifications. .............................................................................................................................
MCA performance characteristics. ..................................................................................................................
Atmospheric sampling interface conditions. ...................................................................................................
TCCS ORUs. ..................................................................................................................................................
Maximum allowable concentrations of atmospheric contaminants. ...............................................................

61
63
66
70
72
86
114
131
132
132
138
138
143
144
145
151
155

Chapter III: The European, Japanese, and Italian Segement ECLSS

33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

The ECLS functions performed in the APM, JEM, and MPLM. ....................................................................
APM, MPLM, and JEM common ECLSS hardware. .....................................................................................
JEM ECLSS design considerations. ................................................................................................................
APM/USOS interfaces and conditions. ...........................................................................................................
IMV supply and return at the APM/USOS interface. ......................................................................................
Atmosphere sample line condition at the APM/USOS interface. ....................................................................
JEM interfaces with the USOS. .......................................................................................................................
MPLM/USOS interface conditions. ................................................................................................................
ECLS logistics resupply. .................................................................................................................................
APM total pressure sensor characteristics. ......................................................................................................
JEM temperature sensor characteristics. .........................................................................................................
JEM intramodule circulation conditions. ........................................................................................................
IMV supply to the JEM interface conditions. ..................................................................................................
JEM VS subsystem acceptable gases. .............................................................................................................

xxii

197
198
203
208
209
209
210
211
213
219
236
238
239
257

ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, DEFINITIONS,

AND TRANSLATIONS
(RS) indicates that a term refers to the Russian Segment or equipment
(USOS) indicates that a term refers to the U.S. Segment or equipment
(APM) indicates that a term refers to the ESA segment or equipment
(JEM) indicates that a term refers to the Japanese segment or equipment
(MPLM) indicates that a term refers to the Italian segment or equipment
A
A
A
AAA
absorbent
ABU
AC
AC

ACF
ACRV

ACS

ACS
Ag
AH
AL
amp
APM

aft
ampere(s),
analysis (verification method)
Avionics Air Assembly (USOS,
APM, JEM)

After-Burn Unit, of the Elektron

water electrolyzer (RS)
Assembly Complete; the final
stage of ISS construction
Assembly Compartment, of the
SM, with equipment and storage
tanks outside the pressure shell
(RS)
active components filter; part of
the commode/urinal (RS)
Assured Crew Return Vehicle,

Atmosphere Control and Supply,

(USOS)
Atmospheric Cleansing System,

() (RS)
Air Conditioning System (RS)
silver,
Atmosphere Heater; part of the
shower facility (RS)
Airlock,
ampere(s) (see A)
Attached Pressurized Module;
European laboratory module
(APM), also Columbus Orbital
Facility (COF)
Atmosphere Revitalization,

(USOS)

ARS

ASF
ASI
assembly (noun)
ATM
atm
ATU
AVS
ball area

BIT

brushless motor

BV
C
C
Ca

cabin
campout

xxiii

Atmosphere Revitalization
Subsystem,

amps per square foot; current
density in water electrolyzers
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the
Italian Space Agency

atmosphere (on the USOS C&W

panel)
atmospheres of pressure
Audio Terminal Unit
Atmosphere Ventilation System
(RS)
Location in the SM (and UDM)
that serves as an AL prior to
installation of the DC (RS)
built-in-test; the capability for
automatic verification of proper
operation of electronics or
components;

An electric motor that does not
use brushes to transfer electricity
to the rotor
Bleed Valve; part of the ACS
(USOS)
degrees Celcius,

carbon
calcium; a measure of water
quality (mg/L),
(/)
Open space in a module,

Period prior to an EVA when
astronauts, in the AL, breath an
oxygen-rich atmosphere to
remove excess N2 from their
blood
Command Console (RS)

cc
CCAA
CDD
C&C MDM
C&DH
C&W

CDRA

cfm
CFU

CFU/cm
CGSE
CH4
CHeCS

CHRS

CHTS
CHX

CIL
CKB
cm
CM

cubic centimeter(s),

Common Cabin Air Assembly
(USOS)
Capability Description Documents
Command and Control Multiplexer/Demultiplexer (USOS)
Command and Data Handling
(USOS)
Caution and Warning,

Carbon Dioxide Removal

Assembly,

()
cubic feet per minute; U.S.
measure of air flowrate
Colony Forming Unit, for
quantifying the presence of
bacteria,

(,
),

Measure of the concentration of
microorganisms (KOE/cm3)
Common Gas Support Equipment
methane,
Crew Health Care Subassembly,

(),

(USOS)
Central Heat Rejection System,

() (WCNJ) (RS)
Central Heat Transport System
(RS)
Condensing Heat Exchanger,

() (condensation separation unit)
Critical Items List
air conditioning and humidity
removal assembly (RS)
centimeter(s),
Core Module (of the Mir)

CO
CO2
COD

COF
COF2
color

Columbus
CP
CPS
CPU

crew systems

CRES
CRF
CS
CSA
CSPU
CTCU
CTV

CWP
CWRS
CWSA
D
DA
dc
DC

xxiv

carbon monoxide,

carbon dioxide,

Chemical Oxygen Demand;

water quality parameter; a
measure of the oxidizability of
K2Cr2O7,
Columbus Orbital Facility (see
APM)
carbonyl fluoride
Measure of water purity,
, measured in
degrees,
ESA segment of the ISS (see
APM)
Control Panel
Cabin Pressure Sensor (USOS)
Central Processing Unit, of a
computer,

Operation or other activity

performed by the crew on the
ECLS or other system; sometimes referred to as man
systems (USOS)
corrosion resistant steel
Contamination Removal Filter
(RS)
Current Stabilizer (on the
Elektron) (RS)
Canadian Space Agency
Condensate Separation and
Pumping Unit (RS)
Cabin Temperature Controller
Units (APM)
Crew Transfer Vehicle,

Caution and Warning Panel
Condensate Water Recovery
Subsystem (RS)
Condensate Water Separation
Assembly
demonstration (verification
method)
Depressurization Assembly
direct current,
()
Docking Compartment (RS),

depressurization
detect.
DHU
dia.
DM
dp
DSM
Dyuza1M
EAL
ECLS

ECLSS

ECS

EF
EHE
EHL
EHS

EHS
EIB
ELM
ELMES
ELMPS
ELPS
EMI
EMU
EP

detection
Distribution and Heating Unit,
for dispensing water (RS)
diameter,
See UDM
change in pressure
Docking and Stowage Module,
(RS)
atmosphere leakage monitoring
system on the Mir (1)
Experiment Airlock (JEM)
Environmental Control and Life
Support,

ECLS System,

()

Environmental Control System,

()
Russian potable water tanks
(22 L) (pronounced yeh-deh-veh)
(RS) Emkoctb
Exposed Facility (JEM)
Evaporative Heat Exchanger, of
the CHRS (RS)
External Hydraulic Loops, of the
TCS (RS)
Environmental Health System,

Environmental Health Services

Electrical Interface Box (USOS)
Experiment Logistics Module
(JEM)
Experiments Logistics ModuleExposed Section (JEM)
Experiments Logistics ModulePressurized Section (JEM)
Emergency Lighting Power
Supply (MPLM)
electromagnetic interference
Extravehicular Mobility Unit, for
EVA support; spacesuit
Electrolysis Plant (Elektron O2
generator) (RS)

EP
EPS
EPVV

ESA

ESD

ETFE
EVA

EWP

F
fan
FC
FDS

FDI
FDIR
feedthrough (noun)

FGB

FMEA
FS
FSP
xxv

, airflow meter designation

(RS)
Electrical Power System
Electrolysis Plant Vacuum Valve,
on the Elektron O2 generator
(RS)
European Space Agency,

Electroinductive Smoke Detector,

(-2) (RS)
ethyltetrafloroethylene
Extravehicular Activity,

()
(

)
Emergency Warning Panel,

() (in the RS SM)
degrees Fahrenheit,

,

forward

firmware controller
Fire Detection and Suppression,

,

() (Fire Detection System),

(Fire Suppression System)
Fault Detection and Isolation,

Fault Detection, Isolation, and
Recovery
A fluid line or electrical line that
is connected through a hole in a
bulkhead or panel
Functional Cargo Module,

(); built by Russia
Failure Modes and Effects
Analysis
full scale
Fire Suppression Port

ft2
ft3
FVI
g
G
GA
GAE

GACU

GAMU
GC/IMS
GCP
GCSS
GFE

GLA
GLHE

GLHEA
GLM

GLMF

GLS

gore panel
gpm
gr

hr
H2

square feet
cubic feet
FDS Volume Indicator (MPLM)
gram(s); metric unit of mass
gravity; acceleration due to
gravity at the Earths surface
Gas Analyzer (RS),
()
Gas Analyzer-Elektron; the
device that analyzes for H2 in the
O2 outlet (GAE H2) or for O2 in
the H2 outlet (GAE O2) (RS)
Gas Analyzer Control Unit, for
the atmosphere monitoring GAs
(RS)
Gas Analyzer Monitoring Unit,
for the Elektron GA (RS)
Gas Chromatograph/Ion Mobility
Spectrometer
Gas Control Panel (RS)
Gas Composition Support
System (RS)
Government Furnished Equipment; provided by NASA to
contractors; may be designed and
fabricated by another contractor
(USOS)
General Luminaire Assembly
(MPLM)
Gas-Liquid Heat Exchanger
(component of the Vozdukh)
(RS)
Gas-Liquid Heat Exchanger
Assembly
gas/liquid mixture,

()
Gas/Liquid Mixture Filter (RS),

()
Gas/Liquid Separator,

pressure shell of modules

gallons per minute (U.S. measure
of liquid flowrate)
grain(s) of water; a measure of
the amount of water in air
(1gr=0.0648g)
hour(s)
hydrogen,

Hab

habitat

hardness
HCF
HCl
HCN
HCU
hdwe
HEPA

HEU
HF
hp or HP
hPa
HTCO

HXLS

I
IBMP

ICD
ID
I/F

xxvi

U.S. Habitation module containing a galley, exercise and

recreational facilities, and other
non-laboratory functions;
(USOS)
pressurized living and working
quarters of the ISS,

water quality measurement; see
total hardness
Hazardous Contaminants Filter
(RS)
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen cyanide
heater control unit (MPLM)
hardware,

High Efficiency Particulate
Atmosphere filters to remove
particulates and microorganisms
from the atmosphere,

,
,
(
)
Human Equivalent Unit (regarding metabolic activity)
hydrogen fluoride
high pressure
hecto-Pascals, (metric measure of
pressure)
High-Temperature Catalytic
Oxidizer (of the TCCS),

(USOS)
Heat Exchanger, to transfer heat
from one fluid (gas or liquid) to
another
Heat Exchanger Liquid Sensor,

inspection (verification method)

Institute of BioMedical Problems, ,
Russian agency concerned with
the medical and biological safety
of the cosmonauts
Interface Control Document
inner diameter
interface; electrical, data, or fluid
connection

IHL
II
IMS
IMV

in
in H2O
integration
interface
I/O

iodine
IPB
IR
ISOV
ISPR

ISS

ITCS

jam-nut

JEM

jumper
KAB

kg
KHPA63

Internal Hydraulic Loops (of the

TCS) (RS)
Indicator Instrument, part of the
shower facility (RS)
Ion Mobility Spectrometer
Intermodule Ventilation,

inch(es); U.S. measure of

distance
inch(es) of water; measure of P

Input/Output data exchange,

/ (),
/ ()

Information Processing Block

infrared radiation,

IMV Shutoff Valve
International Standard Payload
Rack,
,
International Space Station,

()
Internal Thermal Control System,

A nut that is thinner than

standard nuts; often, two jamnuts are used together to ensure
that they do not loosen
Japanese Experiment Module,

()
A duct or hose that connects fluid
lines

, humidity condensate
(Russian acronym)
kilogram(s); metric measure of
mass;
chemical absorbent in the HCF
(RS)

KOKOR

kPa
Kvant
K2Cr2O4
L
Lab

lb
LED
LEL
LLI
LSF

LiOH

LSM

LSS
LTCO
LTL
LU
LV
LVPT
LWR
m

M
xxvii

plant growth facility conveyor

greenhouse;
,
, or
Vitacycle (RS)
kilo-Pascal(s); metric measure of
pressure,
pressurized module attached to
the Mir space station,
potassium chromate
liter(s); metric measure of
volume,
The U.S. module containing
experiment racks and other
scientific equipment,

(USOS)
pound(s), U.S. measure of mass,

light emitting diode

Lower Explosive Limit
Liquid Leak Indicator; part of the
commode/urinal (RS)
Life Support Facility,

()
lithium hydroxide,
(for CO2
and trace contaminant removal
from the atmosphere)
Russian Life Support Module,

() (RS)
Life Support System,

Low-Temperature Catalytic
Oxidizer
Low-Temperature Loop; part of
the ITCS (USOS)
Liquid Unit, of the Elektron (RS)
valves in the Elektron O2
generator (RS)
Linear Variable Pressure Transducer
Liquid Waste Receptacle
meter(s), (metric measure
of distance)
mass flowrate

()
motor

mA
MAC

magnesium

man-system
manual (verb)
manual valve
max
MCA

MCL

MCV
MDM
MHP
min
min.
Mir
MIRU
mKm

MLI
MLS
mm
MMH
mmHg

mo
mod
MPEV

MPI

milli-Ampere
Maximum Allowable Concentrations of gaseous trace contaminants,

, used as a water quality

parameter measured in mg/L
(/)
See crew-system
,

maximum
Major Constituent Analyzer,

()
Maximum Contamination Level,

,

Microbial Check Valve

Multiplexer/Demultiplexer, data
transfer equipment
separator pump (RS)
minute(s), (),
minimum
Russian space station, ,
translated Peace
Micro-Impurity Removal Unit;
part of the TCCS (RS)
a unit of pressure change
measurement by the Dyuza,
25 mKm Hg/sec = 90 mmHg/h
multilayer insulation
Mostly Liquid Separator; part of
the WP (USOS)
millimeter(s); ;
metric measure of distance
maintenance man-hours
millimeters of mercury,

month(s)
moderate (adjective)
Manual Pressure Equalization
Valve,

(USOS)
Magnetic Position Indicator

MPLM
mS/cm

MSC
MSS
MTBF

MTL
MWP

n
N
N1
N2
N2
N/A
NASA

NASDA
NC
NH3
NIA

NIV
node
Norm
NPRA
NPRV
NTU

O2
OACS

xxviii

Mini-Pressurized Logistics
Module (built by Italy)
milliSiemans per centimeter;
measure of electrical conductivity; a measure of water quality
Module Systems Console (RS)
Mobile Servicing System
Mean Time Between Failures,
for determining the reliability
of components
Moderate Temperature Loop;
part of the ITCS (USOS)
Module Warning Panel,

() (RS)
nadir; direction, vertically
beneath
Newton(s) (metric unit of force)
Node 1
Node 2
nitrogen,
not applicable
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration,

()
National Space Development
Agency (Japan)
normally closed
ammonia,
Nitrogen Interface Assembly,

(USOS)
Nitrogen Isolation Valve (USOS)

normally
Negative Pressure Relief
Assembly
Negative Pressure Relief Valve
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit;
water quality parameter;
,

oxygen,
Onboard Automation Control
System (RS)

OCCS

OCS
OCP4
OECS

OGA

OIV
OMS
ops
O/R
ORCA
ORU

OSA
OSS

OWF
OWMSU
P
PAV
PBA

pc
PCA

PCA
PCP
PCRA
pcs
PCS
PCU
PCV

Orbital Complex Control System

(RS),

()
Onboard Control System
Russian PFE (RS)
Onboard Equipment Control
System; part of the OCCS;

() (RS)
Oxygen Generation Assembly,

Oxygen Isolation Valve (USOS)

Onboard Measurement System
(RS)
operations
override
O2 Recharge Compressor
Assembly (USOS)
Orbital Replacement Unit;
several components attached
together and treated as a single
part (USOS)
Oxygen Supply Aids (RS)
Oxygen Supply Subsystem,

(RS)
(RS)
Oxygen/Water Mixture Separation Unit (RS)
pressure
Process Air Valve (USOS)
Portable Breathing Apparatus,

particle count
Pressure Control Assembly,

(USOS)
Purification Column Assembly
(RS)
Pressure Control Panel,

Pressure Control and Regulation
Aids (RS)
pieces,
Portable Computer System
(USOS)
Purification Column Unit
Pressure Control Valve

PCWQM

Pd
PDB
PDGF
PEP
PEV

PFE

PFU
PGU
pH

PHF
PI

PM
PMA

PMC
POC

port
portable
potable water
ppb
ppCO2
pph
ppm
ppO2
PPR
PPRA

xxix

Process Control Water Quality

Monitor,
(USOS)
paladium
Power Distribution Box (MPLM)
Power Data Grapple Fixture
(where RMS attaches)
Portable Emergency Provisions
Pressure Equalization Valve,

Portable Fire Extinguisher,

; also, the act

of extinguishing a fire,

Plaque Forming Unit; quantifies

virus populations
A component of the Elektron
(RS)
hydrogen ion concentration in an
aqueous solution,

Personal Hygiene Facility (RS)

proportional-integral, control
algorithm for temperature control
(USOS)
Pressurized Module, Japanese
laboratory module (JEM)
Pressurized Mating Adapter,

Parameters Monitoring Console

(on the Mir)
Pressing Out Collector; static
water separator of the commode;
(),
(RS)
direction; left-hand side, facing
forward

parts per billion
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
pounds per hour
parts per million,

partial pressure of oxygen
Positive Pressure Relief
Positive Pressure Relief Assembly

PPU

Progress

PRTD
PRV
psia

psid

psig

PSU
Pt/Co

PTCS
PTO
PU
PVG

PWC

PWS
PWT
Q
QD
R
R&R
RAM

RCA

Portable Pressurization Units;

repressurizes the AL in emergency situations (RS)
the
Russian cargo spacecraft,
(RS)
Platinum Resistance Temperature
Detector
Pressure Release Valve,

pounds per square inch absolute
pressure,

pounds per square inch differential pressure,

pounds per square inch gauge

(absolute minus atmospheric
pressure),

Pressure Sensor Unit (Elektron)

(RS)
platinum/cobalt method of
determining the true color of
water; water quality parameter
Passive Thermal Control System
(RS)
A component of the Elektron
(RS)
pump unit
Pressure-Vacuum Gauge to check
the pressure integrity of the
docking seals through the TPTV
(RS)
Potable Water Containers,

()
Pressure Warning Sensor (RS)
Potable Water Tank (RS)
quantity
Quick Disconnect, fluid line
connectors (USOS)
Review; verification method
records
Removal and Replacement
Random Access Memory for
computers,

()
Remote Control Assembly
(MPLM)

RH
RM

RMI

RMS
RPCM
RPDA
rpm
RS

RSA

RTD
RU
S
S
SAE
safety
Salyut
scc
sccm

SCFM, scfm

SD
SDS
sec
SFOG

Si gel
SHC

xxx

Relative Humidity,

Research Module,

() (RS)
Rodnik Monitoring Indicator,

(RS)
Remote Manipulator System
(robotic arm) (JEM)
Remote Power Control Module
Remote Power Distribution
Assembly
revolutions per minute rotational
rate
Russian Segment of ISS,

()
Russian Space Agency,

()
Resistance Temperature Detector
A component of the Elektron
(RS)
Similarity (verification method)
Siemens, metric unit of electrical
conductivity (Cm in Russian)
Society of Automotive Engineers

First series of Russian/Soviet

Union space stations,
standard cubic centimeters
standard cubic centimeters per
minute,

standard cubic feet per minute,

Sanitary Device (commode,

) (RS)
Sample Delivery Subsystem
(USOS)
second(s), unit of time,
()
Solid-Fuel Oxygen Generator;
expendable source of oxygen;

() (RS)
silica gel desiccant,

Shower Chamber (RS)

SHE
SHF
SHW
SHWRS
SKT2
SLWR

SM
SMAC

SMC
S/O
SO42SOG
SOS

Soyuz
SPA
space shuttle

SPOPT
SPP
SPSC
SSP
SSRS
stbd

Sanitary-Hygienic Equipment
(RS)
Sanitary/Hygienic Facility
Sanitary-Hygienic Water (RS)
Sanitary-Hygienic Water
Recovery Subsystem (RS)
Activated charcoal in the HIF
(RS)
Solid and Liquid Waste Receptacle (part of the commode/
urinal) (RS)
The Russian Service Module,
(RS)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable
Concentration of atmospheric
contaminants,

(),

,

Systems Monitoring Console (on
the Mir)
Standoff (USOS, APM, JEM,
MPLM)
Sulfate
Solid-fuel Oxygen Generator
(see SFOG)
Solid Oxygen Source; cassettes
of perchlorates that are burned in
the SFOG (RS)
Russian crew transfer vehicle,

Solid Phase Acidification (in the
U.S. water quality monitor)
In this document, the orbiter
portion of the U.S. STS; strictly
speaking, the space shuttle
includes the main engines,
external tank, and solid rocket
boosters with the orbiter
part of FDS (RS)
Science Power Platform (RS)
Systems Power Supply Console
(RS)
Space Station Program document
designation (e.g., SSP 42121)
Space Suit Refilling System (RS)
starboard direction; right-hand
side when facing forward,

STP
STS
SU
suppress.
SV
SWC
SWR

SWRC
SWT
T
tank
TBD
TCCS

TCCV
TCS

TEAC
technical water
temp
TGS
TGSL
THC

TIC
TIM
TMCS
TOC

TON

xxxi

Standard Temperature and

Pressure
Space Transportation System,
Space Shuttle (US)
Sensor Unit (RS)
suppression
space vacuum
Solid Waste Container
Solid Waste Receptacle,

(), (RS)
See CWRS
Service Water Tank, 210 L (RS)
test; verification method

to be determined
Trace Contaminant Control
Subsystem,
()

Temperature Control and Check
Valve (U.S.)
Thermal Control System,

()
Trace Contaminant Vent (RS),
cassettes
Clean water treated with Ag+
biocide (RS)
temperature
Trace Gas Sample
Trace Gas Sample Line
Temperature and Humidity
Control,

(USOS)

,
thermal-humidity control system
Total Inorganic Carbon
Technical Interchange Meeting
Temperature Mode Control
System (RS)
Total Organic Carbon,

( )
Threshold Odor Number (water
quality parameter),
20 C

total hardness

TPTV
TTN

TWC
UDM

UPA
UR
U.S.

USGS
USOS

UTOC
UWRCP
UWRS

V
vacuum
vacuum resource
VAJ
VCDS

ventilation
venting
VES
vestibule
vestibule jumper

A measure of water quality (mgeq/L),

(/)
Tunnel Pressure Test Valves (RS)
Threshold Taste Number; water
quality parameter;
20 C
Technical Water Container (RS)
Universal Docking Module,

(RS)
Urine Processor Assembly
Urine Receptacle, (-), (RS)
United States of America,

()
U.S. Ground Segment of the ISS
U.S. On-Orbit Segment of the
ISS,
()
uncharacterized TOC
Urine Water Recovery Control
Panel (RS)
Urine Water Recovery Subsystem,

(RS)
volt(s),

A vent to provide space vacuum

to experiments
Vacuum Access Jumper
Vapor Compression and Distillation Subassembly for processing
urine,

()
Vacuum Exhaust Subsystem
(USOS)
The space between hatches of
connected modules
A duct or hose that connects fluid
lines between modules through
the vestibule
vacuum gauge

VOA
VOC
Vozdukh
VRA

VRCV
VRS
VRIV
VRV

VS
W
WA
WSAE
WSAWS
waste gas exhaust
water
water tank
WCU
WCUCA
WCUCU
WM
WMC
WMS8A
W/O
WP

WPCP
WPP
WR
WRM

xxxii

Volatile Organic Analyzer

(USOS)
Volatile Organic Compounds
, CO2 removal assembly
(RS)
Volatile Removal Assembly; for
water purification,

Vent and Relief Control Valve

(USOS)
Vacuum Resource Subsystem
(USOS)
Vent and Relief Isolation Valve
(USOS)
Vent and Relief Valve,

(USOS)
Vacuum Services,
(USOS, APM, JEM)
Watt,
Water Accumulator (RS)
Water Supply AidsElektron
Water Supply AidsWater
Supply
Vent to dispose of waste gases to
space

Water Conditioning Unit (RS)
WCU Columns Assembly (RS)
WCU Column Unit
Waste Management,

Waste Management Compartment; commode (RS and USOS)

Waste Management Subsystem
8A (RS)
without
Water Processor,

(USOS)
Water Procedure Control Panel
(RS)
Water Pump Package (MPLM)
Potable Water Reserves; storage
tanks
Water Recovery and Management,

WRSC
WRSSH

WRSU
WSAE
WSAU
WSAWR
WSAWS
WSD
WSFSW
WT
wt
XFMR
ZAU
zen or z
zeolite

4BMS

g/L
S/cm

t
P/t or dP/dt

See CWRS (Water Recovery

SubsystemCondensate) (RS)
See SHWRS (Water Recovery
SubsystemSanitary/Hygienic
Water) (RS)
See UWRS (Water Recovery
SubsystemUrine) (RS)
Water Supply AidsElektron
(RS)
Water Supply AidsUrine (RS)
Water Supply AidsWater
Reserves (RS)
Water Supply AidsWater
Supply (RS)
Water Supply Devices (RS)
water dispenser, on the Mir
Water Tank (, soft tank, etc.)
(RS)
weight
transformer
Zero Adjustment Unit, of the leak
detection system (RS)
zenith; direction, vertically
overhead;
Molecular sieve material for CO2
adsorption (5A) and as a desiccant (13X), ,

Russian Acronyms

emergency air leakage sensor

Waste Management System

Waste Management System with

urine collection and preservation
devices

emergency vacuum valve

automatics unit

Core Module

water tank

Gas Analyzers monitoring unit

water purification columns unit

microimpurities removal unit

atmospheric purification unit

pumping unit

Zero Adjustment Unit

Distribution and Heating Unit

Condensate Separation Unit

fan

Four-Bed Molecular Sieve; CO2

removal device;

( )

(USOS)

Gas Analyzer

water container

Liquid Leak Indicator

Rodnik monitoring unit

Micrograms per Liter

microSiemans per centimeter;
measure of electrical conductivity; measure of water quality;

(/)
delta P, pressure differential

() ,
()

change in time
rate of change in pressure,
/

indicator instrument

pressure equalization valve

Environmental Control and Life

Support System

potable water container

technical water container

solid waste container

urine receptacle

Caution and Warning Panel

parameters monitoring console

systems monitoring console

xxxiii

module systems console

solid and liquid waste collector

water procedure control panel

Urine water recovery control panel

Condensate water recovery control

panel

hand-operated shutoff valve

hand-operated pump

water-air mixture

gas analysis devices

Life Support System

oxygen supply devices

atmospheric purification devices

Environmental Control System

pressing-out collector

sanitary-hygienic water recovery

system

Urine Water Recovery System

Thermal Control System

Onboard Complex Control System

Solid-fuel Oxygen Generator

Airlock

xxxiv

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
LIVING TOGETHER IN SPACE: THE DESIGN AND OPERATION
OF THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS ON THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW
1.0 Introduction
The International Space Station (ISS) is an unsurpassed cooperative venture between the United States and
international partnerswhich include the Canadian Space
Agency (CSA), European Space Agency (ESA), Italian
Space Agency (ASI), National Space Development
Agency (NASDA)and the Russian Space Agency
(RSA). In order for the people who operate the equipment
to be able to ensure optimal performance and to respond
to off-nominal or emergency situations it is essential that
the systems in each segment be well understood by all the
partners. Compatibility between the systems must be
assured during design and development. This is especially true for the Environmental Control and Life
Support (ECLS) Systems (ECLSS). In addition, knowledge of the Russian ECLS technologies (developed
through years of flight experience) can be of great value
to US/international segments ECLSS designers, and
knowledge of the US/international segments ECLS
technologies can be of benefit to the Russian ECLSS
designers.
For these reasons, this report describes the design,
operation, and performance of the different ECLS systems
developed for use on the ISS. This chapter includes a
general description of the ISS and the different segments,
the construction sequence and ECLS capabilities at
significant phases of assembly, the specifications that the
ECLS systems are designed to meet, the interface
connections between the different ECLS systems, the

requirements and design philosophies that affect the

design of the different ECLS systems, and the quality
assurance and reliability factors that affect the design
process. The other two chapters provide more detailed
information about each specific ECLSS and the technologies used. The Russian ECLSS is discussed in general in
this chapter, and in more detail in Volume II (which has a
restricted distribution).

1.1 Background
Russia has gained extensive experience with long
duration human space flight since the first Salyut space
station was launched in 1971. Almost continuous human
presence in space was provided by a succession of Salyut
stations during the following 2 decades, each having
improvements over the previous ones. In 1986, a new
generation of space stations became operational with the
launch of the Mir, which was designed to have a longer
life and to allow additional pressurized modules to be
attached. Some Russian cosmonauts have lived in space
continuously for more than 1 yr.
The U.S. experience with long duration human space
flight is more limited, consisting of the Skylab program
that culminated in three missions during 1973 and 1974
of 28, 59, and 84 days, respectively. Since Skylab, the
longest duration U.S. missions have been 17 days, aboard
the space shuttle. With the recent shuttle/Mir missions, as
part of ISS Phase 1, American astronauts have lived
aboard Mir for several months each.

As of September 1997, the overall configuration and assignment of responsibilities among the partners are changing. For example, Node 2
and Node 3 (in place of the U.S. Hab) are now the responsibility of Italy, and the centrifuge is now the responsibility of Japan. These
changes, so far, have not included changes to the ECLS hardware. The ECLS functions and the techniques used to perform those functions
are as described in this report.

The ECLS systems on the early Salyut stations were

very similar and relatively simple, using nonregenerable
techniques for most of the life support functions and
relying on resupply of water and oxygen (O2) (in the form
of potassium superoxide which also absorbs carbon
dioxide (CO2), although lithium hydroxide (LiOH) was
used to remove about 20 percent of the CO2). With Salyut
4, a water recovery system was added to recover humidity
condensate and waste hygiene water. With Mir, an O2
generation assembly was added which electrolyzes water
to produce O2. Also on Mir, CO2 is removed by a
regenerable technique and vented to space. A device to
recover O2 from CO2 has been developed but has not yet
been used in space.
The ECLSS on Skylab included stored water and O2,
a regenerable molecular sieve for CO2 and humidity
removal (and venting to space), and fire detectors based
on ultraviolet light detection. Trace contaminant removal
was accomplished by depressurizing the habitat between
missions, allowing the pressure to drop to 3.45 kPa
(0.5 psia). The space shuttle uses nonregenerable methods
for almost all ECLSS functions, although a regenerable
CO2 removal device is now being used and other methods
of reducing expendables to increase the duration of
missions are being developed.

1.2 ISS Mission Scenario

The ISS is designed as a low-Earth-orbit research
laboratory and technology development facility for
materials science, biological, medical, and related
research. It also will serve as a platform for Earth and
astronomical observations. The ISS is designed to have
an operational life of at least 10 yr (the Russian Segment
(RS) operational life is at least 15 yr after the first element
is launched), with the capability for upgrading and
replacing rack-mounted hardware.

The ISS project consists of three phases:

Phase 1 is a series of missions by the U.S. space

shuttle to the Mir as training for ISS assembly
and operation.

Phase 2 is assembly of the ISS to support a threeperson crew.

Phase 3 is completion of ISS assembly and

provides for seven-person permanent habitation,
mature operations, and full international science
capabilities.

The normal crew size is 6 people, although during

crew exchanges there may be as many as 12 people on
board the ISS. The crew capacity is limited by CO2 levels,
not by humidity, O2, or temperature levels. Crew exchanges occur at intervals of approximately 90 days.
Supplies are delivered by a Progress cargo vehicle to the
RS and by the Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module
(MPLM) (five resupply missions each year) to the U.S.
On-Orbit Segment (USOS) and the international segments. The internal operating environment is close to
Earth-normal at sea level; the pressure is near 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psia), and the atmosphere composition is approximately 79 percent nitrogen (N2) and 21 percent O2 (by
volume for dry air).
During the construction period, the RS has the
capability for waste processing and water purification
before the U.S./international segments and for that period
of time supports the entire ISS for those functions. Also
during that period, the Russians provide O2 and N2 for
metabolic consumption and leakage. The United States
provides makeup gases for airlock (AL) losses.

2.0 Description of the ISS

and the ECLS Systems
The ISS consists of modules and components being
developed by a consortium of space agencies. The overall
configuration is shown in figure 1. The ISS is separated
into two major sections that are connected, but in many
ways are independent: the U.S./international segments
and the RS. The ECLSS for each section operates independently, as shown schematically in figures 2 and 3.
These figures show the locations of the component ECLS
subsystems. The segments and the sequence of assembly
are described below. (The ECLS capabilities are listed in
table 5 for each ISS element.)
General characteristics include:

There are no automatic hatch open/close mechanisms on any U.S., Russian, or other international partner hatches.

The fire suppression system is decentralized and

consists of portable fire extinguishers (PFE).

A single failure of equipment is not to propagate

across the RS/USOS interfaces (defined in SSP
42121).

Materials are selected so as to not contaminate

the air; i.e., the materials have minimal
offgassing.

The functions that U.S. designers typically consider

part of the ECLSS are: Atmosphere Revitalization (AR),
Water Recovery and Management (WRM), metabolic
Waste Management (WM), Atmosphere Control and
Supply (ACS), Temperature and Humidity Control
(THC), and Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS). For
the ISS, vacuum resources and exhaust for experiments
are also considered part of the ECLSS.
The Russian ECLSS designers include food storage
and preparation, refrigerators/freezers, extravehicular
activity (EVA) support, whole body cleaning, and
housekeeping as part of the ECLSS. These are generally
considered part of crew systems by NASA and, except
for EVA support, are not discussed in this report. Conversely, the Russians consider thermal control to be a
separate system. Also, the Russians categorize the ECLS
capabilities somewhat differently than U.S. ECLSS
designers. For example, the Russian category translated
as sanitary and hygienic equipment includes the
commode, urinal, hand washers, vacuum cleaner,

and thermal chamber (for whole body cleaning), whereas

the U.S. category waste management includes the
commode and urinal only.

2.1 Description of the Russian Segment

and ECLS Capabilities
The RS provides guidance, navigation, and control;
propulsion services; electrical power generation, storage,
distribution, and control; communications and data links
to ground support facilities; ECLS; thermal control and
heat rejection; data processing, storage, and transportation; housekeeping; personal hygiene; food preparation
and storage; EVA; support payload utilities; robotic
systems; crew and cargo resupply services; delivery and
return of crew, including unplanned crew return capability; and research facilities.
The RS consists of the following pressurized modules:

A module to connect with the USOS and provide

initial essential servicesthe functional cargo
module (FGB, from the Russian name for the
module)

A habitation module for three people, nominallythe Service Module (SM)

Laboratory modulesResearch Modules RM1,

RM2, and RM3

A Life Support Module (LSM) that can support

up to six people

A Docking and Stowage Module (DSM)

Logistics resupply modules (Progress, two

versions, one with Rodnik tanks, the other
without Rodnik tanks)

Crew Transfer Vehicles (CTV) (also referred to

as Assured Crew Return Vehicles (ACRV))

A module for connecting the other modules

the Universal Docking Module (UDM)

A module for docking another vehiclethe

Docking Compartment (DC). The DC is also
used as an ALwhen EVAs are performed

Modules that connect the solar arrays and

thermal radiators to the SMthe ScientificPower Platforms (SPP1 (pressurized) and
SPP2 (unpressurized)).

Service Module & Life Support Module

Temp. & Humidity Control

Fire Detect/Suppression
Atmosphere Revitalization
Water Recovery Management
Waste Management

Progress Module
Atmosphere Control & Supply
O2/N2 Storage

Russian Power Modules

FGB
Temp. Control
Fire Detect/Suppression

Solar Arrays
TCS Radiator

,,,
,,,
,,, ,,,
,,,
,,,
,,,
,,,
,,,
ACRV
,,,,,,
,,,,,,
,,,,,,

Truss

PMA
PV Module Radiator

APM

Flight
Direction

Hab
Temp. & Humidity Control
Fire Detect/Suppression
Atmosphere Control & Supply
Atmosphere Revitalization
Water Recovery Management
Waste Management

FIGURE 1.ISS configuration.

Temp. & Humidity Control

Fire Detect/Suppression
Atmosphere Control & Supply
Atmosphere Revitalization

JEM
Temp. & Humidity Control
Fire Detect/Suppression
Atmosphere Control & Supply

Temp. & Humidity Control

Fire Detect/Suppression
Atmosphere Control & Supply

Nadir

Lab

MPLM and Node

Temp. & Humidity Control
Fire Detect/Suppression

Atmosphere Gas Bottles

Mothballed After LSM Arrival

,,
,

,,,
,

Progress Vehicle
Service Module

Functional Cargo Module (FGB)

Oxygen Generation

Water Processing

Life Support Module (LSM)

,,,, ,,,
,

Carbon Dioxide and

Air Contaminant Control

,,
,,,,,

,,
,

Primary Temperature
and Humidity Control

Urine Processing

Galley
Primary Personal
Hygiene Facility

Note: Only critical life support equipment is shown for clarity.

FIGURE 2.RS ECLSS.

Atmosphere and
User Gas Bottles

Airlock
(AL)
Laboratory Module (Lab)

,,,,,,,

,,
,

Node 1

Habitation
Module
(Hab)

,,
,

Primary Temperature
and Humidity Control

,,,,

Carbon Dioxide and

Air Contaminant Control
Oxygen Generation

Space Shuttle Fuel-Cell

Water Storage
Primary Personal
Hygiene Facility

Urine Processing

Galley

,,,
,

Water Processing

Note: Only critical life support equipment is shown for clarity.

FIGURE 3.USOS ECLSS.

In addition, there are solar arrays, thermal radiators,

propulsion equipment, and communications equipment.
These elements are installed over a period of 41/2 yr,
beginning in 1998. The RS, as built, may have some
differences from the description given here due to late
changes in the configuration. For example, there may be
a second LSM due to use of a smaller module than
originally proposed. The types of ECLS equipment used
are expected to be the same as described in this report.
The FGB, shown in figure 4, is the first element
placed in position and provides the foundation for assembly of the other ISS elements. It also provides reboost
and attitude control until the SM is activated. The FGB
contains systems for propulsion; guidance, navigation,
and control; communications; electrical power; partial life
support functions; and thermal control. After the SM is
activated, the FGB serves as a propellant storage facility.
The ECLSS hardware in the FGB performs the functions
of:

ACS, using a gas analyzer for atmosphere

composition monitoring (to monitor the partial
pressures of O2 (ppO2) and CO2 (ppCO2) and
relative humidity), total pressure sensors, a
pressure gauge, and pressure equalization valves
between compartments that can be actuated
either remotely by the ground or manually by
the crew.

Temperature control, using fans and heat

exchangers.

FDS, using smoke detectors, PFE, Portable

Breathing Apparatus (PBA) (face masks),
and a fire indicator panel.

Trace contaminant removal from the atmosphere,

using air cleaners (i.e., charcoal filters) that
remove hazardous gases and dust filters (two
in the FGB).

The FGB operates in two modes: (1) unoccupied,

in which pressure monitoring and ventilation occurs
continuously, and (2) docked to the SM. In the unoccupied mode, O2 and CO2 levels are monitored periodically.
When docked to the SM, the FGB relies on the SM for
maintaining the atmospheric quality. The FGB provides
the motive force (blowers) for intermodule ventilation
to the USOS. The flowrate from the SM to the USOS is
70 L/sec (148 cfm) at 1 to 2 mm H2O (0.04 to 0.08 in
H2O) pressure head. Prior to activation of the U.S. Hab,
the FGB receives air from the USOS that is slightly low

in O2 and may have some particulates and trace gases.

(The USOS has a trace gas monitor operating in the U.S.
Lab, i.e., the Crew Health Care Systems (CHeCS)
Volatile Organic Analyzer (VOA), and a Carbon Dioxide
Removal Assembly (CDRA) and Trace Contaminant
Control Subassembly (TCCS) to remove CO2 and trace
contaminants.)
The largest module is the SM, shown in figure 5,
with a pressurized compartment that is 13.1 m (43.0 ft)
in length by 4.1 m (13.5 ft) internal diameter, with a total
mass of 23,000.0 kg (50,660.8 lb), 2,323.0 kg (5,116.7 lb)
of which is the life support system. The SM serves as the
structural and functional center of the RS, providing
living and working space and supporting communications, research, and experiments. The SM is the primary
RS element for propulsion; guidance, navigation, and
control; and communications. The SM also provides
initial life support capability for up to six people, and
backup life support capability after the activation of the
LSM. The ECLSS hardware in the SM performs the
functions of:

ACS, using a gas analyzer for atmospheric

composition monitoring (to monitor ppO2,
ppCO2, and relative humidity), total pressure
sensors, a pressure gauge, and pressure equalization valves between compartments that can be
actuated either remotely by the ground or
manually by the crew. The SM also provides for
introducing O2 into the atmosphere and detecting
rapid decompression.

THC, using fans and condensing heat exchangers

(CHX) to remove excess moisture from the
atmosphere.

Water storage and distribution to provide water

for potable and hygiene use, and collection and
storage of wastewater for disposal. Condensate
water collected from the CHXs is processed to
potable-quality water. Two Rodnik service water
tanks are mounted in the Assembly Compartment
(AC) outside of the pressurized compartment of
the SM.

AR by removing CO2, using LiOH or regenerable CO2 sorbents; removing gaseous contaminants, using a low-temperature catalytic oxidizer;
and removing airborne particles and microorganisms, using filters. Carbon monoxide (CO)
detection is also considered to be an AR
function.

WM, using a commode to collect and dispose

of crew metabolic waste.

EVA support by providing O2 and other ECLS

services.

The LSM is 8.2 m (27.0 ft) in length by 2.9 m (9.5 ft)

in diameter. It supplies life support functions that complement those of the USOS capabilities and the SM, and
provides a greater degree of mass loop closure by
recovering useful products from waste products.

FDS, using smoke detectors, PFEs, PBAs, and a

fire indicator panel. The master fire panel is also
located in the SM.

USOS/RS
Ventilation Fan

SD 2

Sensible Heat
Exchanger &
Fan Package
(1 of 3)

Side View of FGB

Sensible Heat
Exchanger &
Fan Package
(3 of 3)
SD 9

SD 7

,
,
,
,,,,,,,,
,,,
,
,
,
,,,,,,,,

USOS/RS Dust Collectors

Ventilation Fan

SD 1

SD 4

,
,
,
,,,,,,,,

Crew Transfer Area

Smoke
Ventilation Fan
SD 5
Detector
(SD) 12

Sensible Heat
Exchanger (HX)
& Fan Package
(2 of 3)

Fan to Cool Flight

Control System

The SM also provides backup EVA capability through the

node (or ball area) which serves as an AL prior to
installation of the DC.

SD 2

SD 3

Dust Collectors

SD 8

Portable Fan

Electrical Power
System Boxes

Bottom View of FGB

FIGURE 4.FGB equipment locations.

Sensible Heat
Exchanger &
Fan Package
(1 of 3)

The ECLS functions in the LSM consist of O2 supply,

CO2 removal and reduction, trace contaminant control,
atmospheric composition monitoring, water supply from
storage and water recovery from urine, and a thermal
chamber for whole body cleaning. The LSM has two
observation windows.
The DSM provides a location to store potable water,
spare parts, and other supplies.
The RMs provide facilities for science experiments
and materials processing. The ECLS functions consist of
atmospheric pressure measurement, contaminant removal,
temperature measurement and control, atmospheric
circulation, intermodule ventilation, and FDS.
The Universal Docking Module (UDM) provides
ports for attaching the RMs, the LSM, and the DC. The
ECLS functions consist of atmospheric pressure measurement, contaminant removal, temperature measurement

and control, atmospheric circulation, and intermodule

ventilation. Also, the pump used to evacuate the AL and
other EVA support capabilities are provided in the UDM,
which also has a ball area that serves as an AL prior to
installation of the DC.
The CTV is a Soyuz vehicle, a self-contained
spacecraft equipped with basic life support sufficient for
short duration transfers between Earth and low-Earth
orbit; propulsion; guidance, navigation, and control; and
communications capability. The ECLS capabilities
include atmospheric pressure measurement and intermodule ventilation.
The DC provides a port for docking and serves as an
AL for EVA operations. The ECLS functions consist of
atmospheric pressure measurement, contaminant removal,
temperature measurement and control, atmospheric circulation, and intermodule ventilation. Also, EVA aids and
the valve for evacuating the AL are located in the DC.

Vozdukh and Elektron

Service System Devices
and Equipment

Waste Storage Tanks

Gas Analyzers
Personal Hygiene
Compartment
(Commode)

Individual Cabin

Solar Battery Rotation Drive

Potable Water
Processor

Passive Part of
Manipulator

Unit Bay

Adapter
Node

THC
Mating Unit
Cycle
Ergometer

Gyro Plate
Central Control Post

Orientation
System Engines

Table
Body Mass
Measuring Device

Sluice Chamber

Running Track

Transfer Chamber

FIGURE 5.RS service module equipment locations.

The SPP1 provides a pressurized volume for access

to the power supply and heat rejection systems. The ECLS
functions consist of atmospheric pressure measurement,
contaminant removal, temperature measurement and
control, atmospheric circulation, and intermodule ventilation.

facilities; environmental control and life support; thermal

control and heat rejection; data processing, storage, and
transfer; housekeeping; personal hygiene; food preparation and storage; EVA capability; payload utilities; robotic
systems; crew and cargo resupply services; and research
facilities.

The Progress is a cargo vehicle for resupplying dry

cargo, water, propellant, and atmospheric gases. It also
provides reboost capability. The vehicle is 7.23 m (23.7 ft)
in length by 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in diameter. It serves as a carrier
of expendable items (such as fluids, filters, and food) and
equipment (such as scientific experiments). The Progress
ECLSS hardware performs the functions of:

The USOS consists of the following pressurized

modules:

Atmospheric supply using tanks for storage of

resupplied atmosphere gases, controlled release
of those gases, and a total pressure sensor to
monitor atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric temperature monitoring and

intermodule ventilation.

Water supply and management using tanks

for storage and delivery of potable water
and disposal of wastewater.

Some U.S.-provided equipment for monitoring the

environment is used on the RS. This equipment includes:

Charged particle directional spectrometer

Tissue equivalent proportional counter

Radiation area monitors

Surface sampler kit

Microbial air sampler

Fungal spore sampler

Compound specific analyzer for combustion

products

Water microbiology kit

Water sampler and archiver

Crew contamination protection kit.

2.2 Description of the U.S. On-Orbit Segment

and ECLS Capabilities
The USOS provides living quarters for three people;
electrical power generation, storage, distribution, and
control; communications and data links to ground support

A laboratory modulethe Lab

A habitation module for three people,

nominallythe Hab

Two nodes for connecting the U.S. and

international modulesNodes 1 and 2

An AL

Three pressurized mating adapters (PMA)

A cupola with windows for viewing external

operations, including EVAs and use of the
robotic arm

A centrifuge module (planned, but not yet

defined).

In addition, there are trusses, solar arrays, thermal

radiators, and communications equipment.
The Lab is about 4.4 m (14.5 ft) in diameter (sized
to fit in the cargo bay of the space shuttle) and 7.3 m
(24.0 ft) in internal length plus the end cones (total length
is about 8.4 m (27.5 ft)). The Lab provides a facility for
scientific research and commercial applications. The Lab
is designed to accommodate equipment that is packaged
in standard racksInternational Standard Payload
Racks (ISPR) that are interchangeableand contains
locations for 24 racks including equipment racks for
essential services such as ECLS, as well as payload racks.
The ECLS functions included in the Lab are: ACS,
THC, AR, FDS, water for payloads, and vacuum service
and gases (N2) for payloads. The interior of the Lab is
designed to have an up and down orientation. ISPRs
are located on each wall, the floor, and the ceiling.
This is shown in figure 6, a cutaway view of the Lab
interior. The Lab has one 0.51 mm (20 in) diameter
window.
The Hab is the same size as the Lab and provides
living quarters for the crew, including sleeping accommodations, a galley, recreation facilities, crew health care,
and hygiene facilities. The Hab is also designed to
accommodate equipment packaged in ISPRs. The ECLS
functions included in the Hab are: ACS, THC, AR, FDS,

FIGURE 6.Isometric cutaway view of the U.S. Lab (ISS Reference Guide, 15 March 1994).

WM, and WRM. The interior of the Hab is also designed

to have an up and down orientation. The Hab has two
windows.
The nodes are the same diameter as the Lab and Hab
but are about 3 m (10 ft) shorter (i.e., 5.5 m (18 ft) in
length). The node exterior and interior design is shown in
figure 7. There are four radial ports and two axial ports
for attaching modules or a PMA. A cupola is attached to
Node 1 so that external operations, including use of the
robotic arm, can be observed and/or controlled from
inside the ISS. Node 1 also serves as a storage location
and contains only a limited amount of powered hardware
for its own operation. Cables and plumbing from other
modules are connected through Node 1. The ECLS
functions consist of intermodule ventilation, intramodule
atmosphere circulation, pressure equalization, total
atmosphere pressure monitoring, FDS, and atmospheric
filtration. Node 2, in addition, contains equipment for
primary-to-secondary power conversion, and has THC
capability, including a CHX. Neither Node 1 nor Node 2
has the capability to respond to rapid decompression.

The PMAs are connectors between the USOS

docking ports and a space shuttle, and between the USOS
and the FGB. The PMAs are environmentally controlled
to accommodate the passage of people and equipment,
and the transfer of utilities. PMA1, shown in figure 8,
has a duct for inter-module ventilation (IMV). ECLS in
PMA2 and 3 includes pressure equalization capability
and plumbing to transfer fuel-cell water from a space
shuttle.
The joint AL, shown in figure 9, provides the
capability for EVAs; i.e., depressurization, egress,
ingress, and repressurization. The AL contains the
equipment to perform external operations and consists
of two cylindrical chambers attached end-to-end by a
connecting bulkhead. The larger chamber is the equipment lock and the smaller chamber is the crew lock. As
shown in figure 10, the equipment lock contains the
pressure suits (Extravehicular Mobility Units (EMU)),
maneuvering units, and support equipment necessary to
perform an EVA. The equipment lock is used for equipment storage and transfer, and preparing for EVA missions. The crew lock is used for egress and ingress of

Exterior Outfitting

Avionics Interface Plates

Node Primary
Pressure Shell
Fluid Interface Plates

Avionics Interface Plate

Heat Exchanger Support Structure

Interior Outfitting
Midbay Structure (4 Quads)
(Utilities Routing, Stowage,
Ventilation Fan & Filters)

Sill Trunnions (4)

Zenith Port

Rack Standoff Structure (4)

(Utilities Routing, Rack
Support, Lights)
Port Endcone
Stowage Racks (4)

Utilities Feedthrough Panel

(Internal/External)

IMV Feedthrough
Opened HatchStowed
Radial Hatch
Radial Ports (4)
(Active Berthing for
Attached Elements,
Utilities Feedthrough)

Port Internal Structure (4 Quads)

(Remote Power Distribution
Assembly (RPDA), Utilities)

FIGURE 7.Nodes 1 and 2 design and outfitting (ISS Reference Guide, 15 March 1994).

FIGURE 8.PMA1.

suited crew members and for transfer of equipment to

and from space. It is also used for storing equipment to
be transferred to or from space and provides a location
to prepare for EVA missions.
In operation, the pressure in both AL chambers is
reduced to 70.33 kPa (10.2 psia) during the campout
period prior to an EVA. This allows the N2 level in the
EVA crew members blood to be safely reduced prior to
use of the EMU pressure suits, which operate at 29.63 kPa
(4.3 psia). To exit the ISS, the atmosphere in the crew lock
is pumped to Node 1. The equipment lock is repressurized
to 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) by opening the Manual Pressure
Equalization Valve (MPEV) between the equipment lock
and Node 1 (there is no hatch on the AL side). The ECLS
functions support preparation for, performance of, and
recovery from EVAs, and consist of ACS, THC, some
AR, FDS, stored potable water supply, and EVA support.
Potable water is brought to the AL, as needed, to recharge
the EMUs.

The cupola is a controlling workstation that provides

full hemisphere viewing for monitoring the Earth,
celestial objects, exterior ISS surfaces, space shuttle
docking, and EVAs. The cupola is attached to Node 1,
which provides the necessary ECLS functions. No special
ECLS functions are performed in the cupola.
The centrifuge, attached to Node 2, provides a
variable gravity (G) facility for scientific experiments,
primarily biological research. The centrifuge is 2.5 m
(8.2 ft) in diameter with four habitats to support plants
and animals in different gravitational environments, from
0.01 to 2 G. The ECLS functions consist of pressure
equalization capability and FDS. (Details are not presently available.)

External Structure

Crew Lock

Equipment Lock

Crew Lock

FIGURE 9.Joint AL.

to the space vacuum. The MPLM (6.7 m (21.9 ft) in

length and 4.5 m (14.7 ft) in diameter) is a cargo module
for transporting supplies and replacement ISPRs to the
ISS and for returning ISPRs, waste products, and
manufactured products to Earth. The cargo can either be
passive only, or include cold cargo in refrigerators/
freezers.
The APM, JEM, and MPLM have ventilation ducting
and limited FDS capability, but primarily depend on the
U.S. Lab for the ECLS functions. The ECLSS functions
and features that are common to the APM, JEM, and
MPLM include:

FIGURE 10.Joint AL equipment lock.

2.3 Description of the International Segments

and ECLS Capabilities

The Attached Pressurized Module (APM)

provided by ESA.
The JEM with a Pressurized Module (PM), an
Exposed Facility (EF), an Experiment Logistics
Module-Pressurized Section (ELMPS), and an
Experiment Logistics Module-Exposed Section
(ELMES) provided by NASDA.

The MPLM provided by ASI.

The JEM and MPLM are shown in figures 11 and 12,

respectively. The APM is similar in appearance to the US
Lab (fig. 6).
The APM (approximately 6.7 m (22.0 ft) in length
and 4.4 m (14.5 ft) in diameter) and the JEM (9.9 m
(32.5 ft) in length and 4.2 m (13.8 ft) in diameter for the
PM, and 4.1 m (13.5 ft) in length and 4.2 m (13.8 ft) in
diameter for the ELMPS) provide laboratory facilities
for scientific experiments and research, with internallymounted ISPRs and externally-mounted pallets exposed

Smoke detection in the potential fire source

locations
Determining a fire location after its
detection
Fire suppression using a PFE.

Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)

Collection and delivery to the USOS of

atmosphere samples for analysis
Responding to hazardous atmosphere.

Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)

Depressurization, vent, and relief

Repressurization, pressure equalization
Positive pressure relief
Negative pressure relief
Total pressure monitoring and control

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

The international segments consist of:

Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS)

Atmospheric circulation for crew comfort

and to ensure detection of fires
IMV connection with the USOS
Atmospheric temperature monitoring

ECLS functions that are present in the APM and JEM

(but not in the MPLM) are vacuum services, supply gases
(gaseous N2) to payloads, atmospheric humidity control,
and control of airborne particulates and microorganisms.
Radiation exposure monitoring is provided by the USOS
CHeCS.

JEM Baseline Configuration

JEM

Experiment Logistics Module Pressurized Section

Manipulator

Connected to
Node 2
Exposed Facilities

Pressurized Module
Airlock

Experiment Logistics Module Exposed Section

M1
M2
M3
L1
L2
L3
Code

L4
S3
S4
C1
T1
T2

Mission Name
M1 Material Science Experiment
M2 Space Processing for Advanced Material
M3 Commercial Space Processing Test
L1 Biology
L2 Space Medicine
L3 CELS System Experiment

Code
L4
S3
S4
C1
T1
T2

Mission Name
Biotechnology
High Energy Cosmic Ray Experiment
Ray Burst Observation
RFI Technology Development
Space Environment Test
Large Antenna System Technology

FIGURE 11.JEM schematic.

Grapple Fixture
Depressurization
Assembly
Grapple Fixture

Positive Pressure
Relief Valves

Main Trunnion

Negative Pressure
Relief Valves
Stabilizer Trunnion

Space Shuttle Interfaces

Keel Trunnion
Passive Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM)

FIGURE 12.MPLM schematic.

2.4 Construction of the ISS and the ECLSS

Capabilities During Station Assembly

and Phase 3 (Flights UF1 through 19A) of the ISS

assembly. The ECLSS capabilities present during construction are identified in table 1.

The assembly of the modules on orbit occurs over a

period of 41/2 yr during Phase 2 (Flights 1A through 6A)

TABLE 1.ECLSS capability buildup by flight (as of April 1997).

Flight
Number

Module

Launch
Date (23)

1 A/R

THC

FDS

ACS

FGB

June 1998

(1)

(2)

(3)

(22)

Node 1, PMA1, PMA2

July 1998

(4)

(2)

Service Module

December 1998

(6)

(2)

(7)

(8)

Soyuz

January 1999

U.S. Lab

May 1999

(10)

(2)

U.S. Lab outfitted

June 1999

(10)

(2)

Airlock

August 1999

(10)

(5)

Ptot

CRF

(11)

UDM

December 2000

(1)

Node 2

April 2000

(10)

(2)

(10)

(2)

(10)

(2)

(1)

(2)

JEM PM, etc.

August 2000

U.S. Hab

October 2002

17A

Hab racks

November 2002

11R

Life Support Module 1

December 2002

12R

Life Support Module 2

January 2003

19A

Hab racks

April 2003

UF7

Centrifuge

October 2003

ESA APM

December 2003

(9)

(16)

Self-contained, limited ECLSS

10A
16A

WRM

(11)

(12)

(13)

(11)

(14)

(13)

(16)

(19)

(20)

(14)

(21)

(17)

(18)

(15)

(16)

Information Not Available

TBD
(10)

(2)

Notes:
(1)

No humidity control is provided, only sensible cooling (no latent cooling) (3 HXs in FGB, 2HXs in UDM and LSM), temperature sensor.

(2)

Smoke detectors, PFE, and breathing masks.

(3)

Basic atmospheric monitoring (O2, CO2, and H2O (deactivated after Flight 1R), total and partial pressure) and pressure equalization.

(4)

Atmospheric circulation fan available.

(5)

Smoke detectors and PFE.

(6)

Temperature and humidity control, equipment cooling, and CHXs.

(7)

Addition of rate-of-pressure-change sensor (and tanks of resupply air on Progress vehicles).

(8)

CO2 removal (with LiOH backup), O2 generator (with perchlorate candles as backup), TCCS, CO monitor.

(9)

Processing of humidity condensate and storage of water.

(10)

THC using internal thermal control system (ITCS) low-temperature coolant loop, IMV.

(11)

Total pressure monitoring, vent and relief, O2/N2 distribution, pressure control assemblies (PCAs).

(12)

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters for particulate and microorganism control.

(13)

Condensate storage and distribution.

(14)

Addition of AR rack (CDRA, TCCS, and Major Constituent Analyzer (MCA)).

(15)

Addition of waste hygiene water processor and urine processor.

(16)

Waste management provided by Russian SM or space shuttle (when present).

(17)

Waste management in the U.S. Hab and Russian Service Module.

(18)

CO2 removal, O2 generation, TCCS, CO monitor, and Sabatier.

(19)

Addition of O2/N2 tanks.

(20)

HEPA filters plus LiOH for CO2 removal during campout.

(21)

Addition of USOS potable water processor and urine processor.

(22)

Filters for removal of gaseous and particulate contaminants and airborne microorganisms.

(23)

All dates are approximate.

2.4.1 Phase 2Flights 1A Through 6A

Flight 1A/R
The FGB is the first module launched. Although the
United States provided funds for this module, it is Russian
designed and manufactured and is included in the description of the Russian ECLSS in Volume II of this report.
Onboard atmospheric monitoring is performed via cabin
sensors for monitoring total and partial pressure (via a
gas analyzer for monitoring O2, CO2, and H2O). Three
sensible heat exchangers maintain proper atmospheric
temperatures. No latent cooling (humidity removal) is
possible at this stage. Particulate and gaseous atmospheric
contaminants are removed by Contaminant Removal
Filters (CRF) and a Hazardous Contaminants Filter
(HCF). FDS equipment includes smoke detectors, PFE,
and PBA masks. No water recovery or waste management
capability is present at this stage.
Flight 2A
Node 1, PMA1, and PMA2 are added with Flight
2A. The ECLSS functions on these components are
limited to fire detection (smoke sensors) and atmospheric
circulation (when power is available) with HEPA filters
for particulate removal. There is no active cooling
capability, however, so these functions are considered
secondary in order to maintain the Remote Power Control
Modules (RPCM) in operation, which are passively
cooled by radiating heat to the structure. Node 1 is
passively cooled from the Lab. The PMAs include
ventilation ducting for exchanging atmosphere with the
RS or the space shuttle to mix atmosphere for maintaining
appropriate O2 and CO2 levels. In addition, PMA2
includes plumbing for transferring high-pressure O2/N2
gases and fuel-cell water from the space shuttle.

metabolic O2 needs, and a low-temperature catalytic

oxidizer and regenerable absorber for trace contaminant
removal. Backup capabilities are provided by LiOH
canisters for CO2 removal, a Solid-Fuel Oxygen Generator (SFOG) with oxygen perchlorate candles for O2
supply, and CRFs for trace contaminant control.
FDS in the SM is similar to the FDS in the FGB, with
the addition of a master fire indicator panel.
THC maintains appropriate temperature and humidity
levels in the cabin and equipment locations and collects
humidity condensate with CHXs. The condensate is
delivered to the WRM subsystem.
WRM includes a Condensate Water Recovery
Subsystem (CWRS) to produce potable water and two
210 L (7.42 ft3) Service Water Tanks (SWT) for potable
water storage in the assembly compartment of the SM.
Ten portable 22 L (0.78 ft3) bucket tanks are used
for transporting water and urine within the RS. Unprocessed wastewater is stored in portable tanks for disposal
in the Progress or transferred to the SWT on the Progress,
after it is emptied of potable water.
WM includes a commode and urinal that collects
urine in a tank for disposal in the Progress. Other solid
wastes are bagged and disposed of in the Progress.
Flight 2R
The Soyuz brings the first crew to ISS during Flight
2R. There is no significant change in ECLSS capability
with this flight, but the flight does initiate permanent
habitation with a three-person crew. The Soyuz ECLSS
consists of atmospheric cabin pressure monitoring and
ventilation exchange with the SM.

Flight 1R

Flight 3R

The Russian SM is installed with Flight 1R, which

adds the capabilities of O2 generation, CO2 removal, trace
contaminant removal, THC, and water processing. The
SM ECLS equipment includes a total pressure sensor for
cabin pressure monitoring; a gas analyzer to detect O2,
CO2, and H2O; and an analog pressure gauge, a pressure
alarm sensor, and a rate-of-pressure-change (dP/dt) sensor
to detect loss of atmospheric pressure.

The UDM is added with Flight 3R. There is no

significant change in ECLSS capability with this flight.

AR hardware includes a Vozdukh CDRA that collects

CO2 and vents it overboard, an Elektron Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) (sized for three people) to provide

Flights 5A and 6A
The U.S. Lab module is installed with Flight 5A and
is outfitted with additional equipment during Flight 6A,
adding considerable ECLSS capability to the USOS.
During Flight 5A the crew enters Node 1 for the first time,
and the Lab and Node 1 are occupied after the space
shuttle departs.

The Lab ECLS functions include total pressure

monitoring, vent and relief capability, and O2/N2 supply
and distribution. The PCAs, to maintain total atmospheric
and oxygen partial pressures, and MPEVs, for moduleto-module pressure equalization, are located in the Lab
endcones. (Cabin pressure maintenance and control is not
possible until Flight 7A when the AL is delivered and
high-pressure O2/N2 gas supply is available.)
At Flight 5A, AR consists of HEPA filters to remove
microorganisms and particulates from the atmosphere.
At Flight 6A, the MPLM delivers the Four-Bed Molecular
Sieve CDRA, the TCCS, and the Major Constituent
Analyzer (MCA). Plumbing for collecting atmosphere
samples for the MCA is pre-integrated into the Lab.
Interface connections are provided to allow installation
of an OGA at a later time.
The FDS capability is similar to that in Node 1,
consisting of two module smoke detectors and two PFEs.
There is one smoke detector in the AR rack, and smoke
detectors can be supported in all 13 payload racks. Each
powered rack has ports for attaching a PFE. An indicator
panel identifies the location of a fire.
The Lab THC is provided with the activation of the
ITCS low-temperature coolant loop. IMV supply and
return ensures atmospheric composition and temperature
control in Node 1 also. IMV can operate when the hatches
are open or closed.
A VS consisting of a Vacuum Exhaust Subsystem
(VES) and a Vacuum Resources Subsystem (VRS) is
incorporated in the Lab, for use when payloads require
a vacuum source.

2.4.2 Phase 3Flights 6R Through 18A

Flight 7A
Support for EVA tasks is provided by the space
shuttle through Flight 7A (except for one EVA at the end
of Flight 7A from the joint AL) and afterwards from the
joint AL that is added during Flight 7A. The AL ECLS
capability supports crew campout in the AL for denitrogenation (8 to 12 hr preceding an EVA) at 70.3 kPa (10.2
psia) and incorporates the distribution plumbing to service
and recharge the EMUs. High-pressure tanks of O2 and
N2 are mounted externally and are connected to the O2/N2
distribution plumbing for maintaining atmospheric pressure and supporting payload requirements. The AL includes FDS capability and a dedicated CHX/fan package
for THC of the AL atmosphere.
Flight 10A
Node 2 is added during Flight 10A. Node 2 ECLS
capabilities include THC (a cabin air assembly, including
a fan and CHX) and FDS (smoke sensors and PFEs).
The condensate from the CHX is plumbed to the water
processor in the Lab.
Flight 1J
The JEM is installed during Flight 1J. To a large
extent, the JEM relies on the USOS for ECLS functions.
The ECLS functions that are performed in the JEM are
listed in section 2.3. Limited information is presently
available on the methods that are used to provide the
required capabilities.
Flight 11R

The WRM function consists of condensate water

storage and distribution, and fuel cell water distribution.
(The transfer of fuel-cell water from the space shuttle is
performed after the Hab is activated.) Two vents in the
forward endcone are available for expelling excess
wastewater.
No capability for WM is provided at this time in the
USOS. WM capability and potable water are provided
from the Russian SM. Interface connections are provided
in the Lab to add WRM and WM at a later time, if
desired.

The LSM is installed during Flight 11R. The LSM

provides atmospheric monitoring and FDS. In addition,
the LSM provides CO2 collection and removal for conversion of CO2 to water in a Sabatier reactor, integrating
CO2 removal and O2 generation into one unit. The gaseous byproducts (methane (CH4) and CO2) are vented to
space. The LSM includes a processor to reclaim water
from urine.

Flight 1E
The ESA APM is installed during Flight 1E. To a
large extent, the APM relies on the USOS for ECLS
functions. The ECLS functions that are performed in
the APM are listed in section 2.3. Limited information
is presently available on the methods that are used to
provide the required capabilities.
Flight UF7
The centrifuge is added with Flight UF7. The ECLSS
capabilities in the centrifuge include total atmospheric
pressure sensor, THC, IMV, atmosphere composition
monitoring (sample port), FDS (TBD), and a wastewater
return line. No detailed information is available on the
centrifuge ECLSS.
Flights 16A, 17A, and 19A
The U.S. Hab is installed and outfitted during Flights
16A, 17A, and 19A. Flight 19A is the final assembly
flight of the USOS. The Hab includes sleeping

accommodations, a galley, a shower, and a commode.

ECLS capabilities are AR (CO2 removal, O2 generation,
major constituent analysis, and TCCS; the necessary
plumbing and electrical interface connections may also be
available to add CO2 reduction later), ACS, THC, FDS,
WRM (condensate and hygiene waste water and urine
processing), and WM (commode and urinal). The Hab
provides redundancy for those ECLS functions which are
also performed in the Lab. MCA capabilities are the same
as in the Lab, with additional trace contaminant monitoring capability provided by the CHeCS VOA. Trace
contaminants are removed by a TCCS in the Hab or Lab.
THC capability is provided by one common cabin air
assembly (CCAA) in the Hab and two CCAAs in the
Lab. IMV supply and return is provided via a fan and
ducts in each endcone configured so that IMV can occur
when the hatches are open or closed.
The ECLSS equipment installed in the Hab allows
the USOS to be self-sufficient with regard to providing
the ECLSS services. There is still some atmosphere
exchange with the RS through the FGB, and so water
transfer may be necessary to maintain mass balances.

3.0 ISS Segment ECLSS Specifications

For each ISS segment, the capabilities that are
provided are documented in segment specification
documents and in Capability Description Documents
(CDD). The specifications establish the performance,
design, development, and verification requirements for
each segment. The performance requirements of each
segment as a whole are defined, as well as the performance requirements of the major components which
comprise each segment. Requirements are based on the
functions to be performed or on constraints with which
the design must comply. The ECLS systems specifications
for each segment are described below.

replacement unit is delivered. This method works because

of the regular resupply missions. Again, there are exceptions, e.g., there are two fans in the FGB, one of which is
for redundancy.
The basic design philosophy used for designing the
U.S. ECLS system includes:

Minimize the use of expendable materials by

using regenerable methods where feasible, e.g.,
for CO2 removal, urine processing, etc.

Recover as much mass as possible (i.e., close

the mass loops) when cost effective, e.g.,
recovery of the atmospheric moisture during
CO2 removal.

Minimize the amount of redundancy required

(i.e., during assembly by adjusting the installation sequence, by appropriate planning of
operations, or by relying on the RS to provide
redundancy).

Design for minimum risk of failure of mechanisms, structures, pressure vessels, materials, etc.

3.1 ECLSS Performance Requirements

Basic ISS requirements, as well as the specific ECLS
requirements, affect the ECLSS design. General requirements include limiting atmospheric leakage for each
module to a maximum of 0.23 kg/day at 101.3 kPa
(0.5 lb/day at 14.7 psia) with a goal of considerably less
leakage (an overall rate of no more than 0.68 kg/day
(1.5 lb/day)). The ECLS requirements are listed in table 2.
The USOS requirements also apply to the JEM, APM,
and MPLM, except where noted otherwise. The metabolic
loads that must be accommodated are listed in table 3.
There are some differences between the U.S. and Russian
requirements and specifications. These are discussed in
the following section.

3.2 Design Philosophies

The basic philosophies of design that are used by the
United States and Russia have some significant differences that must be understood to ensure that the different
ECLS systems are compatible. In addition, differences in
terminology can lead to confusion. For example, the word
monitor may be translated into Russian as control
when the intended meaning is measure.
For example, the U.S. approach to ensuring that a
capability is provided tends toward using redundant
equipment, i.e., having two identical units with one used
only in an emergency or operating both at less than their
full capability. This leads to having two CO2 removal
units, for example, with one in the Hab and one in the
Lab, each of which can accommodate the entire normal
load. There are exceptions to this approach, e.g., there is
only one water processor and one commode. In comparison, the Russian approach is to have an alternative backup
rather than a redundant unit, e.g., for oxygen supply if the
Elektron O2 generator fails, the backup is the SFOG and
stored O2 (gas, liquid, or solid form) for use until a
22

The failure tolerance for many of the ECLSS

functions is zero (i.e., the function is lost when the
equipment fails) at the module level. Exceptions to this
are intermodule ventilation and intramodule ventilation,
heat collection and distribution, and response to hazardous atmosphere, which must be single-failure tolerant.
However, for the complete ISS, there is redundancy for
critical functions.
Another example of the effect of different philosophies is the design of the OGA. The United States and
Russia both use electrolysis of water as the basic technique, but there are significant design differences. The
U.S. approach is to design hardware to be serviceable, so
components are designed as orbital replaceable units
(ORU) and are accessible for replacement. Safety
concerns due to the presence of hydrogen (H2) as an
electrolysis byproduct were dealt with by ensuring that
the quantities of combustible gases present are negligible.
The Russian approach does not require that components
be individually replaceable. They also use a different
approach to ensuring safety. As a result, for their OGA the
electrolyzer was placed inside a pressurized N2 jacket so
that any leakage is into the electrolyzer. Also, when the
OGA is turned off, the N2 flushes O2 and H2 from the
lines. This design precludes the possibility of any leakage
of hazardous gases to the atmosphere, but individual
components are not accessible for replacement.

As a result of the differences in design philosophy,

integrating the Russian and U.S. ECLS systems must be
done carefully. The equipment developed by the different

approaches may not be compatible without some modification. Table 4 lists differences and similarities in the
design philosophies of the U.S. and Russian ECLS
designers.

TABLE 2.General ECLSS design requirements.

Parameter
Total Pressure
Total Pressure Monitoring
ppCO2 (1)

ppCO2 Monitoring

U.S. ECLS Requirements

Range
Range
(Metric Units)
(U.S. Units)

Russian ECLS Requirements

Range
Range
(Metric Units)
(U.S. Units)

97.9 to 102.7 kPa

(95.8 min)

14.2 to 14.9 psia

(13.9 min)

79.9 to 114.4 kPa

(93.0 normal min)

11.6 to 16.6 psia (4)

(13.5 normal min)

0 to 110.6 kPa

0 to 16.0 psia

1 to 1,000 mmHg

0.02 to 19.4 psia

0.705 to 1.011 kPa

(5.3 to 7.6 mmHg)
(0.705 kPa normal
24 hr average)

0.102 to 0.147 psia

5.3 mmHg up to 3 people

7.6 mmHg up to 5 people
4.5 mmHg avg.

0.102 psia
0.147 psia
0.08 psia avg.

(0.102 psia average)

0 to 2.0 kPa (15.0 mmHg)

0 to 0.29 psia
1% FS

0 to 25 mmHg

0 to 0.48 psia

19.5 to 23.1 kPa

(146 to 173 mmHg)

2.83 to 3.35 psia

19.5 to 23.1 kPa

(146 to 173 mmHg)

2.83 to 3.35 psia

0 to 40 kPa

0 to 5.8 psia

< 80 kPa

< 11.6 psia

< 80 kPa (< 600 mmHg)

< 11.6 psia

25 to 70%

30 to 70%

Relative Humidity Monitoring

Not monitored

1 to 35 mmHg
(1.5 mmHg accuracy)

Atmospheric Temperature (3)

17.8 to 26.7 C

65 to 80 F

18 to 28 C

64.4 to 82 F

15.6 to 32.2 C 1.8 C

60 to 90 F 1 F

4.4 to 15.6 C

40 to 60 F

4.4 to 15.6 C

40 to 60 F

Intramodule Circulation

0.051 to 0.20 m/sec

(0.036 to 1.02 m/sec,
lower and upper limits)

10 to 40 fpm
(7 and 200 fpm,
lower and upper limits)

0.05 to 0.20 m/sec

9.8 to 39.4 fpm

Intermodule Ventilation

66 2.4 L/sec

140 5 cfm

60 to 70 L/sec

127 to 148 cfm

ppO2
ppO2 Monitoring
ppN2
Relative Humidity

Atmospheric Temperature
Monitoring
Dewpoint

Fire Suppression ppO2 Level

10.5%

Average < 0.05 mg/m3

Peak < 1.0 mg/m3

<100,000 particles/ft3
<2,000,000 particles/ft3

< 0.15 mg/m3

Temperature of Surfaces

4 C < touch
temperature < 45 C
46 to 49 C is acceptable
for momentary contact

39 F < touch
temperature < 113 F
114 to 120 F is acceptable
for momentary contact

> Dewpoint

Atmospheric Leakage (2)

per Module

Max. of 0.23 kg/day

at 101.3 kPa

0.5 lb/day
at 14.7 psia

Particulate Concentration
(0.5 to 100 mm diameter)

< 0.02 kg/day

< 0.009 lb/day
(Pressure not specified;
assume 101.3 kPa)

Notes:
(1) During crew exchanges the maximum daily average ppCO2 is 1.01 kPa (7.6 mmHg), with a peak of up to 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg).
(2) Total atmospheric leakage is to be less than 0.68 kg/day (1.5 lb/day), although the ability to accommodate 2.04 kg/day (4.5 lb/day) leakage is to be present.
(3) For Node 1, the cupola, and the MPLM, the requirement is 17.8 to 29.4 C (65 to 85 F) since these modules do not have a CCAA.
(4) The RS total pressure requirement encompasses the USOS requirement. Since the USOS controls the total atmospheric pressure, the total pressure will
meet the USOS requirement.

TABLE 3.Metabolic design loads.

U.S. ECLS Loads
Standard Value
Range

Russian ECLS Loads

Standard Value
Range

0.84 kg/person/day
1.84 lb/person/day

0.49 to 1.25
1.08 to 2.76

0.86 kg/day/person
1.89 lb/day/person

Experiment O2 Consumption

120 g/day
0.26 lb/day

TBD
TBD

Animal O2 Consumption

1.08 kg/day
2.38 lb/day

Parameter
Crew O2 Consumption

Crew Heat Loads

137 W/person

TBD

1.82 kg/day/person
4.01 lb/day/person

0.87 to 4.30
1.92 to 9.48

136 g
0.30 lb

TBD
TBD

Crew Water Consumption

2.8 kg/day/person
6.2 lb/day/person

Up to 5.15
Up to 11.35

2.5 L/day/person
5.5 lb/day/person

Crew Hygiene Water Usage

6.8 kg/day/person
15.0 lb/day/person

Up to 7.3
Up to 16.0

1.1 kg/day/person (SM only)

2.42 lb/day/person (SM only)
4.53 kg/day/person (SM and LSM)
9.96 lb/day/person (SM and LSM)

Crew Urine Production

1.56 kg/day/person
3.43 lb/day/person

Up to 2.0
Up to 4.4

1.2 kg/day/person
2.64 lb/day/person

Microbial Generation Rate

3,000 CFU/person/min

N/A

Particulate Generation Rate

1 109 pcs/person/day

N/A

Crew CO2 Generation Rate

1.00 kg/person/day
2.20 lb/person/day

0.52 to 1.50
1.14 to 3.30

136 g/day
0.30 lb/day

TBD
TBD

Experimental Animals
Heat Loads (1)
Crew-Generated Moisture

Animal-Generated Moisture (1)

Animal CO2 Generation Rate (1)

1.00 kg/day/person (2)

2.20 lb/day/person

Notes:
(1)
These values are for 72 rodents. Up to 72 rodents (or an equivalent metabolic load) may be accommodated.
(2)
The CO2 generation rate is based on CO2 releases of 13.5 L/hr during sleep, 18.7 L/hr during light work, and 72 L/hr during exercise
(0006A4a, p. 26).

TABLE 4.ECLS philosophy differences and similarities.

Russian

U.S.

Trace Contaminant
Detection/Control Before Entry

No capability to verify clean air prior to

entering a module. For the FGB and SM, a
special filter is activated 2 days prior to
first entry. Other modules are purged
prior to launch and attached before
offgassing contaminates the atmosphere.

Samples may be collected through the MPEV

and analyzed before opening the hatch by
CHeCS instrumentation. Node 1 has filters
to remove contaminants prior to ingress.

Trace Contaminant Removal

Trace contaminant removal equipment

sizing considers that atmospheric
contaminants are removed by the
humidity control assembly and due
to atmospheric leakage to space.

Trace contaminant removal equipment

sizing does not consider other ways in
which atmospheric contaminants are
removed. Therefore the design is
conservative.

Trace Contaminant Generation

Generation rate prediction is based

on the surface area of materials.

Generation rate prediction is based on

the mass of nonmetallic materials.

SMAC Level Selection

SMAC levels are based on the capabilities

of the available TCCS technologies,
as well as health reasons.

SMAC levels are based on the best

information available concerning
possible health impacts of contaminants.

(Note: A result of this different approach is that Russian SMAC values tend to be smaller than U.S. SMAC values. The U.S. TCCS equipment is capable,
however, of maintaining concentrations well below the SMAC values for most compounds.)
Failure Tolerance

For repairable systems there could be many

failures with no long-term loss of function.
Loss of one leg of redundancy does not
mean that a system has failed.

Specified for each function and system.

ECLS functions are zero- or one-failure
tolerant. One-failure-tolerant hardware
requires a redundant functional path.

Response to Rapid Decompression

Protect from rapid depressurization

rather than design for depressurization.

Design for depressurization, as well as

protect from depressurization.

Internal Hatches

Operable from the inside only (EVA hatch

and Progress cargo hatch).

All hatches operable from both sides

(except for the AL hatch).

Intermodule Ventilation

Drag-through ducts that must be disconnected

before the hatches can be closed.

Hard ducts that allow IMV

with the hatches closed.

Fire Protection

Nonflammable or slow-burning materials

are used where possible. Smoke detectors
and PFEs are provided.

Nonflammable or slow-burning materials

are used where possible. Smoke detectors
and PFEs are provided.

Emergency Equipment
Breathing Masks

Emergency mask generates O2 by chemical

reaction of CO2 and water vapor with
the material in the mask.

Emergency mask has a supply of

gaseous O2.

Overall Water Recovery

Architecture

Separate recovery of condensate, waste

hygiene, and urine water; recovered condensate
reserved for potable use; recovered urine
reserved for electrolysis.

Recovered urine water is combined with

all other waste waters and processed to
potable specification for reuse in all
applications.

Water Quality Measurement

On-line measurement of conductivity only.

Off-line measurement of samples
returned to Earth.

On-line measurement of conductivity, pH,

iodine, and TOC. Off-line measurement of
microorganisms, TOC, and specific ions.

Biocide in Water

(Note: There is an integration concern that if the waters are mixed, AgI2 would precipitate out, removing biocide activity and potentially clogging lines.)

TABLE 4.ECLS philosophy differences and similarities (continued).

Russian

U.S.

Metabolic Design Requirements

O2 Consumption:
0.86 kg/day/person (1.89 lb/day/person)
CO2 Production:
1.00 kg/day/person (2.20 lb/day/person)

O2 Consumption:
0.84 kg/day/person (1.84 lb/day/person)
CO2 Production:
1.00 kg/day/person (2.20 lb/day/person)

Oxygen Concentration

Materials must be compatible with 40% ppO2.

Materials must be compatible with 24.1%

ppO2 (except for the AL, where the maximum
is 30% ppO2).

Oxygen Supply

During Normal Operation:

100% generated by electrolysis
During Crew Exchange or Other
Off-Nominal Condition:
75% generated by electrolysis and
25% from perchlorate or other source.

Initial Operation:
Supplied by RS or shuttle
After the Hab OGA is Operating:
100% is generated by electrolysis.
(O2 for EVAs is resupplied from the
space shuttle in tanks.)

CO2 Partial Pressure

5.3 mmHg (0.10 psia) with a

maximum 7.6 mmHg (0.147 psia).

See figure 93.

(Note: During crew exchange, the specifications allow 7.6 mmHg with peaks to 9.9 mmHg.)
Humidity Removal

Moisture is removed from the atmosphere

as necessary. Temperature control and
humidity removal are separate functions.

Moisture is removed from the atmosphere

continuously. Temperature control and
humidity removal are performed by
the same device.

Operating Pressure

79.9 to 114.4 kPa (11.6 to 16.6 psia)

93.0 kPa (13.5 psia) normal minimum.
(In operation, the RS total pressure matches the USOS.)

97.9 to 102.7 kPa (14.2 to 14.9 psia)

95.8 kPa (13.9 psia) normal minimum.

Crew Accommodation

With the SM, three people normally with

up to five during crew exchange.
After activation of the LSM, six people
normally with TBD during crew exchange.

After the Hab is activated, six people

normally, and TBD during crew exchange
(includes space shuttle and JEM/APM).

EVA Atmosphere

Prior to activation of the DM, venting of

atmosphere in the AL for EVA.
After activation of the DM, recovery of
atmosphere in the AL prior to EVA.

Recovery of atmosphere in the AL

prior to EVA.

EVA Suits

36.5 kPa (5.3 psia).

29.66 kPa (4.3 psia).

Shower Water Usage

One 10 L (0.35 ft3, 22 lb) shower

per person each week.

5.5 L (0.19 ft3, 12 lb) shower

every 2 days per person.

Food Supply

Almost all food is dehydrated and

requires potable water to rehydrate.

Diet includes moist food, which provides

a source of water to the system.

Potable Water

Minerals are added to the processed condensate

water, which add flavor and provide a pH-balanced
water.

No additives to the potable water.

Hardware Location

When possible, hardware items performing related

or connected functions are located in the same
module to avoid the need to plumb fluids
between modules.

When possible, hardware items performing

related or connected functions
are located in the same module, however,
fluids are plumbed between modules.

Hardware Maintenance

Components are replaced after failure or based on

statistical expectation of failure.

Components are replaced after failure

or, for limited life items, on a scheduled basis.

Another difference relates to identifying and correcting problems. During normal station operations, the
Russians maintain an identical system on the ground
operating concurrently with the flight unit. This approach
allows for hardware problems to be anticipated and
corrective actions to be implemented before a problem
develops on orbit, since the ground unit begins operation
before the flight unit. An additional new unit is kept on
the ground, and it is assumed that it would replace the
flight unit if that unit failed and was not repairable on
orbit. The United States does not have such a duplicate
of the USOS.

3.3 ISS ECLS Capabilities

The ECLS capabilities are described in this report as
shown in table 5. This lists the capabilities as they are
described in the segment specifications. There is some
variation between the segment specifications, but table 5
is comprehensive. More detail is provided in chapters 2
and 3, and in Volume II (distribution restricted to Governmental agencies) of this report.

TABLE 5.ISS ECLS capabilities.

ACS
Control Total Atmospheric Pressure

Monitor Total Atmospheric Pressure

Introduce Nitrogen
Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

Monitor Oxygen Partial Pressure

Introduce Oxygen
Relieve Overpressure
Equalize Pressure
Respond to Rapid Decompression

Detect Rapid Decompression

Recover From Rapid Decompression

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

Detect Hazardous Atmosphere

Remove Hazardous Atmosphere

Recover From Hazardous Atmosphere

THC
Control Atmospheric Temperature

Monitor Atmospheric Temperature

Remove Atmospheric Heat

Control Atmospheric Moisture

Monitor Humidity

Remove Atmospheric Moisture

Dispose of Removed Moisture

Circulate Atmosphere: Intramodule
Circulate Atmosphere: Intermodule
AR
Control CO2

Monitor CO2

Remove CO2

Dispose of CO2
Control Gaseous Contaminants

Monitor Gaseous Contaminants

Remove Gaseous Contaminants

Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants

Remove Airborne Particulate Contaminants

Dispose of Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
Control Airborne Microbial Growth

Remove Airborne Microorganisms

Dispose of Airborne Microorganisms

USOS

JEM

APM

MPLM

N/A (1)

N/A (1)
N/A (1)
(3)

N/A (1)
(6)

X
X

N/A (1)
N/A (1)

N/A

(7)
(2)
(2)

N/A

(7)
(2)
(2)

N/A
N/A (1)
N/A (1)
(2)
(2)

(5)
N/A (1)

N/A (1)
(5)
N/A (1)

(4)
(5)
N/A (1)

N/A

N/A
N/A

TABLE 5.ISS ECLS capabilities (continued).

USOS

JEM

APM

MPLM

FDS
Respond to Fire

Detect a Fire Event

Isolate Fire Control Zone

Extinguish Fire

Recover From a Fire

N/A

WM
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

N/A

(8)

WRM
Provide Water for Crew Use

Monitor Water Quality

Supply Potable Water

Supply Hygiene Water

Process Wastewater
Supply Water for Payloads

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A

VS
Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads

Provide Vacuum Exhaust

Provide Vacuum Resource

EVA Support
Support Denitrogenation

Support In-Suit Prebreathe

Support Campout Prebreathe

Support Service And Checkout

Provide Water

Provide Oxygen

Provide In-Suit Purge

Support Station Egress

Evacuate Airlock
Support Station Ingress

Accept Wastewater
Other
Distribute gases to user payloads

Notes:
indicates that a capability is provided.
X indicates that a capability is not provided.
N/A indicates that a capability requirement does not apply to this segment
(1) This capability is provided by the USOS.
(2) This capability is performed using the same method as that of the USOS.
(3) The MPLM capability to relieve overpressure is disabled when the MPLM is attached to the USOS.
(4) Gaseous contaminants (including H2 and CH4) are monitored in the USOS with samples provided via the Sample Delivery System (SDS) from the APM,
JEM, and MPLM.
(5) CO2 and gaseous contaminants are removed by IMV with the USOS, where the CDRA and TCCS are located.
(6) Recovery from decompression is by pressure equalization with Node 2 (for the APM and MPLM), or by O2 and N2 supplied from the USOS (for the JEM).
(7) Moisture that is collected from the CHX is delivered, via tubing, to the USOS water processor (WP).
(8) Wastes are returned to Earth in the MPLM.

3.3.1 RS ECLS Capabilities

The specified RS ECLSS capabilities are listed below:
Control Total Atmospheric Pressure
The atmospheric total pressure is manually monitored
over the range of 0 to 960 mmHg (0.0 to 18.5 psia) with
an accuracy of 2 mmHg (0.04 psia). The atmospheric
total pressure is automatically monitored over the range
of 1 to 1,000 mmHg (0.02 to 19.4 psia) with an accuracy
of 30 mmHg (0.58 psia). The total pressure is maintained
between 734 and 770 mmHg (14.2 and 14.9 psia) with a
minimum pressure of 700 mmHg (13.5 psia). N2 is added
to replenish losses, but the ppN2 is maintained below
600 mmHg (11.6 psia). The cargo vehicle has the capability to introduce atmospheric gases (nitrogen, oxygen, or
air) into the habitat to maintain the atmospheric pressure.
Control Oxygen Partial Pressure
The ppO2 is monitored over a range of 0 to 300 mmHg
(0 to 5.8 psia) with an accuracy of 12 mmHg (0.23 psia).
The ppO2 is maintained between 146 an 173 mmHg
(2.83 and 3.35 psia) with a maximum concentration of
24.8 percent by volume. Oxygen is added at a rate of
0.86 kg/person/day (1.89 lb/person/day) for three people
during normal operations and six people during crew
transfer operations.

Control Atmospheric Moisture

The atmospheric relative humidity in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 30 to
70 percent, the dewpoint within the range of 4.4 to
15.6 C (40 to 60 F), and the water vapor pressure is
monitored over a range of 1 to 35 mmHg (0.02 to
0.68 psia) with an accuracy of 1.5 mmHg (0.029 psia).
For the Soyuz, while attached to the ISS, the dewpoint
is maintained in the range of 4.4 to 14.0 C (40 to 57 F).
Moisture removed as humidity condensate is delivered at an average rate of 1.5 kg/person/day (3.3 lb/
person/day) to the SM water processor.
Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule
The effective atmospheric velocity in the FGB cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 0.05 to
0.2 m/sec (10 to 40 fpm). The effective atmospheric
velocity pertains to the time-averaged velocity in the
cabin, using averages over time periods sufficient to
achieve stability. Two-thirds of the local velocity measurements are within the design range, with a minimum
velocity of 0.036 m/sec (7.1 fpm) and a maximum
velocity of 1.02 m/sec (200 fpm). Atmospheric velocities
within 15 cm (6 in) of the cabin interior surfaces are not
considered.
Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

Relieve Overpressure
The total pressure is maintained below the maximum
allowable design pressure for the ISS, the maximum
allowable design pressure is 104.7 kPa (15.2 psia,
786 mmHg). The RS modules are designed to accommodate pressures as high as 128.8 kPa (18.7 psia,
970 mmHg).
Equalize Pressure
The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated
volumes at 775 mmHg (15.0 psia) and 740 mmHg
(14.3 psia) can be equalized to less than 0.5 mmHg
(0.01 psia) within 3 min.
Control Atmospheric Temperature
The atmospheric temperature is monitored over the
range of 15.5 to 32.2 C (60 to 90 F) with an accuracy
of 1 C (2 F). The atmospheric temperature in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 18 to 28 C
(64 to 82 F) and within 1.5 C (3 F) of the selected
temperature.

The SM exchanges atmosphere with the USOS at

a rate of 60 to 70 L/sec (127 to 148 cfm).
Respond to Fire
Fire safety criteria are shown in figure 13. Isolation
of the fire (by removal of power and forced ventilation in
the affected location) will occur within 30 sec of detection. Detection of a fire will initiate a Class I alarm and a
visual indication of the fire event will be activated. Forced
ventilation between modules will stop within 30 sec of
annunciation of a Class I fire alarm. PBAs and PFEs are
provided.
Fires will be suppressed using PFEs within 1 min
of suppressant discharge. The capability to restore the
habitable environment after a fire event is present.
Respond to Rapid Decompression
A decompression of more than 90 mmHg per hr
(1.74 psi per hr) will be detected and a Class I alarm will
be activated when such a decompression rate is detected.

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

Control CO2

PBAs (breathing masks) with a 15-min supply

of O2 (generated by chemical reaction from CO2 and
water vapor) are provided for each crew member. The
FGB provides such capability for three people.

The atmospheric ppCO2 is maintained at a maximum

daily average of 4.50 mmHg (0.08 psia), with peak levels
no greater than 7.60 mmHg (0.147 psia). CO2 is removed
and disposed of at an average rate of 0.96 kg/person/day
(2.12 lb/person/ day) for three people during normal
operations and six people during crew exchanges. The
ppCO2 level is monitored over a range of 0.00 to
25.00 mmHg (0.00 to 0.48 psia) with an accuracy
of 2.00 mmHg (0.038 psia).

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

Facilities are provided for personal hygiene and
collection, processing, and disposal of crew metabolic
waste. The wastes include menstrual discharge and
associated absorbent material; emesis; fecal solids,
liquids, gases, and particulates; urine and associated
consumable material; soap, expectorants, hair, nail
trimmings, and hygiene water; and crew wastes collected
during EVAs. Facilities are provided for personal grooming, including skin care, shaving, hair grooming, and nail
trimming. Simultaneous whole body skin and hair cleaning are accommodated.

Control Gaseous Contaminants

Atmospheric trace gas contaminants that are generated during normal operations are maintained at levels
below the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC)
levels. The removed gases are discarded. The MAC levels
are listed in table 6. Provisions are made to accom-modate
the U.S. air monitoring equipment according to SSP
50065, the CHeCS to RS ICD.

Combustible
Material
Present

Yes

Ignition
Source
Present

Fire Safety is Assured

by Passive Measures

Yes

Fire Risk
Location

V>0

Airflow
Velocity
at the Location

V=0

Fire Safety is Assured

by Passive Measures
and Built-in Fire Safety
Aids

FIGURE 13.RS fire safety criteria (0006A8a, p. 17).

TABLE 6.Russian allowable concentrations of gaseous contaminants.

Allowable Concentration (mg/m3)
for Potential Exposure Period
Chemical
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid (Fatty Acid)
Acetone
Ammonia
Benzene
1-Butanol
N-Butyl Acetate
Carbon Monoxide
Cyclohexane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Ethanol
Ethylacetate
Ethyleneglycol
Formaldehyde
Heptane
Hydrocarbon (Total C)
Hydrogen (%/vol)
Hydrogen Fluoride
Hydrogen Sulfide
Isopropylbenzene
Methane (%/vol)
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitric Oxide
Octane
Phenol
Styrene
Toluene
Xylenes (m-, o-, or p-)

15 Days

10.0
5.0
5.0

10.0

100.0

0.5

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants

The daily average concentration of airborne particulates is limited to less than 0.15 mg/m3 for particles from
0.5 to 300 microns in size.
Control Airborne Microbial Growth
The daily average concentration of airborne microorganisms is limited to less than 1,000 CFU/m3.
(Present Russian capabilities can limit airborne microbes
to 500 CFU/m3 for bacteria and to less than 100 CFU/m3
for fungi.) Microbial monitoring is performed using U.S.
and Russian equipment.

30 Days

3.0
3.0
2.0

10.0

50.0

0.5

60 Days

1.0
1.0
2.0

10.0

50.0

0.5

90 Days

1.0
1.0
1.0

10.0

4.0

50.0

0.5

180 Days

0.5
1.0
1.0
0.2

5.0

4.0

20.0

0.5

360 Days
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.8
2.0
5.0
3.0
0.5
10.0
4.0

0.05
10.0
20.0
2.0
0.01
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.2
0.25
0.1
10.0
0.1
0.25
8.0
5.0

rehydration, consumption, and oral hygiene. The SM

provides an average of 1.1 kg/person/day (2.42 lb/person/
day) of hygiene water for three people. After activation of
the LSM, the LSM and SM combined provide an average
of 4.53 kg/person/day (9.96 lb/person/day) of hygiene
water. The qualities of the waters meet the specifications
defined in the System Specification for the International
Space Station, SSP41000E, 3 July 1996.

Provide Water for Crew Use

Humidity condensate is processed to potable water

quality. Urine is collected and disposed of at an average
rate of 1.2 kg/person/day (2.64 lb/person/day). This
function is performed in the SM until the LSM is activated. After activation of the LSM, urine is processed
and provided to the Elektron to produce breathing
oxygen.

An average of 2.5 kg/person/day (5.5 lb/person/day)

of potable water is provided for six people for food

To monitor the water quality, the SM accommodates

U.S. provided water monitoring equipment, according to

SSP 50065, the CHeCS to RS ICD. Sample ports for

manual collection of water samples are provided to
facilitate off-line monitoring and analysis of processed
water, and for archiving of water samples.
Support Station Ingress
The DC supports the controlled, tethered entry into
the RS by a person in a pressurized spacesuit. The DC
supports repressurization from vacuum to the RS atmospheric pressure at a nominal repressurization rate of
5 mmHg per sec. The maximum emergency repressurization rate is 10 mmHg per sec. In the event of an
emergency during an EVA, an unimpaired crew member
can reenter the AL within 30 min.
Distribute Gases to User Payloads
This capability is not presently required on the RS.

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

The atmospheric ppO2 is monitored over a range of
0.0 to 40 kPa (0.0 to 300 mmHg, 0.0 to 5.8 psia) with an
accuracy of 2 percent of full scale. The ppO2 is maintained between 19.5 and 23.1 kPa (146 and 173 mmHg,
2.83 and 3.35 psia) with a maximum concentration of
24.1 percent by volume. O2 is added at a rate of 0.83 kg/
person/day (1.84 lb/person/day) for four people and
1.08 kg/day (2.38 lb/day) for animal metabolic needs.
O2 is stored in high-pressure tanks (at least 850 L (30 ft3))
at pressures up to 23.4 MPa (3,400 psia). The tanks are
recharged from the space shuttle.
Relieve Overpressure
The atmospheric pressure is maintained below the
design maximum internal-to-external differential pressure.
Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur at less than
103.4 kPa (15.0 psid).

3.3.2 USOS ECLS Capabilities

Equalize Pressure
The USOS ECLSS maintains the required atmospheric composition for six crew members for CO2
removal and trace contaminant removal, and TBD crew
members for metabolic O2.
The onboard equipment required for station survival
is serviceable in the pressure range of 60 to 107 kPa (450
to 800 mmHg, 8.7 to 15.5 psia). All onboard equipment
will also operate after being exposed to a minimum
pressure of 60 kPa (450 mmHg, 8.7 psia) after the
pressure has been restored to a minimum pressure
of 93.3 kPa (700 mmHg, 13.5 psia).
The USOS ECLSS capabilities are described below:
Control Total Atmospheric Pressure
The atmospheric total pressure is monitored over the
range of 0.0 to 110.6 kPa (0.0 to 827 mmHg, 0.0 to
16 psia) with an accuracy of 0.07 kPa (0.5 mmHg,
0.01 psia). The total pressure is maintained nominally
between 97.9 and 102.7 kPa (734 and 771 mmHg, 14.2
and 14.9 psia), with a minimum pressure of 95.8 kPa
(719 mmHg, 13.9 psia). The ppN2 is kept below 80 kPa
(600 mmHg, 11.6 psia). N2 is stored in high-pressure
tanks (at least 850 L (30 ft3)) at pressures up to 23.4 MPa
(3400 psia). The tanks are recharged from the space
shuttle.

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated

volumes at 103.4 kPa (775.7 mmHg, 15.0 psia) and
99 kPa (740 mmHg, 14.3 psia) can be equalized to less
than 0.07 kPa (0.5 mmHg, 0.01 psia) within 3 min.
Respond to Rapid Decompression
A rapid decompression event can be detected prior to
the total pressure decreasing by 3.4 kPa (0.5 psia) based
on a hole size 1.27 to 5.08 cm (0.5 to 2.0 in) in diameter.
The USOS, except for the affected element, can be
repressurized from a minimum total pressure of 86.1 kPa
(12.5 psia) to a total pressure of 95.8 to 102.7 kPa (13.9
to 14.9 psia) and a ppO2 of 19.5 to 23.1 kPa (2.83 to
3.35 psia) within 75 hr, when supplied with gaseous O2
and N2.
Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere
Combustion products can be detected over the ranges
specified in table 7. The atmosphere of any pressurized
volume can be vented to space to achieve an atmospheric
pressure less than 2.8 kPa (20.7 mmHg, 0.4 psia) within
24 hr. PBAs provide 1 hr of continuous emergency
supply of O2 for each crew member through O2 ports or
15 min with emergency O2 tanks. Any single affected
element can be repressurized from space vacuum to a
total pressure of 95.8 to 98.6 kPa (13.9 to 14.3 psia) and a
ppO2 of 16.4 to 23.1 kPa (2.38 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr.

TABLE 7.Combustion product detection ranges (S683

29573D, SSP41000B).
Compound

Range (ppm)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)

5 to 400
1 to 100

Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)/Carbonyl Fluoride (COF2)

1 to 100
1 to 100

Control Atmospheric Temperature

The atmospheric temperature in the cabin aisleway
is maintained within the range of 18.3 to 29.4 C (65 to
85 F). During campout, the AL atmospheric temperature
is maintained between 18.3 to 29.4 C (1 C) (65 and
85 F (2 F)) and is selectable by the crew.
Control Atmospheric Moisture
The atmospheric relative humidity in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 25 to
70 percent and the dewpoint within the range of 4.4
to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F). Humidity condensate from the
Hab, Lab, and AL is delivered to the wastewater bus at a
rate up to 1.45 kg (3.2 lb/hr) and a pressure up to 55 kPa
(8 psig).
Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule
The effective atmospheric velocity in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 0.08 to
0.20 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm), with a minimum velocity
of 0.05 m/sec (10 fpm) when supporting high heat load
conditions in attached modules.

are disposed of. The SMAC levels are listed in table 8.

Trace gases are monitored in the atmosphere at the
detection limit and accuracy as defined in table 9. (Trace
gas monitoring is the responsibility of the CHeCS.)
Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants
Airborne particulates are removed so as to have no
more than 0.05 mg/m3 (100,000 particles per ft3) with
peak concentrations less than 1.0 mg/m3 (2 million
particles/ft3) for particles from 0.5 to 100 microns in
diameter.
Control Airborne Microbial Growth
The daily average concentration of airborne microorganisms is limited to less than 1,000 CFU/m3. The atmosphere is monitored for bacteria, yeast, and molds, with a
sampling volume from 1 to 1,000 L of atmosphere. On
surfaces (the source of airborne microorganisms) the acceptable ranges of bacteria and fungi are 0 to 40 CFU/cm2
and 0 to 4 CFU/cm2, respectively. Samples are collected
once per month and during crew exchange (SSP 41000B,
p. 232).
Respond to Fire
The general philosophy regarding responding to a fire
is to provide for maximum crew flexibility to fight a
localized fire without jeopardizing other modules or
segments of the ISS. This approach can be summarized
in the following steps:

Mitigate fire by controlling the sources of

ignition, fuel, and oxidizer. The ignition source
is controlled by material control and design for
proper wiring, overcurrent protection, etc. The
fuel is controlled by stringent flammability
requirements. The oxidizer is controlled by
reliability requirements to preclude O2 leakage.

Detect a fire at its early stages at the source in

order to contain and stop propagation of fire
byproducts to the larger habitable volumes.

Suppress and fight a fire at the source when

the fire is small and easily contained.

Engage the crew in real-time assessment and fire

fighting activities.

Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

Atmosphere is exchanged with adjacent, attached
pressurized segments at a rate of 63.7 to 68.4 L/sec (135
to 145 ft3/min).
Control Carbon Dioxide
The ppCO2 is maintained within the range shown in
figure 93. The ppCO2 is monitored over a range of 0.0 to
2.0 kPa (0.0 to 15.0 mmHg, 0.00 to 0.29 psia) with an
accuracy of 1 percent of full scale.
Control Gaseous Contaminants
Atmospheric trace gas contaminants that are generated during normal operations are maintained at levels
below the 180-day SMAC levels and the removed gases

The following requirements must be met:

The crew must be able to initiate notification

of a fire event within 1 min after detection.

Isolation of a fire event must not cause loss

of functionality that may create a catastrophic
hazard.

Access to apply fire suppressant must be

provided at each enclosed location containing
a potential fire source.

The fire suppressant must be compatible with

the ISS ECLS hardware, not exceed a partial
pressure of 34.2 mmHg in any isolated element,
and be noncorrosive.

Fire suppressant byproducts must be compatible

with the ISS ECLS contamination control
capability.

Fixed fire suppression, where installed, must

incorporate a disabling feature to prevent
inadvertent activation during maintenance.
(Fixed fire suppression is not used on the ISS.)

One PBA and one PFE must be located in

elements with accessible interior length of
7.3 m (24 ft). Where the element exceeds
7.3 m (24 ft) in accessible interior length, a set
of PBAs and PFEs must be located within 3.7 m
(12 ft) of each end of the element. At least one
PBA must be located within 0.91 m (3 ft) of each
PFE.

The ISS must confirm a fire event condition prior

to any automated isolation or suppression.
Confirmation consists of at least two validated
indications of fire/smoke from a detector.

Onboard verification of suppressant availability

must be provided.

The capability is required to detect a fire event in

accordance with the selection criteria in figures 14, 15,
and 16. Isolation of the fire (by removal of power and
forced ventilation in the affected location) will occur
within 30 sec of detection. Detection of a fire will initiate
a Class I alarm and a visual indication of the fire event
will be activated. Forced ventilation between modules
will stop within 30 sec of annunciation of a Class I fire
alarm. PBAs and PFEs are provided.

TABLE 8.U.S. spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations of gaseous contaminants (S68329573D, SSP41000B).

Chemical (mg/m3)

1 hr

24 hr

Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Ammonia
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
1,2-Dichloroethane
2-Ethoxyethanol
Formaldehyde
FreonTM113
Hydrazine
Hydrogen
Indole
Mercury
Methane
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Hydrazine
Dichloromethane
Octamethyltrisiloxane
2-Propanol
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Trimethylsilanol
Xylene

20
0.2
20
10
60
2
40
0.5
400
5
340
5
0.1
3,800
40
150
0.004
350
4,000
1,000
60
270
600
430

10
0.08
14
10
20
2
40
0.12
400
0.4
340
1.5
0.02
3,800
13
150
0.004
120
2,000
240
60
60
70
430

Potential Exposure Period

7 days
30 days
4
0.03
7
5.3
10
2
3
0.05
400
0.05
340
0.25
0.01
3,800
9
30
0.004
50
1,000
150
60
50
40
220

4
0.03
7
5.3
10
2
2
0.05
400
0.03
340
0.25
0.01
3,800
9
30
0.004
20
200
150
60
20
40
220

180 days
4
0.03
7
5.3
10
1
0.3
0.05
400
0.005
340
0.25
0.01
3,800
9
30
0.004
10
40
150
60
10
40
220

TABLE 9.Trace gas detection limit (S68329573D, SSP41000B).

Compound
Detection Limits (mg/cm3)
Compound
Detection Limits (mg/cm3)
Methanol
0.5
Ethanol
5.0
2-Propanol
5.0
2-Methyl-2-Propanol
5.0
N-Butanol
5.0
Ethanal (Acetaldehyde)
0.5
Benzene
0.1
Xylenes
10.0
Methyl Benzene (Toluene)
3.0
Dichloromethane
0.5
Dichlorodifluoromethane (FreonTM 12)
10.0
Chlorodifluoromethane (FreonTM 22)
5.0
10.0
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1.0
Trichlorofluoromethane (FreonTM 11)
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,1,2-Trifluoroethane (FreonTM 113)
5.0
N-Hexane
5.0
N-Pentane
10.0
Methane
180.0
2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene
10.0
2-Propanone (Acetone)
1.0
2-Butanone
3.0
Hydrogen
10.0
Carbon Monoxide
2.0
Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
10.0
Trimethylsilanol
3.0
2-Butoxyethanol
1.0
Trifluorobromomethane (HalonTM 1301)
10.0
Carbonyl Sulfide
0.5
Acetic Acid
0.5
4-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanone
1.0
Accuracy
Concentration
Percent Accuracy*
Concentration
Percent Accuracy*
5 to 10 mg/m3
20
0.5 to 2 mg/m3
40
2 to 5 mg/m3
30
<0.5 mg/m3
50
*Percent accuracy = ((measured concentrationactual concentration)/(measured concentration)) 100

The PBAs provide 1 hr of O2 through O2 ports. Fires

will be suppressed by PFEs within 1 min of suppressant
discharge. When initiated by the crew or Ground Control,
the USOS will vent the atmosphere of any pressurized
volume to space to achieve an O2 concentration below
6.9 kPa (1.0 psia) within 10 min. The capability to restore
the habitable environment after a fire event is present.
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes
Facilities are provided for personal hygiene and
collection, processing, and disposal of crew metabolic
waste. The wastes include menstrual discharge and
associated absorbent material; emesis; fecal solids,
liquids, gases, and particulates; urine and associated
consumable material; soap, expectorants, hair, nail
trimmings, and hygiene water; and externally collected
crew wastes.
Facilities are provided for personal grooming,
including skin care, shaving, hair grooming, and nail
trimming. Simultaneous whole body skin and hair
cleaning are accommodated. Facilities accommodate
washing of selected body areas as required for the
following:

After urination and defecation

After exercise

During medical exams and health maintenance

Before and after experimentation or other
activities requiring specialized washing
Before and after meals.

Provide Water for Crew Use

Water provided for crew use is of potable quality, as
indicated in table 10. An average of 2.8 kg/person/day
(6.2 lb/person/day) of potable water for food rehydration,
consumption, and oral hygiene is provided for up to six
people. Up to 5.15 kg/person/day (11.35 lb/person/day)
of potable water can be provided in any 24-hr period.
Fuel-cell water from the space shuttle is provided for
potable use and the USOS provides storage for 408 kg
(900 lb) of fuel cell water. In addition, the ISS provides
up to 3.34 kg/day (7.35 lb/day) of potable water for life
science experiments.
An average of 6.8 kg/person/day (15.0 lb/person/
day) of hygiene water is provided. Up to 7.3 kg/person
(16.0 lb/person) of hygiene water can be provided in any
24-hr period. Wastewater is collected, processed, and
returned to the water subsystem. Urine is collected and
processed at an average rate of 1.56 kg/person/day
(3.43 lb/person/day).

Fire Protection
(FP) Location
(Rack, Standoff,
Endcones)

Any Potential
Fire Source
in Location
?

Detection/Fixed
Suppression
Not Required

Submit Category I
Material Usage
Agreement (MUA)

Yes

Configuration
Meets NHB 8060.1C
Flammability
Requirements?

Yes

O2
Mechanical Joints
or Fittings Internal to
Location Creating
Leakage/Buildup
Potential1
?

Yes

Compliance
With all Wire Derating
and Over-Current
Protection Requirements
(SSP 30312)2
?

Method for
Preventing O2 Buildup
Exceeding Material
Certification
Limits?

1. An O2 line running through a location with no fittings, fittings with redundant seals,
metal seals, or only welded fittings internal to the location would be a no. Also
assumes worst case credible failure for determining leakage/buildup potential.
2. Compliance with SSP 30312 is determined by Parts Control Board for any deviations.

FIGURE 14.USOS fire protection selection criteria (D6841021001).

Flight Crew
Support Equipment
Powered Only When Crew
Present at FP Location,
and Can Readily
Detect a Fire
Event?

Yes

Detection/Fixed
Suppression
Not Required

Forced Airflow
Present in Location
(e.g., Air-Cooled)
?

Yes

No
No

All
Electromechanical
Equipment or Avionics3
Present in Hermetically
Sealed Enclosure
?

FDIR4
Will Detect All
Failure Modes That May
Cause Potential
Fire Events
?
Yes

Yes

Detection/Fixed
Suppression
Not Required

Yes

Method
Provided for
Sampling Location for
Toxic Gasses Prior
to Opening5
?

3. Avionics refers to any electrical equipment or components other than power/data connectors, cables, lines, or wires
(e.g., card-mounted electronic components). Electromechanical equipment refers to any motors, pumps, etc.
4. FDIR must be sufficient to alert the crew to failure modes of the equipment, not in hermetically sealed enclosures, which
could cause a fire event. Notification of loss of function satisfies the FDIR requirements. Electrical equipment and wiring
having two upstream devices to detect and isolate over-current and short circuiting conditions meet the FDIR requirements.
5. Sampling is intended to allow the crew to avoid opening a location which may contain a buildup of hazardous offgassing.
Sampling through a PFE supression port using the GFE manual sampling equipment satisfies this requirement.

FIGURE 15.USOS fire protection selection criteria (D6841021001) (continued).

Detection/
Isolation Required

Potential
Fire Source
When Station in
Untended
Mode?

Yes

Configuration
Meets NHB 8060.1C
Flammability
Requirements?

Fixed Suppression
not Required6

Yes

O2
Mechanical Joints
or Fittings Internal to
Location Creating
Leakage/Buildup
Potential7
?

No
Yes
Submit Cat. I
MUA

Fixed Suppression
Required

Method for
Preventing O2 Buildup
Exceeding Material
Certification Limits?

Yes

6. Based on capability of crew to perform suppression via PFE's for locations which will be powered
only when the ISS is tended. When the ISS is untended the material control and no O2 leakage/buildup
potential will prevent fire from propagating.
7. An O2 line running through a location with no fittings, fittings with redundant seal, or only welded
fittings internal to the location would be a no. Assumes worst case credible failure.

FIGURE 16.USOS fire protection selection criteria (D6841021001) (continued).

Supply Water for Payloads

Control Total Atmospheric Pressure

The USOS provides 2.2 kg/day (4.8 lb/day) of

potable water to payload users, dispensed from a central
location. In addition, 3.33 kg/day (7.35 lb/day) of potable
water, dispensed from a central location, is provided to
support life science experiments. The payload users or
experimenters are responsible for providing the means
of transporting the water from the dispenser to the site
of use.

Total atmospheric pressure is monitored, and positive

and negative pressure relief is present.

Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads

Vacuum resource and waste gas vent services are
provided to user payloads.

The atmospheric pressure is maintained to less than

the design maximum internal-to-external differential
pressure. Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur
at less than 103.4 kPa (15.0 psid).

Support Denitrogenation

Equalize Pressure

The USOS provides for denitrogenation for two

people preparing for an EVA. This consists of a 12-hr
campout in the AL at 70.3 kPa (10.2 psia) 1.4 kPa
(0.2 psia) with 27 to 30 percent O2. Additionally, the capability for an in-suit prebreathe period of 40 min to 4 hr is
provided. The capability for an in-suit purge for a minimum of 12 min prior to an EVA is also provided. Both
U.S. and Russian protocols are followed. The United
States supplies prebreathe O2 for 13 EVAs every 90 days.
At least 70 percent of the atmosphere is recovered during
an EVA, including preparation for the EVA.

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated

volumes at 103.4 kPa (775 mmHg, 15.0 psia) and
98.6 kPa (740 mmHg, 14.3 psia) can be equalized to less
than 0.07 kPa (0.5 mmHg, 0.01 psid) within 3 min.

Support Service and Checkout

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

This capability is provided in the AL. (Details are

not presently available.)

The first response is to don PBAs which have a

15-min supply of air or O2 for at least two people. The
capability is present to vent the atmosphere to space to
achieve an atmospheric pressure less than 2.76 kPa
(20.7 mmHg, 0.4 psia) within 24 hr. The atmosphere can
be repressurized from space vacuum to a total pressure of
95.8 to 98.6 kPa (13.9 to 14.3 psia) and ppO2 of 16.4 to
23.1 kPa (2.38 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr with O2 and N2
from the USOS, as specified in SSP 41150.

Support Station Egress

This capability is provided in the AL. (Details are
not presently available.)
Support Station Ingress
This capability is provided in the AL. (Details are
not presently available.)
Distribute Gases to User Payloads
N2 is provided for payloads. (Details are not presently available.)

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

This capability is not required in the APM.
Relieve Overpressure

Respond to Rapid Decompression

The differential pressure of depressurization,
repressurization, and the depressurized condition can be
tolerated without resulting in a hazard or failure propagation.

Control Atmospheric Temperature

The atmospheric temperature in the cabin aisleway
is maintained within the range of 18.3 to 26.7 C (65 to
80 F). The atmospheric temperature setpoint is selectable
by the flight or ground crew and the setpoint can be
controlled within 1 C (2 F).

3.3.3 APM ECLS Capabilities

The APM ECLS capabilities are:

TABLE 10.USOS water quality requirements (SSP 41162B).

Parameters
Physical
Total Solids
Color True
Taste
Odor
Particulates
pH
Turbidity
Dissolved Gas
Free Gas

Aesthetics
CO2
Microbial
Bacteria/Fungi
Total Coliform
Virus
Organic Parameters (2)
Total Acids
Cyanide
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Total Phenols
Total Alcohols
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Uncharacterized TOC (UTOC) (3)

Potable Water
Specifications (4)
100 mg/L
15 Pt/Co Units
3 TTN
3 TON
40 microns (max size)
6.0 to 8.5
1 NTU
(1) (free at 37 C)
(1) (STP)

15 mg/L

100 CFU/100 mL
<1 CFU/100 mL
<1 CFU/100 mL

500 g/L
200 g/L
10 g/L
1 g/L
500 g/L
500 g/L
100 g/L

Parameters

Potable Water
Specifications (4)

Inorganic Constituents
Ammonia
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Calcium
Chlorine (TotalIncludes Chloride)
Chromium
Copper
Iodine (TotalIncludes Organic Iodine)
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrate (NO3-N)
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Sulfide
Zinc

Bactericide
Residual Iodine (Minimum)
Residual Iodine (Maximum)

0.5 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
1.0 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
30 mg/L
200 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
1.0 mg/L
15 mg/L
0.3 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
50 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
0.002 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
10 mg/L
340 mg/L
0.01 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
250 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
5 mg/L

1 mg/L
4 mg/L

Notes:
(1) No detectable gas using a volumetric gas versus fluid measurement systemexcludes CO2 used for aesthetic purposes.
(2) Each parameter/constituent maximum contamination level (MCL) must be considered individually and independently of others.
(3) UTOC equals TOC minus the sum of analyzed organic constituents expressed in equivalent TOC.
(4) MCL.

Control Atmospheric Moisture

Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

The atmospheric dewpoint is maintained within the

range of 4.4 to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F) and relative humidity
in the cabin aisleway within the range of 25 to 70 percent.
Water condensed from the atmosphere is delivered to the
USOS in accordance with SSP 41150.

IMV is performed by the IMV fan in Node 2

(SSP 41000B, p. 46) at a rate of 64 to 68 L/sec (135
to 145 cfm).

Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule

The effective atmospheric velocity in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 0.08 to
0.2 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm).

Control CO2
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Control Gaseous Contaminants
Primary control is provided by the USOS. The
capability to initiate depressurization of the APM is
provided.

Respond to Fire
The capability to detect a fire event in accordance
with the selection criteria in figures 14, 15, and 16 is
provided. Isolation of the fire (by removal of power and
forced ventilation in the affected location) will occur
within 30 sec of detection. Forced ventilation between
modules will stop within 30 sec of annunciation of a Class
I fire alarm. PBAs and PFEs are provided.
Detection of a fire will initiate a Class I alarm and
a visual indication of the fire event will be activated. The
PFEs will suppress a fire within 1 min of suppressant
discharge by reducing the oxygen concentration to less
than 10.5 percent. When initiated by the crew or Ground
Control, the APM will vent the atmosphere to space to
achieve an oxygen concentration less than 6.9 kPa
(1.0 psia) within 10 min. The capability to restore the
habitable environment after a fire event is present.
Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants
The average atmospheric particulate level complies
with class 100,000 clean room requirements.

Support Station Egress

This capability is not required in the APM.
Support Station Ingress
This capability is not required in the APM.
Distribute Gases to User Payloads
Nitrogen is provided to user payloads.

3.3.4 JEM ECLS Capabilities

The JEM ECLS capabilities are:
Control Total Pressure
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Control Oxygen Partial Pressure
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Relieve Overpressure

Control Airborne Microbial Growth

The daily average concentration of airborne microorganisms is limited to less than 1,000 CFU/m3.

The atmospheric pressure is maintained to less than

the design maximum internal-to-external differential
pressure. Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur
at less than 103.4 kPa (15.0 psid).

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

Equalize Pressure
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Provide Water for Crew Use
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Supply Water for Payloads
This capability is not required in the APM.
Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads
Vacuum resource and waste gas vent services are
provided to user payloads.
Support Denitrogenation
This capability is not required in the APM.
Support Service and Checkout

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated

volumes at 103.4 kPa (775 mmHg, 15.0 psia) and
98.6 kPa (740 mmHg, 14.3 psia) can be equalized to
less than 0.07 kPa (0.5 mmHg, 0.01 psia) within 3 min.
Respond to Rapid Decompression
The differential pressure of depressurization,
repressurization, and the depressurized condition can
be tolerated without resulting in a hazard or failure
propagation.
Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere
The first response is to don PBAs which have a
15-min supply of air or O2 for at least two people. The
capability is present to vent the atmosphere to space to
achieve an atmospheric pressure less than 2.76 kPa
(20.7 mmHg, 0.4 psia) within 24 hr. The atmosphere can
be repressurized from space vacuum to a total pressure of

This capability is not required in the APM.

95.8 to 98.6 kPa (13.9 to 14.3 psia) and a ppO2 of 16.4 to

23.1 kPa (2.38 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr, with O2 and N2
supplied from the USOS, as specified in SSP 41151,
paragraphs 3.2.4.3.5 and 3.2.4.4.5.

Control Airborne Microbial Growth

Control Atmospheric Temperature

Respond to Fire

The atmospheric temperature in the cabin aisleway

and laboratory aisleway is maintained within the range of
18.3 to 26.7 C (65 to 80 F). The atmospheric temperature setpoint is selectable by the flight or ground crew and
the setpoint can be controlled within 1 C ( 2 F)
during normal operation at 18.3 to 26.7 C (65 to 80 F)
for nominal loads or 21.1 to 26.7 C (70 to 80 F) for high
heat loads. Temperature selectability is not required
during peak-heat-load conditions.

The capability to detect a fire event in accordance

with the selection criteria in figures 14, 15, and 16 is
provided. Isolation of the fire (by removal of power and
forced ventilation in the affected location) will occur
within 30 sec of detection. Forced ventilation between
modules will stop within 30 sec of annunciation of a Class
I fire alarm. PBAs and PFEs are provided.

Control Atmospheric Moisture

The atmospheric relative humidity in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 25 to
70 percent, and the dewpoint within the range of 4.4
to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F). Water condensed from the atmosphere is delivered to the USOS in accordance with
SSP 41151, paragraph 3.2.4.2.4.

The daily average concentration of airborne microorganisms is limited to less than 1,000 CFU/m3.

Detection of a fire will initiate a Class I alarm and

a visual indication of the fire event will be activated. The
PFEs will suppress a fire within 1 min of suppressant
discharge by reducing the oxygen concentration to less
than 10.5 percent. When initiated by the crew or Ground
Control, the JEM will vent the atmosphere to space
to achieve an oxygen concentration less than 6.9 kPa
(1.0 psia) within 10 min. The capability to restore the
habitable environment after a fire event is present.
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule

This capability is provided by the USOS.
The effective atmosphere velocities in the cabin
aisleway is maintained within the range of 0.08 to
0.2 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm).

Provide Water for Crew Use

This capability is provided by the USOS.

Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

Supply Water for Payloads
Atmosphere is exchanged with the USOS as specified in SSP 41151, paragraph 3.2.4.1 (at a rate of 63.7
to 68.4 L/sec (135 to 145 ft3/min)).

This capability is provided by the USOS.

Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads

Control CO2
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Control Gaseous Contaminants
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants
Airborne particulates are removed to have no more
than 0.05 mg/m3 (100,000 particles per ft3) with peak
concentrations less than 1.0 mg/m3 (2 million particles/
ft3) for particles from 0.5 to 100 microns in diameter.

Vacuum resource and waste gas vent services

are provided to user payloads.
Support Denitrogenation
This capability is not required in the JEM.
Support Service and Checkout
This capability is not required in the JEM.
Support Station Egress
This capability is not required in the JEM.

Support Station Ingress

This capability is not required in the JEM.

Control Atmospheric Temperature

This capability is provided by the USOS.

Distribute Gases to User Payloads

Control Atmospheric Moisture

Nitrogen and other gases are provided to user

payloads.

This capability is provided by the USOS which

maintains the relative humidity in the MPLM in the range
of 25 to 70 percent and the dewpoint in the range of 4.4
to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F).

3.3.5 MPLM ECLS Capabilities

The MPLM ECLS capabilities are:
Control Total Pressure
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Control Oxygen Partial Pressure
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Relieve Overpressure
The atmospheric pressure is maintained to be less
than the design maximum internal-to-external differential
pressure. Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur
at less than 102.0 kPa (14.8 psid) when the MPLM is
isolated.
Equalize Pressure

Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule

The effective atmosphere velocities in the cabin
aisleway are maintained within the range of 0.08 to
0.2 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm).
Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule
Atmosphere is exchanged with the USOS as specified
in SSP 42007 (at a rate of 63.7 to 68.4 L/sec (135 to
145 ft3/min).
Control CO2
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Control Gaseous Contaminants
This capability is provided by the USOS.

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated

volumes at 103.4 kPa (775 mmHg, 15.0 psia) and
98.6 kPa (740 mmHg, 14.3 psia) can be equalized to less
than 0.07 kPa (0.5 mmHg, 0.01 psid) within 3 min. The
MPLM will equalize the pressure differential between
adjacent, isolated volumes to less than 0.07 kPa
(0.01 psid) with the MPLM at space vacuum, and the
adjoining isolated volume at 103.4 kPa (15.0 psia) within
75 hr.

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants

Respond to Rapid Decompression

The capability to detect a fire event in accordance

with the selection criteria in figures 14, 15, and 16 is
provided. A detected smoke signal will be sent to the
USOS, which then will switch off power to the MPLM.
Isolation of the fire (by removal of power and forced
ventilation in the affected location) will occur within
30 sec of detection. Forced ventilation between modules
will stop within 30 sec of annunciation of a Class I fire
alarm. PBAs and PFEs are provided.

The differential pressure of depressurization, repressurization, and the depressurized condition can be tolerated without resulting in a hazard or failure propagation.
Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere
The atmosphere can be vented to space to achieve an
atmospheric pressure less than 2.8 kPa (0.4 psia) within
24 hr.

This capability is provided by the USOS.

Control Airborne Microbial Growth
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Respond to Fire

Detection of a fire will initiate a Class I alarm and a

visual indication of the fire event will be activated. The
PFEs will suppress a fire within one minute of suppressant discharge by reducing the oxygen concentration to
less than 10.5 percent. When initiated by the crew or
Ground Control, the MPLM will vent the atmosphere
to space to achieve an O2 concentration less than 6.9 kPa
(1.0 psia) within 10 min.

Support Denitrogenation
This capability is not required in the MPLM.
Support Service and Checkout
This capability is not required in the MPLM.
Support Station Egress

Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

This capability is not required in the MPLM.
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Support Station Ingress
Provide Water for Crew Use
This capability is not required in the MPLM.
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Distribute Gases to User Payloads
Supply Water for Payloads
This capability is provided by the USOS.
Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads
This capability is not required in the MPLM.

This capability is not required in the MPLM.

4.0 Integrated Operation

The ECLS systems in the USOS and the RS are
physically separate, but during operation the hatches
in the FGB are open, and there is atmospheric transfer
between the segments. This atmospheric movement
carries water vapor and other atmospheric constituents,
which materially connect the ECLS systems. Therefore,
in addition to integrating hardware and functions, it is
necessary to integrate operation of the ECLS systems
and the responsibilities for performing the necessary
tasks.
Integrated operation involves connecting the different
segments, determining operational considerations, and
addressing integration concerns. At the time of writing,
details of the integrated operation of the ISS are being
resolved. The information presented here may change
and, therefore, serves as examples of the integration
concerns and responses.

4.1 Intermodule ECLSS Interfaces

Respirable air is returned to the FGB at a temperature

of 18.3 to 29.4 C (65 to 85 F), a flowrate between 60
to 70 L/sec (127 and 148 ft3/min), and a dewpoint
between 4.4 and 14 C (40 and 57.2 F). (The maximum
dewpoint temperature is based on analysis; the specified
maximum is 15.6 C (60 F).)
Water Transfer
The transfer from the USOS to the RS of water
condensed from atmospheric humidity is performed
manually using portable tanks ( containers).

4.1.2 RS-to-EVA ECLS Interface

The RS ECLS interfaces with the Orlan pressure suit
for servicing and checkout during EVA preparation and
support of the EVA crew during suited operations within
the DC.

4.1.3 USOS to APM, JEM, and MPLM

ECLS Interface

Interfaces include those between the different segments and those between different components within a
segment. Interfaces between segments or modules include
structural/mechanical and utility connections consisting of
electrical power, atmosphere, structural and mechanical
loads, data, and commands. (Data and command interfaces with the controllers on Earth are not considered in
this report.) Interfaces include atmospheric ducting between modules within a segment. Other examples are the
interfaces between the PFEs and the racks that may be
potential fire sources, and the connections for the PBA.
The interfaces that relate to ECLS are discussed in the
following paragraphs.

USOS interfaces with the APM and JEM (shown in

figures 17 and 18, respectively) include electrical power,
gaseous nitrogen, thermal energy, atmosphere, and water
return to the USOS. The USOS-to-APM physical and
functional interface requirements are described in SSP
41150. The USOS-to-JEM physical and functional
interface requirements are defined in SSP 41151, and
design implementations are described in SSP 42000. The
interfaces between the MPLM and the USOS are defined
in SSP 42007, and shown in figure 19.

4.1.1 RS ECLS Interface With the USOS

Coolant Supply and Return

Interfaces with the USOS through PMA1 and

Node 1 include:

Low-temperature coolant for the ITCS is supplied

from the USOS at 0.6 to 5.6 C (33 to 42 F) and returned
to the USOS at 3.3 to 21 C (38 to 70 F), at a pressure of
124 to 689 kPa (1.24 to 6.9 bar, 18 to 100 psia) and at a
flowrate of 0 to 0.063 kg/s (0 to 8.33 lb/min).

IMV Supply and Return

Atmosphere flows between the RS and the USOS
through the open hatches and ducts. Respirable air is
supplied from the FGB at a temperature of 18.3 to 28 C
(65 to 82.4 F), a flowrate between 60 to 70 L/sec (127
and 148 ft3/min), and a dewpoint between 4.4 and 13.9 C
(40 and 57 F).

ECLS interfaces with the USOS through Node 2

include:

Heat Load
The maximum heat load exchanged between Node 2
and the APM is 200 W for sensible heat with no latent
heat transfer.

Mechanical /Structural

Mechanical

Atmosphere

Power

Data

Gases

Oxygen

Thermal Conditioning

Nitrogen

Data

Thermal Conditioning

Video

Vacuum

Audio

Waste Gas

Power

Fire Suppression

USOS

User
Payloads

APM
Mechanical/Structural

Control

Power

Communication

Data

Visual

Shuttle or
AR5/ATV
(TBD)

Crew

Mechanical

MSS

TBD

Power

DRS

Data

TBD

U.S. Ground
Segment
(USGS)

TBD

Support
Equipment

FIGURE 17.APM external ECLS interfaces.

IMV Supply and Return
Respirable atmosphere is supplied from the USOS
at 7.2 to 29 C (45 to 85 F), 95.8 to 104.8 kPa (13.9 to
15.2 psia), and at a flowrate between 3.8 and 4.1 m3/min
(135 and 145 ft3/min). The supplied air has a dewpoint
between 4.5 and 15.5 C (40 and 60F) and a relative
humidity (RH) between 25 and 70 percent. RHs < 25
percent are allowed following repressurization. The
maximum O2 concentration is 24.1 percent by volume.
46

The capability to supply IMV atmosphere during both

open and closed hatch operations is present. The means
to turn off and isolate IMV supply is also present.
By separate ducts, the USOS receives return IMV air
at 95.8 to 104.8 kPa (13.9 to 15.2 psia) and at a flowrate
between 64 and 68 L/sec (135 and 145 cfm). The capability to receive IMV atmosphere during both open and
closed hatch operations is present. The means to turn off
and isolate IMV return is also present.

USOS

Mechanical /Structural

Mechanical

Atmosphere

Power

Data

Gases

Oxygen

Thermal Conditioning

Nitrogen

Data

Thermal Conditioning

Video

Vacuum

Audio

Waste Gas

Power

Fire Suppression

User
Payloads

Condensate Water

JEM

Shuttle

MSS

Mechanical/Structural

Control

Power

Communication

Data

Visual

Mechanical

Data

Power

Audio

Data

Video

Crew

USGS

FIGURE 18.JEM external ECLS interfaces.

Atmospheric Sampling
A separate internal line is used to acquire samples for
monitoring (in the USOS) the major constituents and trace
contaminants in the APM, JEM, and MPLM atmospheres.
The maximum pressure loss in the sampling line on the
APM side of the interface is 6.89 mbar (0.10 psia) at a
flowrate of 400 scc/min.
Condensate Water
Condensate from the CHX in the APM and JEM is
delivered to the water processor in the USOS via wastewater lines. The pressure in the wastewater lines can

fluctuate between 0 and 0.6 bar (0 and 8 psia). The

flowrate of condensate from the APM is a maximum
of 1.4 kg/hr (3 lb/hr).

4.1.4 USOS-to-AL-to-EVA Interface

The AL interfaces with Node 1 of the USOS in
accordance with SSP 41145. N2 and O2 leakage makeup
gases are provided from the AL from storage tanks
mounted externally, and water is provided for EVA from
the USOS. The AL interfaces with EVA aids in accordance with SSP 30256001, EVA Standard.

Mechanical/Structural
Atmosphere
Mechanical

Data
USOS

User Payloads
(Transport/
Storage Only)

Thermal Conditioning
Video
Audio
Power
Control
MPLM
Mechanical/Structural

Shuttle

Communication
Visual

Crew

Power
Data

Mechanical
MSS

Power
Data

Data
Audio
Video

USGS

FIGURE 19.MPLM external ECLS interfaces.

4.2 Operational Considerations

Operational considerations include the following:
Intermodule Ventilation
The present specification is for a dewpoint no greater
than 15.6 C (60 F), but it is desirable to reduce that to
14 C (57 F) or less. The Russians would prefer to
specify an 8 to 9 C (46 to 48 F) dewpoint to eliminate
concern about window fogging and surface condensation.
The lower the dewpoint, the better the reliability and
redundancy. On the current Mir station the dewpoint is
11 C (52 F) normally, and 14 C (57 F) during crew
exchange. The space shuttle has similar conditions. There
is also a concern of trace contaminants entering the RS
from the USOS and O2 availability in the LSM, although
it is not expected that the RS will get a large spike of trace
contaminants from the USOS.
Atmospheric Gas Loss
The resupply atmosphere capacity on the Progress
is insufficient so any additional amounts must be provided
by the U.S. Any atmospheric losses above what the
Progress can provide will come from the space shuttle
or the AL O2/N2 tanks.
48

Atmosphere Control and Supply Issue

The ACS must also: (1) support O2 metabolic needs
of the 72 rodents (total of 1.08 kg/day (2.38 lb/day)) and
(2) make up atmospheric losses due to crewlock losses,
structural losses, and experiment losses. The USOS does
not have the capability to provide this level of O2.
Furthermore, the RS may not have the capability based
on power availability or water availability. The power
availability concern may be corrected by delaying the
requirements (i.e., phasing the requirements during
assembly) or delaying the requirements until the power
is available. If water availability is the only problem, a
potential solution is to have the United States supplement
the Russian water supply with space shuttle fuel-cell
water.
For atmospheric loss makeup, the current RS
resupply capability is 225 to 270 kg/yr (102 to 122 lb/yr),
which is delivered by the Progress. The USOS will make
up any of the shortfall, and the space shuttle will be the
delivery vehicle. This option implies that the Russian O2
generator is operating at 100 percent. In other words, the
Progress tanks will be filled with N2 only, and O2 is
supplied solely by the Russian O2 generator.

Research Animals
Research animals on the USOS are phased in three
steps: 24 rodents by 2001 (UF5), 48 rodents by 2002
(UF6), and 72 rodents by Assembly Complete (AC). The
ECLS system is sized to handle the full animal load but
the water balance is not completely defined. In principle
there is an agreement to transfer water, but no details
about how to do it. Some remaining issues to be addressed are:

On the U.S. side:

Have a good understanding of the phasing

of the requirements, especially the payload
animal requirements.
Once this is understood, review the power
profile to determine if the requirements are
achievable.
If power is available, then determine if
sufficient water is available.
If insufficient water is available, then
determine if there is a way to store and
transfer space shuttle fuel-cell water to
the RS.

On the Russian side:

Using the power availability, determine if

the O2 generator capability can meet the
additional requirements.
Review the Russian water balance to
determine if space shuttle fuel-cell water
transfer is required.

The water balance between the RS and the USOS is

also affected by the assembly sequence. Prior to Russian
LSM activation, the ISS has a three-person crew on board.
The SM provides condensate collection and processing.
The Progress provides water makeup, O2 supply, and EVA
support. The USOS has a low-temperature loop as soon as
the Lab is activated, so the Lab collects condensate from
the beginning, and, currently, there is no means to transfer
this condensate water to the RS, thus an imbalance in the
water supply results.
After the Russian LSM is installed, as shown in
figure 20, the cooling and humidity removal loads change
somewhat. This affects the water balance, but the way in
which the water balance is affected depends on the allowable dewpoints and flowrates of ventilation between the
modules. The return air from the USOS has a dewpoint of
4.4 to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F), but nominally close to 10 C
(50 F) and typically 7.2 C (45 F). At AC there is a sixperson crew, with a greater humidity load due to respiration and perspiration.
The present RS water usage philosophy is similar to
that on the Mir. On the Mir, only 75 percent of the O2
supply is generated by water electrolysis (due to power
constraints) and 25 percent is provided by solid perchlorate and other O2 sources. On the ISS, if there are no
power constraints, 100 percent of the O2 supply is
generated by water electrolysis. If there is a power
constraint, then the O2 generation is at 75 percent. The
first case uses five Progress missions with a 200 L (435
lb) shortage. The second case requires five Progress
Missions with a 100 L (218 lb) surplus. (Both cases
assume 100 percent condensate collection in the USOS.)

Water Balance
The material connection of the USOS and RS affects
such factors as the water balance between the segments,
due to different specified maximum dewpoints15.6 C
(60 F) for the USOS and 13.9 C (57 F) for the RS
and differences in the ways that the U.S. and Russian
humidity control equipment operates. For example, for a
three-person crew the U.S. THC maintains the ppH2O at
about 1.1 kPa (8 mmHg), whereas the Russian condensate
collection device does not operate until the ppH2O
reaches 1.3 to 1.6 kPa (10 to 12 mmHg). The U.S. THC
operates essentially continuously, whereas the Russian
condensate collection device operates for 6 to 8 hr per
24-hr period. The Russians also separate humidity control
and temperature control, whereas the U.S. THC combines
these functions. Because of these operational differences,
the USOS collects most of the condensate.

Several options are available to address the water imbalance and the water shortage of the RS:

Venting to space excess water on the USOS.

Dont collect condensate on the USOS. This
will not give the ISS a robust system, whereas
at AC it is good to have this capability.
Collect the condensate in a portable tank for
transfer to the RS.
Provide a temporary or permanent pipe to the
RS.
Transfer water from the space shuttle fuel cells
which produce a net of about 60 L (132 lb) of
potable water per day.

To make up for hygiene water losses, the RS has a

tank that has a capacity of approximately 12 L (26 lb)
which is part of the hygiene loop and is filled via a
portable tank from any point. The water could come from
the space shuttle AL, from the potable water processor, or
from the Progress.
49

FGB

PMA1/Node 1

U.S. Lab

LSM

CTV

FIGURE 20.ISS cooling and humidity removal loads configuration after the Russian LSM is installed.

Biocide Compatibility
The United States uses iodine for a biocide in the
water supply, whereas the Russians use silver. If the
different waters are mixed, intentionally or inadvertently,
the iodine and silver can combine to form silver iodide,
which precipitates as a solid, and can clog lines and
diminish the biocide capabilities.

The space shuttle (or any other U.S. cargo

spacecraft) supplies additional gases required
for the USOS.

The USOS provides for the release of excess

pressure from the ISS after opening the hatch
between segments.

The USOS and RS maintain trace contaminants

and particulates at the agreed levels.

The space shuttle, after docking with the ISS,

provides maintenance of the total pressure in the
ISS.

The USOS provides for denitrogenation for

EVAs.

4.3 Responsibilities
Responsibilities are listed below:

The Progress provides 170 kg (375 lb) of N2 and

O2, each, at a pressure of 20.9 MPa (3027 psia,
206 atmospheres).
The space shuttle provides fuel-cell water to the
RS to produce metabolic O2 for up to six crew
members and O2 for structural leakage for as
long as the RS has to produce all of the O2 for
metabolic usage and structural leakage. The
preliminary recommendation from the Russians
is up to 150 kg/yr (330 lb/yr) (TBD).

5.0 Safety, Reliability, and Quality

Assurance
Due to the necessity for the ECLS systems to
function properly, the design and manufacturing of the
components must be of high quality. In addition to
meeting the performance requirements with regard to the
primary function, there are other aspects to the definition
of quality: meeting requirements with regard to durability,
maintainability, and repairability; safety; failure responses; and human factors considerations. These other
aspects are discussed in this section. The NASA/RSA
Joint Specifications/Standards Document further
describes the specifications and standards.

5.3 Safety Features

Safety features relate to structural, mechanical,
electrical, chemical, and other aspects of ECLS equipment. Structurally, the equipment must withstand induced
loads without damage under normal and expected conditions. In the event of a failure, the structure must not fail
catastrophically (i.e., deformation must occur before
fracture). Mechanically, the equipment must not damage
other equipment if failure occurs. Electrically, the equipment must incorporate safety features such as interlocks
whereby all electrical potentials in excess of 200 V are
removed when equipment access doors are opened.
Potential chemical hazards must be sealed sufficiently to
preclude leakage. Any penetrations of the pressure shell
must have two barriers to the space vacuum.

5.1 System Durability and Maintainability

The design life for the ISS is 10 yr of operation after
it is completely assembled. This means that the Russian
systems are required to operate for 15 yr, since they will
become operational about 5 yr prior to AC. To ensure that
the entire system will be operational for such a long time,
the subsystems and component parts are being designed to
be highly reliable, maintainable when failures occur, and
replaceable when necessary or when an improved
technique is developed.

Regarding fire protection, the following capabilities

are provided:

Manual activation of a fire alarm within 1 min

of detection of a fire event by the crew.

Isolation of a fire must not cause loss of functionality that may create a catastrophic hazard.

The application of a fire suppressant at each

enclosed location containing a potential fire
source must be accommodated.

The fire suppressant must be compatible with the

ECLS equipment, must not exceed 1 hr SMAC
levels in any isolated elements, must be noncorrosive, and the byproducts must be compatible
with the contamination control capability.

One PBA and one PFE must be located in

elements 7.3 m (24 ft) in accessible interior
length. Where the element exceeds 7.3 m (24 ft)
in accessible interior length, a set of PBAs and
PFEs must be located within 3.7 m (12 ft) of
each end of the element. At least one PBA must
be located within 1 m (3 ft) of each PFE.

5.2 Human Factors and Other Requirements

Human factors considerations relate to those aspects
with which the crew directly interacts. This includes
allowable touch temperatures, surface roughness, equipment labeling, knobs, fasteners, and warning indicators
such as fire signals. Allowable touch temperatures for
continuous contact range between 5 and 40 C (41 and
104 F), and up to 45 C (113 F) for momentary contact.
Surfaces at temperatures outside that range that are
subject to contact must have warning labels, safety
guards, or both. Exposed surfaces must be smooth and
free of burrs. Equipment labeling must be in accordance
with the NASA/RSA Joint Specifications/Standards
Document for the ISS.

5.3.1 Failure Tolerance

Failure tolerance refers to how many failures a
system can withstand before it no longer meets the
required functions. Most of the ECLS functions are
single-failure tolerant, meaning that any single failure will
not prevent that function from being performed. Some
functions are zero-failure tolerant, meaning that if a single
failure occurred the function may be prevented. A single
failure of RS equipment is not to propagate across the RS/
USOS interfaces defined in SSP 42121, and failure of
USOS equipment is not to propagate to the RS.
Equipment located in pressurized volumes will be
capable of tolerating the differential pressure of depressurization, repressurization, and the depressurized
condition without resulting in a hazard or failure propagation. Equipment that must operate during depressurization
or repressurization is designed to operate over the entire
pressure range without producing hazards.
If a system is not maintainable, with one or two
failures crew return to Earth may be necessary. If a system
is maintainablethe hydraulic system, for example
with one failure it can still support the crew, but since it is
maintainable it could sustain many failures.

5.3.2 Design for Safety

The ECLSS design is such that no combination of two
failures, two operator errors, or one of each can result in
a catastrophic hazard; and no single failure or single
operator error can result in a critical hazard.
Where hazards are controlled by requirements that
specify safety related properties and characteristics, the
affected .equipment must be designed for minimum risk.
This applies to mechanisms, structures, pressure vessels,
pressurized lines and fittings, functional pyrotechnic
devices, material compatibility, flammability, etc.
Equipment is designed such that a single failure of an
ORU in a functional path will not induce any other
failures external to the failed ORU.

5.4 Failure Response Procedures

Russian failure response procedures have been
developed through experience with the Salyut and Mir
stations. One example is the ventilation system. In the
event that a component, such as a fan, of the ventilation
system fails, the crew and ground controllers are alerted
by a computer. The crew then replaces the fan to recover

operation of the ventilation system. Similarly, if the

humidity removal unit fails, the crew and Ground Control
are alerted and activate a backup unit to recover.
Potential failures to the USOS ECLSS are evaluated
and documented in Failure Modes and Effects Analyses
(FMEA). Failures must be detectable to the ORU level.
An ORU consists of several components attached together
and treated as a single part. When an ORU fails the device
containing that ORU is switched off and, if necessary, a
backup device is switched on. The failed ORU is then
removed and replaced with a spare ORU. The crew
response depends on the type of failure. In the event of a
fire, rapid depressurization, or hazardous atmospheric
condition, the procedure is for the crew to don PBAs and
then activate the caution and warning system by pressing
the appropriate button on the nearest Caution and Warning
(C&W) panel (shown in Chapter II: The USOS ECLSS,
fig. 114). Other types of failures would have different
response procedures.

5.5 Verification
Verifying that the required capabilities are provided
by the completed system requires ensuring that the
components that make up the system perform their
required functions. Verification refers to tests or evaluations performed to ensure that equipment will function as
designed when exposed to the flight environment. The
verification methods that Russian, U.S., and international
partners engineers use are similar, but have some differences. These methods are discussed in section 5.5.1.
Testing may be performed at different levels, such
as component, assembly, or system. Also, testing may be
performed at different phases of design, such as development, qualification, or acceptance. These terms are
defined in sections 5.5.2 and 5.5.3.
Since the ISS will be operational for many years, it
would be possible to perform some verification on orbit.
This is undesirable for numerous reasons and it has been
agreed to complete verification on the ground so that no
on-orbit verification is needed. An example of a verification matrix showing the methods used to verify some of
the life support capabilities is shown in table 11. A
detailed verification plan specifies the objectives for
verifying each capability. For more information see
Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS)
Architecture Description Document, Volume 3, ECLS
Integration and Planning, Book 1, Verification Plan,
Revision A, D6841050831, Boeing, 31 May 1996.

TABLE 11.An example verification matrix.

Capability

Analysis

Inspection

Test

Control Atmospheric
Pressure

Condition Atmosphere

Respond to Emergency
Conditions

Control Internal CO2

and Contaminants

Provide Water

Note: From presentation by Mo Saiidi, ECLS Working Group meeting,

3 to 5 June 1996, JSC.

5.5.1 Verification Methods

Verification of the ISS equipment by Russian
engineers includes one or more of the following methods:

In-flight testing
Engineering analysis
Modeling (with a low-fidelity mockup)
Verification on the basis of previous test results
or standard use, including previous flight test
results
Certification for use from previous applications
(technical applicability and legal permission
from the manufacturer)
In-plant quality control
Acceptance testing (testing upon delivery from
manufacturer or subcontractor)
Integrated test facility and launch site testing.

High-fidelity mockups are used for verification, developing procedures, training, and troubleshooting.
Verification of the ISS equipment by U.S. engineers
includes one or more of the following methods:

Similarity (S)Comparison with a similar

item that was previously qualified to equivalent or more stringent criteria.

Test (T)Environmental tests and functional

tests
Assessment by one or more of the following
methods:
Analysis (A)Analytical simulation by
modeling, computer simulation, or other
method including analysis of schematics,
previous test results, or design documentation.
Demonstration (D)Physical demonstration
of compliance with requirements.

Inspection (I)Visual examination to verify

construction features, workmanship, and
physical condition.
Review of Records (R)Review of reports
to ensure that procedures were performed as
required, that equipment performs properly,
and that any problems identified during
development have been corrected.
This classification of verification methods is sometimes
shortened to Analysis, Inspection, Test, and Demonstration.
Verification of the ISS equipment by European
engineers includes one or more of the following methods:

Analysis/Similarity
Inspection
Test
Review of Design (ROD)
Demonstration (D).

5.5.2 Verification Levels

During the process of designing and developing a
hardware item, each part must be designed for its particular function. Prior to assembling, parts are formally or
informally tested to ensure that they will perform properly. This process is repeated at increasing levels of
complexity as assembly progresses. Generally, verification at the system level and above involves reviewing the
results of tests, inspecting of equipment or records,
analyzing of results, or performing additional tests that
are intended to ensure that a flight system meets its design
and performance requirements and specifications. These
levels of complexity may be defined as follows:

PartAn indivisible item, such as a bolt or

sensor.

ComponentA functional unit made up of parts,

such as a pump or blower.

AssemblyA group of related components

performing a specific function, such as CO2
removal or water processing, sometimes referred
to as a subsassembly.

SubsystemA group of related assemblies

performing interconnected functions, such as
atmospheric revitalization or water recovery
and management. A subsystem may be packaged
in a single rack.

Development testingPerformed on early

versions of the equipment that perform the
desired function, but which may look different
from the flight versions and be built to less
exacting standards.

SystemA hardware/software grouping that

performs related functions across or within
elements, such as ECLS, power distribution,
or data management.

Qualification testingPerformed on hardware

identical to the flight hardware to determine
whether the hardware can perform its required
functions under the worst-case environments and
stresses anticipated.

ElementA major unit of a complex, such

as a habitat module or power supply.

Acceptance testingPerformed under normal

operating conditions to check out the actual
flight hardware and to ensure that it performs
properly.

Segment (for the ISS)A group of elements

that are the responsibility of the same country
or consortium.

ComplexAn entire vehicle or habitat, such as

the ISS.

For this document these definitions are used, although

there are exceptions. The Europeans also use similar
terminology. ORUs may be components or assemblies.
For the USOS, limited functional testing to ensure
proper hardware operation is done at the rack level. There
is no requirement to verify the integrated ECLS system,
although testing of the Lab includes the integrated ECLS
system.

5.5.3 Verification Phases

Formal testing generally occurs at specific phases in
the process of designing and fabricating equipment. The
U.S. and European practice is to perform the following
tests:

In addition to testing during the early development,

qualification, and acceptance phases, verification typically also includes integrated system testing during
prelaunch checkout, during flight operations, and postflight.

5.5.4 Verification of ECLS Functions

The final verification of flight equipment is performed by the methods listed in the tables below. Prior
to reaching this phase, the hardware will have been tested
and analyzed numerous times at several phases of development. The verification methods used for each
function and element of the RS are shown in table 12.
The verification methods used for each function
and element of the USOS are shown in table 13. The
verification methods used for each function and element
of the APM, JEM, and MPLM are shown in table 14.
Verification methods have not been specified (as of April
1996) for some ECLS functions.

TABLE 12.Verification methods for RS ECLS functions.

ECLS Function

FGB

LSM

Cargo

T, A

Flight

Flight
Flight
Flight

ACS
Control Total Pressure
Monitor Total Pressure
Introduce N2
Control ppO2
Monitor ppO2
Introduce O2
Relieve Overpressure
Equalize Pressure
Respond to Rapid Decompression

A
A ,I

Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

THC

I, A

Control Atmospheric Temperature

Monitor Atmospheric Temperature

T, A

T, A, S

Monitor Humidity
Remove Excess Moisture

T, A

T, A
T, A

Dispose of Removed Moisture

Circulate Atmosphere

A, I

T, A
T, A

Remove Atmospheric Heat

Control Atmospheric Moisture

Intramodule
Intermodule

Flight
Flight

AR
Control ppCO2
Monitor ppCO2
Remove CO2
Dispose of CO2

T, A

A
I, R

Control Gaseous Contaminants

Remove Gaseous Contaminants

Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants

Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants

I, R
A

Control Airborne Microorganisms

FDS

Respond to Fire
Detect Fire

TBD

Isolate Fire
Extinguish Fire

TBD
TBD

Recover From Fire

TBD

I, A, D

WM
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes
WRM
Provide Water for Crew Use
Monitor Water Quality

A, T, I

Supply Potable Water

Supply Water for Hygiene Use

A
A

Process Wastewater

TBD

indicates a function is not provided.

TABLE 13.Verification methods for USOS ECLS functions.

ECLS Function
ACS
Control Total Pressure
Monitor Total Pressure
Introduce N2
Control ppO2
Monitor ppO2
Introduce O2
Relieve Overpressure
Equalize Pressure
Respond to Rapid Decompression
Detect Rapid Decompression
Recover from Rapid Decompression
Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere
Remove Hazardous Atmosphere
Recover From Hazardous Atmosphere
THC
Control Atmospheric Temperature
Monitor Atmospheric Temperature
Remove Atmospheric Heat
Control Atmospheric Moisture
Monitor Humidity
Remove Excess Moisture
Dispose of Removed Moisture
Circulate Atmosphere
Intramodule
Intermodule
AR
Control CO2
Monitor CO2
Remove CO2
Dispose of CO2
Control Gaseous Contaminants
Remove Gaseous Contaminants
Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants
Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants
Control Airborne Microorganisms
FDS
Respond to Fire
Detect Fire
Isolate Fire
Extinguish Fire
Recover From Fire
WM
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes
WRM
Provide Water for Crew Use
Monitor Water Quality
Supply Potable Water
Supply Water for Hygiene Use
Process Wastewater
indicates a function is not provided.

Lab

Hab

Centrifuge

Node

A, T
A, T, I

A
A

A
A
A

A, T
A, T

A, T
A, T
A, T, I, D
A, T, I

N/A

A
AI
A
A

TABLE 14.Verification methods for APM, JEM, and MPLM ECLS functions.
ECLS Function
ACS
Control Total Pressure
Monitor Total Pressure
Introduce N2
Control ppO2
Monitor ppO2
Introduce O2
Relieve Overpressure
Equalize Pressure
Detect Rapid Decompression
Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere
Remove Hazardous Atmosphere
Recover From Hazardous Atmosphere

APM

JEM

MPLM

A,T

THC
Control Atmospheric Temperature
Monitor Atmospheric Temperature
Remove Atmospheric Heat
Control Atmosphere Moisture
Monitor Humidity
Remove Excess Moisture
Dispose of Removed Moisture
Circulate Atmosphere
Intramodule
Intermodule
AR
Control ppCO2
Monitor ppCO2
Remove CO2
Dispose of CO2
Control Gaseous Contaminants
Remove Gaseous Contaminants
Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants
Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants
Control Airborne Microorganisms
FDS
Respond to Fire
Detect Fire
Isolate Fire
Extinguish Fire
Recover From Fire

A, T
A,T,D
A, T, I, D
I

WM
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

WRM
Provide Water for Crew Use
Monitor Water Quality
Supply Potable Water
Supply Water for Hygiene Use
Process Wastewater

indicates a function is not provided.

5.6 Failure Detection, Isolation, and Recovery

During periods of maintenance and non-nominal
activity, the RS provides for manual control of automatic
FDIR control processes. The ability is provided to detect
and isolate off-nominal conditions or performance that
may manifest a catastrophic or critical hazard without
removal of equipment from its operating location or the
use of ancillary test equipment. A catastrophic hazard is
any hazard that may cause a disabling or fatal personnel
injury, or cause the loss of, or render unusable, the space
shuttle, Soyuz, or ISS. A critical hazard is any hazard that
may cause a nondisabling personnel injury or illness, or
loss of a major ISS element, on-orbit life sustaining
function or emergency system, or involves damage to the
space shuttle or Soyuz.
See table 15 for a listing of automatic FDIR ECLS
capabilities.

TABLE 15.ECLS capabilities requiring automatic fault

detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR).
ECLS Capability

Failure
Detection

Control Atmospheric Pressure

Control Total Pressure

Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

Condition Atmosphere and

Temperature Control
Ventilation

Hydraulic Loops

Moisture Collection

Control Internal CO2

Control CO2

Control Gaseous Contaminants

Provide Water for Crew Use

Note: This table does not apply to the FGB

Isolation/
Recovery

CHAPTER II: THE UNITED STATES ON-ORBIT SEGMENT

AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
AND LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

1.0 Introduction
The ISS USOS provides living and working space for
up to six people in low-Earth orbit. A specialized laboratory module provides the capability for long-term
scientific research, primarily in the areas of materials
science, biology, and medicine. Earth observation and
some astronomical research also may be performed.

1.1 The USOS Pressurized Elements

The USOS pressurized elements consist of:

A laboratory modulethe Lab

A habitation module for three people,

nominallythe Hab*

Two nodes for connecting the modules

Nodes 1 and 2*

An AL

Three PMAs

A cupola with windows for viewing external

operations, including EVAs and use of the
robotic arm

A centrifuge module (planned, but not

yet defined at the time of this writing).*

These elements are installed over a period of 4 1/2 yr,

beginning in mid-1998. Russian participation allows Lab
operations to begin after Flight 6A, in mid-1999. (The
Russian SM provides some life support functions to the
U.S. modules.) With the installation of the Hab in 2002,
large-scale operations begin. The assembly sequence
relating to ECLSS and the configuration at Assembly
Complete (AC) is shown in chapter I of this report. See
Chapter I: Overview for a general description of the
USOS modules and their ECLS capabilities.
During the assembly process some modules, or
components such as PMAs, are initially placed in
temporary locations. Early in the assembly sequence the
MPLM is attached to Node 1 and later to Node 2. Module
repositioning may affect the ECLSS operation. These
impacts, in general, are described in this report. (The
impacts are described in more detail in Stage Unique
Requirements Reports for each flight (D68410199
flight number) and Stage Assessment Reports for each
flight (D68410239flight number).)

1.2 The USOS ECLSS Functions

The ECLS functions performed in the USOS are
identified in figure 21, using the standard categories
employed by U.S. ECLSS designers.

* As noted in Chapter 1, due to recent program changes Node 2 and Node 3 (in place of the U.S. Hab) will be built by Italy and the
centrifuge by Japan.

USOS
ECLSS

Atmosphere Control
and Supply (ACS)

Water Recovery and

Management (WRM)

O2/N2 Storage and Distribution

Pressure Control
Pressure Equalization

Water Processor
Urine Processor
Water Storage
PCWQM

Temperature and
Humidity Control (THC)

Waste Management (WM)

Commode
Urinal

CCAA
AAA
IMV
HEPA Filters

Fire Detection and

Suppression (FDS)
Smoke Detectors
PFE's
PBA's

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

CO2 Removal
O2 Generation
Trace Contaminant Control
Major Constituent Analyzer
CO2 Reduction (May Be Added)

Other Functions
Vacuum System (VS)
Provide Gases and Water to Payloads
Support EVA ECLS

FIGURE 21.USOS ECLSS functions.

2.0 Description of the

USOS ECLSS
The USOS ECLS capabilities are listed in table 16
and the modules where they are performed are identified.
These capabilities are described in section 2.1. The ECLS
functions that are available at Flight 6A and Flight 19A

are listed in table 17. Some of these functions are available before Flight 6A and Flight 19A. The monitoring and
control consoles are described in section 2.2. Interconnections between the ECLS systems in different modules are
discussed in section 2.3. Expendable components that
must be resupplied are discussed in section 2.4.

TABLE 16.USOS ECLS capabilities and locations.

Capability

PMA

Centrifuge

X
X

TBD
TBD

(3)
X
X

(3)

X
X
X
(2)

TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

X
X

TBD
TBD

X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD

X
X

TBD
TBD

X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD

X
X

TBD
TBD

X
X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

(3)
X
X

(3)
(4)
(4)

X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD

X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD

FDS
Respond to Fire
Detect a Fire Event
Isolate Fire Control Zone
Extinguish Fire
Recover From a Fire

X
X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

WM
Accommodate Crew Hygiene and Wastes

TBD

ACS
Control Total Atmospheric Pressure
Monitor Total Atmospheric Pressure (3)
Introduce Nitrogen
Control Oxygen Partial Pressure
Monitor Oxygen Partial Pressure
Introduce Oxygen (6)
Relieve Overpressure
Equalize Pressure
Respond to Rapid Decompression
Detect Rapid Decompression
Recover From Rapid Decompression
Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere
Detect Hazardous Atmosphere (5)
Remove Hazardous Atmosphere
Recover From Hazardous Atmosphere
THC
Control Atmospheric Temperature
Monitor Atmospheric Temperature
Remove Atmospheric Heat
Control Atmospheric Moisture
Monitor Humidity
Remove Atmospheric Moisture
Dispose of Removed Moisture
Control Airborne Particulate Contaminants
Remove Airborne Particulate Contaminants
Dispose of Airborne Particulate
Contaminants
Control Airborne Microbial Growth
Remove Airborne Microorganisms
Dispose of Airborne Microorganisms
Circulate Atmosphere: Intramodule
Circulate Atmosphere: Intermodule
AR
Control CO2
Monitor CO2 (3)
Remove CO2
Dispose of CO2
Control Gaseous Contaminants
Monitor Gaseous Contaminants (5)
Remove Gaseous Contaminants
Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants

Lab

Hab

Node 1

Node 2

TABLE 16.USOS ECLS capabilities and locations (continued).

Capability

Lab

Hab

Node 1

Node 2

WRM (6)
Provide Water for Crew Use
Monitor Water Quality
Supply Potable Water
Supply Hygiene Water
Process Wastewater
Supply Water for Payloads

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

VS
Supply Vacuum Services to User Payloads
Provide Waste Gas Exhaust
Provide Vacuum Resource

X
X

X
X
X

EVA Support
Support Denitrogenation
Support In-Suit Prebreathe
Support Campout Prebreathe
Support Service and Checkout
Provide Water
Provide Oxygen
Provide In-Suit Purge
Support Station Egress
Evacuate Airlock
Support Station Ingress
Accept Wastewater
Other
Distribute Gases to User Payloads

PMA

Centrifuge

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

X
X

TBD
TBD

X
X

TBD
TBD

X
X

X
X
X

TBD
TBD
TBD

TBD

(1)

TBD

Notes:
indicates that a capability is provided.
X indicates that a capability is not provided.
TBD indicates that it is unknown or not yet determined whether a capability will be provided.
(1) Wastewater is delivered to Node 1 through the wastewater bus and then is delivered to the Hab for processing after Hab outfitting. Prior to Hab outfitting,
the wastewater is stored in the condensate tank in the Lab.
(2) PMA1 does not have a hatch and, therefore, no pressure equalization capability.
(3) Atmospheric composition is monitored by the MCA, which is part of the AR subsystem in the Lab and Hab. The MCA monitors the partial pressures of O2,
N2, H2, CO2, and CH4 via the SDS.
(4) For campout only.
(5) Provided by CHeCS, which is in the Lab initially. After the Hab is installed, CHeCS is moved to the Hab. CHeCS can be installed in any module.
(6) Water for electrolysis to provide O2 is supplied by the WRM subsystem from the water processor.

2.1 USOS ECLSS System Design

and Operation
The USOS ECLS system, as shown in figure 22,
consists of several subsystems that work together to
provide the necessary ECLS functions. In addition, the
USOS ECLSS includes vacuum services for payloads
and support for EVAs. Some of the ECLS functions are
performed in a stand-alone manner, without requiring
the operation of another subsystem (e.g., fire suppression
and vacuum services), while others involve interconnections with other ECLS functions (e.g., humidity condensate water is processed for reuse).
62

The ECLS functional categories and the capabilities

included in each category are identified below. The
functional categories are based on hardware grouping,
while the capabilities are based on tasks to be performed
as described in the USOS Specification. This results in
some overlap where a particular piece of hardware
provides multiple capabilities.
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) includes
monitoring the atmospheric pressure and the ppO2
(performed by the AR subsystem); storing and adding
N2 and O2 to the atmosphere; relieving overpressure;
equalizing pressure between adjacent modules; detecting

TABLE 17.The major USOS ECLS hardware items and their locations.
Flight
Function

Capability or Device

19A

Atmosphere Control and Supply

Pressure Control Assembly

O2/N2 Storage Tanks

Lab
X

AL, Hab, Lab

Pressure Equalization Valves

All Hatches Between Pressurized Modules

Common Cabin Air Assembly

Lab

Lab, Hab, AL,

Node 2

Avionics Air Assembly

HEPA Filters (in all except the PMAs)

Lab
Lab,
Node 1

Lab, Hab
Lab, Hab,
Nodes 1 and 2,

Intermodule Ventilation

Node 1, Lab

AL
Nodes 1 and 2,

Ventilation only for Node 1

Node 1

Lab, Hab
Node 1

CO2 Removal (by CDRA in Hab

and Lab, LiOH in AL)

Lab

Lab, Hab, AL

Trace Contaminant Control

Lab

Lab, Hab

Major Constituent Analyzer

Lab

Lab, Hab

Oxygen Generation/Supply
CO2 Reduction
(Interface Connections Only)

Hab

Fire Detection (Smoke Detectors

in all Modules Except PMA)

Lab,
Node 1

Fire Suppression (PFEs

in all Modules Except PMA)

Lab
Node 1

Lab, Hab,
Nodes 1 and 2,
AL
Lab, Hab,
Nodes 1 and 2,
AL

Commode/Urinal
Water Processing

X
X

Hab
Hab

Fuel-Cell Water Storage

Lab

Condensate Storage

Lab

Lab Backup

Urine Processing

Hab

Water Quality Monitor

Hab

Water Vents

Lab

Vacuum Exhaust, Vacuum Resource

Lab

Temperature and Humidity Control

Atmosphere Revitalization

Fire Detection and Suppression

Waste Management
Water Recovery and Management

Vacuum Services
Note: X indicates that the capability is not present.

and recovering from rapid decompression; and detecting,

removing, and recovering from hazardous atmosphere. O2
is provided from stored gaseous O2 and by electrolysis of
water.
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC) includes removing moisture and heat from the atmosphere
by CHXs that remove moisture and heat simultaneously.
Circulation of the atmosphere within each module, ventilation of atmosphere between modules, and removal and
disposal of airborne microbial and particulate contaminants are also provided by the THC subsystem.

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) includes CO2

monitoring, removal, and disposal; and atmospheric trace
contaminant removal and disposal. The capability to later
add CO2 reduction may also be provided. Monitoring of
the major atmospheric constituents is considered an AR
function, but the capability requirements are related to
other ECLS functions as well. (Trace contaminant
monitoring is performed by the CHeCS, which is part
of crew systems rather than the ECLS.)

FDS

Potable
Water Use

Detection

WM
Air Flow
Hygiene
Water Use

Waste Storage

Wastewater

Pretreated Urine

Potable Water

Urinal
Commode

O2/N2
Storage

Isolation

ACS

Control ppO2 and total P

THC

IMV
Cabin Air

Air Circulation

Mixing/Delivery of
Atmosphere
Homogeneous/
Habitable
Atmosphere
ppH20

Temperature/
Humidity Control

H2O

Water Storage
Water Venting

AR
CO2 Removal

Atmosphere

Water
Processor

ppO2

Equipment Cooling

WRM
Urine processor

O2/N2 Supply
ACS PCA
O2/N2 Delivery

Suppression

Avionics Air

Control ppCO2

CO2
H2

Control Distribution
Storage and Venting
Legend

CO2 Reduction

CH4 to Vent
H2O to WRM

Trace Contaminant Control

Control Trace
Contaminants

Major Constituent Analyzer

Monitor Major
Constituents

Hardware
Function/Control
Hardware That may be Added
Data
Fluid

H 2O

O2
O2 Generation

FIGURE 22.USOS ECLS functional integration (Revision of Figure 2 from D683-40013-1).

Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) includes

detection of smoke (some combustion gases are detected
by the CHeCS), isolation of fires, the means to extinguish
fires, and the means to recover from fires.

Vacuum Services (VS) include a waste gas exhaust

subsystem to vent waste gases to space and a vacuum
resource subsystem to provide a vacuum source to
experiment payloads.

Waste Management (WM) includes the means to

process or stabilize metabolic wastes. The WM subsystem
includes a commode and urinal.

Extravehicular Activity (EVA) Support includes

preparing astronauts for EVAs by campout prebreathe
and in-suit prebreathe; supporting EVAs by supplying
water, O2, and suit purge capability; evacuating the AL;
and accepting wastewater produced during an EVA.

Water Recovery and Management (WRM)

includes monitoring the water quality, supplying potable
water, supplying hygiene water, processing wastewater
(including water recovered from urine) and humidity
condensate, and supplying water for payloads. The WRM
also vents excess wastewater and includes storage of
condensate, wastewater, and fuel-cell water in the Lab.

Other capabilities include providing gases (N2)

to user payloads.

2.2 ECLS Monitoring and Control

126

125
HP Oxygen

The ECLSS is operated from Portable Computer

System (PCS) workstations that are used to command,
control, and monitor the USOS systems. The PCS is a
laptop computer, as shown in figure 23, which can be
connected via interface ports at various locations. Operation is controlled by software that is specific for each
system, subsystem, or assembly. In addition, a C&W
panel (shown in fig. 114) provides warning of potentially
hazardous conditions.

2.3 ECLS Interconnections Between

the Elements
The ISS modules are interconnected in numerous
ways. ECLS interconnections include atmospheric
movement through hatchways and ducts which transfers
moisture and thermal energy as well as O2, CO2, and trace
contaminants; plumbed interconnections for water; and
atmosphere sample collection lines. The ECLS fluid
interconnections through PMA2 and PMA3 are shown
in figure 24. The interconnections for the APM, JEM, and
MPLM are shown in chapter III, figures 146, 147, and
148, respectively. The mass and energy flows are listed in
table 18.

128

127
HP Nitrogen

129

130

Fuel-Cell Water
Portable Jumper

FIGURE 24.ECLS interconnections through PMA2

and PMA3.
There are several types of connectors that are used,
as listed in table 19. Two types are shown in figure 25.
Jumpers are hoses or ducts that connect the fluid lines
across the vestibules.

2.4 Logistics Resupply

As much as feasible, regenerable technologies are
used for the ECLSS. Some expendable components are
used, however, and these must be resupplied. The
expendables include filters, trace contaminant sorbent
beds, and other items. The expendable items and replaceable components are listed in table 20 for each ECLS
function, with the period of replacement.

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,,,
,,,

Property of U.S. Government

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Power Modes

,,,,
,,,,
,,,,

,,,
,,,

A. Power Up
Switch

1. Switch A. 1231
2. Switch B.

3678

3. Switch C.

4546

B. Power Down
1. Switch C.
2. Switch B.
3. Switch A.
Switch OFF

4546
3678
1231

,,,,
,,,,
,,,,

FIGURE 23.USOS PCS laptop computer.

TABLE 18.ECLS mass and energy flows between modules.

Parameter

IMV Supply

IMV Return

Node 1/Hab

Lab/Node 1

Node 1/Cupola

Lab/Node 2

Part I Document (SSP)

Part II Document (SSP)

41140
41140

41141
41141

41142
41142

41143
41143

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Press LossPa (inch of H20)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

18.329.5 (6585)

7.229. 5 (4585)

7.229.5 (4585)

18.329.5 (6585)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
N/A
N/A

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
37 (0.15)
220 (130)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
72 (0.29)
212 (125)

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

18.329.5 (6585)

1829.5 (6585)

N/A

18.329.5 (6585)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
203 (120)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
212 (125)

N/A
N/A

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
220 (130)

Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5.645 (60 to 113)

6.18.2 (90 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

Recharge
Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

3.945 (25 to 113)

01.4 (03)
231 (3,400)

3.945 (25 to 113)

01.4 (03)
231 (3,400)

N/A
N/A
N/A

045 (25 to 113)

01.4 (03)
231 (3,400)

Recharge
Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

3.945 (25 to 113)

07.3 (016)
72 (1,050)

3.945 (25 to 113)

07.3 (016)
72 (1,050)

N/A
N/A
N/A

045 (25 to 113)

07.3 (016)
72 (1,050)

Wastewater
Nominal Only

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Max Design Pressbar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/hr)

12.745 (55 to 113)

00.6 (08)
5.85 (85)
00.9 (02)

12.745 (55113)
00.6 (08)
5.85 (85)
00.9 02)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12.745 (55113)
00.6 (08)
5.85 (85)
00.9 (02)

Fuel-Cell
Water

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)

18.345 (65113)
01.4 (020)
01.8 (04)

N/A
N/A
N/A

18.345 (65113)
01.4 (020)
01.8 (04)

Atmosphere
Sample Air

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratescc/min

18.329.5 (6585)
0.91.03 (13.915.2)
100 to 400

N/A
N/A
N/A

18.329.5 (6585)
0.91.03 (13.915.2)
100 to 400

TABLE 18.ECLS mass and energy flows between modules (continued).

Parameter

IMV Supply

IMV Return

Node1/AL

Node 2/Centrifuge

Node 2/APM

Node 2/JEM

Part I Document (SSP)

Part II Document (SSP)

41145
41145

41147
41147

41150
42001

41151
42000

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Press LossPa (inch of H20)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

18.326.7 (6580)

18.329.5 (6585)

7.229. 5 (4585)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
117 (0.48)
195 (115)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
62 (0.25)
220 (130)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
117 (0.71)
220 (130)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
115 (0.46)
237 (140)

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

18.329.5 (6585)

1829.5 (6585)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
N/A

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
204 (120)

125 (0.5)
237 (140)

137 (0.55)
237 (140)

Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

15.645 (60 113)

6.38.2 (93120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

15.645 (60 to 113)

6.38.2 (93 to 120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

5.645 (60113)
6.58.2 (95120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

5.645 (60 to 113)

68.2 (88120)
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Recharge
Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

045 (25113)
01.4 (03)
231 (3,400)

N/A
N/A
N/A

Recharge
Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Press-bar (psia)

045 (25113)
07.3 (016)
72 (1,050)

N/A
N/A
N/A

Wastewater
Nominal Only

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Max Design Pressbar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/hr)

15.645 (60113)
00.6 (08)
5.85 (85)
00.23 (00.5)

12.745 (55113)
00.6 (08)
3.1 (45)
00.23 (00.5)

Fuel-Cell
Water

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)

N/A
N/A
N/A

18.345 (65113)
01.4 (020)
01.8 (04)

N/A
N/A
N/A

Atmosphere
Sample Air

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratescc/min

18.329.5 (6585)
0.71.03 (10.215.2)
100 to 400

18.329.5 (6585)
0.91.03 (13.915.2)
100 to 400

117.245 (63 to 113)

0.71.03 (1115.2)
0 to 400

TABLE 18.ECLS mass and energy flows between modules (continued).

Parameter

ISPR

Node 2/MPLM

Node 2/P2:U/P2:H/P3:Node 1/P3 PMA1/FGB

Part I Document (SSP)

Part II Document (SSP)

41152
41002

42007
42007

42097
42097

42121
42121

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Press LossPa (inch of H20)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

N/A

7.229.5 (4585)

18.329.5 (6585)

N/A
N/A
N/A

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
229 (0.9)
229 (135)

0.91.03 (13.915.2)
N/A
229246 (135145)

18.328 (6582.4)
4.413.9 (40-57)
0.91.03 (13.915.2)
1 (0.004)
215251 (127148)

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

N/A

18.329.5 (6585)

N/A
N/A

174 (0.7)
229 (135)

N/A
229246 (135145)

N/A
215251 (127148)

Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Recharge
Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A

045 (25 to 113)

01.4 (03)
231 (3,400)

N/A
N/A
N/A

Recharge
Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A

045 (25 to 113)

07.3 (016)
72 (1,050)

N/A
N/A
N/A

Wastewater
Nominal Only

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Max Design Pressbar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/hr)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Fuel-Cell
Water

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)

N/A
N/A
N/A

18.345 (65113)
01.4 (020)
01.8 (04)

N/A
N/A
N/A

Atmosphere
Sample Air

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratescc/min

N/A
N/A
N/A

18.329.5 (6585)
0.91.03 (13.915.2)
0 to 400

N/A
N/A
N/A

IMV Supply

IMV Return

TABLE 18.ECLS mass and energy flows between modules (continued).

Parameter

Node 1/PMA1

ISSA/PBA

Shuttle to PMA

Part I Document (SSP)

Part II Document (SSP)

42122
42122

50104
N/A

NSTS21000IDD
N/A

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Press LossPa (inch of H20)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

18.329.5 (6585)

7N/A

12.829.4 (5585)

N/A
N/A
229246 (135145)

N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A
64.899 (3858)

TemperatureC (F)
DewpointC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Min Flowratem3/hr (cfm)

18.329.5 (6585)

N/A

18.329.5 (6585)

N/A
229246 9135145)

N/A
N/A

N/A
64.899 (3858)

Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

15.645 (60 to 113)

4.88.2 (70120)
00.09 (00.2)
13.6 (200)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Recharge
Nitrogen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A

3.945 (25 to 113)

01.4 (03)
231 (3,400)

Recharge
Oxygen

TemperatureC (F)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)
Max Design Pressbar (psia)

N/A
N/A
N/A

3.945 (25 to 113)

07.3 (016)
72 (1,050)

Wastewater
Nominal Only

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Max Design Pressbar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/hr)

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Fuel-Cell
Water

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psig)
Flowratekg/hr (lb/min)

N/A
N/A
N/A

18.345 (65113)
01.4 (020)
01.8 (04)

Atmosphere
Sample Air

TemperatureC (F)
Pressurebar (psia)
Flowratescc/min

N/A
N/A
N/A

IMV Supply

IMV Return

TABLE 19.Vestibule fluid feedthroughs and jumpers.

Interface Hardware

Description

Threaded Fluid Fitting Feedthrough

This feedthrough consists of a fitting that is threaded at both ends, with a flange
having two O-ring seals. This fitting is inserted through a D-hole in the bulkhead
and secured with a jam-nut. A vestibule jumper with a threaded fitting connects to
this feed-through. This type of feedthrough is used for permanent module
interfaces.

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect (QD)

Feedthrough

This feedthrough consists of a fitting that is threaded at one end and has a QD fitting
at the other, with a flange having two O-ring seals. This fitting is inserted through a Dhole in the bulkhead and secured with a jam-nut. A vestibule jumper with a QD fitting
connects to this feedthrough. This type of feedthrough is used for temporary module
interfaces, such as between the MPLM and Node 2.

IMV Module Interfaces

IMV jumpers are hard, sound-attenuating ducts with half of a V-band coupling on each
end.

Flex Hose Assembly

Flexible hoses are used for jumpers other than the IMV jumper. The flex hoses are
Teflon with a braided Nomex cover. A threaded fitting or QD is attached at each
end of a flex hose to make a jumper.

Sample Line Module Interfaces

Sample line jumpers have non-self-sealing QDs at each end, for permanent and
temporary module interfaces.

Active Berthing
Mechanism Berthing Plate

,
,
,,,
,,,
,
,
,
,
,,,
,
,
Inboard

Installed

Threaded Fluid
Fitting

Removed

Flanged Male Quick

Threaded Fitting

Outboard

,,
,,

,
,,,

Threaded Fluid
Fitting

Seals

Jam-Nut

(A): Threaded Fluid Fitting Feedthrough

Active Berthing
Mechanism Berthing Plate
Outboard

,
,
,,,, ,
,
,
,,,,,

Inboard

Installed

Threaded Fluid
Fitting

Seals

Female Quick
Disconnect Half

Removed

Flanged Male Quick

Disconnect Half

Jam-Nut

(B): Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect Feedthrough

FIGURE 25.USOS vestibule fluid connectors.

72
0
0

Manual Pressure Equalization

Valve

Positive Pressure Relief Valve

Negative Pressure Relief Valve

Nitrogen Interface Assembly

Vacuum Access Jumper (5 ft.)

Vacuum Access Jumper (35 ft.)

02 Tank ORU

N2 Tank ORU

Airlock Pump

Latching Motor Valve

Manual Isolation Valve

Pressure Transducer
Pressure Regulator (O2, N2,
EVA)

Relief Valve

Peak
Power, W

Replacement
Period

0.07

1000

10 y service
life 10
Launches)

EVA/EVR
Combination

544
(1200);
100 kg/yr
(200 lb/yr)

PBA Access Ports

227 (500)

0.07

116

<30

Ressupply
mass, kg/yr
(lb/yr)

Nitrogen Resupply from Shuttle

0.2 (0.01)

0.1 (0.005)

0.1 (0.004)

0.4 (0.015)

144 (5.0)

5.5 enabled

Crew
Time,
MMH/yr.

227 (500)

1.6 (3.6)

1.7 (3.8)

0.2 (0.5)

1.0 (2.1)

1.5 (3.3)

70.3 (155)

(200) gas

109 (240) dry

tank wt.; 91
4585 (162)

4585 (162)

544 (1200)
109 (240) dry
tank wt.; 91
(200) gas

0.43 (0.02)

12.2 (0.43)

3.1 (0.11)

1.7 (0.06)

1.4 (0.05)

34.0 (1.2)

14.1 (0.5)

3.0 (0.1)

544 (1200);

Avg. Power,
W

Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS)

Volume, L
(ft3)

3.2 (7.0)

0.7 (1.6)

7.5 (16.6)

1.0 (2.2)

0.9 (2.0)

1.2 (2.6)

11.2 (24.8)

5.4 (12)

0.30 (0.66)

Mass, kg (lb)

Oxygen Resupply from Shuttle

Pressure Control Panel

Qty.
Spares

Qty.

Vent/Relief Valve

Cabin Pressure Sensor

Assembly/ORU

4585 (162)

Ressupply
Vol., L/yr
(ft3/yr)

9 sets of 2 QDs

provided by Russia

externally mounted
on the AL

Hamilton Standard

Notes

TABLE 20.USOS ECLS components.

Inlet ORU

Condensing HX

Water Separator

Temp. Control & Check Valve

Electrical Interface Box (EIB)

Temperature Sensor

Liquid Sensor

Fan Delta P Sensor

Pressure Sensor

IMV Fan

IMV Valve

Bacteria Filter Assembly

HEPA Filter Element

Catalytic Filter Element

Avionics Air Assembly

CDRA

Blower/Precooler

2-Stage Pump

Desiccant/Sorbent Bed/
Check Valve ORU

Qty.

CCAA

Assembly/ORU

Qty.
Spares

40 (88)

10.9 (24.0)

5.6 (12.3)

201 (444)

12.4 (27.5)

5.4 (12.0)

2.14 (4.72)

Avg. Power,
W

Peak
Power, W

Replacement
Period

9.9 (0.35)

9.3 (0.3)

177 (6.3)

4.5 (0.16)

25 (0.9)

386 (13.7)

34.0 (1.2)

8.2 (0.3

8.2 (0.3)

(@40-120 cfm)

50-175

6 enabled

0.2

0.01

0.1

175

0.2

0.01

776

180-776
(@ 300-550
cfm)
0

844

cfm)

346

170

860

960

245

170

1487

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

0.06 (0.002)

0.2 (0.006)

0.6 (0.02)

11.3 (0.4)

50.9 (1.8)

82.1 (2.9)

108 (3.8)

130.2 (4.6)

400 (14.1)

468 (@ 450

Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)

Volume, L
(ft3)

4.6 (10.3) (with HEPA) 121.7 (0.43)

5.1 (11.3)

9.2 (9.3)

0.3 (0.7)

0.4 (1.0)

0.47 (1.04)

0.24 (0.52)

4.1 (9.0)

7.5 (16.5)

11.9 (26.2)

54.45 (120)

25.3 (55.8)

112 (247)

Mass, kg (lb)

0.48

0.08

0.13

2.7

Crew
Time,
MMH/yr.

47 (104)

Ressupply
mass, kg/yr
(lb/yr)

189 (6.7)

Ressupply
Vol., L/yr
(ft3/yr)

Allied-Signal
Aerospace Co.

Hamilton Standard

Allied-Signal
Aerospace Co.

Hamilton Standard

Notes

TABLE 20.USOS ECLS components (Continued).

Selector Valve

2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

TCCS

Blower

Flowmeter

Charcoal Bed

Post-sorbent Bed (LiOH)

Catalytic Oxidizer2

Electrical Interface Assembly

MCA

Verification Gas Assembly

Mass Spectrometer

Sample Pump

Sample Distribution

Data & Control

Low Voltage Power Supply

Chassis

2
1

EMI Filter

Oxygen Generation Assembly

Inlet Valve Assembly

Pump Fan Motor Controller

Heater Controllers

Qty.

Assembly/ORU

3.4 (7.4)

3 total;
1 on-orbit

1 on-orbit

113 (250)

15.8 (34.9)

5.7 (12.5)

8.0 (17.6)

2.1 (4.6)

13.9 (30.7)

3 total;
1 on-orbit

5.4 (12.0)

54.7 (120.7)

11.1 (24.4)

4.1 (9.1)

37 (81)

1.1 (2.4)

2.9 (6.5)

78.2 (172.5)

2.7 (6.0)

3.3 (7.3)

1 onorbit
1

3.0 (6.7)

Mass, kg (lb)

Qty.
Spares

0.14 (5)

23.8 (0.84)

5.4(0.19)

14.1 (0.5)

4.5 (0.16)

23.8 (0.84)

13.6 (0.48)

439 (15.5)

24.3 (0.86)

7.9 (0.28)

76.4 (2.7)

0.3 (0.01)

5.7 (0.2)

272 (9.6)

5.7 (0.2)

0.8 (0.3)

1.7 (0.06)

Volume, L
(ft3)

1470

1.8

30.8

34.9

0.1

31.8

0.1

87.6

7.6

121

11.5

34.5

174.6

19 (active);
10 (passive)

2350

87.6

7.6

168

11.5

51.8

239

Once/10 yr

Once/2 yr

Once/3 yr

Once/yr

Once/90 days

Avg. Power,
Peak
Replacement
W
Power, W
Period

0.422

4.37

0.01

0.02

12.7 (28)

1.7 (3.7)

6.9 (15.3)

3.6 (8.0)

12 (27)

2.8 (6.1)

2.1 (4.6)

18.2 (40)

0.3 (0.6)

0.7 (1.6)

24.1 (53.0)

Crew
Ressupply
Time, mass, kg/yr
MMH/yr.
(lb/yr)

Notes

may last longer

depending on
contaminant load

may last longer

depending on
contaminant load

0.01 (0.4)

2.3 (0.08)

9.0 (0.32)

23.2 (0.82) Orbital Sciences Corp.

24.3 (0.86)

7.9 (0.28)

306 (10.8)

0.06
(0.002)

1.4 (0.05)

Lockheed Missiles
340 (12.0) and Space Company

Ressupply
Vol., L/yr
(ft3/yr)

TABLE 20.USOS ECLS components (Continued).

11
4

2
2
2
1
2

63
1

Manual Valve

Sample Probe

Portable Fire Extinguisher

Fire Detection Assembly

Portable Breathing Apparatus

Cold Cathode Transducer

Pirani Gauge Transducer

Pressure Sensor Assembly

Load Control Assembly

2.5valve

1 valve

Flexible Bellows

Tubing Assemblies & Fittings

2.5 Coupler

1.0 Coupler

Non-propulsive Vent

Flexible Hoses (various)

Qty.

3-way solenoid valve

Sample Delivery System

Assembly/ORU

0.2 (0.4)

1.8 (3.9)

7.4 (16.4) Total

7.7 (17) total

78.6 (173) Total

0.5 (1.1)

1.9 (4.1)

4.7 (10.3)

10.0 (22)

1.54 (3.4)

1.1 (2.5)

3.3 (7.3)

1.5 (3.28)

2 total;
1 on -orbit

6.8 (15.1) (Full)

0.27 (0.6)

0.23 (0.5)

2.1 (4.7)

Mass, kg (lb)

Qty.
Spares

Avg. Power,
W

Peak
Replacement
Power, W
Period

0.2 (0.007)

1.4 (0.05)

3.4 (0.12)

5.7 (0.2)

139 (4.9)

0.6 (0.02)

0.8 (0.03)

5.7 (0.2)

12.7 (0.45)

1.48

0.6

1.5

0
1.48

0.6

<10

Vacuum Services (VS)

0.06 (0.002)

1.1 (0.04)

2.8 (0.1)

40.5 (1.43)

Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)

0.06 (0.002)

0.6 (0.02)

2.3 (0.08)

Volume, L
(ft3)

0.1

0.06

as required

(lb/yr)

MMH/yr.

Ressupply
mass, kg/yr

Crew
Time,

as required

(ft3/yr)

Ressupply
Vol., L/yr

Allied-Signal
Aerospace Co.

Notes

TABLE 20.USOS ECLS components (Continued).

Water Processor

Process Control Water

Quality Monitor

Condensate Tank

Regenerator

LiOH Canisters

Airlock CO2 Removal Unit

Fuel Cell Water from Shuttle

4 (est.)

Commode/Urinal

Fuel Cell Tank

Urine Processor

Solid Phase Acidifier

Qty.

Assembly/ORU

13.6 (30)

45.3 (100)

21.2 (46.8)

21.2 (46.8

50 (110)

not yet
defined

128 (282)

38 (85)

476 (1050)

Mass, kg (lb)

not yet
defined

Qty.
Spares

Avg. Power,
W

5.7 (0.2)

170 (6.0)

103 (3.6)

waste mgmt.
compartment

368 (13)

51 (1.8)

1.5 racks

397 W avg. ON;

57 W weekly avg.

EVA Support

91 (397 on;
28 Standby

300

691

455

600

800

>90 days

Peak
Replacement Crew
Power, W
Period
Time,
MMH/yr.

Water Recovery and Management (WRM)

Volume, L
(ft3)

2178 (79)

negligible

Ressupply
Vol., L/yr
(ft3/yr)

684 (1508)

435 (959) (Includes canisters,

fecal bags,
commode and 3364 (128)
urine odor/
bacteria filters,
plenum filters,
and urine pretreat)

175 (386) Brine

Tanks

negligible

478 (1054)
(Includes
unibeds (312
kg/yr), particulate filters (141
kg/yr), ion
exchange beds
(25 kg/yr))

Ressupply
mass, kg/yr
(lb/yr)

Or when internal
verification indicates
the need for
replacement

Notes

TABLE 20.USOS ECLS components (Continued).

3.0 ECLS Technologies

The subsystems and the technologies that perform
the ECLS functions on the USOS are described in this
section.

3.1 Atmosphere Control and Supply

(ACS)

The ACS subsystem performs the following

functions:

Pressure control and monitoring to maintain

atmospheric pressure and composition by:

Providing over- and under-pressure relief

of a module.

Providing the capability to evacuate

the atmosphere of a single module.

Providing manual pressure equalization

capability at module interfaces.

Internal distribution of O2 and N2 to ISS

systems, crew, and payload interfaces at the
desired temperatures, pressures, and flowrates.

The ACS system interfaces are shown in figure 26 and the

distribution of the ACS subsystem throughout the USOS
is shown in figures 27 through 33.

Controlling ISS atmospheric total and

O2/N2 partial pressures.

EPS

Monitor

120 Vdc

Structures
N2
CHeCS
Shuttle
N2 Supply
Shuttle
O2 Supply

N2
External
O2/N2
Storage

C&DH

ITCS

O2
ACS

Control

N2
O2
N2

User/
Payload
EVA Suit
Umbilical
AR
WRM

FIGURE 26.ACS subsystem interfaces.

Legend
ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

S
Flight
Direction

Hab

PMA2

Node 2

Lab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Tank

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

With Check Valve

Manual Valve
Motor Valve and Position Indication

Flex Hose
Feedthrough

Motor Valve With Manual Overide

and Position Indication

Mechanical Fitting, Half

Pump
Burst Disk

Manual Valve With Manual Interfaces

on Both Sides and Fluid Indication

Diffuser
Orifice

Pressure Sensor
Solenoid Valve with Manual Overide
and Position Indication

Heater
T

Non-Propulsive Vent

CPS

Cabin Pressure Sensor

VAJ

Vacuum Access Jumper

O2 Recharge

Firmware Controller

N2 Recharge

FC
PCP

Pressure Control Panel Subassembly

Aft

VRV

Vent Relief Subassembly

Foward

PCA

Pressure Control Assembly

Nadir

NIA

Nitrogen Interface Assembly

Port

Check Valve

Starboard

Pressure Regulator

Zenith

Relief Valve

FIGURE 27.ACS subsystem.

Temperature Sensor

Node 1
Cupola

Zenith Truss
Z

RSA
Adaptor
(PMA1)
A

N1Z

N1P
Stowage 3

Stowage 1
O2
N2
N1N
Stowage 2

N1S
Stowage 4
F
Lab
S

N
Hab

Airlock

FIGURE 28.ACS subsystem (continued).

PMA1

PMA2

PMA3

Cupola

FIGURE 29.ACS subsystem (continued).

FIGURE 30.ACS subsystem (continued).

Node 1

LAS 6

LAC 6
DDCU's

LAP 6

ISPR

S Starboard
P Port

Legend
C Ceiling
F Floor

NIA

LAP 4

LAP 5

Fuel-Cell
Water Storage

LAF 4

LAS 4
ISPR

LAC 4
ISPR

MSS/Avionics

LAF 5
Avionics #1/ Cond.
Water Storage

ARS
(CDRA, MCA,
TCCS)

LAS 5
MSS/Avionics

LAC 5
ISPR

LAF 6

Low Temp TCS/

Cabin Air
Assembly

NIA

Mod. Temp. TCS/

Cabin Air Assembly

Lab

FSS/Stowage

LAP 3

ISPR (Window)

LAF 3

LAS 3
ISPR

LAC 3
ISPR

ISPR

LAP 2

Avionics #3

LAF 2

LAS 2
ISPR

LAC 2
ISPR

ISPR

LAP 1

Avionics #2

LAF 1

LAS 1
ISPR

LAC 1
ISPR

FC
CPS PCP
VAJ

VRV

PCA

Node 2

Lab

To Airlock 02
3000 psia System/Tanks

Airlock
Equipment Lock
AFwd1
Avionics

To Shuttle 02
System

Node 1
P

O2
Crew Lock

AFIr1
Storage

N2
PCP

PCA
CPS
FC

AA1
Cabin Air
Assembly

100
to
110
psia

Umbilical Interface
Assembly

200
psia
200
psia

1050
psia

100 to 110 psia

AC1
Storage

3 lbm/h

VRV

Centrifuge

TBD
FIGURE 31ACS subsystem (continued).

Node 2
JEM

Centrifuge Scar
Z

Lab
A

N2Z

N2P
DDCU's

DDCU's
O2
N2

N2N
DDCU's

N2S
DDCU's
NIA

F
PMA2

NIA
S

N
MPLM

APM

FIGURE 32.ACS subsystem (continued).

The ACS consists of the following components:

Cabin pressure monitoring

(1) Pressure Control Assembly (PCA)

O2/N2 introduction

Emergency vent

Controlled depressurization

Controlled repressurization

Space vacuum access

Positive Pressure Relief (PPR).

The PCA monitors and controls total habitat pressure

by controlling O2 and N2 partial pressures. It provides for
controlled venting to space and provides controlled repressurization capability. One PCA per module is located
in the Lab, Hab, and AL modules. The PCA is shown
schematically in figure 34.
The PCA consists of four major components:

Pressure Control Panel (PCP), which includes:

A firmware controller
A cabin pressure sensor
One each O2 and N2 line pressure sensor
One each O2 and N2 isolation valve (OIV
and NIV)
An O2/N2 discharge diffuser
Two O2/N2 flow restrictors
Vent and Relief Valve (VRV) assembly

Overboard vent

PCA application software.

The PCA performs seven major functions:

The PCP, shown schematically in figure 35, controls

the total atmospheric pressure and the partial pressures
of O2 and N2. The flow restrictors limit the maximum
flowrate of O2 or N2 into the atmosphere to 0.09 kg/min
(0.2 lb/min). The PCP sends a signal through a multiplexer/demultiplexer (MDM) to the onboard computer.
Control of the vent and relief valves is also from the PCP.
The PCP mass is 11.2 kg (24.8 lb).
The PCP firmware controller provides electrical
power distribution and data processing for the PCA.
All PCA sensors interface to the PCA firmware controller
and all PCA valves are electrically actuated by the PCA
firmware controller.

FIGURE 33.ACS subsystem (continued).

Node 1

VRV

VAJ PCA
PCP CPS
FC

LAP 6

ARS
(CDRA, MCA,
TCCS)

NIA

HAC 4

HAC 3
HAC 2

LAP 4
FBCC

WMC

Urine Processor

HAF 4

Ops. Support/
PEP
Stowage

HAS 4

Galley/ Oven/
Drink Dispenser

LAP 3

Water Processor

HAF 3

Freezer

HAS 3

Wardroom

LAP 2

Stowage

HAF 2

Refrigerator/
Freezer

HAS 2

CHeCS HMS/ Wardroom/Galley Ops. Support/

EHS
Stowage
PEP Stowage

LAP 5

O2 To
Cabin Return
Duct

HAF 5
Avionics #1/
O2 Generator

HAF 6

HAS 5
CHeCS CMS

HAS 6
Stowage

HAC 5
CHeCS HMS/
EHS

HAC 6
Stowage

Low-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

Hab

HAC 1

Wardroom

LAP 1

Avionics #2/
Stowage

HAF 1

Refrigerator/
Freezer/
Trash Compactor

HAS 1

Galley Stowage

PMA3

Overboard Vent

,

,

,,,
,,
,,
,,
,,

,
,
,
,,,,,,
,
,

,,,,,,

Space Vacuum

Debris Shield

Pressure Shell

Cabin Atmosphere

O2/N2

VRIV

Discharge Diffuser

Vent/Relief
Valve

Vacuum Access
Port Jumper

Pressure Control Panel

OIV

VRCV

CPS

NIV

P
Cabin Air

Firmware Controller

Sensor/Effector
120 V

120 V
1553B

CPS

Cabin Pressure Sensor

VRIV

Vent and Relief Isolation Valve

VRCV

Vent and Relief Control Valve

OIV

Oxygen Interface Valve

NIV

Nitrogen Interface Valve

Pressure Sensor

FIGURE 34.ACS PCA and vent/relief valve assembly.

(2) O2 and N2 Storage and Distribution
The O2 and N2 storage and distribution hardware
consists of storage tanks, valves, QDs, and distribution
lines to permit controlled delivery of pressurized O2
and N2 to the required locations in the ISS. The gases
are stored in high-pressure tanks externally mounted on
the AL, as shown figure 31 for the AL ACS.
There are two tanks each for O2 and N2 that are
about 0.91 m (36 in) in diameter and 1.4 m (55 in) long.
Each tank has a volume of 425 L (15 ft3), and contains
about 91 kg (200 lb) of either N2 or O2 at 20.7 MPa
(3,000 psia). The tanks have a service life of 10 yr, with
a minimum of 10 launches in that period. These tanks are
refilled from a space shuttle docked to either space shuttle
docking port. One O2 tank is considered to be the highpressure tank and the other the low-pressure tank. Any
tank location can have high-pressure or low-pressure
tanks. The low-pressure tank can be refilled from the
space shuttle (which stores O2 cryogenically), whereas

the high-pressure tank can be represurized with the high

pressure O2 compressor or be replaced. O2 is introduced
to the cabin atmosphere at a nominal rate of 0.84 kg/
person/day (1.84 lb/person/day) to maintain the ppO2
above 19.5 kPa (2.83 psia). The flowrate is 0.045 to 0.91
kg/min (0.1 to 0.2 lb/min).
O2 Tank Repressurization
The O2 Recharge Compressor Assembly (ORCA) is
located on the ceiling platform, and eliminates or greatly
reduces the need for O2 tank replacement, by compressing
O2 boiled off from the space shuttle O2 tanks, thereby
resulting in a logistics savings. The ORCA has the
following characteristics:

Mass
102 kg (225 lb)

Power Consumption
1,000 W maximum continuous

Dimensions
61 cm length by 53 cm width by 48 cm
height (24 in length by 21 in width by 19 in
height)

Noise Generation
65 dB measured 0.6 m (2 ft) away

Pumping Volume
1.8 kg/h (4 lb/h) (58 strokes/min)

Lifetime
Similar units have operated safely and
reliably for more than 20 years

Safety features include:

For maintenance, the O2 compressor is made of two

parts: Module A and Module B, as shown in figure 36.
Module A consists of the compression heads, crankcase,
and sealed oil reservoirs; and a battery-powered cycle
counter to monitor service life. Module A has a mass of
23 to 34 kg (50 to 75 lb), dimensions of 21 by 31 by
62 cm (8 by 12 by 24 in), and an operational life of
100,000 to 200,000 cycles. Module A is returned to Earth
for servicing. Module B consists of the motor, gear drive,
and baseplate; and has a mass of 45 to 68 kg (100 to
150 lb) and dimensions of 23 by 31 by 46 cm (9 by 12 by
18 in). Module B requires servicing less frequently than
Module A.
The interfaces and conditions are listed in table 21.
All interfaces are on the ORCA. All flexible connections
(flexhoses, cables, etc.) are supplied on the AL side of the
interface.

Sealed, O2-compatible lubrication

Triple-redundant diaphragms

Explosion-proof, brushless electric motor and

controls for operation in an O2-enriched environment.

Mufflers/isolation to further reduce the 65 dB

noise/vibration

Very small gas volume (minimal stored energy)

In operation the nominal gas transfer quantity is

about 27 kg (60 lb) per flight (5 to 6 h transfer duration)
with a maximum of 91 to 136 kg (200 to 300 lb) per
flight. It is recommended to operate the O2 compressor
only when no one is in the AL, and with the hatch closed.
The preferred operational approach is to top off the tanks
each flight rather than once/yr.

O2 Tank Replacement
Replacement would be according to the following
scenario:

When the high-pressure tank is installed it is

at 20.7 MPa (3,000 psia).

As long as feasible, gas is supplied by the lowpressure tank unless higher pressure is needed
and gas must be supplied by the high-pressure
tank.

NIV Manual Override

with Guard
OIV Manual Override
with Guard

O2 in
N2 in

J4 Signal
Mot/Act
J3 Data Bus
A&B

J1 Power In
J2 Power
Mot/Act

FIGURE 35.ACS PCP.

TABLE 21.ORCA interfaces and conditions.

AL/ORCA O2 Interfaces
Pressure, MPa (psia)

Temperature, C (F)

Input

3.4 to 7.2 (500 to 1050)

-4 to 45 (25 to 113)

Output

20.7 (3000) maximum

32 (90) maximum

Minimum Flow Rate

2.3 kg/h at 29 C and 5.5 MPa in, and 32 C and 18.6 MPa out ( 5 lb/h at 85 F and 800 psia in, and 90 F and 2700 psia out)

Maximum Flow Rate

7.3 kg/h (16 lb/h)

AL/ORCA Air Interfaces
Input
Metric

US Customary

Temperature

7.2 to 18.3 C (requires AL temperature setpoint to be

at 18.3C)

45 to 65 F (requires AL temperature setpoint to be at

65 F)

Maximum Flow Rate

4245 L/min with head rise of 7.6 mm H2O (assumes

0.9 m flex hose from panel)

150 cfm with head rise of 0.3 in H2O (assumes 3 ft flex

hose from panel)

Output
Maximum Heat Load

1000 W

When the low-pressure tank is empty, valves

and gas lines in the AL are reconfigured so that
the high-pressure tank becomes the new lowpressure tank.
The old low-pressure tank is removed and a new
high-pressure tank is installed at that location.

(3) Manual Pressure Equalization Valve (MPEV)

MPEVs are located in all the hatches and are used
to equalize pressure in two adjacent pressurized modules
prior to opening the hatch between them. MPEVs can
also be used to collect atmosphere samples from, and to
measure the pressure in, a module prior to opening the
hatch by using specially designed MPEV sampling adapters. An MPEV is shown schematically in figure 37.
(4) Nitrogen Interface Assembly (NIA)
The NIA pressurizes the accumulator in the ITCS
pump package assembly. One NIA is in the Hab, two are
in the Lab, and two are in Node 2. The NIAs in the Lab
and Node 2 serve the ITCS Low-Temperature Loop (LTL)
and Moderate-Temperature Loop (MTL). The NIA in the
Hab serves the ITCS LTL.

1000 W

(5) Airlock Air Save Pump Package

The AL air save pump package is provided by the
Russians and is located in the AL. It reduces the pressure
in the entire AL from 101.3 to 70.3 kPa (14.7 to 10.2 psia)
for the EVA campout prior to EVAs. For EVAs, it will
pump down the crew lock to 3.4 kPa (0.5 psia).

3.1.1 Control Total Atmospheric Pressure

The function of controlling the total atmospheric
pressure includes monitoring the pressure and adding
N2 to make up for leakage and other losses.

3.1.1.1 Monitor Total Atmospheric Pressure

The total pressure of the Lab, Hab, and AL atmosphere is monitored by the PCA for control purposes.
The pressure is monitored in the range of 0.0 to 110.6 kPa
(16.0 psia) with an accuracy of 0.07 kPa (0.01 psia) or
better. Measurements are updated once each second. If the
habitat atmospheric pressure drops below 95.8 kPa (13.9
psia) for longer than 3 min, the crew will be alerted within
1 min.

FIGURE 36.O2 Compressor Modules A and B.

3.000
2.990

Customer-Defined
Envelope

0
5.0 2
.
49

Baffled Exhaust Port

Node
Side

2.000
Max
1.620
Max

(1.000)

(0.641)

0.144

Cabin
Side

0.860
Max

(0.0210)
(0.150)
4.500
Max
0.43
0.41
D

3.300
Max

Approximate Location
Center of Gravity

D
Clockwise to Close
from Cabin Side

Note: Dimensions are inches

FIGURE 37.MPEV.

The pressure sensor, shown in figure 38, has a

pressure transducer that is a homogeneous quartz structure with a pressure-sensitive diaphragm that acts as a
variable capacitance in an oscillator circuit. The oscillation frequency is converted to a digital signal. The pressure readings are temperature compensated.

3.1.2 Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

The function of controlling the ppO2 includes monitoring the ppO2 and adding O2 to make up for consumption, leakage, and other losses.

3.1.2.1 Monitor Oxygen Partial Pressure

The ppO2 in the atmosphere is monitored by the
MCA for control purposes. O2 is monitored in the
range of 0 to 40.0 kPa (0 to 5.8 psia) with an accuracy
of 2 percent of full scale. Atmosphere samples from
adjacent modules are provided to the Lab or Hab for
analysis.

3.1.2.2 Introduce Oxygen

FIGURE 38.Cabin atmospheric pressure sensor.

3.1.1.2 Introduce Nitrogen

Controlled release of gaseous N2 into the atmosphere
is used to maintain and restore pressure lost due to normal
leakage, EVAs, and other loss of atmosphere to space.
Gaseous N2 is supplied to the Lab, Hab, and AL for this
purpose. Remote and manual on/off control of the introduction of N2 into the atmosphere is provided. The rate of
flow is 0.045 to 0.091 kg/min (0.1 to 0.2 lb/min). The
capability is present to maintain the total atmospheric
pressure greater than 97.8 kPa (14.2 psia), though the N2
partial pressure is not to exceed 80.0 kPa (11.6 psia) and
the total pressure is not to exceed 102.7 kPa (14.9 psia).
The Lab is capable of maintaining the atmospheric pressure for the entire ISS when in an open-hatch, active-IMV
configuration, or in the Lab when in a closed-hatch,
closed-IMV configuration. Beginning with Flight 7A,
transfer lines from the tanks on the AL to PMA2 (and
PMA3, later) allow for recharging the tanks from the
space shuttle. These are 23.4 MPa (3,400 psia) lines.

Controlled release of gaseous O2 into the atmosphere

is used to maintain and restore pressure lost due to normal
leakage, EVAs, and other loss of atmosphere to space.
Gaseous O2 is supplied to the Lab, Hab, and AL for this
purpose. Remote and manual on/off control of the introduction of O2 into the atmosphere is provided. The rate
of flow is 0.045 to 0.091 kg/min (0.1 to 0.2 lb/min). The
capability is present to maintain the ppO2 above 19.5 kPa
(2.83 psia), though the ppO2 is not to exceed 23.1 kPa
(3.35 psia) or 24.1 percent by volume. The Lab, Hab, or
AL is capable of maintaining the ppO2 for the entire ISS
when in an open-hatch, active-IMV configuration. Beginning with Flight 7A, transfer lines from the tanks on the
AL to Node 1 to PMA allow for recharging the tanks
from the space shuttle. The transfer lines in the AL are
20.7 MPa (3,000 psia) lines, and the transfer lines in
Node 1 and other modules are 7.23 MPa (1,050 psia)
lines.

3.1.2.2.1 Oxygen Supply/Generation Assembly

Oxygen is supplied from storage tanks or generated
in the Hab by electrolyzing water. Until the Hab is
installed, O2 is provided primarily from the Russian
Segment, but also from storage tanks or from the space
shuttle. A compressor in the AL is used to compress boiloff from the O2 tanks in a docked space shuttle and
recharge the high pressure O2 tank on the AL.
3.1.2.2.1.1 Oxygen Generation Assembly
(OGA) Design
The basic water electrolysis process is shown
schematically in figure 39. The detailed design has
not been determined as of this writing.

Electrical
Power
H2O

O2 + H2O
H2O

Water Electrolyzer

Water/Gas Separators
H2 + H2O

H2O

FIGURE 39.Water electrolysis for oxygen generation.

3.1.2.2.1.2 OGA Operation

The rate of O2 production is adjustable based on the
consumption rate. Features of the system include control
by system software and the capability of day/night orbital
cyclic operation for night-side power savings.
3.1.2.2.1.3 OGA Performance
The rate of O2 generation is 5.25 HEU, sufficient for
four people, biological specimens, and normal atmospheric losses with day/night cycling. During continuous
operation (no day/night power cycle) the capability to
support seven people and biological specimens is provided (8.25 HEU total).

3.1.3 Relieve Overpressure

The maximum internal-to-external differential
pressure is controlled to be less than 104.8 kPa
(15.2 psid). Venting of the atmosphere can occur when
the pressure is 103.4 kP a (15.05 psia). The VRV (part
of the PCA as shown in fig. 34) is shown in fig. 40.
The VRV includes two valves mounted in series in a
single housing: the Vent/Relief Isolation Valve (VRIV)
and the Vent/Relief Control Valve (VRCV). Each valve
is independently powered and controlled. The VRV is
5.6 cm (2.2 in) in diameter and includes an intake designed to preclude blockage of the flow passage with

debris. The internal VRV flow passage is a straight cylindrical path that minimizes the possibility of internal flow
restriction due to icing. The VRV mounts directly to the
gore panel of the primary module structure. The VRV
assembly attaches to the gore panel feedthrough with a
V-band clamp. The mass of the VRV is < 5.5 kg (12 lb)
and the power consumption is less than 30 W when both
valves are operating. Leakage is < 72 scc/hr. The estimated life is 25,000 cycles. The VRV can operate over a
pressure range of 104.7 kPa (15.2 psia) to space vacuum.
An overboard vent is located downstream of the VRV
and provides a 6.4 cm (2.5 in) diameter flow path for discharging vented gases. As shown in figure 41, the overboard vent consists of a 90-degree elbow, a duct assembly,
and a non-propulsive vent. The non-propulsive vent has a
22.9 cm (9 in) long throat and a perpendicular 15.2 cm
(6 in) diameter disk that causes the gases to be discharged
in a full 360-degree arc.
For launch, overpressure and underpressure is relieved by pneumatic valves that are located in the holes
for the MPEV and IMV valves, respectively. These valves
are replaced, on orbit, with the MPEV and IMV valves.

3.1.4 Equalize Pressure

Pressure equalization is performed using the MPEV
to release atmosphere from a higher-pressure module
through the hatch into an adjacent lower-pressure module.

Housing

Ball Assembly, Isolation

Shaft, Spring

Shaft, Valve

Spring

Ball Assembly, Control

Bolts

Carrier Assembly
Shaft, Trunion
Flow Guide

FIGURE 40.VRV assembly.

Non-Propulsive Vent

Orbital Debris Shield

Bridge Plate
(Secondary Structure)

Vent Coupling
Flexible Hose
V-Band
Clamp
Feedthrough
Elbow
V-Band
Clamp
Gore Panel

FIGURE 41.Overboard vent.

3.1.4.1 MPEV Design

The MPEV is shown in figure 37. The module side of
the MPEV incorporates a screen, a vacuum access jumper
port, and a port cap. The jumper port allows for the temporary connection of a vacuum access jumper. The MPEV
inlet port will interface with a standard 2.54 cm (1 in)
nonmetallic hose.

Additional actions that may be performed include:

Position the SDS valves to prevent atmosphere

leakage into depressurizing modules:
Leak location may require crew action
versus automatic response
Command the MCA to standby.

Switch off hardware if the pressure drops to a

specified level. Of concern is the AR hardware,
especially fans.

3.1.4.2 MPEV Operation

The MPEV is manually operated from either side of
the valve and remains in the last position selected. An indicator shows the position of the valve (open, closed, or
intermediate). The MPEV is designed to operate for at
least 3,650 full-closed to full-open to full-closed cycles.

3.1.5.1 Detect Rapid Decompression

3.1.4.3 MPEV Performance

3.1.5.2 Recover From Rapid Decompression

The pressure differential between adjacent pressurized modules can be equalized from a high on one side
of 102.7 kPa (14.9 psia) to a low on the other side of
97.2 kPa (14.1 psia), to less than 0.07 kPa (0.01 psid)
within 180 sec when initiated by the crew.

The ability to repressurize from a total pressure of

86.2 kPa (12.5 psia) to 95.8 to 102.7 kPa (13.9 to
14.9 psia) and an O2 partial pressure of 19.5 to 23.1 kPa
(2.83 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr is also present, provided
that there is sufficient O2 and N2 available in the storage
tanks. In modules where there are no direct gas line
connections to the storage tanks, the MPEVs are used
for repressurization.

3.1.5 Respond to Rapid Decompression

The capability to detect and recover from rapid
atmospheric decompression (such as caused by a meteoroid impact) is provided. In the event of a module depressurization the instrumentation and software would likely
detect this before the crew would. There are separate
alarms for excessive dP/dt and for low pressure. There
is also a P button on the C&W panel (shown in
fig. 114) for crew activation of the alarm. The following
actions would be automatically initiated:

IMV valves closed and the IMV fan switched

off.
All external vents closed:
Water vent valves in the Lab
CO2 vent valves in the Lab
Payload vacuum valves in the Lab
PCA relief valves in the Lab, Hab, and AL

All O2 and N2 introduction valves closed.

CO2 removal assembly commanded to standby

(CO2 vent closed) or off.

Rapid decompression is detected by the firmware

controller based on measurements from the cabin pressure
sensor.

3.1.6 Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

During emergency situations, such as contamination
of the atmosphere, provisions are in place to ensure survival of the crew. The immediate response for the crew is
to don the PBAs, shown in figure 42. The automated response is similar to that for a fire (see section 3.4):

All USOS IMV valves are closed and fans

switched off.

All cabin atmosphere ventilation is switched off.

The 4BMS is switched to standby or off (since

the ventilation system must be operating for the
4BMS to function properly).

Further action must be performed by the crew or

Ground Control to locate and clean up the toxic
release.

Space Station Interface

Quick-Don Mask Assembly
ATU
via
HCU

S2
Tee Assembly
S2
Extension Hose Assembly
(1430 feet)

P3
P6
S2

Regulation
and
Relief Valve

Locker
and
O2 Port

Reducer/Cylinder Assembly

Extension
Hose/Tee Kit
(Velcro Attachment)

Oxygen
Supply

Mask Holder
Assembly

Locker
ORU

Cylinder Mount
Assembly

Male Quick Disconnect (AN Fitting)

Female Quick Disconnect (Part of Reducer)

Male Quick Disconnect (With Check Valve)

Female Quick Disconnect (AN fitting)

Female Quick Disconnect (1/8 NPT Male, PEP)

90 Elbow Quick Disconnect (AN fitting)

LEMO Style Plug Connector

FIGURE 42.USOS PBA (SSP 50104).

PBAs are face masks with an O2 supply. Two

PBAs are provided in the Lab and Hab, and one in the
AL, Node 1, and Node 2. Each PBA provides a 12 to
15 min portable O2 supply for each crew member. In
addition, a 1 hr O2 supply is provided for each apparatus,
through O2 ports. Two ports are located in each module.
(See SSP 50104 for more information.)

In the other modules, the crew detects hazardous

conditions by the sense of smell or another sense. Some
automated capability is provided by the MCA, which
monitors for some hazardous gases (H2 and CH4 ). Also,
the FDS smoke detectors detect the presence of airborne
particulates.

3.1.6.2 Remove Hazardous Atmosphere

3.1.6.1 Detect Hazardous Atmosphere
In the Lab, the VOA detects Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the atmosphere and alerts the crew if
the concentration of any organic compound of interest
exceeds the 7-day SMAC. The VOA uses a Gas Chromatograph/Ion Mobility Spectrometer (GC/IMS), as
shown in figures 43 and 44, to detect selected organic
compounds at concentrations of interest. This capability
is provided by the CHeCS. (See also A Volatile Organic
Analyzer for Space Station: Description and Evaluation of
a Gas Chromatograph/Ion Mobility Spectrometer, paper
921385, 22nd International Conference on Environmental
Systems, 13 to 16 July 1992.)

Removal of toxic contaminants can be achieved

by venting the atmosphere. This can be done either by
the crew or remotely from Ground Control. The atmosphere can be vented to space to achieve a pressure of
< 2.76 kPa (0.4 psia) within 24 hr. The requirement is
also levied to achieve a ppO2 of < 6.89 kPa (1.0 psia)
within 10 min. The procedure for venting atmosphere
is described in section 6.4.

Cooling
Air
Out

Diagnostic
Input
Concentrator
Inlet

IMS 1 &
Pneumatics

GC 1

Power &
Heaters

F
S

Electrical/
Electronics

Sample
Pump
& Outlet

DMS
Output

Data Aquisition
& Storage
Data Processing

Concentrator

IMS 2 &
Pneumatics

GC 2

Calibration
System

DMS
H
V1, V2

DMS Interface
Control

Nitrogen Control
& Distribution System

Data Management System

F
IMS

Filter
Ion Mobility Spectrometer

GC
S

Power
Input

Nitrogen
Input

Rack
Cooling
Air
Gas Chromatograph
Selector Valve

Valves

FIGURE 43.VOA block diagram.

Calibration System 10-Way Valve

N2 Pressure Sensor

Permeation Source

N2 Flow Valve

Calibration System
Heated Enclosure

2 Micron Filter
Recirculating
Pump (2)

GC Valve 8-Way (2)

Inlet Valve (V3 & V4)

N2 Scrubber

Concentrator (2)
(Behind GC Valve)

,,,,
,

N2 Pressure Relief (2)

N2 Regulator
N2 Shut-Off Valve

,,,
,,

Sample Pump
(P1 & P2)
Accumulator (2)
Sample Flow
Sensor (2)
Exhaust Scrubbers
With Outlet Filters

Flow Sensor (2) Recirculating Flow OMI

N2 Pressure Switch
Alignment Pins
N2 Connector

IMS Cell
Power Connection

Recirculating Sieve Pack (2)

Including Preset Flow Control
and Diffusion Barrier

Data Bus

Circuit Boards
1 1553 Bus Interface
2 System Control
2 Data Storage
2 Signal Processing
2 Analog Monitoring
1 Power Supply

IMS Cell Pressure Sensor (2)

GC Column (2)
GC Head Pressure Sensor

,,,
,,,

N2 Dust Filter

N2 Bleed Valve
(Integral Restrictor)

Folding Handle

Head Amplifier (2)

Retaining Knob (4)

OMI Nozzle
(Includes 5-Micron Filter)
Luer Taper Fitting for
Tedlar Bag
Diagnostic/Local Control

FIGURE 44.VOA schematic.

3.1.6.3 Recover From Hazardous Atmosphere

To restore a safe atmosphere, the Lab can be repressurized from space vacuum to a total pressure of 95.8 to
102.7 kPa (13.9 to 14.9 psia) and a ppO2 of 19.5 to
23.1 kPa (2.83 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr when supplied
with gaseous O2 and N2. Repressurization is performed
either by direct introduction of O2/N2 or via pressure
equalization with the rest of the ISS.

3.2 Temperature and Humidity

Control (THC)
The THC subsystem ensures that the temperature and
humidity levels in the atmosphere are within the design
specifications. Heat enters the atmosphere from the crew
(metabolically generated heat) and equipment (lights, etc.,
although, much of the equipment-generated heat is removed by cold-plates). Humidity enters the atmosphere
primarily from crew respiration and perspiration. The
THC subsystem includes the CCAA, the AAA, and the
IMV assembly. The CCAA provides adequate ventilation,
and temperature and humidity control for the cabin. The
AAA provides air cooling and air flow required for FDS
in the racks. The IMV provides ventilation between
modules for distributing oxygen to and removing CO2
and trace contaminants from modules that do not have
ARS and ACS equipment. Particulates and microorganisms are removed from the atmosphere by HEPA filters.
The THC interfaces are shown in figure 45. The distribution of the THC subsystem throughout the USOS is
shown in figures 46 through 52. The THC rack packaging
in rack LAP6 is shown in figure 53. The packaging in
rack LAS6 is a mirror image of LAP6.
The requirements that must be met by the THC and
the conditions that affect its design and performance are:

Heat removal capacity

3.5 kW (including 1.0 kW latent capacity)
Ventilation flowrate
194 L/sec (410 cfm) within the Lab or Hab
with 9.4 L/sec (20 cfm) to AR
142 L/s (300 cfm) within Node 1 with the
Cupola closed off
66 L/sec (140 cfm) between modules

Temperature control range

18.3 to 26.7 C 4 C (65 to 80 F 2 F)

Dewpoint control range

4.4 to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F) (RH 25 to
70 percent)

Coolant flowrate
558 kg/hr (1,230 lb/hr) in the Lab and Hab
273 kg/hr (600 lb/hr) in Node 2 and the AL

Mass
93.6 kg (206.4 lb)

Power consumption
467.5 W continuous at 203 L/sec (430 cfm)

Three settings
142, 208, 264 L/sec (300, 440, 560 cfm).

Major telemetry for the THC includes:

Software state: Reset, Test, Off, Startup, On,

Dryout, Drain, Off

Temperature setpoint (18.3 to 26.7 C (65

to 80 F))

Primary inlet temperature (4.4 to 32.2 C,

40 to 90 F)

Secondary inlet temperature (4.4 to 32.2 C,

40 to 90 F)

Fan speed (0 to 7,500 rpm)

Fan dP (0 to 280 mm of water (11 in of water))

Fan Remote Power Control (RPC) state

(open/closed)

EIB RPC state (Open/Closed)

TCCV position (0 to 80 degrees)

TCCV RPC state (Open/Closed)

Primary outlet temperature (4.4 to 32.2 C,

40 to 90 F)

Secondary outlet temperature (4.4 to 32.2 C,

40 to 90 F)

WS speed sensor (0 to 7,200 rpm)

WS outlet water pressure (0 to 517 kPa (75 psig))

WS outlet liquid sensor (1 to 12 sec)

WS RPC state (Open/Closed)

Outlet duct liquid sensor (wet or dry).

EPS

Monitor

120 Vdc

Control

C&DH

Structures
Coolant Out
Coolant In

ITCS

THC
(CCAA)
Condensate Water
Airflow To
Cabin

Airflow To

Airflow From

EPS

WRM

AR (CDRA)

Monitor

120 Vdc

Control

C&DH

Structures
Coolant Out
THC
(AAA)

Coolant In

ITCS

Airflow To
Cabin
Airflow From

EPS

Monitor

120 Vdc

Control
Structures

THC
(IMV)
Airflow To
Cabin
Airflow From

FIGURE 45.THC subsystem interfaces.

C&DH

Legend
ECLSSTemperature Humidity & Control

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
A

Flight
Direction

Hab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Cabin Air Fan

Air Exchange Fan
Feedthrough
Mechanical Fitting, Half

IMV Fan
Avionics Air Assembly

,
,
,,

AAA

Orifice Plate Open;

Closed

IMV Muffler
IMV Inlet Screen
IMV Diffuser

Butterfly Valve With Manual Override

and Position Indication

Cap

Linear Diffuser

Temperature Sensor

Liquid Sensor

Cabin Air Bacteria Filter Assembly

Flow Restrictor

Cabin Air Diffuser

Motor Valve With Manual Override

and Position Indication

Cabin Air Bacteria Filter Element Assembly

Cabin Air Ducting Damper Assembly (Perforated)

ISPR's May Require Avionics Air

Assembly Depending on Payload

Flow Direction Dependent on Current

ISS Configuration

Cabin Air Ducting Damper Assembly

(With Electrical Actuator)

FIGURE 46.THC subsystem.

Node 1
Cupola

Zenith Truss
Z

P
A

A
N1Z

N1P
Stowage 3

,, ,,,
,
,
,
,

Stowage 1

Node

To Cupola

N1N
Stowage 2

,
,
,, , ,
,
,

N1S
Stowage 4

Hab

RSA
Adaptor
(PMA1)

F
Lab

Airlock

FIGURE 47.THC subsystem (continued).

PMA2

PMA3

Cupola

To Node 1

FIGURE 48.THC subsystem (continued).

,
,

PMA1

Node 1

LAP 6
Low-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

AAA

ISPR

LAP 4

LAP 5

Fuel Cell
Water Storage

LAF 4

FSS/Stowage

LAP 3

ISPR (Window)

LAF 3

MSS/Avionics

T T

LAF 5

Avionics #1/
Condensate
Water Storage

ARS
(CDRA, MCA,TCCS)

ISPR

LAS 3

ISPR

LAC 3

ISPR

LAP 2

Avionics #3

LAF 2

ISPR

LAS 2

ISPR

LAC 2

ISPR

LAP 1

Avionics #2

LAF 1

ISPR

LAS 1

ISPR

LAC 1

,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,

LAF 6

T T

LAS 5

MSS/Avionics

LAS 6
LAS 4

1
LS

ISPR

LAC 4

LAC 5

LAC 6
DDCU's

Mod.-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

Airflow
From LAP6

Lab

Node 2

FIGURE 49.THC subsystem (continued).

Airlock
Equipment Lock
AFwd1
Avionics
Node 1
Crew Lock

P
AFlr1
Storage

AA1
Cabin Air
Assembly

Temporary Air
Flow to Support
Airlock Installation

,
,
,,,
,,,

,
,

,
,,,,
,

Airflow
Into Crew Lock

AC1
Storage

Centrifuge

TBD

FIGURE 50.THC subsystem (continued).

100

Node 2
JEM
A

N2Z
DDCU's

N2N
DDCU's

Located TBD

N2S
DDCU's

,,
,

Cabin Air
Assembly

,,
,,
,

,,
S

N2P
DDCU's

,, ,,,,
,
,
,
,

,
,,

Lab
A

MPLM

,,,
,
,,
A

Centrifuge Scar

F
PMA2

APM

FIGURE 51.THC subsystem (continued).

3.2.1 Control Atmospheric Temperature

Pressure range
34.5 to 104.0 kPa (5.0 to 15.1 psia)

The atmospheric temperature is monitored and

maintained within the design limits as described below.

Temperature range
1.7 to 60 C (35 to 140 F)

3.2.1.1 Monitor Atmospheric Temperature

Input
1 mA dc

The atmosphere temperature is monitored over the

range of 15.6 to 32.2 C (60 to 90 F) with a Resistance
Temperature Detector (RTD) consisting of a wire-wound
resistor using platinum, which increases in resistance as
temperature increases. The basic construction is shown in
figure 54. Four captive fasteners hold the ORU assembly
in place. The characteristics of this temperature sensor
are:

Output
1,000 ohms 1.0 ohms at 0 C (32 F)

Accuracy
0.5 C (1 F).

Mass
45.5 g (0.1 lb)

Power consumption
1 mW

Volume
82 cm3 (5 in3)

3.2.1.2 Remove Atmospheric Heat

The CCAAslocated in the Lab, Hab, Node 2, and
ALremove excess heat and excess moisture from the
atmosphere in order to maintain a safe and comfortable
environment for the crew and equipment. Depending on
the module heat loads, the atmosphere flowrate can range
from 8,490 to 14,150 L/min (300 to 500 cfm).

101

102

Node 1

FIGURE 52.THC subsystem (continued).

AAA

HAP 5

WMC

HAP 6
Low-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

T T

HAF 5

Avionics #1/
O2 Generator

HAS 5

CHeCS-CMS

HAS 6
Stowage

ARS
(CDRA, MCA,TCCS)

HAS 4

HAC 3

FBCC

HAP 4

AAA

Urine Processor

HAF 4

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

Galley/Oven/
Drink Dispenser

HAP 3

AAA

Water Processor

HAF 3

Freezer

HAS 3

Wardroom/
Galley Stowage

HAC 2

Wardroom

HAP 2

Stowage

HAF 2

Refrigerator/
Freezer

HAS 2

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

HAC 1

HAS 1

Galley Stowage

Wardroom

HAP 1

Avionics #2/
Stowage

HAF 1

Refrigerator/
Freezer/Trash
Compactor

,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,

AAA

HAC 4
CHeCS-HMS/EHS

HAC 5
CHeCS-HMS/EHS

HAC 6
Stowage

HAF 6

Hab

N
PMA3

,
,

Supply Air
Transition Duct

Crossover Rack
EIB

Outlet Temperature
Sensor
Temperature Sensor

TCCV

Manual Flow
Control Valve

Remote Power
Distribution
Assembly

Pump Package
Assembly

Condensing
Heat Exchanger

Nitrogen
Interface
Assembly

Inlet ORU
(Fan Assembly)

Interface Panel

Maintenance
Switch Assembly

System Flow
Control Assembly

Figure 53.THC/TCS packaging in Rack LAP6.

3.2.1.2.1 CCAA Design

Redundant Temperature
Sensors

Mounting Plate

FIGURE 54.USOS atmospheric temperature sensor.

The CCAA is designed to be repairable by replacement of ORUs. The ORUs are described briefly in this
section. For a more detailed description, see D683
1471917, Revision New.
Inlet ORUThe Inlet ORU, shown in figure 55,
consists of the fan group with a fan assembly, a fan P
sensor, and an acoustic enclosure.
Fan AssemblyThe fan is an impeller design with
axial rotation (including stator vanes and flow distributor)
as shown in figure 56. It is driven by a brushless dc motor
and controlled by an electronic controller that operates the

103

motor and provides speed and temperature information. A

P sensor measures the pressure rise across the fan and an
acoustic enclosure contains noise generated by the fan.
Mounting points are provided for use of two ISS-common
removable ORU handles.

Mass
0.3 kg (0.7 lb)

Power consumption
240 mW via MDM

Volume
0.06 L (0.002 ft3)).

Measurement range
0 to 28 cm (11 in) H2O with + 0.7 percent
( 0.213 cm (0.084 in) H2O) accuracy

Input voltage
15 +1.8 Vdc with output of 4 to 20 mA dc
current loop proportional to input pressure

CCAA fan assembly characteristics are:

Mass
12.7 kg (27.9 lb)

Power consumption
410 W

Volume
0.04 m3 (1.43 ft3).

The controller and the P sensor are mounted directly

to the fan housing. The fan housing, in turn, is mounted to
the structural frame on four acoustic-and-vibration-isolation mounts to limit structure-borne noise and vibration.
The acoustic enclosure is mounted to the frame on elastomeric pads and surrounds the fan housing to block caseradiated noise. The assembly inlet and outlet ducts are
also attached to the frame.
Within the enclosure, the air is directed to and from
the inlet and outlet of the fan housing with flexible
elastomeric couplings that act to isolate fan housing
vibration while preventing air recirculation from the fan
outlet back to the fan inlet. The assembly electrical
connections for power in, signals out, and P sensor
input/output are mounted to the inlet end of the acoustic
enclosure.
The structural frame extends through the acoustical
enclosure to provide the four structural mounting points
for the assembly. The structural interface consists of four
mounting pads with two captive fasteners located at each
pad. One pad contains an alignment pin and it is designated as a three-force mount capable of taking loads in
three directions. A second pad with no alignment pin is
designated as a one-force mount. The fourth pad, which
contains an alignment pin, acts as a redundant mount so
that if any of the other pads fail, the assembly will still
be sufficiently supported. This extra mount allows the
assembly to be defined as non-fracture critical.
Fan P SensorA linear variable pressure transducer (LVPT), provides linear output voltage proportional
to the core displacement. It is connected directly to the
MDM Input/Output (I/O) card. The characteristics are:

104

HX ORUThe HX ORU consists of a CHX,

temperature sensor ORU, the TCCV, and associated
ducting hoses.
Condensing Heat ExchangerAs shown in figure
57, the CHX is a plate fin core design with a four-pass
cross-counter flow coolant circuit (based on the Spacelab
design), with 33 air and 34 coolant layers constructed of
stainless steel ruffled fins. The air-side passages are
coated with a hydrophilic material that promotes film
wetting on the surfaces, thereby minimizing droplet
formation which could cause partial flow blockage and
subsequent sudden and abrupt droplet expulsion. A silver
(Ag) biocide is impregnated in the hydrophilic coating to
inhibit microbial growth. The device that removes the
condensed water is referred to as a slurper bar (shown
in fig. 58) because water and air are sucked into the
device through a large number of small holes. The CHX
has the following characteristics:

Liquid flowrate
558 kg/hr (1,230 lb/hr) (Lab, Hab)
272 kg/hr (600 lb/hr) (Node 2 and AL)

Mass
20.6 kg (45.5 lb)

Volume
0.040 m3 (1.4 ft3)

Material
Stainless steel ruffled fins

Hydrophilic coating with biocide to minimize

droplet formation and for microbial control

2 to 3 percent of HX air is drawn through the

slurper into the water separator

TORQUE ORU BOLTS TO 222262 INLB

ABOVE RUNNING TORQUE 4 PLACES

INLET ORU
PART NO SV81140

SERIAL NO

INLET ORU WEIGHT 59 LB

TWO PERSON LIFT REQUIRED

CAUTION
THIS EQUIPMENT CONTAINS
PARTS AND ASSEMBLIES
SENSITIVE TO DAMAGE BY
ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE
(ESO). USE PRECAUTIONARY
PROCEDURES WHEN TOUCHING,
REMOVING, OR INSERTING.

TORQUE ORU BOLTS TO 222262 INLB

ABOVE RUNNING TORQUE 4 PLACES

A1J3

A1J2

A1J1

FIGURE 55.CCAA Inlet ORU

Effectiveness (in metric units)

87 percent at 101.3 kPa and 558 kg/hr ITCS
and 7,815 L/min airflow
91.5 percent at 70.3 kPa and 558 kg/hr ITCS
and 10,279 L/min airflow
85.5 percent at 101.3 kPa and 272 kg/hr
ITCS and 9,430 L/min airflow
89.5 percent at 70.3 kPa and 272 kg/hr ITCS
and 11,327 L/min airflow

Effectiveness (in U.S. units)

87 percent at 14.7 psia and 1,230 lb/hr ITCS
and 276 cfm airflow
91.5 percent at 10.2 psia and 1,230 lb/hr
ITCS and 363 cfm airflow
85.5 percent at 14.7 psia and 600 lb/hr ITCS
and 333 cfm airflow
89.5 percent at 10.2 psia and 600 lb/hr ITCS
and 400 cfm airflow.

Temperature Control and Check Valve (TCCV)

Within each CCAA, the TCCV controls the amount of air
that flows through or around the CHX. Depending on the
amount of cooling required, the flow through the CHX
will be more or less. A Proportional-Integral (PI) control
scheme is used to maintain the cabin temperature at the
crew selected temperature set point between 18.3 to 26.7
C (65 and 80 F). The maximum allowable error (dead
band) between the actual temperature and the setpoint
temperature is 0.5 C (1 F). When the error is >0.5 C (1
F) the PI controller modulates the TCCV to either permit
more flow through the CHX (lowering the temperature) or
more flow through the bypass (raising the cabin temperature). There is also a manual override lever. For 12,716 L/
min (430 cfm) airflow, the minimum by-pass flow is 850
L/min (30 cfm) and the minimum HX flow is 1,444 L/min
(51 cfm). The flow split gain is limited to 413.4 L/min
(14.6 cfm)/degree of valve rotation. The chassis, doors,
and actuator housing are made of aluminum and the pivot
shaft is made of stainless steel.

105

Side View
Handle
Receptacles
WARNING
Hot Surfaces

Power/Signal
Connectors

Controller

Electrical
Pass-Thru

Inlet Duct
Interface

Captive
Fasteners

381 mm
(15.0")

Flow
Rotation

Pressure Tap

Exhaust Duct
Interface
Pressure Tap

Delta P Sensor

318 mm
(12.5")

Cross-Section View

Controller

Stator
Vanes

Impeller

Motor

Diffuser
Flow Straightener
Flow Distributor

FIGURE 56.CCAA THC fan assembly.

106

Mounting Brackets
4 places

Air

Temperature Control
and Check Valve
Interface

Air
To ARS
(Hab/Lab Only)
Slurper Header
Coolant Inlet
Inlet Air
Flange

Coolant
Exit
Coolant Headers

Condensate
Out to WRM

FIGURE 57.THC CHX schematic.

Air Fins

Slurper Holes

Air Closure Bar

Air
Water
Air
Water
Coolant Flow

Slurper
Closure Bar

Slurper
Parting Sheet

Condensate
Out to WRM

Lower Parting Sheet

Upper Parting Sheet

FIGURE 58.THC CHX slurper bar schematic.

107

A schematic of the TCCV is shown in figure 59. The

TCCV is held in place with six captive fasteners. An
attached handle aids removal and installation of the ORU.
The TCCV is a variable air damper operated by a
120 Vdc brushless motor with manual override. It has
the following characteristics:

Mass
6.3 kg (13.9 lb)

Power consumption
6.8 W static and 15.7 W dynamic

Volume
0.027 m3 (0.95 ft3).

Water Separator (WS) ORUThe WS ORU,

shown in figure 60, consists of a WS, pressure sensor, and
liquid sensor.
WSThe WS design is based on the space shuttle/
Spacelab WS but uses a 120 Vdc brush-less motor. The
WS consists of a rotating drum, pitot tube, centrifugal fan,
relief valve (145 kPa (21 psid) cracking pressure),
solenoid valve, pressure sensor, air check valve, and
speed sensor. The inlet fluid is 90 percent liquid, by
volume. The outlet condensate pressure is 276 kPa
(40 psig) with more than 1.45 kg/hr (3.2 lb/hr) condensate
flowrate. The construction material is cast aluminum with
brazed components. It has the following characteristics:

Power consumption
240 mW via MDM

Volume
57 cm3 (3.5 in3).

Water Separator Liquid SensorThe water

separator liquid sensor, shown in figure 61, detects the
presence of water in the air side of the separator. The
sensor detects a water slug 0.89 cm (0.35 in) diameter .
The time that water is present is accumulated. Its characteristics are:

Mass
0.64 kg (1.4 lb)

Power consumption
9 mW via MDM

Volume
566 cm3 (0.02 ft3).

Liquid Sensor ORUThe liquid sensor ORU

consists of an HXLS.
Heat Exchanger Liquid Sensor (HXLS)The
HXLS, shown in figure 62, detects the presence of water
on the duct wall downstream of the THC assembly. The
sensor signal conditioner is connected directly to the
MDM I/O card and/or electrical interface box. Its characteristics are:

Mass
11.95 kg (26.34 lb)

Mass
0.454 kg (1.0 lb)

Power consumption
46.36 W

Power consumption
9 mW via MDM

Volume
0.054 m3 (1.9 ft3).

Volume
283 cm3 (0.01 ft3).

Pressure Sensor (for WS)The pressure sensor is

a bonded foil strain gauge type with proportional differential voltage output when the bridge is imbalanced. The
pressure sensor is connected directly to the MDM I/O
card. It has the following characteristics:

108

EIB ORUThe EIB ORU consists of an EIB

and a cooling interface.
Electrical Interface Box (EIB)The EIB, shown in
figure 63, provides signal conditioning for sensors that are
incompatible with the MDM, on/off control, dual voltage
solenoid valve driver, overcurrent protection, Built-InTest (BIT) circuitry, and output status. The C&DH interfaces are:

Measurement range
0 to 517 kPa (75 psig) with 3 percent
(15.7 kPa) (2.28 psig)

Input voltage
15 1.8 Vdc with output of 4 to 20 mA dc
current loop proportional to input pressure

Mass
1.66 kg (3.66 lb)

Passive discrete BIT command (MDM to EIB)

Passive discrete valve command (MDM to EIB)
Active discrete EIB enable command (MDM to
EIB)
Passive discrete EIB status (EIB to MDM)

Front View

Electrical Connectors

Linkage
Housing Cover

Warmer

Colder
Manual
Override
Lever

ORU Handle

Actuator

Valve Position Indicator

External Viton Seal

Door Driver Lever

Bypass Door

Internal Viton Seals

Bypass Door
Stainless Steel
Door Pivot

HX Doors
Check Spring

Nonmetallic Bushings

FIGURE 59.THC TCCV.

Active discrete HX liquid sensor (MDM to EIB)

Analog balanced differential WS liquid sensor
(EIB to MDM)

Mass
5.7 kg (12.5 lb)

Power consumption
6.5 W

Volume
0.0097 m3 (590 in3).

The EIB characteristics are:

Components
1 motherboard, 4 daughter boards, 1 filter,
circular I/O connectors
Material
Anodized aluminum

The EIB is attached by four captive fasteners and has a

detachable handle to aid removal and installation.

109

Acoustic Enclosure
Over Motor
Pressure
Sensor
Relief Valve
Condensate
Outlet

Solenoid
Valve

A4J1
Signals
A4J2
Power

ORU Mounting Frame

Motor Controller
Air Outlet

Acoustic Enclosure
Over Water Separator

Condensate/Air Inlet

FIGURE 60.THC CCAA water separator.

Temperature Sensor ORUThe Inlet and Outlet

Temperature Sensor ORUs are identical. The sensors are
platinum RTDs that are connected directly to the MDM
I/O card. The characteristics are:

Measurement range
4.44 to 32.2 C (40 to 90 F) with 1 percent 0.25 C (0.5 F) full-scale accuracy

Mass
270 g (0.59 lb)

Volume
0.0011 m3 (67 in3).

3.2.1.2.2 CCAA Operation

The CCAA process is shown schematically in figure
64. Filtered air is drawn from the cabin by the Inlet ORU.
The Inlet ORU provides the necessary head rise to move
air through the CCAA as well as the cabin and system
ducting. The cabin temperature is controlled to a crewselectable set point temperature by positioning the TCCV
ORU via a PI control scheme based on the difference
between the Inlet Temperature ORU signal and the cabin
set point. The position of the TCCV determines the flow
split between the CHX and the bypass ducts. Heat and
moisture are removed from the portion of the airflow directed through the CHX. The heat removed from the air is
transferred to the coolant water loop. Bypass air and CHX
airflow streams are then mixed downstream of the TCCV
and cool, dehumidified air is returned to the cabin through

110

the outlet housing. The condensed moisture, along with

some air, is drawn from the CHX by the Water Separator
ORU where condensate and air are separated. The condensate is delivered to the condensate bus while the air is
returned to the outlet air stream. The humidity condensate
water is delivered to the wastewater bus at a rate up to
1.45 kg (3.2 lb) per hour at a pressure of up to 55 kPa
(8 psig). A Liquid Sensor ORU indicates excessive condensate carryover by monitoring the condition of the air
in the ducting downstream of the CCAA. In addition to
air being delivered to the cabin, a separate port upstream
of the TCCV ORU allows withdrawal of high relative
humidity air.
CCAAs are located in four places (Hab, Lab, Node 2,
and AL); however, the performance requirements are not
the same in all applications. The performance of the
CCAAs is tailored for the application by the controlling
software. The applications are identified as Type 1 (Hab
and Lab) and Type 2 (Node 2 and AL). The CCAA
operating conditions (Type A normal condition and Type
B low-pressure condition) are described in table 22 for the
Type 1 and Type 2 applications. The effective average
velocity in the habitat aisleway is 4.6 to 12.2 m/min (15 to
40 fpm), with a minimum average of 3 m/min (10 fpm)
when supporting high heat loads in parasitic pressurized
volumes (i.e., Node 1 with or without the Cupola and the
MPLM). Two-thirds of the velocities are in the 4.6 to
12.2 m/min (15 to 40 fpm) range, with lower and upper
limits of 2 and 61 m/min (7 and 200 fpm), respectively
(for localized flow near a diffuser).

3.2.1.2.3 CCAA Performance

,,,,

Flow

Condensate Water

Adapter
Water Separator

Heat is removed via the water-cooled ITCS to

maintain a crew-selectable cabin temperature between
18.3 to 27 C (65 and 80 F). The stabilized temperature
within the cabin is within 1 C (2 F) of the selected
temperature. The Lab and Hab THC can remove 3.5 kW
(including 1.0 kW latent heat) from the Lab atmosphere.
(The AL and Node 2 THC have less capability
due to a lower coolant flowrate. Node 1 and the Cupola
do not have THC units and the allowable temperature
range is 18.3 to 29.4 C (65 to 85 F).) The cabin RH is
maintained within the 25 to 75 percent range. The dewpoint temperature is in the 4.4 to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F)
range. Data and commands are transferred via a command
and control processor and 120 V dc power is provided
from the secondary electrical power supply.

3.2.1.3 Avionics Air Assembly (AAA)

FIGURE 61.THC CCAA WS liquid sensor.

The CCAA is operated via six commands (from

MDMs in racks LA1 and LA2) to the CCAA internal
Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI) directing
the CCAA to a final operating configuration or to perform
a specified operation. The operational commands can be
overridden via the MDMs to modify the operating parameters per user requests. There are eight states internal
to the CCAA CSCI, as shown in figure 65.
Operation of the CCAA involves the following
commands:

Initialize
Resets faults/overrides, runs active BIT,
places in Off state.

Operate
Goes to Startup state and goes to On state
when startup is complete.

Standby
Goes to Startup state and waits for Operate
command (with WS on).

BIT Execution
Goes to Test state, runs BIT, and goes to Off
state.

Shutdown
Goes to Dryout state, proceeds to Drain
state, ends in Off.

Stop
Goes directly to Off.

The AAA, shown in figure 66, provides cooling and

atmospheric flow for FDS operation for rack-mounted
equipment. The primary components of the AAA are a
variable speed fan, HX, smoke detector, and a firmware
controller. A combination of mufflers at the inlet and
outlet provide high- and low-frequency airborne noise
control. An acoustic enclosure provides case-radiated
noise protection.
Inlet air as warm as 41 C (105 F) flows through
mufflers before entering the inlet duct where a smoke
detector is located upstream of the fan. The fan provides
sufficient pressure rise to allow a 51 mm (2 in) H2O
pressure drop in the payload rack, as well as compensate
for losses in the AAA itself. As the air leaves the fan it
expands through a transition section before entering the
HX, where it is cooled to a maximum temperature of
22.2 C (72 F) before it is discharged through the outlet
muffler into the rack.
The AAA fan is a compact, highly integrated assembly consisting of a fan, motor, sensors, control electronics,
and mounting structure. The fan is driven at 18,000 rpm
by a brushless dc motor built into the fan housing. Sensors for monitoring flowrate and temperature are mounted
in the airflow path. The maximum fan power consumption
is 145 W at 56.6 L/sec (120 cfm). The air-water HX is a
cross-counterflow plate-fin design with integral water
headers. It is highly compact and maintains effectiveness
over an air flow range of 18.9 to 56.6 L/sec (40 to
120 scfm) and a coolant flow range of 45.4 to 81.7 kg/hr
(100 to 180 pph). The maximum heat rejection is 1,200 W
at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia).

111

CAUTION

TO MATE

ELECTROSTATIC
SENSITIVE
ITEM

ELECTRICAL
INTERFACE
BOX

PART NO. SV806488

SERIAL NO.

REV

ITEM NO. 7780

TORQUE MOUNTING SCREWS TO
6880 IN-LBS ABOVE RUNNING
TORQUE

TO MATE

WARNING
HOT SURFACES

FIGURE 63.THC CCAA EIB.

112

TORQUE MOUNTING SCREWS TO

2934 IN-LBS ABOVE
RUNNING TORQUE

ITEM NO. 9732

PART NO SV806609 REV

SERIAL NO.

HEAT EXCHANGER
LIQUID SENSOR
ORU

PART NO SV806609 REV

SERIAL NO.

ITEM NO. 9732

TORQUE MOUNTING SCREWS TO

2934 IN-LBS ABOVE
RUNNING TORQUE

FIGURE 62.THC CCAA HX liquid sensor.

Air
Return T
Duct
T

Liquid
Air
Sensor LS Supply
ORU
Duct

Inlet
Temperature
ORU

Filtered
Air From
Air Return
Duct

To Air
Supply
Duct
Heat Exchanger ORU
Slurper

,

,,,,
,,

Access Panel

Bypass Leg

Outlet
Temperature
ORU

Humidity
Control
HX

Fan Group
ORU

Inlet ORU

PI
TCCV
ORU

QD
QD
Coolant Coolant
Out
In

To ARS

EIB ORU
Electrical
Interface
Box
Cooling Interface

EIB

Electrical Interface Box

Liquid Sensor

ORU

Orbital Replaceable Unit

Differential Pressure Sensor

Proportional-Integral Controller

Temperature Sensor

Water
Separator ORU

QD H2O to WRM

Check Valve
TCCV

Temperature Control and Check Valve

Pressure Sensor

Normally Closed Solenoid Valve

Speed Sensor

Quick Disconnect

FIGURE 64.CCAA process schematic.

113

TABLE 22.CCAA operating conditions.

Interface

Units

Operating Condition
Type A (normal)
Type B (low pressure)

Return Duct/Temp Sensor ORU Interface

Air Temperature
Air Absolute Pressure
Air Dewpoint Temperature
Air Relative Humidity
Air Velocity

C (F)
kPa (psia)
C (F)
%
m/min (ft/min)

17.227.8 (6382)
99.2102.7 (14.414.9)
4.414.4 (4058)
2570
4.69.1 (1530)

17.227.8 (6382)
61.373.0 (8.910.6)
4.414.4 (4058)
2570
4.69.1 (1530)

Return Duct/Assembly Interface

Air Temperature
Type 1*
Type 2
Air Absolute Pressure
Air Dewpoint Temp.
Type 1
Type 2
Air Relative Humidity
Type 1
Type 2

C (F)
C (F)
kPa (psia)
C (F)
C (F)
%
%

15.628.3 (6083)
17.227.8 (6382)
99.2102.7 (14.414.9)
3.315.6 (3860)
4.414.4 (4058)
2075
2570

15.628.3 (6083)
17.227.8 (6382)
61.373.0 (8.910.6)
3.315.6 (3860)
4.414.4 (4058)
2075
2570

Supply Duct/Liquid Sensor ORU Interface

Air Relative Humidity
Air Dewpoint
Airflow Velocity
Air Temperature
Carryover Water Conductivity

%
C (F)
m/sec (ft/sec)
C (F)
mhos/cm

20100
3.315.5 (3860)
3.56.4 (11.521.0)
6.728.3 (4483)
20150

ARS Duct Interface

Air Flowrate

Type 1

L/sec (acfm)

9.4 max (20 max)

Coolant Water Supply Interface

Supply
Water Temperature
Water Flowrate
Type 1
Type 2
Water Absolute Pressure (MOP)
Return

C (F)
kg/hr (lb/hr)
kg/hr (lb/hr)
kPa (psia)
N/A

3.35.6 (3842)
3.35.6 (3842)
529588 (1,1651,295)
529588 (1,1651,295)
272 (600 min)
272 (600 min)
689 (100 max)
689 (100 max)
Coolant water which exits the CCAA CHX

kPa (psig)

0.055.1 (08)

C (F)
kPa (psia)
C (F)
%
m/min (ft/min)
%

21.142.3 (70109)
99.9102.7 (14.514.9)
4.414.4 (4058)
1070
0 (0)
19.023.1

21.142.3 (70109)
62.073.0 (9.010.6)
4.414.4 (4058)
1070
0 (0)
24.128.5

Condensate Bus Interface

Condensate Gauge Pressure
(referenced to ambient)

Ambient Air Interface

Air/Surrounding Surface Temp.
Air Absolute Pressure
Air Dewpoint Temperature
Air Relative Humidity
Air Velocity
Air Oxygen Concentration

*Type 1Hab and Lab

Type 2Node 2 and AL

114

States
OFF

Overrides
ONE STEP
TWO STEP

MDM

RESET

Operational Commands
Initialize
Operate
Standby
Shutdown
Stop
Bit Execution

DRAIN

EIBOFF

DRYOUT

Assembly
Health

TEST

STARTUP

Common Cabin Air

Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI)

FIGURE 65.CCAA commands/overrides/states.

Outlet Muffler

Subframe Assembly

Components:
Inlet and Outlet Mufflers
Fan With Motor Controller
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger

Features:
Single ORU Packaging
Axial Air Inlet, 4 in dia. V-Band clamp
Radial Air Outlet, 4 Port Discharge
Captive Fasteners and Electrical I/F at Inlet End
Common Coolant Fittings (3/8 in GAMAH)
Built-in On-Orbit Grasp Handle

Acoustic Cover

Avionics Air Assembly

FIGURE 66.USOS AAA schematic.

115

3.2.2 Control Atmospheric Moisture

For the USOS, atmospheric temperature control and
humidity control are performed by the same subsystem,
described in section 3.2.1.

3.2.2.1 Monitor Humidity

Atmospheric moisture is not monitored.

3.2.2.2 Remove Atmospheric Moisture

The CHX removes moisture via the slurper bar
device (see section 3.2.1.2, describing the CHX, and
fig. 58). A water separator provides the necessary suction
at the CHX outlet to remove the condensate and a small
portion of air. The separator, shown in fig. 67, consists of
a rotating drum, pitot tube, centrifugal fan, relief valve,
solenoid valve, pressure sensor, air check valve, and
speed sensor. The air/water mixture (90 percent liquid, by
volume) is drawn into the central inlet. As the mixture is
driven radially outward, the water is separated from the
air by centrifugal action. A stationary pitot tube is
immersed in the rotating ring of water. The rotation speed
forces the water into the pitot tube, through the solenoid
valve and relief valve, and into the liquid condensate line.
The air check valve prevents backflow when the separator
is not operating. The relief valve prevents condensate
backflow and regulates upstream pressure to minimize air
inclusion. Back-pressure ensures that the water level in
the drum is always sufficient to cover the pitot inlet,
thereby preventing air inclusion in the condensate line.
Air is returned to the cabin. The water separator characteristics are:

Mass
11.9 kg (26.3 lb)

Power consumption
46.4 W.

Volume
0.05 m3 (1.9 ft3)

3.2.2.3 Dispose of Removed Moisture

Condensate water is collected and piped to a storage
tank. The storage tanks are metal bellow tanks made of
InconelTM. From 0 to 5 percent of the condensate water is
entrained air. The condensate is then processed in the
water processor for potable and hygiene water use.

116

3.2.3 Control Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
Airborne particulate contaminants are removed by
filtering the air before it enters the ventilation system
ducting.

3.2.3.1 Remove Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
Particulates and microorganisms are removed
by HEPA filters that remove 99.97 percent of particles
0.3 micron or larger in diameter. These filters are made of
a paper of borosilicate glass fibers folded and fastened
in a housing which allows easy replacement of the filters,
and an ethyltetrafloroethylene (ETFE) pre-filter screen
to exclude free liquid, as shown in figure 68. These filters
are considered to be part of the THC subsystem.

3.2.3.2 Dispose of Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
The filters are checked and cleaned by vacuuming
every 90 days if necessary, and they are replaced once
per year. To replace a filter, the atmospheric flow in the
ventilation duct is first shut off by manually closing the
duct damper to preclude particulates from being drawn
into the ventilation system. There is a separate damper in
each leg of the ventilation ducting, as shown in figure 69.
The assembly is designed to provide one-handed operation with a friction hinged door to stay in any position to
facilitate routine element replacement. A simple pull-strap
aids removal of the filter from the housing assembly.
Spring clips and installation keys provide ease of filter
element positioning and prevent incorrect installation. A
perforated outlet prevents debris from entering the return
duct during element replacement. The inlet grate and latch
are capable of supporting crew push off.

3.2.4 Control Airborne Microorganisms

Airborne microorganisms are also removed by the
HEPA filters used to remove airborne particulates.

3.2.4.1 Remove Airborne Microorganisms

Microorganisms are removed to maintain a maximum
daily average concentration of 1,000 CFU/m3 (see section
3.2.3).

16.97 cm (6.68 in)

Air/Water
Mixture
In
Water
Outlet
Pitot Tube
Air Out

Water Outlet

Air

Labyrinth Seal
Pitot Splash
Guard

Water
Water Storage
Chamber

Pitot Tube

FIGURE 67.THC water separator.

3.2.4.2 Dispose of Airborne Microorganisms

commands are transferred via an MDM and 120 Vdc

power is provided from an RPCM.

Microorganisms are disposed of by replacing the

old HEPA filters with new ones and disposing of the
old filters as trash (see section 3.2.3).

3.2.6 Circulate Atmosphere: Intermodule

3.2.5 Circulate Atmosphere: Intramodule

The CCAA, described in section 3.2.1, also circulates
atmosphere within a module.
Cabin Air DistributionIn the Lab, two CCAAs
are connected to a distribution system that draws air from
the cabin and supplies conditioned air to the cabin.
Normally, only one CCAA operates at a time so crossover ducts connect the CCAAs, as shown in figure 69.
In the Hab, Node 2, and the AL, there is one CCAA each,
connected to the ducts in each module.
The AAA removes heat from the atmosphere in the
powered racks in the Lab. The thermal energy is transferred to the moderate-temperature ITCS. Data and

IMV ensures air circulation throughout the ISS to

provide good distribution of O2, aid in removal of CO2
and trace contaminants, and help to maintain appropriate
temperature and RH. IMV hardware consists of two
ORUs and other hardware such as ducting (which is not
intended to be replaced). To connect the IMV ducting in
adjacent modules, hard ducts (or jumpers) are connected through the vestibules. These jumpers are connected with V-band clamps to the fixed adapters at the
vestibule interfaces. The jumpers are about 12 cm (4.7 in)
in diameter and about 0.61 m (2 ft) in length. They are
lined with an acoustic damping material (solimide foam)
with an additional lining of stainless steel felt. The IMV
ORUs are:
Intermodule Ventilation Fan AssemblyThe IMV
fan (shown in fig. 70) provides for ventilation between

117

78.0 cm
(30.7 in)
Mounting Flange

Hinge
3 Places

Element

Mounting Fastener
8 Places

Grate

Latch Handle

Latch Mechanism
Latch Cover

United Technologies
Hamilton Standard
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890

1234567890
1234567890
1234567890

Housing Assembly

Gasket

Sealing Fastener
10 Places

FIGURE 68.THC HEPA filter assembly.

adjacent modules. Data and commands are transferred via
an MDM and 120 Vdc power is provided from an RPCM.
The rate of flow between adjacent modules is in the range
3,823 to 4,106 L/min (135 to 145 cfm). The fan is
powered by a 120 Vdc brushless motor with a speed
sensor. The inlet flow is protected by a honeycomb
airflow straightener. IMV fan characteristics include:

Air flowrate
3,964 L/min (140 cfm) to cabin

P
2.54 cm (1.0 in) water column

Power (120 Vdc)

55 W continuous

Mass
4.7 kg (10.5 lb).

Intermodule Ventilation Valve AssemblyThe

IMV valve (shown in fig. 71) provides the capability to
isolate the atmosphere from adjacent modules when the

118

hatches are closed. The IMV valve thus allows or prevents

atmosphere exchange between adjacent modules. Data
and commands are transferred via an MDM and 120 Vdc
power is provided from an RPCM. The valve is an electric
motor driven butterfly valve (with manual override capability), and includes an electrical motor actuator with a
planetary gear drive, and spur and face gear assembly.
The valve actuates when power is applied, and Magnetic
Position Indicators (MPI) signal the motor controller and
MDM to remove power at the end of a stroke. Electronic
position sensors detect the valve end of a stroke. A high
gear ratio keeps the valve in the last commanded position.
The IMV valve has the following characteristics:

Dimensions
164 by 159 by 319 mm (6.5 by 6.3
by 12.6 in)

Mass
5.34 kg (11.75 lb)

Supply Diffuser
Liquid Sensor

Crossover Duct

Transition
Duct Assembly

Return Air and

Bacteria Filter Assembly

CCAA

Temperature Sensor
Duct Damper

FIGURE 69.IMV hardware.

Air flowrate
286 kg/hr at 101.3 kPa and 0.48 kPa P
(629 lb/hr at 14.7 psia and 0.07 psid)

Temperature
Non-operating temperature range:
95 to 71 C (40 to 160 F)
On-orbit non-operating temperature range:
95 to 32 C (40 to 90 F)
On-orbit operating temperature range:
1.7 to 32 C (35 to 90 F)

Pressure
Normal operating pressure: 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psia)
Proof pressure: 165.4 kPa (24 psid)
at 23.8 C (75 F)
Burst pressure: 237.7 kPa (34.5 psid)
at 23.8 C (75 F)

Leakage
Case leakage: 0.066 scc/hr at 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psid) and 23.8 C (75 F)
Port leakage: 72 scc/hr at 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psid) and 23.8 C (75 F)

Power consumption
120 Vdc motor, 15 Vdc valve controller
and sensor

Peak: 190 W (when the valve is activated,

the average power consumption is much
lower)
Standby: 0.15 W
Enabled: 6 W (maximum)
Operating: 20 W (maximum)

Operating time
Cycle from open to closed in 30 sec
maximum

Operating cycles
Design life: 3,750 cycles
Actual operating life: More than 10 times
the design life.

The IMV valve can also be operated manually using

the manual override handle shown in figure 72. The
override handle is engaged during normal operation for
visual indication of the valve position. When the manual
override is used, it disengages the motor-driven gear,
providing the ability to operate the valve. Releasing and
stowing the handle re-engages the motor planetary and
spur gear assemblies. The actuator has mechanical stops
at the open and closed positions.

119

Rotatable Cable
Housing

Electrical
Connectors

Cable (To Override Handle)

Flow

Controller
Stators
Impeller
Valve

Diffuser
Debris
Screen

FIGURE 71.IMV valve.

Motor

3.3 Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

Flow
Straightener

FIGURE 70.IMV fan assembly (D683150051, rev. A)

The IMV valve override handle has the following
characteristics:

Mass
1.6 kg (3.5 lb)

Nominal operation time

<5 sec

120

Dimensions:

Handle assembly
stowed 165 by 165 by 178 mm (6.5 by
6.5 by 7.0 in)
deployed 236 by 305 by 279 mm (9.3 by
12 by 11 in)
Cable assembly13 mm (0.5 in) diameter
by 0.9 m (36 in) length

Force to open/close
89 N (20 lb).

The AR subsystem removes CO2 and potentially

harmful trace gases metabolically generated by the crew
and offgassed from equipment and other materials. The
AR subsystem also monitors the atmosphere for the major
constituents (O2, N2, CO2, H2, CH4, and H2O). After the
Hab is installed, O2 generation is also part of AR.
The AR subsystem interfaces are shown in figure 73.
As shown in figure 74, the major components of the AR
subsystem are the:

CDRA

OGA in the Hab

TCCS

MCA

SDS in the Lab, Hab, AL, Nodes 1 and 2, the

Centrifuge, and the international modules (JEM,
APM, MPLM)

The locations of the AR components in the USOS are

shown in figures 75 through 81. The AR rack packaging is
shown in figure 82 and the AR Rack Assembly Connections are shown in figure 83.

Position Indicator
Closed
Stowed Handle

4BMS CDRA. Excess CO2 is vented overboard, until a

CO2 reduction assembly is activated. (The CO2 reduction
assembly is installed after the initial ISS construction is
completed.)

3.3.1.2.1 4BMS Design

The 4BMS removes CO2 from the Habitat atmosphere by adsorption on Zeolite 5A molecular sieve
material. As shown in figure 84, there are two canisters
(or beds) of Zeolite 5A to allow one to be regenerated,
by desorption of the CO2 while the other is adsorbing
CO2, thereby providing continuous operation. Because
water is more readily adsorbed than CO2, water vapor
must first be removed. The water is adsorbed on beds of
Zeolite 13X and Silica Gel (Si gel). The main features of
the technology are:

Open
Deployed Handle

Cable to
IMV Valve

Continuous removal of CO2 by alternating

between two CO2 sorbent beds

Thermal/vacuum swing regeneration of the CO2

sorbent beds

Recovery of water vapor and atmosphere

Open loop operation (CO2 is vented to space

vacuum)

Removes the CO2 generated by four people

plus biological specimens

Day/night orbital cyclic operation of sorbent

bed heaters for night-side power savings

Receives process air from either active THC

unit in the Lab

No expendables.

FIGURE 72.IMV valve manual override operation.

3.3.1 Control Carbon Dioxide

The CO2 levels are monitored and maintained within
the design specifications with a CO2 monitor and a CO2
removal assembly.

3.3.1.1 Monitor CO2

The CO2 level is monitored by the MCA (see
section 3.3.2).

3.3.1.2 Remove CO2

CO2 is removed from the habitat atmosphere by a

Water is removed from the atmospheric stream by

two methods. First, the inlet duct to the 4BMS is attached
downstream of the CHX in the THCS. Thus, water is
removed by condensation in the THCS CHX. This also
raises the RH to near 100 percent, which allows more
water to be removed by the desiccant materials in the
4BMS. The desiccant materials are in separate canisters
from the CO2 sorbent so that water can be desorbed
separately from the CO2, and the water returned to the
habitat atmosphere.
The cooler temperature inlet atmosphere also
increases the adsorption capacity of the CO2 sorbent
materials. Prior to opening the CO2 vent valve to desorb
the CO2 to space, the air-save pump removes residual
atmosphere from the CO2 sorbent bed and returns it to
THCS.
121

120 Vdc

EPS

Monitor
C&DH

Control
Structures
Airflow To
(via THC)

Coolant Out
Coolant In

Cabin

ITCS

Airflow From

Samples From

FIGURE 73.USOS AR subsystem interfaces.

CO2, CH4 Vent

1.7 kg/day
(3.7 lb/day)

CO2 Vent
to Space
CO2
4 kg/day
(8.8 lb/day)

CO2
Reduction
Assembly

H20
2.9 kg/day
(6.4 lb/day)

Carbon Dioxide
Removal Assembly

H2 Vent
to Space
From WRM
Oxygen Generation
Assembly

To WRM
or OGA

O2
5.1 kg/day
(11.2 lb/day)

Trace Contaminant
Control Subassembly

H20
5.8 kg/day
(12.8 lb/day)

Purified Atmosphere
Atmosphere
+ CO2
34 m3/hr
(20 cfm)

Supply
Atmosphere

Temperature and
Humidity Control
Assembly

Atmosphere +
Contaminants
15.3 m3/hr
(9 cfm)
Atmosphere
Monitor
(Major Constituent
Analyzer)

Open Cabin
Return
Atmosphere

Atmosphere
Samples

CO2 reduction is not included initially, but the capability to add it later may be included.

FIGURE 74.Diagram of the USOS AR subsystem.

122

Vent to
Space
(Vent Line
Shared
With CDRA)

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

Flight
Direction

Hab

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
S

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Non-Propulsive Vent

Non-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Feedthrough

Mechanical Fitting, Half

Manual Valve

Filter

,
,

Flex Hose

Sample Port

Solenoid Valve (2-Way) with Manual

Overide and Position Indication

Solenoid Valve (3-Way) with Manual

Override and Position Indication

Oxygen Partial Pressure Sensor

CO2

Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Sensor

H2 O

Water Vapor Partial Pressure Sensor

LiOH Used for CO2 Removal During

Airlock Campout

Sample Probe

FIGURE 75.AR subsystem.

123

Node 1

Cupola

Zenith Truss
Z

RSA
Adaptor
(PMA1)

A
N1Z
A
C

A
B

C
B
B

Stowage 1

C
N1N
Stowage 2

A
B

N1S
Stowage 4

N1P
Stowage 3

F
Lab
S

N
Hab

Airlock

FIGURE 76.AR subsystem (continued).

PMA1

PMA2

Cupola

FIGURE 77.AR subsystem (continued).

124

PMA3

FIGURE 78.AR subsystem (continued).

125

Node 1

CO2

B
A
C

LAP 6
Low-Temp TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

ARS
(CDRA, MCA, TCCS)

LAF 4

ISPR

LAS 4

ISPR

LAC 4

LAP 4
ISPR

LAP 5
MSS/Avionics

FSS/Stowage

LAP 3

ISPR (Window)

LAF 3

ISPR

LAS 3

ISPR

LAC 3

,

Fuel-Cell
Water Storage

To Cabin Return Duct

LAF 5
Avionics #1/
Condensate
Water Storage

LAF 6

LAS 5
MSS/Avionics

ISPR

LAS 6

LAC 5

LAC 6
DDCU's

Mod. Temp. TCS/

Cabin Air
Assembly

Lab

ISPR

LAP 2

Avionics #3

LAF 2

ISPR

LAS 2

ISPR

LAC 2

ISPR

LAP 1

Avionics #2

LAF 1

ISPR

LAS 1

ISPR

LAC 1

A
C

Node 2

Lab

Airlock
Equipment Lock
AFwd1
Avionics
Node 1
Crew Lock

AFlr1
Storage

AA1
Cabin Air
Assembly
1

AC1
Storage

Centrifuge

TBD
FIGURE 79.AR subsystem (continued).

The physical interfaces of the 4BMS are as follows:

126

Fluid interfaces
Process air supply and return
ITCS coolant supply and return vacuum vent
Vacuum Vent
Electrical interfaces
3 data connectors
4 power connectors
Structural interfaces
36 mechanical interfaces: 6 bolts per post,
2 posts per slide, 3 slides.

Sensors are used to measure the conditions of the

fluids in the 4BMS and the status of the components as
follows:

12 selector valve position indicators (digital)

6 selector valve motor speed sensors (digital)

1 pump motor speed sensor (digital)

1 blower motor speed sensor (digital)

2 integrated circuit temperature sensors

(analog cut-off)

Node 2

JEM

Centrifuge Scar
Z

Lab
A

N2Z
DDCU's

A
B

N2P
DDCU's

A
B

N2N
DDCU's

A C

N2S
DDCU's

F
PMA-2
S

N
MPLM

APM

FIGURE 80.AR subsystem (continued).

6 CO2 adsorbent bed temperature sensors

(analog cut-off)

3 stand-alone air temperature sensors (analog

data and Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI))

1 stand-alone absolute pressure sensor

(analog data and FDI)

1 stand-alone differential pressure sensor

(analog data and FDI)

Total = 33 sensors = 28 discrete functions and

5 analog data.

Note that no critical control actions depend on calibrated analog readings. Sensor specifications are listed in
table 23.
Components of the 4BMS are:

ORUs:
Selector valve (five)
Desiccant bed/adsorbent bed/air check
valve (two)

Blower/precooler/selector valve (one)

Two-stage pump (one)
Motor controller (two)
Heater controller (two)

Temperature sensor (three)

Absolute pressure sensor (one)

Electronics cold plate (one)

Structure

Electrical wiring harness

Tubing

Application software.

Differential pressure sensor (one).

The power consumption and masses of 4BMS

components are listed in tables 24 and 25, respectively.
The thermal interfaces and loads are shown in figure 85.

127

FIGURE 81.AR subsystem (continued).

128

Node 1

C A A C

B A
B
B

CO2
HAS 4

HAP 4
FBCC

HAP 5
WMC

HAP 6

Urine Processor

HAF 4

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

Low-Temp TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

To Cabin
Return Duct

HAF 5
Avionics #1/
O2 Generator

ARS
(CDRA, MCA, TCCS)

HAS 5
CHeCSCMS

HAS 6
Stowage

HAC 4
CHeCSHMS/
EHS

HAC 5
CHeCSHMS/
EHS

HAC 6
Stowage

HAF 6

X4
HAC 3

HAP 3

Water Processor

HAF 3

Freezer

HAS 3

Wardroom/
Gallery
Stowage

Galley/ Oven/
Drink Dispenser

Hab

HAC 2

Wardroom

HAP 2

Stowage

HAF 2

Refrigerator/
Freezer

HAS 2

Ops. Support/
PEP
Stowage

HAC 1

Wardroom

HAP 1

Avionics #2/
Stowage

HAF 1

Refrigerator/
Freezer/
Trash Compactor

HAS 1

Galley Stowage

PMA3

Trace Contaminant
Control Subassembly

Carbon Dioxide
Removal Assembly

Rack
Structure

Avionics
Air Ducting

Major
Constituent
Analyzer

AR Distribution
Components
TCS Manual
Valve

Rack Power
Distribution
Assembly

Avionics Air
Assembly

Maintenance Switch
Assembly

AR Rack Front Isometric View

(Rack Faceplate Not Shown for Clarity)

FIGURE 82.USOS AR rack packaging in the Lab (the Hab AR will also include an OGA).

129

1
4

Air In
Air Sample

Exhaust
Major
Constituent
Analyzer
Vacuum

Trace Contaminant
Control Subassembly
Air Sample

Air Sample

,
,,

Air Out

Carbon
Dioxide
Removal CO2
Assembly Vent
6

TCS Out

7
Cooling Air
Flow Direction

Avionics
Air
Assembly
8

Area
Smoke
Detector
TCS
THC Air THC Air
Return Supply Low-Temp.
Supply

Legend

Solenoid Valve with

Manual Override and
Position Indication
Pressure
Transducer

Tee Fitting

Line continuation numbers correspond to matching locations within the rack.

Quick Disconnect
Half

The TCCS draws air directly from the face of the rack using a duct within the
subassembly. The rack closeout panel will include a protective screen at the
TCCS inlet location.

Mechanical
Connector Half

The MCA exhausts air directly into the rack.

Subassembly interface designators are as follows:

AACarbon Dioxide Removal Assembly
ADTrace Contaminant Control Subassembly
ACStandalone major constituent analyzer

Subassembly
Envelope

Diffuser

Filter

Flexible Hose

Rigid Tubing

Area
Smoke
Detector

Avionics air suction diffusers are located throughout the rack.

Capped Line

Avionics air supply is exhausted directly into the rack.

Smoke Detector

The flexible hoses on the air sample lines are a part of the rack bulkhead connector.

The unused sample ports are capped.

Mod

Moderate

Temp

Temperature

FIGURE 83.Schematic of AR rack assembly connections.

130

Air Sample

Notes

Manual Valve

Seven Port Quick

Disconnect Half

TCS
TCS
CO2
Mod.-Temp. Mod.-Temp. Vent
Supply
Return

TCS
Low-Temp.
Return

Cabin 2 - Cabin Sample In

Air In
TCS In

CO2 Sorbent Bed

(Desorbing)
A

Absolute
Pressure
Sensor
CO2 Outlet

B
Temp.
Sensor

Electrical
Heaters

PreCooler
P
Sensor

5A
Temp.
Sensors

Coolant

Air Save
Pump

Check
Valve

,,
13X

Desiccant Bed
(Adsorbing)

Si gel
13X

Air
Return

Air
Inlet

Temp.
Sensors

Temp.
Sensor

Blower

CO2 Sorbent Bed

(Adsorbing)

Electrical
Heaters

Selector
Valve
(6 Places)

13X

Desiccant Bed
(Desorbing)

Si gel

13X

Temp.
Sensor

FIGURE 84.4BMS CDRA.

TABLE 23.4BMS sensor specifications.
Sensor

Sensor Type

Output

Power Input

Accuracy

Temperature

PRTD (1,000)

1 to 2 Vdc

1 mA

1 C ( 2 F) Data & FDI

3 C ( 5 F)
Discrete Function

Inverter Chip
Temperature Sensor

Two Terminal
Integrated Circuits

Current 298.2 A
at 25 C (77 F)

4 to 30 Vdc

1 C ( 2 F) Discrete
Function

Variable Reluctance
Strain Gauge

5 to 5 Vdc
0 to 1.3 m H2O
(50 in H2O)

15 Vdc, 20 mA (max)

0.65% FS Data and FDI

Absolute Pressure

Variable Reluctance

5 to 5 Vdc
Strain Gauge
(20 psia)

15 Vdc, 20 mA (max)
0 to 138 kPa

0.65% FS Data and FDI

Valve Position Indicator

Optical-Interruptor
Light-Emitting
Diodes (LED)

Digital A or B Position
13.5 to 17.1 Vdcon,
0 Vdcoff

Integral With Valve

Assembly Power

Digital

Motor Speed

Hall-Effect Sensor

20 mAon,
0 mAoff

Integral With Motor

Digital

131

TABLE 24. 4BMS power consumption.

Component Description

Selector Valves
Blower
Blower Motor Controller
Adsorbent Bed Heater
Heater Controller
Pump
Pump Motor Controller
Sensors

Total Power
Consumption, W

Total Power Consumption,

Time-Averaged W

60
58
5
480
19
226
20
3

<1
58
5
390
19
19
2
3

4BMS Total Power Consumption (Time-Averaged)

497

TABLE 25. 4BMS mass properties.

Component Description

Air Selector Valve

Desiccant/Adsorbent Unit
Desiccant Bed
Adsorbent Bed
Air Check Valve
Heater Controller
Blower/Precooler Unit
Air Blower
Motor Controller
Precooler
CO2 Pump Unit
CO2 Pump
Motor Controller
Sensors
Temperature Sensor
Differential Pressure Sensor
Absolute Pressure Sensor
Electrical Harness
Plumbing
Support Structure
Fluid Disconnects
Electronics Cold Plate
Cold Plate
Interface Plate

Quantity
per 4BMS

Unit Mass
lb

Summed Mass
kg
lb

2.6

5.7

15.5

34.2

2
2
2
2

17.3
23.6
0.1
3.3

38.0
52.0
0.3
7.3

34.5
47.2
0.3
6.6

76.0
104.0
0.6
14.6

1
1
1

1.0
1.3
2.7

2.2
2.8
6.0

1.0
1.3
2.7

2.2
2.8
6.0

1
1

8.2
1.3

18.0
2.8

8.2
1.3

18.0
2.8

3
1
1
1
1
1
4

0.1
0.2
0.2
4.5
5.9
36.1
0.6

0.3
0.5
0.5
10.0
12.9
79.5
1.4

0.4
0.2
0.2
4.5
5.9
36.1
2.5

0.9
0.5
0.5
10.0
12.9
79.5
5.6

1
2

3.3
0.8

7.3
1.7

3.3
1.5

7.3
3.4

173.3

381.8

4BMS Total Mass

The 4BMS components and ORUs are described below.

Selector ValvesThe direction of flow of air and

CO2 is controlled by valves. The valve design requirements are:

Flowrate
0 to 58.5 kg/hr (0 to 129 lb/hr) of air and
0 to 4.1 kg/hr (0 to 9 lb/hr) of CO2

Maximum pressure drop

1.27 cm (0.5 in) of water at 45.5 kg/hr
(100 lb/hr) airflow

132

Operating fluid
Atmosphere (0 to 100 percent RH) and CO2

Electrical Power
587 W

Avionics
Air Supply

Avionics
Air Return
33 W

Inlet Air
From THC

Carbon Dioxide
Overboard Vent

CDRA

76 W
Return Air
From THC

544 W
Coolant
From ITCS

Coolant
To ITCS

Positive number reflects net energy into CDRA.

Negative number reflects net energy out of CDRA.

FIGURE 85.4BMS interfaces and time-averaged thermal loads.

Total leakage
0.5 sccm air at 689.5 kPa (100 psid)

Operating fluid
Air and CO2

Closing time
6 sec (maximum).

Flowrate
19.5 to 40.8 kg/hr (43 to 90 lb/hr) of air

Operating fluid temperature

4.4 to 204.4 C (40 to 400 F)

Operating fluid pressure

3.4 to 104.8 kPa (0.5 to 15.2 psia)

Desiccant bed material:

Molecular sieve 13X
Si gel
Molecular sieve 13X

The design and construction characteristics of the selector

valves are:

Mass
2.04 kg (4.5 lb) (maximum, including
actuator)

290 cc
6,600 cc
5,900 cc

Line size
3.8 cm (1.5 in) outer diameter

End fitting
Hydraflow

CO2 Adsorbent bed material:

Molecular sieve 5A
16,000 cc

Voltage
120 Vdc

Nominal heater power:

Primary
Secondary

Position indicator
End of travel
Dynamic shaft seals
Dual seals.

Desiccant Bed/CO2 Adsorbent BedThe desiccant

beds and CO2 adsorbent beds are combined into ORUs,
each consisting of one desiccant bed and one CO2 sorbent
bed, as shown in figure 86. The characteristics and design
requirements of these ORUs are:

480 W
480 W

Temperature sensor resistance

1,000 ohms at 0 C (32 F).

Air Check ValvesThe air check valves isolate the

process air loop from the CO2 loop during CO2 adsorbent
bed regeneration, i.e., they stop the airflow from the
adsorbing desiccant bed to the desorbing sorbent bed. The
valves are spring loaded flapper type, as shown in figure
87. The design requirements of these valves are:

133

Flowrate
18.1 to 54.4 kg/hr (40 to 120 lb/hr)

Inlet temperature
1.7 to 65.6 C (35 to 150 F)

Leakage
0.5 SCCM at 99.9 kPa DP (14.5 psid)

Fluid
Air and CO2

Maximum pressure drop

1.3 cm (0.5 in) of water at 41 kg/hr
(90 lb/hr).

Heater ControllerThe heater controller supplies

power to the heaters in the CO2 sorbent beds and has
the following design characteristics:

Power input
120 Vdc for the primary heater
120 Vdc for the secondary heater
MDM interface
Discrete on/off commands (primary and
secondary)
Enable commands (primary and secondary)
Temperature feedback (T1, T2, and T3)
Heater interface
12 primary elements (40 W each)
12 secondary elements (40 W each)
Maximum power output = 960 W
3 temperature probes (T1, T2, and T3).

PrecoolerThe precooler, shown in figure 88,

removes motor and compression heat generated by the
blower and removes the heat of adsorption resulting from
water removal in the desiccant bed. The cooled air
permits greater carbon dioxide adsorption. The design
requirements are:

134

Air side:
Airflow = 41 kg/hr (90 lb/hr) (max)
Inlet temperature = 65.5 C (150 F) (max)
Outlet temperature = 10 C (50 F) (max)
Pressure drop = 1.3 cm (0.5 in) H2O at
41 kg/hr (90 lb/hr)
Coolant side:
Water flow = 119 kg/hr (262 lb/hr)
(nominal)
Inlet temperature = 4.4 C (40 F) (nominal)
Outlet temperature = 7.2 C (45 F) (max)
Pressure drop = 12.4 kPa (1.8 psid) (max).

The design has the following features and characteristics:

Stainless steel housing

Stainless steel plate fin heat exchanger core:

Single-pass air
Double-pass water

Mass = 2.7 kg (6 lb).

Blower AssemblyThe blower assembly, shown in

figure 89, provides air circulation through the 4BMS to
overcome system pressure drop and the THC interface
pressure drop. The design requirements for the blower
assembly are:

Flow
41 kg/hr (90 lb/hr)

Total pressure rise

64 cm (25.2 in) of water

Duty cycle
100 percent

Speed
115,000 rpm

Motor
120 Vdc

Motor speed sensor for FDI and control.

Air-Save PumpThe air-save pump, shown in

figure 90, removes most of the air from a CO2 adsorbent
bed prior to desorption to space vacuum. The design
requirements for the pump are:

Operating fluid
Air (0 to 100 percent humidity) and CO2

Maximum CO2 adsorbent bed pressure

at air save cycle end
3.4 kPa (0.5 psia)

Coolant inlet temperature

7.2 C (45 F)

Coolant loop pressure drop

3.8 kPa (0.55 psid)

Operating fluid temperature

3.3 to 71 C (38 to 160 F)

Operating fluid pressure

3.4 to 104.8 kPa (0.5 to 15.2 psia)

Operating time
15 min of every half-cycle

Operating power
226 W.

Process Air/C02
Vent Interface
Bed-to-Structure
Attach Points

Crew Systems
Handle Attached Points

Heater and Temperature

Sensor Connection Header

CO2 Adsorbent Bed

Process Air Interface

Check Valve
(Not Visible)
Desiccant Bed

Process Air
Interface

Crew Systems
Handle Attach Points

FIGURE 86. 4BMS desiccant bed/CO2 adsorbent bed ORU.

Check Valve Operation

Flow

P = 13 mm (0.5 in) H20

Cracked Open
Flow >0.454 kg/hr (1 lb/hr)

0 psig

100 kPa (14.5 psia)

,,, ,,

,
,,,

P < 13 mm (0.5 in) H20

Spring-Loaded Closed

,, ,,
,

, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

Flow

Check

Full Flow 41 kg/hr, 100 kPa inlet

(90 lb/hr, 14.5 psia inlet)
P 13 mm (0.5 in) H20

FIGURE 87. 4BMS air check valves.

135

Process Air Outlet

Differential Pressure
Transducer Port
Temperature Probe Boss

Precooler

ITCS
Inlet

Blower
ITCS
Outlet

Unused Boss

Temperature Probe Boss

Process Air Inlet

FIGURE 88. 4BMS precooler.

192.3 mm(7.57 in)
Connector

Discharge
Flange

,,,,

,

,

,,,,
,,

Inlet
Flange

Permanent
Magnet
Motor
Assembly

Deswirl Vanes

Impeller

70.1 mm
(2.76 in)

Flow Path

Foil Bearings

Toothless Motor
Stator Assembly

FIGURE 89. 4BMS blower assembly.

136

Thrust
Bearings

Annular
Diffuser

ITCS Outlet
ITCS Inlet

Fluid Manifold

Mounting Foot
Air Outlet
Air Inlet

Mounting Foot

FIGURE 90. 4BMS air-save pump.

Pump/Fan Motor ControllerThe pump and fan

controller has the following characteristics:

Electrical characteristics
MDM interface:
MILSTD1553 Data Bus
Motor interface:
Three-phase dc brushless, eight
configurations
Input power: 120 Vdc
Power dissipation: 40 W max
Mechanical characteristics
Mounting:
Four-bolt attachment to adapter plate
on cold plate

Thermal:
20 to 43 C (68 to 109 F) ambient,
cold plate is water cooled,
flowrate 119 kg/hr (262 lb/hr),
water inlet temperature 13 C (55 F)

BIT:
Monitor motor speed, motor current,
inverter temperature, and dc-link voltage

Speed and torque limits

Programmable.

4BMS ReliabilityThe expected lifetimes of the

4BMS components are listed in table 26.

137

TABLE 26. 4BMS limited life items.

ORU

Limited Life Items

Life Limit

Selector Valve
Desiccant/Adsorbent Unit
Blower/Precooler Unit
Pump
Temperature Sensor
Pressure Sensor

Actuator Gears
Check Valves
Foil Bearings
Vanes
No Moving Parts
No Moving Parts

> 30 yr
20 yr
> 30 yr
10 yr

4BMS MaintainabilityThere are no regular

maintenance items in the 4BMS. In the event that a failure
occurs, the failed ORU would be replaced. The amount of
time required to replace an ORU depends on which one
needs to be replaced. All the ORUs are mounted so that
they can slide out for easy access, to require minimal time
for replacement. For example, to replace a leaking air
check valve would require no more than 2 hr for the
complete procedure. (See section 5.1.1 for more information on repair procedures.)

3.3.1.2.2 4BMS Operation

The operational conditions for the CDRA are listed
below:

Inlet temperature
4.4 to 10.0 C (40 to 50 F)

Inlet dewpoint
4.4 to 10.0 C (40 to 50 F)

RH
~100 percent

ppO2
19.5 to 23.1 kPa (2.83 to 3.35 psia)

Total pressure
99.9 to 104.8 kPa (14.5 to 15.2 psia)

Entrained water droplets

0.143 g/kg dry air (1.0 gr/lb dry air)

ppCO2 (maximum)
0.71 kPa (5.3 mmHg)

Diluent gas
Nitrogen.

The 4BMS operational states and the possible

transition paths are shown in figure 91. The states are
defined in table 27. The operating sequence is shown
in figure 92.

TABLE 27. 4BMS states.

Operating States
Normal
Startup

Nonoperating States
Off
Inactive
Cold Standby
Warm Standby
Test
Failed

138

4BMS operates using two half-cycles and three segments per half-cycle.
4BMS operates using two half-cycles and three segments per half-cycle, but the sequencing of the equipment is
different than during the normal state.

4BMS is unpowered and awaiting Initialize command.

4BMS has been powered, initialized, and is awaiting a Normal, Standby, or BIT command.
Sensor readings are not available.
4BMS has been shut down for more than 1 hr.
4BMS has been shut down for less than 1 hr.
State that allows the 4BMS to be initialized and a BIT to be performed.
A failure has been detected in the 4BMS; automatically transitions to Off if in the Failed state for more than 1 hr.

Off

Pass

Test
Stop

Fail

Inactive

Failed

Standby

Operate

Startup

Stop
Override

Failed

Inactive

Test

Standby

Failed
Test

Failed
Override

Test

Startup
Inactive

Inactive

Test
Override
Stop

Stop

Override

Failed
Standby

Startup

Failed

Standby

Commanded Transition
Startup
Automatic Transition

(Simplified for Clarity)

FIGURE 91. 4BMS operational states and transition paths.

3.3.1.2.3 4BMS Performance

3.3.2 Control Gaseous Contaminants

The CO2 removal rate follows the graph shown in

figure 93. The requirements for the purity of the concentrated CO2 are:

The presence and concentrations of atmospheric

contaminants are monitored and excess contaminants
are removed from the habitat atmosphere.

Less than 1 percent by volume oxygen.

Less than 2 percent by volume nitrogen.

Less than 18.3 C (65 F) dewpoint (defined by

the desiccant bed performance analysis). (This is
the reason that the inlet to the 4BMS is downstream of the CHX; however, the performance of
the 4BMS is less sensitive to the presence of
H2O than to loss of coolant.)

3.3.1.3 Dispose of CO2

The CO2 that is removed from the atmosphere by
the 4BMS is vented to space through a dedicated vent,
as shown in figures 78 and 81.

3.3.2.1 Monitor Gaseous Contaminants

Major constituents are continuously monitored in the
ISS atmosphere, including the European, Japanese, Italian,
and U.S. modules. The SDS provides the sample ports at
the desired sampling locations. Samples are collected in
sequence from the different ports once each minute and
are analyzed for O2, N2, CO2, H2, CH4, and H2O. The
capability for rapid sampling is also available (every 2 sec
from a single port). The information on the atmospheric
composition is used to monitor or operate the ACS,
CDRA, and TCCS. The measurement of H2O is for
information only due to concern about inaccurate readings
because of condensation in the lines.

139

Normal Day/Night Mode Operating Sequence

Cycle Time, Minutes

Day

Night

Day
Component

Day

Night

144

Selector Valve ----------------

Night

Day

159

288
Position 2

Position 1
Continuously On

Blower ------------------------Desiccant Bed 1 ---------------

Adsorb

Carbon Dioxide ---------------Sorbent Bed 2

Heater --------------------------

Desorb

Adsorb

Controlled

Off

Desorb

Off

Desiccant Bed 3 ---------------

Desorb

Adsorb

Carbon Dioxide --------------Sorbent Bed 4

Heater --------------------------

Adsorb

Desorb

Space Vacuum Valve --------Pump --------------------------

Night

On
Closed

Off
Closed

Open

Off

Controlled
Off

Open

Off

FIGURE 92. 4BMS operating sequence.

3.3.2.1.1 Major Constituent Analyzer

(MCA) Design
A schematic of the MCA process is shown in figure
94. The MCA has the following characteristics:

Mass
54 kg (119 lb),

Power Consumption
103.3 W

140

Mass Spectrometer (MS) assemblySample

analysis

Low voltage power supplyConverts 120 Vdc

to the required MCA voltages. Provides lowvoltage power for analog to digital converters,
power converters, electrometers, and mechanical
items

Series pump assemblyDraws samples through

the MCA:

Volume
0.081 m3 (2.85 ft3)

As shown in figure 95, the MCA hardware consists of

seven ORUs having the following functions:

Data and control assembly (firmware controller)command and data handling (C&DH)
interface

Maintains 53.3 kPa (400 torr or 7.7 psia)

at the MS inlet and 600 cc/min flow through
the sample lines
The pump has a mass of 1.7 kg (3.8 lb)
and consumes 4.9 W of power

Inlet valve assemblySelects sample ports

EMI filter assemblyFilters 120 Vdc supplied

by the ISS

Verification Gas AssemblyUsed to calibrate

the MS.

(6.34 HEU, 3.9 mmHg)

ppCO2 (mmHg)

4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50

(3.07 HEU, 2.0 mmHg)

2.00
2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

Human Equivalent Unit (HEU)

Notes:
(1) The area below the line defines the CO2 removal performance region.
(2) 1.0 HEU = 1.0 kg/person/day (2.2 lb/person/day) CO2 removed.
(3) The equation of the line is defined by:
HEU 1.723 ppCO2 (mmHg)0.37975 for 2.0 ppCO2 3.9

FIGURE 93.CO2 removal performance requirement.

Sample Inlet
Gas Molecules
Anode
Dual Filament Ion Source
Faraday Collectors
#1
#2
#3
Outputs
#4
#5
#6

Inlet Leak
Filament
Electron Beam
Ion Focusing Lenses
Air Sample In
(7 Inlet Ports)

Object Slit
Ion Beam

Verification
Air Tank

Mass Separator (Analyzer)

Analyzer Magnet

Electrometers
Baffle

Analyzer Vacuum Envelope

Ion Pump Magnet

Ion Pump
P
P
Mass
Spectrometer

Inlet Leak
with Heater

To Vacuum
Vent Line

Vent to
Rack

FIGURE 94.Schematic of the MCA process.

141

Circuit Card Assemblies (ORU)

432 mm
(17.00 in)

Low-Voltage
Power Supply (ORU)

Card Cage
Mass Spectrometer (ORU)
High-Voltage Power Supply

EMI Filter (ORU)

267 mm
(10.50 in)
PE

Inlet Valve
Assemblies (ORU)

R
711 mm
(28.00 in)

Sample Pumps (ORU)

Verification Tank (ORU)

483 mm
(19.00 in)

FIGURE 95.MCA hardware.

Four ORUs are scheduled maintenance items:

MS assembly2 yr

Pump assembly2 yr

Inlet valve assembly10 yr

Verification gas assembly3 yr.

The MCA software performs the following tasks:

142

Provides continuous monitoring of the major

atmosphere constituents.

Provides ppO2 and ppN2 results to the C&DH

system (which are used by the ACS subsystem).

Monitors the performance of the CDRA (CO2)

and TCCS (CH4).

Compares the calculated partial pressures with

the specified allowable ranges.

The MCA sensor specifications are shown in

table 28.

TABLE 28.MCA sensor specifications.

Sensor

Sensor Type

Output

Power Input

Accuracy

Absolute Pressure Sensor

Strain Gauge

0 to 30 mV

10 Vdc, 2.2 mA

0.5 percent of full

scale

Vacuum Sensor

Thermopile

0 to 10 mV

0.38 V ac,
21 mA

5 percent of reading

Major Constituent
Composition Sensor

Single Focus Mass

Spectrometer (ion
current sensors, one
for each constituent)

61014 to
21010 A,
depending on
the constituent

28 Vdc 15 Vdc

1 to 5 percent of full
scale, depending on
the constituent

3.3.2.1.2 MCA Operation

The MCA operates by drawing a sample past the
single-focusing magnetic sector MS inlet leak where gas
is drawn into an ion source and the gas molecules are
ionized. The ions are then accelerated by an electron field
and pass into a shaped magnetic field where they are
dispersed by molecular weight. The dispersed ion beams
are focused into Faraday current collectors by resolving
slits. The collected currents are proportional to the partial
pressures. Molecules not collected are absorbed by an ion
pump. Air not admitted into the MS is returned to the AR
rack by a pump.
Operating modes are Initialize, Standby, Operate
Autosequence, Operate Single Source, Stop, and Shutdown. The MCA power-up sequence has the following
steps:

Verify interfaces.

Verify initialized limits.

Verify that all readings are in the expected

ranges.

Set the state to initialize.

Verify that the MCA is in the Standby/Override

state.

Inhibit MCA closed loop control.

Command seven sample port valves to position A.

Verify that the valves are in position A.

Provide a flow path for pump 1.

Start pump and verify operation.

Provide a flow path for pump 2.

Start pump and verify operation.

Switch on the MS inlet leak heater and verify

operation.

Switch on the ion pump and verify operation.

Switch on filament 1 and verify operation.

Switch on filament 2 and verify operation.

Perform verification line leak test.

Command the MCA to perform verification.

Command the MCA BIT.

Command the MCA startup in autosequence state.

3.3.2.1.3 MCA Performance

The MCA range and accuracy are listed in table 29.

143

TABLE 29.MCA performance characteristics.

Gas

Accuracy, % FS

Torr

Detectability, Torr

Range, Torr

N2
O2
H2
CH4
CO2

2
2
5
5
1

16.0
6.0
2.5
1.25
0.15

16.0
6.0
2.5
1.3
0.2

0 to 800
0 to 300
0 to 50
0 to 25
0 to 15

The SDS software provides the means to control the

three-way distribution valves. The two-way valves are
manually operated.

3.3.2.1.4 Sample Delivery Subsystem (SDS)

The SDS provides the means to transport atmospheric samples from sample port locations (in every U.S.
element, the JEM, the APM, and the MPLM) to the
MCA, as shown in figure 96. The conditions of the
samples at the interfaces between pressurized modules
are listed in table 30. The atmospheric samples are returned to the atmosphere. The SDS includes three-way
valves and two-way valves in the sample delivery lines.

The sample line is made of stainless steel piping with

an outer diameter of 0.32 cm (0.125 in). An adapter permits the sample line to connect with the shut-off valve
fitting, which is 0.64 cm (0.25 in) in diameter. The line is
held in place with stainless steel clamps.

Cupola

Z1 Truss

B P
Node 1

PMA1

MCA

N E

JEM

Centrifuge

Truss

MCA

Lab

HP
Node 2

MPLM
APM

Hab
Flight
Direction

M
PMA3

FIGURE 96.Atmospheric sampling port locations.

144

S J

Airlock

PMA2

TABLE 30.Atmospheric sampling interface conditions (D68410508).

Interface Point ICD (SSP)

N1 Probe to F
N1 Probe to D
D to F
E to D
E to F
F to D
F to Hab MCA
Hab Probe to F
AL to E
D to Lab MCA
Lab Probe to D
G to Lab MCA
G to D
K to G
I to G
H to G
L to G
N2 Probe to G
JEM to I
MPLM to L
APM to K
Centrifuge to H

41140
41141
41140
41141
41140
41141
41140
41140
41145
41141
41141
41143
41141
41143
41143
41143
41143
41143
41151
42007
41150
41147

Pressure Drop
kPa
psia
2.7
2.7
1.7
2.7
3.4
1.7
1.0
1.7
1.4
3.8
4.1
2.7
2.7
3.4
2.4
3.0
3.2
2.1
1.7
0.7
0.7
1.0

0.40
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.25
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.55
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.35
0.43
0.47
0.30
0.25
0.10
0.10
0.15

Interface Conditions
Pressure During Campout
kPa
psia
N/A
N/A
N/A
64.8 to 67.5
64.1 to 66.8
N/A
N/A
N/A
67.5 to 70.3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A
N/A
9.40 to 9.80
9.30 to 9.70
N/A
N/A
N/A
9.80 to 10.20
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Nominal Operating Pressure

kPa
psia

Pressure Point Flowrate

(scc/min)

93.0 to 102.0
93.0 to 102.0
86.8 to 102.0
91.6 to 100.6
90.9 to 99.9
92.0 to 100.9
N/A
94.0 to 103.0
94.4 to 103.3
N/A
91.6 to 100.6
N/A
88.5 to 97.5
91.3 to 100.2
91.3 to 100.2
91.8 to 103.1
91.6 to 100.8
93.7 to 102.7
94.0 to 103.0
95.1 to 104.0
95.1 to 104.0
94.7 to 103.7

F
D
F (all cases)
D (from AL)
F (from AL)
D (from Hab)
N/A
F
E
N/A
D
N/A
D (all cases)
G (from APM)
G (from JEM)
G (from Cntr)
L (from MPLM)
G
I
L
K
H

13.50 to 14.80
13.50 to 14.80
12.60 to 14.80
13.30 to 14.60
13.20 to 14.50
13.35 to 14.65
N/A
13.65 to 14.95
13.70 to 15.00
N/A
13.30 to 14.60
N/A
12.85 to 14.15
13.25 to 14.55
13.25 to 14.55
13.32 to 14.97
13.33 to 14.63
13.60 to 14.90
13.65 to 14.95
13.80 to 15.10
13.80 to 15.10
13.75 to 15.05

400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400

Note: ICDInterface Control Document

SDS features and points to remember:

materials. The design allows the valve to remain open or

closed without continuous power. The main characteristics of the valve are:

One sample line leads to the AR rack.

The module-to-module bulkhead valves are

manually operated only.

Dimensions
101 by 110 by 127 mm (4.0 by 4.3 by 5.0 in)

There is one sample port per module.

There are no sample lines to the Russian Segment.

Mass
1.4 kg (3.08 lb)

Pressure drop
<0.52 kPa at 600 cc/min of air at 101.3 kPa
and 21.1 C (<0.075 psid at 600 cc/min of
air at 14.7 psia and 70 F)

Normal pressure range

92.4 to 104.8 kPa (13.9 to 15.2 psia)

Temperature range
15 to 40 C (59 to 104 F)

Internal leakage
<0.25 sccm of air at 104.8 kPa (15.2 psid)

Sample lines support both the Hab and Lab AR

racks.

Rack location HAF5 has interface connections

for a second Hab CDRA in order to support the
payload CO2 requirements.

Sample Line Shut-Off Valve

The sample line shut-off valve (shown in fig. 97) is
made of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant

145

110.0 mm
(4.3 in) Max

6.84 mm (0.27 in) dia.

3 Holes 60.71 mm (2.4 in)
dia. Bolt Circle

88.6 mm
(3.5 in) Max

71.9 mm
(2.8 in) dia.

4.83 mm
(0.2 in)
40.0 mm Max
(1.6 in)
Max

127.0 mm
(5.04 in)
Max

Electrical
Connector

Flow
Inlet Port

Outlet Port

101.0 mm
(4.0 in) Max

FIGURE 97.Sample line shut-off valve.

External Leakage
<2.0E5 sccm of air at 104.8 kPa (15.2 psid)

Power Supply
28 Vdc

Power Consumption
20 W peak during activation for < 1 sec.

Sample Probe
The sample probe, shown in figure 98:

146

Sample Line Filter

The sample line filter consists of a 2 m absolute
filter system containing a small HEPA-type cartridge and
a cleanable 8 by 8 mesh screen. The cartridge life is
estimated to be 1,451 days, with a 403 day cycle for
cleaning the screen. A two-piece threaded assembly
housing allows for maintenance of the filter. The main
characteristics of the filter are:

Dimensions
33 mm diameter by 59.4 mm length (1.3 in
diameter by 2.3 in length)

Includes a 2 micron wire mesh filter.

Has no electrical power system (EPS) or

C&DH interfaces.

Mass
0.15 kg (0.33 lb)

Is mounted in the standoffs.

Has direct access to habitat air.

Pressure drop
18 Pa H2O at 600 cc/min air flowrate (0.7 in
H2O at 36.6 in3/min air flowrate).

Filter blockage is detected by the MCA using

flowrate monitoring. The ventilation system must be
in operation to get a representative sample.

For samples from other modules, jumpers are

connected through the vestibules, as shown in figure 146,
147, and 148. All manual valves are opened (only those
valves which do not expose the module to vacuum) and
ground control cycles the solenoid valves to assure proper
function.

Sampling Adapter
Before entering a module that has been sealed, a
sample of the atmosphere may be collected for analysis.
The External Sampling Adapter, shown in figure 99, is
designed to attach to the MPEV on the vestibule side of
the hatch, for this purpose. CHeCS-provided sampling
equipment then attaches to the adapter. The design of
the adapter allows for operation of the MPEV while the
adapter is in place. The Internal Sampling Adapter, also
shown in figure 99, is designed to attach to the moduleside of the MPEV, for sampling the vestibule atmosphere
and measuring its pressure.

MDM FunctionsThe MDM functions are as follows:

Control AR distribution valve:

This function provides control of the six AR
distribution valves connected to the MDMs.
Activated by issuing an Open/Close command to the valves.

Control diverter valve:

Provides Tier 1 access to the control valve.
Receives position A/B commands from the
supply cabin air to AR rack function in
Command and Control (C&C) MDM.
Provides command checking for hazardous
commands and command confirmation.

Control MCA isolation valve:

This function provides control of the MCA
isolation valves in the AR rack.
Activated by issuing an Open/Close command to the valves.

3.3.2.2 Remove Gaseous Contaminants

Removal and disposal of gaseous contaminants is
performed by the TCCS.

3.3.2.2.1 Trace Contaminant Control

Subassembly (TCCS) Design

Control CO2 bulkhead vent valve:

The CO2 bulkhead vent valve is located
outside of rack LAF6.
Activated by issuing an Open/Close command to the valve.
Provides Tier 1 access to the control valve.

The TCCS hardware is shown schematically in

figure 100 and consists of the ORUs listed in table 31.
These ORUs are:

Swagelok FW
Series In-Line Filter,
2-Micron, Stainless Steel Mesh

25.4 mm
(1.00 in dia.)

FW Filter

Sample
In

Swagelok QD SESOQC4S200,
1/8 dia. Tube,
Stainless Steel With Viton Seal

89 mm
(3.5 in)

FIGURE 98.Sample probe.

147

Charcoal BedThe charcoal bed contains an

expendable activated carbon for removing higher molecular weight compounds. The carbon is impregnated with
phosphoric acid for ammonia removal. The charcoal bed,
shown in figure 101, is replaced at 90-day intervals (or
longer as determined by analysis of on-orbit contaminant
concentrations).

The canister assembly, cover, and filter retainer are

machined 6061T6 aluminum and form a bolted assembly. Filters are on the inlet and the outlet sides of the
canister. The inlet and outlet tubes are 2.54 cm (1.0 in)
outer diameter. The O-ring seals are made of fluorocarbon. The bed contains 23 kg (50 lb) of charcoal treated
with phosphoric acid.

External Sampling Adapter

Pressure Gauge

Attachment Screws

Sample Port

Internal Sampling Adapter

Vacuum Access
Jumper Interface

Pressure Gauge

Sample Port
10

0
5

FIGURE 99.External and Internal Sampling Adapters.

148

Flow MeterThe process airflow is monitored by a

flow meter. The design and construction have not been
determined as of this writing, but likely are similar to
figure 102.

not absorbed by the charcoal bed to CO2, H2O, or other

acceptable compounds. The HTCO is scheduled to be
replaced on orbit at 6-mo intervals due to catalyst
poisoning predictions (the interval may be longer pending
more detailed characterization of catalyst poisoning
reversability). A sorbent (LiOH) bed downstream of the
HTCO absorbs acidic oxidation products. The LiOH bed
is replaced at 90-day intervals. This system meets U.S.
180-day SMACs and most (if not all) Russian 360-day
SMACs at the generation rates specified in the Prime
Item Development Specification for the Lab (document
S68329523D, table VIIA, page 111, 28 March 1995)
(also, reference NASA/MSFC memo ED62(3694)).

BlowerThe blower controls the air flow through

the TCCS. The design is similar to the blower for the
4BMS (it is a modified 4BMS blower). (See fig. 89.)
Catalytic OxidizerA High-Temperature Catalytic
Oxidizer (HTCO), shown in figure 103, contains a
paladium (Pd) on alumina catalyst to convert CO, CH4,
H2, and other low molecular weight compounds that are

Flow
Meter
Sorbent Bed
Assembly

Control Valve

st
taly
Ca mbly
se
As
ly

coa
har

se
As

Air Out
Air In
Sample
Lines

Weight:
Power:
Average:
Emergency:
Peak:
Volume:
Heat Dissipation:

77.2 kg (170 Ib)

180 W
250 W
250 W
0.25 m3 (15,216 in3)
130 W

FIGURE 100.Schematic of the TCCS hardware.

149

Bottom Retainer

Output Block

,
,
,
,
,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,
,
,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,, ,

Filter and Screen

Assembly 2 Places
Canister
Top Retainer
Compression Spring
8 Places
ACM Port

Dry Weight
25.8 lb
11.7 kg
Volume (ORU)
0.059 m3 3,584 in3
Charcoal Volume 0.046 m3 2,788 in3
Anchor Plate

FIGURE 101.TCCS charcoal bed assembly.

Stainless Steel
Modified Wiggins
Fitting and
Size Transition

O
Ring

Mounting
Points

Housing

,,,,,
,,,,,,
,, yyyyyy
,
,,,,,,
,,, yyyyyy
,,,,,,
yyyyyy
10-ml Thick
Stainless Steel
Flow Tube

Polyimide
Foam
Insulation

Kapton
Tape for
Wire Tie

Heated
RTD/Heater
Element

Reference
RTD/Heater
Element

Copper
Heat
Shield

,,,,
,,,,
Solder
Joint

FIGURE 102.Probable TCCS flow meter design.

150

Braze
Joint

Airflow

RTD (2 Required)

Insulation
Assembly

Front Plate
Assembly

Heat Exchanger
Assembly

Adapter
Connector

,, ,,
,
,,,,,,,,,,
,, ,,
,,,,,,
,

CRing

Catalyst
Screen Assembly
2 Places
Retainer Ring
2 Places
Heater Assembly

Casing,
Canister Assembly

FIGURE 103.TCCS catalytic oxidizer design.

TABLE 31.TCCS ORUs.

ORU Description
Activated Charcoal Bed
(Impregnated With Phosphoric Acid)
Blower Assembly
Flow Meter Assembly
Catalytic Oxidizer Assembly
LiOH Sorbent Bed Assembly
Electronics Interface Assembly

Dimensions
84 43 dia cm
(33 17 dia in)
15 15 15 cm (6 6 6 in)
15 7.6 15 cm (6 3 6 in)
46 28 dia cm (18 11 dia in)
38 20 dia cm (15 8 dia in)
35.6 18 7.6 cm (14 7 3 in)

Mass
32.2 kg (71.0 lb)
3.0 kg
0.95 kg
13.7 kg
4.2 kg
4.5 kg

(6.6 lb)
(2.1 lb)
(30.1 lb)
(9.2 lb)
(10.0 lb)

151

The catalytic oxidizer design requirements are:

Flowrate: 70.8 L/min (2.5 scfm) (for a residence

time of 0.42 sec in the catalyst bed)

Operating temperature: 399 C (750 F) nominal,

538 C (1,000 F) maximum (used to recover
catalyst conversion efficiency in the event of
poisoning and degradation of contaminant
conversion efficiency).

Regenerable heat exchanger: FunctionTo

conserve heat within the oxidizer and minimize
the duty cycle of the heating element:
The plate/fin counter flow design has a
calculated efficiency of 90 percent

Design and construction: 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) catalyst

(Pd on 0.32 cm (1/8 in) alumina pellets):
Two platinum wire heaters
Two 50 ohm platinum wire, InconelTM
600 sheath, RTDs.

The mass is 10.1 kg (22.3 lb), the ORU volume is

0.019 m3 (1,138 in3), and the catalyst volume is 0.49 L
(30 in3).
Sorbent (LiOH) BedThe LiOH bed, shown in
figure 104, removes the undesirable acidic byproducts of
catalytic oxidation such as HCl, Cl2, F2, NO2, and SO2.
The flowrate is 70.8 L/min (2.5 scfm). The bed contains
1.4 kg (3.0 lb) of LiOH. Most of the bed components are
made of 321/347 stainless steel. The filter assembly is
made of 316L stainless steel wire screen with polypropylene mesh filters. Other metal components are made of
corrosion-resistant materials, and the O-rings are made
of fluorocarbon. The mass is 2.8 kg (6.1 lb), the ORU
volume is 0.004 m3 (245 in3), and the sorbent volume
is 2.8 L (170 in3).

3.3.2.2.2 TCCS Operation

The habitat atmosphere flows through the charcoal
bed first, to remove high molecular weight contaminants.
A blower and flow meter downstream of the charcoal bed
control the air flowrate to maintain 4.2 L/sec (9.0 scfm).
Next, a portion of the air flows through the high temperature (399 C, 673 K, 750 F) catalytic oxidizer to remove
low molecular weight contaminants such as CH4, H2,
and CO. Then, the air enters a LiOH bed to remove any

152

acidic byproducts generated in the oxidation process,

before returning to the atmosphere via the THC return
duct. The regenerable HX conserves heat within the
oxidizer and minimizes the heating element duty cycle.
The TCCS operating states and transition commands
are shown in figure 105. The TCCS has five states of
operation:
OffHardware is unpowered, ready to initialize.
StandbySoftware is initialized and power is
enabled to the sensors, heater is off.
WarmupBrings the heater up to operational
temperature; may require 6 to 8 hr to bring up a cold
unit.
Full UpThe unit is placed in this state when the
warmup process is successfully completed; the
heater and blower are both active.
Heater OverridePower to the heater is switched
off but air continues to flow through the assembly.
The TCCS operates primarily in two configurations:
full-up and heater override. During full-up operation, both
the front half (the charcoal bed) and the back half (catalytic oxidizer and sorbent bed) are functioning. During
heater override process air continues to flow through the
TCCS, but the catalytic oxidizer is maintained at ambient
temperature. When unpowered, the TCCS is in the Off
state. Upon receiving an Initialize command, power is
activated to the TCCS circuits and the TCCS is placed in
the Standby state. From Standby the TCCS can be
commanded to operate Full Up, Heater Override, or
Shutdown. To operate full up, airflow is activated and
monitored and the catalytic oxidizer is activated. The
system is then in the Warmup state. In the Heater Override state, airflow is activated and monitored but the
catalytic oxidizer is not activated. For Shutdown, power is
deactivated within the TCCS.
Power up sequence: within the AR subsystem the
MCA and SDS are activated first, then the CDRA, and
finally the TCCS. The MCA and SDS are first in order to
begin sampling the atmosphere major constituents as soon
as possible.

Inlet Endcone Assembly

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,,, ,
,

Spring

LiOH Bed Canister

Filter

Filter Retainer
Retainer
Outlet Endcone Assembly

FIGURE 104.TCCS LiOH bed assembly.

Off
Initialize

Shutdown
Standby

Standby

Override
Standby

Loss of Function

Override

Warmup

Shutdown

Standby

Shutdown

Operate Full Up

Update
Oxidizer
Temp.
Setpoint

Override

Warmup
Complete

Full Up

FIGURE 105.TCCS operating states and transition commands.

153

The TCCS power up sequence:

The TCCS process is shown in figure 106. The TCCS

maintains the concentration of contaminants in the
module atmosphere within acceptable limits by:

Verify interfaces

Verify initialized limits

Verify that all readings are in the expected ranges

Absorbing high molecular weight contaminants

and ammonia.

Set the state to Initialize

Controlling the necessary process airflow.

Verify that the TCCS is in the Standby/Override

state

Oxidizing low molecular weight hydrocarbons

and CO.

Inhibit TCCS closed loop control

Protecting the catalyst from poisoning.

Provide a flow path for the blower

Chemically absorbing toxic byproducts of

catalytic oxidation.

Start the blower and verify operation

Start the heater and verify operation

Command the TCCS BIT

Control the trace contaminant removal process.

Command the TCCS startup.

Determine the status of the trace contaminant

removal equipment.

Detect loss or degradation of the trace contaminant control functionality.

Software controllers are used to:

Process Sample Line

Speed Sensors

Fixed Charcoal Bed

(22.7 kg (50 lb) Charcoal)

Process Sample Line

S
F
Flow Meter

Blower

,,
,
,,, ,,,,

Post-Sorbent Bed
(1.4 kg (3.1 lb) LiOH)

,,,,,,
,,,,
,

Cabin Air Inlet

15.3 m3/hr
(9.0 cfm)

Orifice Plate
10.7 m3/hr (6.3 cfm) Bypass

Process
Sample Line

T Temperature Sensors

Catalytic Oxidizer Assembly

(0.5 kg (1.1 lb) 0.5% Pd on Alumina)
673 K (752 F) Operating Temperature
811 K (1,000 F) Maximum Temperature

FIGURE 106.TCCS process diagram.

154

Cabin Air Outlet

(To THC)

Scheduled maintenance of the TCCS involves three ORUs:

The charcoal bed assembly, replaced every

90 days or longer, depending on the contaminant
load

The LiOH bed assembly, replaced every 90 days

or longer, depending on the contaminant load

The catalytic oxidizer assembly replaced once

each year.

3.3.2.2.3 TCCS Performance

The allowable concentrations of contaminants
are listed in table 32. (A more thorough list, including
generation rates, is in Control Internal CO2 and Contaminants Capability Description Document, D684
1021601, Boeing.)

TABLE 32.Maximum allowable concentrations of atmospheric contaminants.

Chemical
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Ammonia
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
1.2-Dichloroethane
2-Ethoxyethanol
Formaldehyde
Freon 113
Hydrazine
Hydrogen
Indole
Mercury
Methane
Methanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Dichloromethane
Octamethyltrisiloxane
2-Propanol
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Trimethysilanol
Xylene

mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mmHg
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3
mg/m3

1 hr

Potential Exposure Period

24 hr
7 days
30 days

180 days

20
0.2
20
10
60
2
40
0.5
400
5
340
5
0.1
3,800
40
150
0.004
350
4,000
1,000
60
270
600
430

10
0.08
14
10
20
2
40
0.12
400
0.4
340
1.5
0.02
3,800
13
150
0.004
120
2,000
240
60
60
70
430

4
0.03
7
5.3
10
1
0.3
0.05
400
0.005
340
0.25
0.01
3,800
9
30
0.004
10
40
150
60
10
40
220

4
0.03
7
5.3
10
2
3
0.05
400
0.05
340
0.25
0.01
3,800
9
30
0.004
50
1,000
150
60
50
40
220

4
0.03
7
5.3
10
2
2
0.05
400
0.03
340
0.25
0.01
3,800
9
30
0.004
20
200
150
60
20
40
220

155

3.3.2.3 Dispose of Gaseous Contaminants

3.4 Fire Detection and Suppression

(FDS)

Sorbent materials in the TCCS are replaced periodically (as described above) and the used materials are
discarded.

The means to detect, isolate, and extinguish fires

must be present in all locations where this capability may
be needed. The FDS equipment is located in each module
containing powered racks, as indicated in figure 107
through 113.

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss

Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola

Node 1
A

Node 2

Lab

Flight
Direction

Hab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Suppression Port
Portable Fire Extinguisher
Smoke Detector
Portable Breathing Apparatus
Visual Indicator (LED)
1

ISPR FDS equipment required depends on

payload and payload rack integration.
These schematics show worst-case
scenario until payload rack designs are
finalized.

FIGURE 107.FDS subsystem.

156

PMA2

Node 1
Cupola

Zenith Truss
Z

PMA1
A
N1Z
Stowage 1

N1P
Stowage 3

N1N
Stowage 2

N1S
Stowage 4
F
Lab
S

N
Hab

Airlock

Final quantities and locations of

suppression ports are pending
PCM077 definitization.

FIGURE 108.FDS subsystem (continued).

PMA1

PMA2

PMA3

Cupola

FIGURE 109.FDS subsystem (continued).

157

FIGURE 110.FDS subsystem (continued).

158

Node 1
A

Low-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

LAP 6

LAF 4

ISPR

LAS 4

LAP 4
ISPR

LAP 5
1

Fuel-Cell
Water Storage

ISPR

LAC 4

MSS/Avionics

ARS
(CDRA, MCA, TCCS)

LAF 5
Avionics #1/
Condensate
Water Storage

LAF 6

LAS 5
MSS/Avionics

LAS 6

ISPR

LAC 5

LAC 6
DDCU's

Mod.-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

LAF 3

ISPR

LAS 3

LAP 3
FSS/Stowage

ISPR (Window)

ISPR

LAC 3

Lab

ISPR

LAP 2

Avionics #3

LAF 2

ISPR

LAS 2

ISPR

LAC 2

ISPR

LAP 1

Avionics #2

LAF 1

ISPR

LAS 1

ISPR

LAC 1

F
Node 2

Air Lock
Equipment Lock
AFwd1
Avionics
Node 1
P

Crew Lock
AFIr1
Storage

AA1
Cabin Air
Assembly

AC1
Storage

FIGURE 111.FDS subsystem (continued).

3.4.1 Respond to Fire

Ventilation in equipment and experiment racks
provides some cooling but is primarily required for fire
detection. Circulation fans are in all racks requiring
smoke detectors so that an incipient fire can be quickly
detected and located.
An AAA (circulation fan with an HX, see section
3.2.1.3) is required
in the following racks:

LAF6ARS rack

Lab ISPRs (optional) LAC15, LAS14,

LAP14

HAC4CHeCS EHS/HMF rack (at Flight 6A

this rack is located at LAF4, where the fuel-cell
water storage racks are later located)

HAC5CHeCS EHS rack

HAF3Water processor

HAF4Urine processor

HAF5ARS rack

HAF6ARS rack

HAP1Wardroom.

Racks with detectors have red LEDs that blink when

the detector is activated. When a fire is detected an
audible alarm is sounded and the C&W panel (shown in
fig. 114) indicates the presence of a fire. The immediate
crew response is to don PBAs and to read the messages
on the laptop computers that identify the sensors activated. If the crew detects a fire before the automated
system, a Fire button on the C&W panel allows the
crew to activate the alarm.
The automated response to a fire depends upon
whether a rack sensor or a cabin sensor is activated, or
whether a crew member initiated the alarm. When a rack
sensor is activated, the response is to:

Remove power to the rack (except to the LED) in

order to isolate ignition sources and stop internal
airflow.

Stop air exchange between the affected module

and adjacent modules.

Perform further actions as necessary by the crew

and ground controllers to extinguish the fire.
159

Node 2
JEM

Centrifuge Scar
Z

PMA1
A

N2Z
DDCU's

N2P
DDCU's

N2N
DDCU's

N2S
DDCU's
F
PMA2
S

N
MPLM

APM

Final quantities and locations of

suppression ports are pending
PCM077 definitization.

Centrifuge

TBD
FIGURE 112.FDS subsystem (continued).

160

FIGURE 113.FDS subsystem (continued).

161

Node 1
Z

HAC 6
HAC 5

Low-Temp TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

HAP 6

HAS 4

HAC 3

HAP 4
FBCC

WMC

HAC 2

HAP 2
Wardroom

HAP 3

Stowage

HAF 2

Refrigerator/
Freezer

HAS 2

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

Galley/Oven/
Drink Dispenser

HAF 3
Water Processor

Urine
Processor

Freezer

HAS 3

Wardroom/
Galley Stowage

HAF 4

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

HAP 5

HAF 5
Avionics #1/
O2 Gen

HAS 5
CHeCS CMS

HAS 6

ARS
(CDRA, MCA, TCCS)

HAC 4

CHeCS HMS/EHS CHeCS HMS/EHS

Stowage

HAF 6

HAB

HAC 1

Wardroom

HAP 1

Avionics #2/
Stowage

HAF 1

Refrigerator/
Freezer/Trash
Compactor

HAS 1

Galley Stowage

F
PMA3

When a cabin sensor is activated, the response is to:

CAUTION AND WARNING

Stop cabin airflow within the element.

Stop air exchange between the affected module
and adjacent modules. For Node 1, the aft IMV
valves are commanded closed.

Stop all O2/N2 introduction into the cabin.

Perform further actions as necessary by the crew

and ground controllers to locate, isolate, and
extinguish the fire.

FIRE

ATM

WARNING

CAUTION

5.00 in
TEST

10.5 in

When a crew member initiates an alarm, the response

is to:

Close all IMV valves and switch off all IMV

fans.

ION

FIR

Stop cabin airflow within the modules.

Switch the CDRA to Standby.

Stop all O2/N2 introduction into the cabin.

Switch the MCA to Standby.

Perform further actions by the crew and ground

controllers to locate, isolate, and extinguish the
fire.

NIN

M
WA

Module depressurization is not an automated response

and can only be initiated by the crew or Ground Control.

ING
CA

ION

TES

FIGURE 114.USOS C&W panel.

3.4.1.1 Detect a Fire Event

3.4.1.2 Isolate Fire Control Zone

Fire is detected by smoke detectors in the racks with

internal airflow, smoke detectors at the ventilation return
air ducts, and by the crews sense of smell or other senses.
No single failure can cause loss of the capability to detect
fires where such loss of functionality may create a catastrophic hazard.

Measures are taken to isolate the fire within 30 sec

to keep it from spreading. This is done by switching off
power and ventilation to the affected location. Intermodule ventilation is also switched off within 30 sec after
activating a Class I fire alarm.

Smoke detectors monitor the Lab atmosphere for the

presence of smoke or other combustion particles. Upon
sensing smoke a detector sends a signal to the command
and control processor. Also, the crew can manually
initiate fire event notification. A Class I alarm is activated
that visually indicates the fires location.
The smoke detectors, shown in figure 115, are 17.5
by 17.8 by 14.6 cm (6.9 by 7.0 by 5.75 in), have a mass of
1.41 kg (3.11 lb), and use 1.48 W continuous operating
power.

162

3.4.1.3 Extinguish Fire

At each potential fire source location the means for
applying a fire suppressant is provided via a port (shown
in fig.116), so that any fire can be suppressed within 1
min of detection. When necessary to depressurize a
module, the atmosphere can be vented through a vent
valve to achieve an oxygen concentration of <3.4 kPa (1.0
psia) within 10 min.
PFEs, shown in figure 117, are 47.8 cm (18.8 in) in
height by 35.0 cm (13.8 in) in diameter and have a mass
of 5.35 kg (11.8 lb). The PFEs are manually activated

and each contain 2.7 kg (6 lb) of CO2 at 5.86 MPa (at 22

C) (850 psia (at 72 F)) and are certified for use on Class
A, B, and C type fires. The PFEs are equipped with a
cone nozzle for open cabin use or to attach to the ISPR
fire ports. To suppress a fire in a rack, a PFE is connected
to the rack face by breaking the plastic seal over the fire
port and directing suppressant into the rack. The O2
concentration in an enclosed fire protection location is
reduced to < 10.5 percent within 1 min of suppressant
discharge. When CO2 is discharged, the PFE becomes
extremely cold. The bottle temperature drops to 18 C (0
F) and the nozzle temperature drops to 34 C (32 F).
The handle remains within allowable touch temperature
limits.

3.5.1 Accommodate Crew Hygiene

and Wastes
The commode operates by pulling cabin air through
the commode seat to draw feces into the waste canister.
The blower is activated when the seat lid is lifted and
operates for about 30 sec after the lid is closed. A replaceable plastic fecal collection bag covers the opening to the
waste canister and holds the feces. After use, the bag is
sealed with a plastic lid and is compressed into the waste
canister by a piston. The piston is moved into position
over the canister to compact the fecal collection bags.
Each canister is sized to hold about 28 defecations and a
signal notifies the crew when full. When removing a
canister, a filter lid is placed on it and the canister is
stored for return to Earth. The canister may be cleaned
for reuse.

Electronics

Photodiodes
Laser Diode
Scatter Path

Obscuration Path

Airflow

The urine collector consists of a funnel with cabin

airflow directing the urine into the funnel. Each crew
member has his or her own replaceable funnel. To
stabilize the urine for processing (e.g., to prevent urea
from forming ammonia) each liter of urine is pretreated
with at least 5.00 g Oxone and about 2.30 g sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) before being delivered to the urine processor.
The maximum level of acid is 3.65 g/L of urine, including
1.33 g/L of potassium bisulfate (KHSO4) that is needed to
form the H2SO4 into solid tablets. The Oxone is also in
the form of solid tablets. These tablets are then packaged
in strings that are about 15.2 cm (6 in) long, as shown
in figure 120, with Gore-Tex covering and TeflonTM
lacing. With a debris filter attached to the string, the
length is 25.4 cm (10 in). One string is placed in the urine
inlet line, as shown in figure 119. For a crew of four
people, the string is replaced twice each day. For longterm storage, the strings are packaged to prevent moisture
intrusion.

FIGURE 115.Smoke detector.

3.4.1.4 Recover From a Fire

The CO2 discharged from a PFE is removed from the
atmosphere by the CDRA. If a module is depressurized to
extinguish a fire or to remove contaminants from the
atmosphere, the capability is present to repressurize the
module to restore the habitable environment.

3.5 Waste Management (WM)

The WM equipment is located in the Hab and
consists of the commode and urinal, shown schematically
in figures 118 and 119.

3.6 Water Recovery and Management

(WRM)
WRM services available in the Lab at Flight 6A are
limited to condensate collection, storage, and venting. The
capability to add water processing to the Lab is included,
but until the Hab is operational at Flight 19A, the Russian
Service Module provides potable water for U.S./international astronauts when the space shuttle is not docked to
the ISS. Potable water is also provided by the space
shuttle, which produces excess water from fuel cells.

163

Port in ISPR
Front Panel

FIGURE 116.Fire suppression port (in an ISPR front).

Pressure Gauge

Fluid
Outlet

,,,
,,,
,,
,,

,,
,,

Handle

,,,,

,

Carbon Dioxide
Fire Extinguisher

478 mm
(18.8 in) max.

CAUTION

350 mm
(13.8 in) max

Storage Tank

FIGURE 117.PFE (D683150061, rev.A).

164

Air Inlet

28 Vdc Motor

Compactor
Nested
Sensor

Transport
Tube

Compactor

Waste
Can

Plenum
Bacteria
Filter
Odor/Bacteria
Filter

Air Out

Commode
Fan
Redundant Blowers

Check
Valve

(1)

115 Vac

Commode
Fan

(2)

Check
Valve

Air Out

FIGURE 118.USOS WM commode schematic.

Air Out
Outer Cover Sump Drain
Labyrinth Seal Flush

,
,

Filter

Oxone
and Sulfuric
Acid
Pretreatment

To Bulkhead
BHH

EMU
Condensate H
Drain

Separator

Motor

,,,
,

Urinal
Funnel

Odor
Bacteria
Filter

Air Out

To Urine
Processor
Urine Diverter
Valve

Motor

Separator
Outer Cover Sump Drain

Redundant Fan
Separators
120 Vdc

FIGURE 119.USOS WM urinal schematic.

165

The WRM subsystem external interfaces are shown

in figure 121. The WRM subsystem, shown schematically
in figure 122, distributes potable water for crew use and
for payloads, and collects wastewater for processing. The
WRM equipment is located in the Hab, but wastewater is
collected from and processed water is delivered to other
modules, as shown in figures 123 through 129.
The WRM services in the Hab after Flight 19A are:

After the Hab is installed, wastewater also includes

hygiene return water (oral hygiene water, and handwash
water) and pretreated urine (from the WM subsystem).
Additional sources include CHeCS waste, animal condensate, and wet-shave water. The WRM subsystem also
provides storage and distribution of potable, waste, and
fuel-cell water; and vents to space excess wastewater that
cannot be processed or used by the ISS. These features
and capabilities are described below.

Water quality monitoring

The major assemblies and ORUs of the WRM are:

Potable water supply

Wastewater vent assembly

Hygiene water supply

Condensate storage assembly

Wastewater processing

Fuel-cell water storage tanks

Urine processing.

Water distribution network

Water Processor (WP)

Process Control and Water Quality Monitor

(PCWQM)

Urine Processor Assembly (UPA)

Contingency water collection bags (for manual

storage and transfer of water).

3.6.1 Provide Water for Crew Use

Potable quality water is provided for crew consumption and hygiene purposes. The WRM subsystem processes wastewater into potable water. To ensure that the
water is of acceptable quality, the composition of processed water is monitored as described below. Prior to
installation of the Hab, the wastewater consists of condensate from the THC subsystem and EMU wastewater.
This water is stored in the condensate storage assembly
and vented overboard periodically or is manually transferred to the RS for processing.

Urine Prefilter/Pretreat Assembly

(Configuration B)

OXONE
OXONE

OXONE

ACID

Pretreat Tablets

Inlet Debris Filter

Oxone
Solid Sulfuric Acid
CM
1
INCHES

3
1

5
2

8
3

Oxone is a registered trademark of the DuPont Company

FIGURE 120.Urine prefilter/pretreatment assembly.

166

Control
C&DH
EPS

Potable
Water

Monitor

Potable
Water

120 Vdc

Structures
ACS

ECLSS/THC

AR (OGA)

Wastewater

WM and
Hygiene

WRM
Subsystem

Condensate

Potable
Water
Coolant
Supply

User/
Payload

Potable
Water

ITCS
Coolant
Return

Wastewater

EVA Suit
Umbilical

Expendables to
Crew Systems

FIGURE 121.WRM subsystem interfaces.

3.6.1.1 Wastewater Vent Assembly

The wastewater vent assembly provides controlled,
non-propulsive venting of wastewater from the ISS.
Venting may be initiated manually or automatically
via computer control. Two vent assemblies, shown in
figure 130, each consist of two solenoid valves in series,
a particulate filter, a dump nozzle, and a heater jacket
assembly. The vent assemblies are located in the forward
end of the Lab, 180 degrees apart, as shown in figure 131.
The vent assemblies are EVA maintainable, designed to
prevent freezing and clogging, comply with contamination requirements, and minimize fluid dynamics. The
wastewater vent assemblies consist of:

Two-way solenoid valves (two for each assembly) mounted in series to control venting
operations and isolate the internal atmosphere
from the external environment when not venting.
These are replaceable from inside the Lab
module.

Nozzle heater (one for each assembly) to heat the

nozzle during pre-heat, venting, and post-heat
operations. This is replaceable from outside the
Lab module.

Heater jacket (one for each assembly) to support

heating the nozzle during pre-heat, venting, and
post-heat operations. This is replaceable from
outside the Lab module.

Plumbing and orifice made of 1.27 cm (0.5 in)

diameter titanium tubing. The orifice is sharpedged.

Particulate filter (1 for each assembly) made of

titanium mesh to remove particles as small as
100 microns. This is replaceable from inside the
Lab module.

167

,
,

,

,

,
,

,

,

,
,
,

,

,

,

,

,

, ,,
Temperature
and Humidity
Control

Urine

Vent

Urine/Flush
Water
Pretreatment

Condensate

Fuel Cell Water

Storage

Makeup Water

Water
Collection
and Storage

Urine &
Flushwater

,
,

,

,

,,
, ,
From
Shuttle

Contingency
Access to Crew

Reclaimed
Water

Water Storage
and Distribution

EVA

Distillate

Wastewater

Water
Processing
and Monitoring

Man
Systems

WRM Functions

Non-WRM ECLSS Functions

Non-ECLSS Functions

Users
(Payloads)

FIGURE 122.WRM subsystem architecture.

168

Urine/Flush
Water
Processing

Brine

Return Waste
Storage

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

Flight
Direction

Hab

PMA2

Node 2

Lab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3
Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Potable water supplied by portable

tank.

Two flex lines come up with the

Water Processor and Urine Processor
racks for installation on orbit. One
additional flex line is required for the
Waste Management Compartment.

Contingency Water Container (CWC)

available for redundancy.

Flex Hose
Feedthrough
Mechanical Fitting, Half
Solenoid Valve With Manual Override
and Position Indication
Manual Valve
Non-Propulsive Vent
Check Valve
Heater
T

Temperature Sensor
Potable Water
Wastewater
Fuel-Cell Water

FIGURE 123.WRM subsystem.

169

Node 1
Cupola

Zenith Truss
Z

PMA1
A
N1Z

N1P
Stowage 3

Stowage 1
Fuel Cell
Waste
N1N
Stowage 2

N1S
Stowage 4
F
Lab
S

N
Hab

Airlock

FIGURE 124.WRM subsystem (continued).

PMA1

PMA2

Cupola

FIGURE 125.WRM subsystem (continued).

170

PMA3

Node 1

LAF 6
LAF 5

LAP 6
Low-Temp TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

X3
ISPR

LAP 4

LAP 5

LAF 4

Fuel-Cell
Water Storage

ISPR

LAS 4

ISPR

LAC 4

MSS/Avionics

Avionics #1/ Cond.

ARS
(CDRA, MCA, TCCS) Water Storage

LAS 5
MSS/Avionics

LAS 6

ISPR

Mod.-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

LAC 5

LAC 6
DDCU's

FSS/Stowage

LAP 3

ISPR (Window)

LAF 3

ISPR

LAS 3

ISPR

LAC 3

ISPR

LAP 2

Avionics #3

LAF 2

ISPR

LAS 2

ISPR

LAC 2

ISPR

LAP 1

Avionics #2

LAF 1

ISPR

LAS 1

ISPR

LAC 1

F
Node 2

,
,
TTT

TTT
TTT

Lab
TTT

FIGURE 126.WRM subsystem (continued).

171

Airlock
Equipment Lock
AFwd1
Avionics
Node 1

Crew Lock

P
AFlr1
Storage

Umbilical Interface
Assembly

AA1
Cabin Air
Assembly

AC1
Storage

FIGURE 127.WRM subsystem (continued).

Venting constraints and concerns include:

Scheduling of venting timesNo venting is

performed during EVAs, space shuttle approach/
departure, space shuttle docked operations, or
ISS attitude maneuvers.

Automated ventingVenting time constraints

are incorporated into the controlling software.

Water quantity (Q) in tankDetermining the

best times to initiate the manual venting operation since waiting until Q = 60 kg (132 lb) may
not always be prudent.

Perform venting operation in sunlight when

feasible.

3.6.1.2 Condensate and Fuel-Cell Water

Storage Tanks
The condensate tank is located in the Lab and
provides for temporary storage of wastewater. The tank
has a capacity of 75 kg (165 lb) to provide storage for at
least 68 kg (150 lb) of wastewater. The dimensions are
0.39 m (15.5 in) diameter and 0.90 m (35.5 in) length,
172

with a total volume less than 1.7 m3 (20 ft3). The tank
is a positive expulsion bellows-type, made of an
InconelTM bellows with an aluminum shell, vented to
the atmosphere. Wastewater can be received at a rate up
to 2.3 kg/hr (5 lb/hr) at a pressure between 101 to 156 kPa
(0 to 8 psig) and a temperature between 18.3 and 45.0 C
(65 and 113 F). There are two quantity sensors that allow
automatic control and remote wastewater venting. Water
is removed from the tank through the vent assembly or
by manual draining via a QD connector. The condensate
storage tank is located in rack LAF3 and is connected
to the wastewater network.
Fuel-cell-water tanks are located in the Lab (delivered in the MPLM and moved to the Lab) and provide for
temporary storage of fuel-cell water received from the
space shuttle. Each tank is the same design as the condensate tank. Storage for up to 408 kg (900 lb) of water is
provided. The total volume of all fuel-cell-water tanks is
to not exceed 4.7 m3 (55 ft3). Fuel-cell water can be
accepted from the space shuttle at a rate of 109 kg/hr
(240 lb/hr) at a pressure between 69 and 207 kPa (10
and 30 psia) and a temperature between 18.3 and 45.0 C
(65 and 113 F).

Node 2
JEM

Centrifuge Scar
Z

P
F

Lab
A
N2Z
DDCU's

N2P
DDCU's
Fuel-Cell

Waste
N2N
DDCU's

N2S
DDCU's
To Cabin
Air Assembly

F
PMA2
S

N
MPLM

APM

Centrifuge

TBD
FIGURE 128.WRM subsystem (continued).

173

FIGURE 129.WRM subsystem (continued).

174

Node 1

HAP 5
WMC

HAP 6
Low-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

HAF 5
Avionics #1/
O2 Generator

ARS
(CDRA, MCA, TCCS)

HAS 5
CHeCS-CMS

HAS 6
Stowage

HAC 3

FBCC

HAP 4

Galley/Oven/
Drink Dispenser

HAP 3

HAF 3
Water Processor

HAF 4

Freezer

HAS 3

Wardroom/
Galley Stowage

Urine Processor

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

HAS 4

HAC 4
CHeCS-HMS/EHS

HAC 5
CHeCS-HMS/EHS

HAC 6
Stowage

HAF 6

Hab

HAC 2

Wardroom

HAP 2

Stowage

HAF 2

Refrigerator/
Freezer

HAS 2

Ops. Support/
PEP Stowage

HAC 1

Wardroom

HAP 1

Avionics #2/
Stowage

HAF 1

Refrigerator/
Freezer/Trash
Compactor

HAS 1

Galley Stowage

PMA3

Vent NozzleFlush, With

Debris Shield Support
Heater
Jacket
Lab Forward
Two Places
Fitting
Lab Forward
Bulkhead Penetration

Solenoid Valves

Flex Hose
Jumper

,,,

Particulate
Filter

Wastewater In

To Other
Vent Assembly

FIGURE 130.USOS wastewater vent assembly.

Wastewater Vent LocationLab forward looking aft (A) and Lab port looking
starboard (B). Each vent operates at 65 kg/hr (143 lb/hr) at a cabin pressure
of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia). Nominally, both vents are operated simultaneously
to provide non-propulsive venting. This operation is controlled by the ECLSS
software, but may be initiated by crew or ground command.

43
Lab
Fwd

Zenith
Vent
Port

Nadir
Vent
Starboard

Lab Fwd

Lab Aft

43
A

FIGURE 131.USOS wastewater vent locations.

175

3.6.1.3 Contingency Water Collection

Contingency storage for up to 43 kg (95 lb) of water
is provided by a collapsible soft container that was
developed for use on the space shuttle. This container,
shown in figure 132, may be connected to the THC during
maintenance of the WRM subsystem or to any plumbing
that uses the male half of the wastewater QD. The container can be drained by connection to the wastewater
vent assembly. The time required to empty the container
is approximately 40 min (with a cabin pressure of
101.3 kPa (14.7 psia)). The container has a maximum
operating pressure of 55.2 kPa (8.0 psig) with a burst
pressure of 193 to 214 kPa (28 to 31 psig). The maximum
capacity is 50 to 54 kg (110 to 120 lb). The container has
an inner urethane rubber bladder with a NomexTM fabric
outer layer (with handles). A 1.27 cm (0.5 in) outer diameter titanium tube has a QD for attachment of a flexible
hose with QD attachments.

330 mm
(13 in)

457 mm
(18 in)
559 mm
(22 in)

FIGURE 132.Contingency water collection container.

3.6.1.4 Water Distribution Network

There are three water distribution networks as shown
in figures 123 through 129: the wastewater network, the
potable water network, and the fuel-cell-water network.
The networks consist of rigid metal tubing (1.27 cm (0.5
in) outer diameter titanium) with manual QDs, flexible
hoses with QDs, and fixed fittings. There are permanent
mountings in the standoffs for the wastewater and potable
water interfaces.
The wastewater network extends through all USOS
modules and the APM and JEM, and provides for the
transfer of condensate/wastewater from the THC CCAAs,
urine processor, and other wastewater generating devices
to the condensate storage tank, vent assemblies, and water
processor. The wastewater network is pressurized to 101
to 156 kPa (0 to 8 psig).

176

The potable water network is located in the Hab.

This network provides for the distribution of potable
water from the WP to the drink dispenser, shower,
handwasher, waste management compartment, and
galley. The potable water network is pressurized to
103 to 206 kPa (15 to 30 psig).
The fuel-cell-water network extends through all
USOS modules, although access is only available at
PMA2 and 3 interfaces and at the fuel-cell water
storage tank. This network provides for the transfer of
fuel-cell water from the space shuttle to the ISS fuel-cell
water storage tank. The fuel-cell water network is
pressurized to TBD kPa (TBD psig).

3.6.2 Monitor Water Quality

The CHeCS provides most of the water quality
monitoring. In addition, the PCWQM monitors the
purified water downstream of the water processor.

3.6.2.1 Process Control and Water Quality

Monitor (PCWQM)
The PCWQM, shown in figure 133, is located in the
Hab and monitors the purified water processed by the WP.
The water quality is monitored for compliance with the
specifications listed in chapter I, table 10 of Water
Quality Requirements (SSP 41162B), with continuous
monitoring by the PCWQM for conductivity, pH, photometric iodine, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) via
infrared (IR) CO2 detection. (Samples are collected for
analysis on Earth for the other compounds.) The process
consists of the following steps and components:

The PCWQM receives purified water from the

WP ion exchange bed.

Conductivity, temperature, and iodine level are

monitored continuously, and temperature is used
to adjust the pH and conductivity readings. One
hundred percent (120 cc/min) of the product
water is monitored. The pH sensor is an ionspecific electrode, with a range from 5.0 to 9.0
and sensitivity of 0.5. The conductivity sensor
is electrometric (temperature compensated)
and is used for BIT, with a range from 1 to
30 S/cm (1 to 30 mhos/cm) and sensitivity of
0.1 S/cm (0.1 mhos/cm). The iodine sensor
is photometric, with a range from 0.1 to 6.0 mg/L
and sensitivity of 0.2 mg/L.

TOC and pH are analyzed continuously in the

sample loop. The sample loop monitors a
sidestream (1 cc/min) taken from the process
loop. The TOC analysis process involves:

FIGURE 133.USOS WRM PCWQM.

177

PC1

TSV11

TM1

TOC

HC1

High pH

LC1

Low pH

Membrane

CO2 and O2

TSV18

PT23

O2 Manifold

FR3

P
FR4

PT22

Condensate
Detector

IR
Source

TV16

PT21

PT1

TV15

SV14

TC1
TC22
28 Vdc
Enable
Status

Temp. Cond.
Module
T
C

Manifold #2

Water & Dissolved CO2

Membrane

CO2

Waste Gas
Vent to
Rack

Separator

Gas/Liquid

Total Inorganic
Carbon (TIC) Purge

PT42

FR2

PR2

Acidification
Module
AM1

PH1

Preamp

pH Probe

FR1 SV13 PR1

TC21

Temp. Cond.
Module
T
C

Water & Dissolved CO2 & Dissolved O2

QD#4 Oxygen Input

Manifold #1

TSV17

TSV12

CO2

TSV13

TSV14

Preconditioner

PT41

Motor

TSV19

CO2

Pump

QD#1

CO2

Iodine Sensor
Red-Blue
Detector/
Source
Preamp
Preamp

CO2

Temp. Cond.
Module
T
C

CO2

Process
Water
Input

PT24

IR
Detector

P/O Manifold #3

CP1

TT13 TT11
T
T
Cooler

PR3 SV12

Ballast
(DC/AC
Converter)

UV
Reactor
HV*
XFMR
UV1

CO2

TT14
T

IG1

QD#3

Preamp
IR
and
Det.
IR
and
Source Preamp

Gas/Liquid
Separator

Total Organic
(TOC)
CO2 Detector

Stepper
Motor
and
Control

TT12
T

QD#2

Measuring the pH.

UV reactorTo oxidize organic carbon to CO2

Passing the sample through the solid phase

acidifier which converts carbonates and
bicarbonates to CO2.

Flow restrictorsTo limit the flow of O2 to the

gas/liquid separator

Pressure regulatorsTo regulate O2 pressure and

water sample return pressure

CoolerTo cool the sample after the UV reactor

TOC assemblyTo monitor the TOC level

Temperature/conductivity modulesTo monitor

the condition of the water sample

Iodine sensorTo monitor the iodine content of

a water sample

Pressure transducer unitsTo monitor the water

pressure

pH detectors and probeTo continuously

monitor the pH of the sample water

Temperature sensorsTo monitor the temperature of the water sample after the UV reactor and
cooler

CO2 detectorTo measure the amount of IR

light absorbed by the CO2 received from the UV
reactor, corresponding to the TOC.

Removing CO2 (derived from carbonates and

bicarbonates in the acidified sample stream)
with the Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) Gas/
Liquid Separator (GLS). The CO2 is subsequently vented to the cabin air.
Oxygen is then mixed with the sample and the
mixture is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light to
oxidize the organic carbon to CO2. The TOC
GLS removes CO2 derived from oxidized
organics.
The CO2 is then subjected to IR light and an
IR detector measures the amount of light absorbed, which is directly proportional to the
amount of organic carbon (the TOC) that was
present in the sample. The detector has a range
from 100 to 1,000 g C/L and sensitivity of
50 g C/L.
The TOC sample is then returned to the WP
upstream of the ion exchange bed to remove
any contaminants that may have been introduced during the TOC analysis process.

3.6.3 Supply Potable Water

The only expendable components are:

178

The PCWQM pH calibration module that is

replaced every 90 days or longer.

The Solid Phase Acidification (SPA) module that

provides dilute phosphoric acid and is replaced
every 90 days or longer.

Potable water is distributed from the WP to the use

locations via the potable water network.

3.6.4 Supply Hygiene Water

Nonexpendable components include:

Water for hygiene use is processed in the WP

(described in section 3.6.5.1) and meets potable water
quality specifications.

QDsTo allow disconnection of fluid interfaces

3.6.5 Process Wastewater

Manifold assembliesTo direct fluids through

the PCWQM

Three-way solenoid valvesTo direct the water

sample through the PCWQM

Wastewater from hygiene uses and condensate from

the THC is processed in the WP. Urine is processed in a
Vapor Compression Distillation Subassembly (VCDS)
to recover water that is then processed in the WP.

Two-way solenoid valvesTo direct fluids

through the PCWQM

3.6.5.1 Water Processor (WP)

Pump assemblyTo pump the sample through

the PCWQM

Gas/liquid separatorTo purge gases into the

cabin air

The WP is located in the Hab and provides for the

processing of wastewater into potable water for crew
consumption, hygiene use, experiment payloads, and the
water electrolysis O2 generator. Waste and potable water
storage is also provided by the WP. Storage is provided

for at least 59 kg (130 lb) of wastewater and at least

409 kg (900 lb) of fuel-cell water. Wastewater can have
up to 10 percent free-gas content by volume (at a temperature of 4.4 C (40 F) and a pressure of 143 kPa
(20.7 psia). Processed urine can have up to 5 percent
free-gas content by volume (at a temperature of 4.4 C
(40 F) and a pressure of 143 kPa (20.7 psia).

Recirculating pump to regulate delivery of water

from the WP wastewater storage tank to the
purification process

Pressurization pump downstream of the MLS to

provide pressure to the processor

Product water pump to pump water from the

product water storage tanks to pressurize the
product water delivery tank and the potable
water distribution system

MLS to remove free gas from the wastewater

prior to filtration and processing

Gas/Liquid Separator to remove free gas from

the processed water downstream of the VRA
reactor, which can liberate dissolved gas in the
water

3.6.5.1.1 WP Design
The WP, as shown schematically in figure 134,
includes the following components:

Inlet ORUMostly Liquid Separator (MLS),

wastewater storage tank, pump, valves, tubing,
sensors, etc.

Filter ORU

Unibed ORUstwo unibeds

VRA ORU:
Two regenerative heat exchangers and
electric heater
Gaseous O2 supply valves and sensors
VRA reactor
Ion exchange polishing bed

HX to preheat the process water before entering

the heater and VRA reactor, and to cool the
water exiting the VRA before entering the ion
exchange bed

Heater to heat the process water prior to entering

the VRA reactor

VRA reactor to oxidize low molecular weight

alcohols (e.g., methanol and ethanol) contained
in the wastewater. The O2 required for this
process is provided by the ACS. Byproducts of
the reaction may include aldehydes and carboxylic acids

The PCWQM to monitor the quality of the

processed water, described above

PCWQM ORUs

Membrane gas/liquid separator

Product water storage tank ORUtwo tanks

Product water delivery tank ORU

QDs to aid in maintenance

Two-way solenoid valves to control the flow

of wastewater and processed water

Quantity sensors to measure the amount of water

in each storage tank

A three-way solenoid valve to recycle water

that needs to be reprocessed

Relief valves to ensure that the WP does not

overpressurize upstream of the particulate filter
and the unibeds

Pressure sensors to monitor the water pressure

and pressure drops in the WP. Also, sensors to
monitor the O2 pressure from the ACS

Conductivity sensors to measure the conductivity

of the water prior to the HXs

Temperature sensors to measure the temperature

of the heater and the VRA reactor to gauge
performance.

Wastewater storage tank to temporarily store

water to be processed by the WP
Product water storage tank to temporarily store
water that has been processed
Product water accumulator and delivery tank to
store and pressurize water prior to distribution
Pressure regulator to regulate the pressure in the
HX and Volatile Removal Assembly (VRA)

3.6.5.1.2 WP Operation
Wastewater is purified using multifiltration through
ion-exchange resins and sorbent materials with catalytic
oxidation of trace organics. The purified water meets
potable water quality specifications. The process consists
of the following steps and components:

179

Wastewater is received from the wastewater

network.

Free gas is removed in the MLS.

Wastewater is temporarily stored until beginning

the purification process.

Wastewater then flows through a particulate filter

to remove particulates 0.5 micr ons in diameter.

Unibeds containing sorbent materials and ion

exchange resins then remove most of the
contaminants from the water.

The water next is heated to approximately

127 C (260 F) before entering the VRA
reactor, consisting of a solid catalyst to oxidize
low molecular weight organic compounds to
CO2 and organic acids. O2 for the reaction is
provided by the ACS subsystem.
The water is then cooled in heat exchangers
before going to an ion exchange bed where the
oxidation byproducts are removed. Excess O2
is removed by a membrane gas/liquid separator.
The ion exchange bed also adds iodine as a
biocide.
The water quality is monitored by the PCWQM.
When the water does not meet the required
specification it is routed to the WP wastewater
tank for reprocessing. Acceptable water is
delivered to the product water storage tanks (two
61.3 kg (135 lb) capacity tanks). To protect the
internal plumbing from microorganism contamination the recycle line contains a Microbial
Check Valve (MCV), consisting of an iodineimpregnated resin in a stainless steel case.
The product water delivery tank is filled from the
storage tanks and provides water to the potable
water distribution network.

3.6.5.2 Urine Processor (UP)

The UP is located in the Hab near the WMC.

3.6.5.2.1 UP Design
The UP process is shown schematically in figure 135.
The processing is performed by a VCDS.
Expendable components include:

Recycle filter tankReplaced every 30 days.

This is a 22 L (0.78 ft3) tank to collect brine
solids when the concentration of solids in the
process urine is 25 per cent. A 10 micron filter
is in the tank.

Microbial filterReplaced every 90 days. It

is located in the return line between the output
section and input section of the pump. Output
water that does not meet the conductivity
requirements is routed back to the pump input
through this resin bed impregnated with iodine
and a check valve.

Nonexpendable UP components include:

Pretreat urine tank assemblyLocated at the

input of the UP to receive urine/flush water from
the WMC at 145 to 207 kPa (21 to 30 psia). The
tank stores a maximum of 20.4 kg (45 lb) of
urine/flush water.

Quick disconnectsTo support maintenance of

selected UP components (expendable and nonexpendable).

Two-way solenoid valvesTo control urine flow

and to support non-condensible gas purging and
system purging for maintenance.

Three-way solenoid valveLocated just prior to

the UP output interface this valve provides the
ability to route reclaimed water to the recycle
loop when conductivity exceeds 150 mhos/cm.

Manual valvesLocated on either side of the

recycle filter tank to allow stopping the flow into
and out of the recycle tank so it may be removed
and replaced.

Relief valvesTo relieve input urine/flush water

pressure and to relieve reclaimed water output
pressure.

Check valvesTo protect against backflow at

various locations, as needed.

3.6.5.1.3 WP Performance
The WP processes 9.17 to 13.60 kg/day/person
(20.22 to 29.88 lb/day/person) of wastewater (humidity
condensate, waste hygiene water, and water recovered
from urine) to meet the specification for potable water.
The WP provides an average of 2.8 kg/day/person
(6.2 lb/person/day) of water for food rehydration,
consumption, and oral hygiene; 6.8 kg/day/person
(15.0 lb/person/day) of water for hygiene use; 2.2 kg/day
(4.8 lb/day) of potable water for payload use; and up to
3.3 kg/day (7.35 lb/day) of potable water for life science
experiments.
180

Vent to
Cabin

From Wastewater
Distribution Bus

Heat
Exchanger

Vent

Unibed #1

PCWQM

0.5 Micron
Filter

VRA

O2
In

Mostly Liquid Separator (MLS)

Process Pump

VRA
Reactor

Unibed #2

Ion Exchange Bed

Heat
Exchanger

Gas/Liquid
Separator

Wastewater Storage
and Delivery

Inlet ORU

T
T

FIGURE 134.WP schematic.

181

Microbial
Check
Valve

Product Water Storage

Pressure
Quantity

P
Q

Product Water
Delivery ORU

Water to
Potable
Use
Points

3-Way Solenoid
Valve

Back Pressure
Regulator

Conductivity

Physical Property
Transducer

Quick Disconnect

Preheater

Orifice

Temperature
Transducer

Solenoid Valve

In-line Relief
Valve

Pump

Check Valve

LEGEND

RegulatorLocated in the purge assembly after

the gas/liquid separator to provide the regulation
of reclaimed water back into the VCDS output
flow.

Peristaltic pumpA four-section pump operating at 8 rpm. One section pumps unprocessed
and recycled urine/flush water to the HX and
distillation assembly, two sections operating in
parallel retrieve excess wastewater from the
VCDS and pump it to the recycle filter tank and
recycle loop, and one section pumps the reclaimed condensate from the VCDS and purge
assembly to the UP output.

HXWastewater from the VCDS is used to

warm the input water. This also cools the
wastewater before it reenters the peristaltic
pump.

Distillation unitProvides zero-gravity distillation of urine/flush water to clean water. The

process is:
Urine/flush water is fed into the center
of a slightly tapered rotating drum (about
180 rpm).
A thin film of wastewater is formed on the
inside surface of the drum.
A compressor (2,400 rpm) lowers and maintains the pressure in the drum at about 4.8 kPa
(0.7 psia) to vaporize the water.
This water vapor then is removed by the
compressor and transferred to the outside
of the drum. (Residence time is about 2 min
for water entering the drum.)
The major impurities are left behind inside
the drum.

Coolant

Motor

Distillation Unit

Purge
Pump
Water
Separator

Heat
Exchanger
Pretreated
Urine Tank

Purge Gas
to Cabin
Fluids
Pump

Reprocess

From
Urinal

c Conductivity
Sensor

,,,
Recycle Filter Tank

FIGURE 135.USOS UP schematic.

182

To Water Processor
(Via Wastewater
Distribution Line)

The remaining excess wastewater and solid

impurities inside the drum are removed by
parallel sections of the peristaltic pump.
The purge pump removes noncondensable
gases by operating for 2 min out of every
10 min.

Purge pumpA four-section peristaltic pump

operating at 25 rpm to pass fluids to the gas/
liquid separator. This pump periodically removes
non-condensable gases from the VCDS (including water vapor that does not condense in the
VCDS).
Gas/liquid separatorA membrane-type
separator that is fed by the purge pump. Newly
condensed water is separated from the remaining
noncondensable gases. Reclaimed water is
delivered to the VCDS reclaimed water output
line (approximately 2 percent of the total
reclaimed water is retrieved by this process).
Noncondensable gases are vented to the cabin.
Quantity sensorAn automatic sensor to
measure the quantity of urine in the pretreat
tank assembly.
Speed/rate sensorsTo monitor the speeds
of the peristaltic pump, the VCDS drum, the
VCDS compressor, and the purge pump.

Temperature sensorsTo monitor the VCDS

temperature inside the drum and the liquid
coolant temperature around the purge pump
and still motor.

Pressure sensorsTo monitor the pressures of

the peristaltic pump wastewater return, purge
pump input, gas/liquid separator line, and the
peristaltic pump reclaimed water output. A delta
pressure sensor monitors the P across the
outputs of the gas/liquid separator.

Conductivity sensorTo monitor the conductivity of the reclaimed water output from the
VCDS.

When processing is required, urine is retrieved

from this tank and mixed with recycled urine
from the recycle loop.

Urine is fed into the VCDS where water is

evaporated, then compressed, and condensed to
reclaim pure water. The VCDS is an integrated
evaporator/vapor compressor/ condenser that
operates at approximately 6.9 kPa (1 psia) and
43.3 C (110 F).

Reclaimed water is pumped out and the conductivity measured. If the conductivity is acceptable,
the water is delivered to the wastewater network.
If not, it is returned to the urine recycle loop to
be reprocessed.

Nonevaporated urine and solids are delivered

to the recycle filter tank where brine solids are
removed.

Recycled urine is mixed with fresh urine from

the pretreat tank assembly and the process
repeats.

Noncondensed gases within the VCDS are

periodically removed by a purge pump assembly.
Reclaimed water from these gases is combined
with the VCDS reclaimed water output.

When the solids content of the recycle filter tank

reaches 25 percent by mass, the tank is replaced
with a clean tank. The used tank is returned to
Earth for cleaning and reuse.

3.6.5.2.3 UP Performance
The UP processes urine for up to six people, at an
average rate of 1.56 kg (3.43 lb)/person/day.

3.6.7 Supply Water for Payloads

Potable quality water is provided to user payloads
through the potable water network and wastewater may
be returned to the WP through the wastewater network.

3.6.5.2.2 UP Operation

3.7 Vacuum Services (VS)

Urine is processed at ambient temperature using

reduced-pressure VCD, shown in figure 136. The recovered water is then combined with wastewater for processing in the WP (see fig. 134). The process consists of the
following steps and components:

The VS equipment is located in the Lab, as shown

in figure 137 and 138, and provides the means for
experiment pay-loads to have access to space vacuum.
The VS includes motorized valves with position indicators, Pirani gauge transducers, cold cathode transducers,
and non-propulsive vents.

Pretreated urine is received from the waste

management urinal and is temporarily stored
in the pretreat tank assembly.
183

Note that VS are distinct from vacuum provisions for

ECLSS equipment. Some ECLS devices produce gases or
have residual gaseous products that must be discarded. In
these cases, a separate vent line is provided. For example,
the CO2 removal assembly vents CO2 through a dedicated
vent line that is separate from the payload waste gas vent
system. The ECLS venting requirements are discussed in
the sections describing the applicable assembly.

venting from one payload cannot adversely affect another

payload. The vacuum exhaust vent is controlled automatically by software and motorized valves. Waste gases are
vented through a non-propulsive vent. Sensors can
measure the pressure in the vacuum exhaust from 106
torr to 2,070 torr (275 kPa or 40 psia). After a payload has
vented to 103 torr, it can switch to the vacuum resource
line to maintain vacuum, if needed.

3.7.1 Supply Vacuum Services

to User Payloads

3.7.1.2 Provide Vacuum Resource

Some experiment payloads have gaseous byproducts

or require a vacuum for operation. For these reasons a
means of discarding waste gases to space and providing
access to space vacuum is needed. The vacuum exhaust
is available to all 13 ISS payload rack (ISPR) locations
in the Lab. The vacuum resource is available to 9 of the
ISPR locations in the Lab.

3.7.1.1 Provide Vacuum Exhaust

The purpose of the vacuum exhaust is to provide
waste gas vent capability to user payloads. The allowable
pressures that payloads may vent are in the range of
103 torr to 280 kPa (40 psia). If the pressure exceeds
280 kPa (40 psia) the users must notify the space station
controller of the out-of-tolerance condition and take
action to reduce the pressure prior to venting. Payload
access to the vacuum exhaust is on a scheduled basis and
only one payload at a time has access, so that gases

Evaporator Temperature
Sensor

The purpose of the vacuum resource is to provide

access to space vacuum to user payloads requiring a
vacuum environment to conduct experiments. Some
payloads may require vacuum during normal operation,
such as for an insulating jacket. The vacuum resource
must be able to maintain a vacuum of 103 torr or less to
the payloads. It must also be capable of being used by six
or more payloads at a time, providing the combined
throughput remains below 1.2103 torr-L/sec for
nitrogen at 1103 torr and 22 C (70 F). Vacuum
Resource is controlled by manual valves. Sensors can
measure the pressure in the lines from 106 torr to
786 torr (15.2 psia).

3.8 Extravehicular Activity (EVA)

Support
The ECLSS supports EVAs by providing services
to the joint AL. The AL provides the capability for EVAs,
i.e., depressurization, egress, ingress, and repressurization. The AL is a pressurized module mounted on
Rotating Demister

Rotating Centrifuge
Housing

Magnetic Drive

Product Out
Evaporator
Pressure Tap
High Level Sensor
and Evaporator
Temperature Sensor
Recycle Out

Distillation Unit
Motor

Purge Out

Compressor

Feed In

High Level Sensor

FIGURE 136.U.S. VCDS urine processor distillation unit.

184

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

A
Flight
Direction

Hab

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
S

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

LCA

Load Control Assembly

Flex Hose

CCT

Cold Cathode Transducer

Feedthrough

PGT

Pirani Gauge Transducer

Pressure Sensor

Mechanical Fitting, Half

Non-Propulsive Vent

Motor Valve With Manual Overide

and Position Indication

Vacuum Resource

Motor Valve with Position Indication

Vacuum Exhaust

FIGURE 137.USOS Lab VS.

Node 1 and, as shown in figure 139, consists of two
cylindrical chambers attached end-to-end by a connecting
bulkhead. (See also chapter I, figs. 9 and 10.) The larger
chamber is the equipment lock and the smaller chamber
is the crew lock. The equipment lock is used for equipment storage and transfer and preparation for EVA
missions. The crew lock is used for egress and ingress of
suited crew members and for equipment transfer to and
from space.
In operation, the pressure in both AL chambers is
reduced to 68.9 to 71.7 kPa (10.0 to 10.4 psia) during the
campout period prior to an EVA. This allows the N2 level
in the blood to safely be reduced prior to use of the
pressure suits, which operate at 29.63 kPa (4.3 psia).
Normal procedures include campout for up to 24 hr.
To exit the ISS, the air in the crew lock is pumped to
Node 1 (only the crewlock can be completely depressurized). The equipment lock is repressurized to 101.3 kPa

(14.7 psia) by opening the MPEV between the equipment

lock and Node 1 (there is no hatch on the AL side).
The ECLS functions in the AL are shown in figures
31, 50, 79, 111, and 127. The ECLSS supports preparation for, performance of, and recovery from EVAs. The
ECLS functions consist of ACS, THC, some AR, FDS,
stored potable water supply, and other EVA support.
Potable water is brought to the AL, as needed, to recharge
the EMUs.
During campout, PBAs are used to provide O2
and LiOH is used to remove CO2. AL components
relating to the ECLSS include:

Smoke detector

Cabin air assembly

IMV valve assembly

Oxygen/nitrogen isolation valve

185

FIGURE 138.USOS Lab VS (continued).

186

Node 1

CCT

LCA

PGT

CCT

LAS 6

LAC 6
DDCU's

NIA

Low-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air
Assembly

LAP 6

LAP 4
ISPR

LAP 5

Fuel-Cell
Water Storage

LAF 4

LAS 4
ISPR

LAC 4
ISPR

MSS/Avionics

LAF 5
Avionics #1/ Cond.
Water Storage

ARS
(CDRA, MCA,
TCCS)

LAS 5
MSS/Avionics

LAC 5
ISPR

LAF 6

Mod.-Temp. TCS/
Cabin Air Assembly

Lab

FSS/Stowage

LAP 3

ISPR (Window)

LAF 3

LAS 3
ISPR

LAC 3
ISPR

ISPR

LAP 2

Avionics #3

LAF 2

LAS 2
ISPR

LAC 2
ISPR

ISPR

LAP 1

Avionics #2

LAF 1

LAS 1
ISPR

LAC 1
ISPR

Node 2

Lab

PFE

Stand-alone crew-lock pressure sensor

Pressure control assembly

Stand-alone temperature sensor.

(4) Introduce low pressure gaseous O2 from the

AL external storage tanks. During campout,
the ppO2 is limited to the range from 17.58 to
20.0 kPa (2.55 to 2.90 psia). The AL ppO2
concentration is to not exceed 30 percent of
the total pressure.
(5) Relieve overpressure to limit the pressure
differential to less than 104.8 kPa (15.2 psid).

The ECLSS-related functions performed in the AL

include:

(6) Equalize pressure with Node 1 prior to

opening the hatch.

(1) Monitor total pressure in the range of 0.0 to

110.3 kPa (16.0 psia) with an accuracy of
0.07 kPa (0.01 psia).

(7) Monitor air temperature over the range of 15.6

to 32.2 C (60 to 90 F) with an accuracy of
0.5 C (1 F).

(2) Introduce gaseous N2 from the AL external

storage tanks at a rate of 0.045 to 0.091 kg/min
(0.1 to 0.2 lb/min) when the total pressure is
< 68.9 kPa (10.0 psia). N2 introduction is
prevented when the total pressure is >71.7 kPa
(10.4 psia). During campout, the ppN2 is
limited to <54.12 kPa (7.85 psia).

(8) Remove atmospheric heat to maintain a temperature between 18.3 to 26.7 C (65 and
80 F) with an accuracy of 1 C (2 F).
(9) Remove excess moisture from the air during
campout to maintain the RH within the range
of 25 to 70 percent. The dewpoint temperature
is to be between 4.4 to 15.6 C (40 and 60 F).

(3) Monitor ppO2, via the MCA in the Hab or Lab,

in the range of 0.0 to 40.0 kPa (5.8 psia) with
an accuracy of 2 percent of the full-scale
value.

(10) Dispose of removed moisture by delivering

humidity condensate to the wastewater bus
at a maximum rate of 1.45 kg/hr (3.2 lb/hr)
at a maximum pressure of 55.2 kPa (8 psig).

Equipment Lock

AFwd1
Avionics

Node 1
P

Crew Lock
O2

AFIr1
Storage
16 lb/hr

1050 psia

N2
PCP

PCA
CPS
FC

AA1
Cabin Air
Assembly

850
to
915
psia

100
to
110
psia

Umbilical Interface
Assembly

200
psia
200
psia

1050
psia

100 to 110 psia

AC1
Storage

3 lbm/hr

VRV

FIGURE 139.Joint AL AC Subsystem.

187

(11) IMV with Node 1 during open-hatch operations.

(12) Circulate atmosphere intramodule to maintain
an effective air velocity average of 4.6 to
12.2 m/min (15 to 40 fpm) in the cabin aisleway.
(13) Detect a fire event in internal locations that
contain a potential fire source.
(14) Isolate fire control zone within 30 sec of
detection by removal of power and ventilation
at the affected location. The IMV flow is
deactivated within 30 sec of annunciation
of a Class I fire alarm.
(15) Suppress fires by reducing the oxygen
concentration at the fire event location to less
than 10.5 percent within 1 min of suppressant
discharge.
(16) Recover from a fire by restoring the atmosphere to a total pressure of 95.8 to 102.7 kPa
(13.9 to 14.9 psia) and an oxygen partial
pressure of 19.51 to 23.10 kPa (2.83 to
3.35 psia) within 75 hr. The AL has PBAs
to allow the crew to respond to emergency
situations.
(17) Detect rapid decompression in closed-hatch
campout operation if an atmosphere pressure
change > 0.34 kPa/sec (0.05 psi/sec) occurs
and initiate a Class I alarm. In open-hatch
operation the AL can detect a rapid decompression in the AL before the ISS total pressure
decreases by 3.4 kPa (0.5 psi), based on a hole
size of 1.27 to 5.08 cm (0.5 to 2.0 in) diameter,
and initiate a Class I alarm.
(18) Repair a decompressed module by supporting
external operations to repair the AL after a
decompression of the AL.
(19) Recover from decompression by providing for
repressurization of its atmosphere from space
vacuum to a total pressure of 95.8 to 102.7 kPa
(13.9 to 14.9 psia) and an ppO2 of 19.51 to
23.10 kPa (2.83 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr.
(20) Remove hazardous atmosphere by venting
to space to achieve an air pressure < 2.8 kPa
(0.4 psia) within 24 hr.
(21) Recover from hazardous atmosphere by repressurization of the AL and reconfiguration
as necessary to recover from a hazardous
atmosphere event.

188

(22) Remove CO2 to limit the ppCO2 to which

any one crew member is exposed to a daily
average of 0.71 kPa (5.3 mmHg) or less based
on the metabolic loads. The maximum limit
is 1.01 kPa (7.6 mmHg) peak.
(23) Dispose of CO2 by removal and disposal of
LiOH filters.
(24) Remove airborne particulate contaminants to
limit the average particulate level in the AL to
0.05 mg/m3 (100,000 particles/ft3) for particles
greater than 0.5 microns based on a particle
generation rate of 1.4 106 particles/min.
(25) Dispose of airborne particulate contaminants
by removal and disposal of filters every
90 days.
(26) Remove airborne microbes by filtering
particles to less than 0.05 mg/m3
(100,000 particles/ft3) for particles
> 0.5 microns based on a particle generation
rate of 1.4 106 particles/min. The microbes
in the AL and Node 1 are to be limited to
1,000 CFU/m3 (28 CFU/ft3).
(27) Dispose of airborne microbes by removal
and disposal of filters every 90 days.
(28) Supply water for potable use from the Hab
by portable tank.
(29) Deliver process wastewater to Node 1 via the
wastewater bus. This includes EMU return
water and humidity condensate.
(30) Support campout prebreathe to accommodate
two crew members and the necessary equipment for denitrogenation prior to EVA. An
interface with Node 1 supplies oxygen for the
prebreathe equipment.
(31) Accept wastewater from two EMUs.
(32) Provide water for two EMUs and umbilical
cooling.
(33) Provide O2 at 6.2 MPa (900 psi) for umbilical
operation of two EMUs including in-suit
prebreathe and supply/recharge for two
EMUs. Provide recharge of an independent
O2 breathing system (walk-around bottle)
which supports a single astronaut for 15 min
on each charge.

(34) Provide repressurization for ingress at a

nominal rate of 0.34 kPa/sec (0.05 psi/sec).
Following an EVA, when only the crew lock
is at vacuum, the crew lock can be repressurized to 34.5 kPa (5.0 psia) total pressure within
20 sec. When both AL chambers are at vacuum
the AL can be repressurized to 34.5 kPa
(5.0 psia) total pressure within 60 sec. The
maximum emergency repressurization rate for
the AL can not exceed 6.9 kPa/sec (1 psi/sec).
During an emergency repressurization following an EVA when only the crew lock is at
vacuum, both AL chambers can equalize with
Node 1 within 80 sec. During an emergency
repressurization when both AL chambers are
at vacuum, the AL can equalize with Node 1
within 150 sec.

3.8.1 Support Denitrogenation

The space suits that are worn during EVAs operate at
29.6 kPa (4.3 psia) so that less effort is required during
use compared with 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) suits. This
allows EVAs to have longer durations, but can also lead
to a medical condition commonly called the bends in
which nitrogen gas dissolved in the bloodstream at 101.3
kPa (14.7 psia) forms bubbles as the pressure is decreased. To avoid this condition, prior to performing an
EVA the N2 gas that is dissolved in the bloodstream must
be reduced to a safe level. This is achieved by breathing
pure oxygen, or air with a reduced N2 content, for a
period of time before reducing the total pressure. This
prebreathe period can be performed either in a space
suit or in the AL.

3.8.1.1 Support In-Suit Prebreathe

The ECLSS provides O2. Details are not presently
available.

3.8.1.2 Support Campout Prebreathe

The ECLSS provides O2. Details are not presently
available.

3.8.2 Support Service and Checkout

Prior to performing an EVA, the space suit must be
provided with supplies sufficient for the duration of the
EVA. These supplies include water, O2, and N2.

3.8.2.1 Provide Water

Prior to delivery of the Hab, fuel-cell water is used to
recharge EMUs. Water is stored in special AL water
containers. After activation of the Hab, water is provided
from the WP.

3.8.2.2 Provide Oxygen

The ECLSS provides 1.8 kg (4 lb) O2 for each EVA.
Details are not presently available.

3.8.2.3 Provide In-Suit Purge

Detailed information is not presently available.

3.8.3 Support Station Egress

See ACS, section 3.1.

3.8.3.1 Evacuate Airlock

Detailed information is not presently available.

3.8.4 Support Station Ingress

Detailed information is not presently available.

3.8.4.1 Accept Wastewater

Detailed information is not presently available.

3.9 Other ECLS Functions

Other functions of the ECLSS include distributing
gases and water to user payloads. Details as to how this
is to be done are not presently available.

3.9.1 Distribute Gases to User Payloads

See ACS, section 3.1.

189

4.0 Safety Features

Safety features include methods of identifying
hazardous conditions and methods of responding to
hazardous conditions. These features can be classified
by the following categories:

190

Design to preclude or mitigate the possibility

for hazards to occur.

Design to identify and locate hazards.

Respond to less severe hazards.

Respond to severe hazards.

One driving design requirement for the USOS

ECLSS is to have at least two barriers to space, based
on hazard analyses. For example, in vent lines there are
redundant valves in series. Other safety features include
monitoring instrumentation, PBAs, PFEs, failure tolerance, and redundant or backup equipment for performing critical functions.

5.0 Maintenance Procedures

Maintenance consists of those functions necessary
to maintain or restore system/equipment operability or
redundancy, such as equipment and/or ORU removal and
replacement, servicing, test, inspection, calibration, and
repair. The maintenance objective is to minimize system
downtime and maximize availability for operations. The
on-orbit maintenance objective is to provide an acceptable
level of system functionality and redundancy to support
ISS survival, crew survival and safety, mission objectives,
and payload operations support.
There are two general types of maintenance: preventative and corrective. Preventative maintenance is the
planned or scheduled replacement of an ORU. Corrective
maintenance is the unplanned or unscheduled replacement
of an ORU due to some type of failure. (Corrective maintenance is discussed further in section 6.0.) ORUs are
designed to minimize the amount of time required to
perform the maintenance operation.

The maintenance procedure involves the following

steps:

In the manual state:

Send Override Effector commands to enable
such other power supplies as may be needed.
Command various active and passive BITs.
Exercise individual effectors.

Override effector command can be used to

cancel all overrides, returning to Idle or Failed
state.

Alternatively, initiate the Stop command or

Shutdown command.

When manual investigation of the hardware status is

needed:

Power Up, configure as in Normal operational

scenario.

When in Idle or Failed state:

Send Override Effector command to enable
15 power supply.
After confirmation of the command, Manual
state is entered, and the command is
performed.

Detailed maintenance procedures are described in other

documents. Examples of maintenance procedures are
summarized below.
4BMSThere is no scheduled maintenance of the
4BMS. In the event of failure of a component the ORU
containing that component can be replaced. (See section
6.1.1.)
THCScheduled maintenance of the THC includes
replacing HEPA particulate/bacteria filters once per year,
inspecting them every 90 days, and cleaning by vacuuming if required. The THC does not have to be switched off
during replacement of the HEPA filters. (See section
3.2.3.2).
FDSThere is no scheduled maintenance of the
FDS. In the event of failure, smoke detectors can be
replaced.
MCAScheduled maintenance of the MCA involves
four ORUs:

IMVScheduled maintenance of the IMV is not

presently planned.
TCCSScheduled maintenance of the TCCS
involves three ORUs:

Charcoal bed assemblyReplaced every 90 days

or longer, depending on the contaminant load.

Post-sorbent LiOH bed assemblyReplaced

every 90 days or longer, depending on the
contaminant load.

Catalytic oxidizer assemblyReplaced in the

event of a failure and once for each entire year of
service.

Maintenance is performed by sliding the TCCS out of

the rack, as shown in figure 140, for access to the ORUs.
The ORUs are held in place by captive fasteners, tension
latches, tubing, and other connectors. (More detailed
information is in LMSC/F369707.)

MS assemblyreplaced every 2 yr.

Pump assemblyreplaced every 2 yr.

Inlet valve assemblyreplaced every 10 yr.

WMScheduled maintenance of the WM involves:

Verification gas assemblyreplaced every 3 yr.

Waste storage containerReplaced every 7 days.

Fecal odor/bacteria filterReplaced every

30 days.

191

Post-Sorbent LiOH
Bed Assembly

ize
xid
O
c
i
bly
alyt
Cat Assem

Telescopic Slide

Flow Meter
Assembly (ORU)
Air Inlet
From Cabin

Charcoal Bed Assembly

FIGURE 140.USOS TCCS in extended position for maintenance.

Plenum odor/bacteria filterReplaced every

30 days.

Particulate filterReplaced 15 days, or when

the P sensor indicates that the bed is saturated.

Urine collection odor/bacteria filterReplaced

every 30 days.

Urine processor recycle tank/filter assembly

Replaced every 30 days.

Oxone/sulfuric acid pretreatment string with

filterReplaced twice daily (for a crew of four).

Microbial check valve (in the WP)Replaced

30 days.

Microbial filter (in the UP)Replaced every

90 days.

SPA module (in the PCWQM)Replaced when

internal verification indicates that the module
requires replacement or 90 days.

WRMScheduled maintenance of the WRM

involves:

192

UnibedReplaced 15 days, or when the

conductivity sensor indicates that the bed
is saturated.

Ion exchange bedReplaced 15 days, or when

the conductivity sensor indicates that the filter
requires replacement.

6.0 Emergency Procedures and

Failure Responses
Emergency conditions such as rapid decompression,
hazardous atmosphere, and fire are discussed above, in
sections 3.1, 3.3, and 3.4, respectively. Emergency situations can be caused by equipment failure, operating
error, or external events such as meteoroid impact. Responses to these failures are addressed in this section.
During the process of designing equipment, an
exhaustive Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is
performed which is used to evaluate the effects of the
failure of each hardware item and software command. As
shown in figure 141, the effects of failures are classified
according to how critical the effects are and a Critical
Items List (CIL) is prepared which lists the Criticality 1
and 2 single-failure points. These terms are defined as:

time to repair the failed unit and a redundant backup unit

is not necessary. With the presence of the RS, however,
the Russian ECLSS serves as a backup for all of the
ECLSS functions, and the U.S. ECLSS serves as a backup
for the Russian ECLSS.

6.1.1 4BMS Failure Modes and Responses

As an example, 17 failure modes have been identified
for the 4BMS:

Selector valve 1 failure

Selector valve 2 failure

Selector valve 3 failure

Selector valve 4 failure

Selector valve 5 failure

Selector valve 6 failure

Blower failure

Criticality 1Loss of function will result in loss

of life or vehicle.

Criticality 2Loss of function will result in loss

of mission.

Pre-cooler failure

Sorbent bed failure

Criticality 3All other failures.

Heater failure

Check valve failure

Desiccant bed failure

Where redundancy of the function is present, the following additional ratings are used:

Criticality 1RLoss of function redundancy will

result in loss of life or vehicle.

Air save pump failure

Criticality 2RLoss of function redundancy will

result in loss of mission.

Rack CO2 valve failure

Temperature sensor failure (three)

P sensor failure

Absolute pressure sensor failure.

The CIL is used during preparation of on-orbit maintenance procedures and mission rules. Based on the results
of the FMEA, the equipment may be redesigned to avoid
the worst effects.

6.1 Responses to Equipment Failures

Loss of ECLSS functions may require immediate
attention or may have slower effects that are not immediately critical. Loss of AR, especially CO2 removal, is life
threatening and requires quick action to restore the function. For those situations, there are redundant backup
systems that can be activated quickly (within a few
minutes) to perform the function while the failed unit is
being repaired. For loss of equipment that is not immediately life threatening, such as the water processor, there is

Valve Failure
The failure of a valve to operate properly would be
detected by the optical position indicators. A selector
valve can lose function due to failure of the motor or of
the position indicators. The valve can fail in a specific
position (A or B) or in transition.
The 4BMS software will consider the valve failed if
the position indicators do not reflect the proper combination of open and closed valves within 10 sec of valve
actuation. Upon detection of a failed valve, the 4BMS
will transition to the Failed state and the software will
report that a valve has failed.

193

What is the function

of theItem being
analyzed?

Is there
redundancy
for this Item to
perform this
function?
1

Include
in the CIL

Will the
effect of loss of
this function result in
loss of life or
vehicle?

Yes
CRIT 1

Yes

Will the
effect of loss of
this function result in
loss of mission?

Yes
CRIT 2

No
CRIT 3

Will the
effect of loss of
all redundancy (like
and/or unlike) result
in loss of life or
vehicle?

Yes

(A) Will
loss of the 1st
Yes
path result in loss of
mission or (B) will next
CRIT 1R*
failure of any
redundant item result
in loss of life/
vehicle?
*All of these items are considered
1
Critical Items, even if they pass
the redundancy screens.
No

Will the Yes

effect of loss of
all redundancy (like
and/or unlike) result
in loss mission?

CRIT 1R

CRIT 2R

Does this
Item fail
any of the
redundancy
screens? 1
Yes or No.

Does the
redundant item
fail any of the
redundancy
Yes
screens?
1
No

No
CRIT 3

Not in CIL

NOTE 1 : Item Hardware Item/Unique Failure Mode Combination

FIGURE 141.FMEA/CIL screening process to determine criticality rating (NSTS 22206, rev. D).

194

The 4BMS software BIT will detect valve failure

based on no response within 10 sec during valve actuations and based on unexpected position for the operating
cycle. The ECLS controller (an MDM) will be able to
isolate the failure to the valve level based on the 4BMS
active BIT and position indicator changes during static
operations, but will rely on the current operating state and
valve position indications to confirm whether the motor or
position indicator failed. Additionally, the ECLS controller will verify the valve failure by sending override (O/R)
commands in an attempt to actuate the valve.

While there are no credible single valve failures that

can result in an immediate hazard, the ppCO2 levels can
reach SMAC levels within a few hours unless a redundant
4BMS is activated. A potential hazard can result from O/R
operation of the 4BMS if valve 5 allows access to space
vacuum to the adsorbing bed during CO2 venting. For
automatic safing, upon detection of a failed valve the
4BMS will automatically transition to the Failed state.
After 1 hr in the Failed state, the 4BMS will automatically
transition to the Off state. For manual safing, if the ECLS
controller determines that the position indicator has failed
during static operations, the ECLS can command the
4BMS to the Test state and the 4BMS software will perform the active BIT that should verify the valve failure. If
the 4BMS software has failed to configure the valves to a
safe configuration, the ECLS can perform O/R commands
to make sure that the CO2 vent is isolated from the cabin.
Upon 4BMS failure, the redundant unit will automatically be activated if it is not already operating.
Manual recovery procedures depend on the nature
and location of the failure:

Valve failure in transitionThe valve must be

replaced to restore 4BMS function. There are
no workarounds to restore partial functionality
as proper positioning of all valves is critical to
4BMS operations. Valves 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 can be
replaced individually; valve 3 is integrated into
the Blower/ Precooler ORU and must be replaced as part of this ORU.
Valve failure in one positionFailure of any
valve in a specific position will result in locking
the 4BMS configuration into a half cycle. Partial
functionality can be regained by O/R commanding of the valves and by exchanging some critical valves within the 4BMS. These workarounds
will allow the 4BMS to operate in one half-cycle
during which the same beds will sequentially be
used to adsorb CO2 and then be configured for
desorption:

For failures in valves 1, 2, or 3, valve 4 can

be used to isolate the sorbent bed and valves
5 and 6 can be reconfigured to expose the
bed to vacuum. The check valve in the other
ORU provides isolation.
For failure in valve 5, valves 4 and 6 can be
used to isolate the sorbent bed during desorption.
For failure in valve 4 or 6, the crew must
replace the valve with either valve 1 or 2,
depending on the configuration in which the
valve failed.

Valve 6 can be exchanged with a failed valve 1,

2, 4, or 5, but the failed valve configuration must
be compatible with supporting the CO2 vent
cycle. The crew can exchange a properly functioning valve 6 with a failed valve. The failed
valve will then replace valve 6 in the vent line
and allow CO2 venting. The failed valve will not
support pumpdown of the sorbent bed to be desorbed. The impact of this workaround is increased loss of cabin atmosphere, but the 4BMS
can support both operational cycles. This option
may be pursued to restore some redundancy.

If the valve failure occurs close to 4BMS end-oflife, it may be better to replace the entire 4BMS.

Additionally, the ECLS controller will verify

the valve failure by sending O/R commands in
an attempt to actuate the valve.

ORU Replacement
Replacement of the CO2 sorbent bed/desiccant bed
ORU will require no more than 2 hr. The procedure involves the following steps after automated methods have
been performed:

Manual troubleshootingVisual inspection of

components and interface connection verification.

Removal and replacement (R&R) of failed

valves if spares are available. The ARS rack is
designed for 4BMS access by removing panels
and sliding components out for access.

If spare ORUs are not available and both

4BMSs are not functioning, ORUs from one
4BMS may be installed in the other 4BMS. (This
is assuming that different ORUs failed in each
4BMS.)

195

The 4BMS ORUs are accessible by removing access

panels and sliding the 4BMS out of the front of the ARS
rack or by accessing components from the side or rear of
the ARS rack. Interface connections that may need to be
disconnected include:

ITCS inlet/outlet

Dehumidified atmosphere inlet

CO2 overboard vent

Cabin atmosphere return

Data

Power.

In the event of valve leakage, the method for detecting leakage is indirect, relying on the MCAs ppCO2
monitoring capability. If the ppCO2 level increases while
the hardware is operating properly, then leakage is
indicated. The source of the leakage would have to be
identified to the ORU level.

6.2 Responses to Operating Error

Ideally hardware and software is designed to prevent
the possibility for operating errors to occur. In reality,
erroneous commands can be given, components can fail,
and undesirable or hazardous consequences may result.
In general, the first response may be to switch off power
to the affected equipment. Responses to specific operating
errors have not been determined at the time of this
writing.

6.3 Responses to External Events

External events include penetration of a module
shell by a meteoroid resulting in pressure loss (described
in section 3.1.5), loss of supply gases stored externally,
clogging of a vent line, or other externally caused event.
In the event of externally-caused failures, the response would depend on the severity of the failure. For
example, a small leak with mass loss low enough that the
PCA can maintain pressure would allow time for the crew
to locate and repair the leak. A larger leak that results in
loss of pressure in a module would require a different
response. Responses to specific external events have not
been determined at the time of this writing.

196

6.4 Venting a Module

In the event that it is necessary to depressurize a
vestibule or an adjacent module, a vacuum access jumper
can be connected from a 2.54 cm (1 in) diameter vacuum
access port on the VRV. Vacuum access is a manual operation. To use the vacuum access port, both vent valves
must be closed. The cap on the vacuum access port can
then be removed and a flexible jumper attached. The other
end of the jumper can be connected wherever access to
space vacuum is needed, such as to the MPEV so that a
vestibule or adjacent module can be depressurized. With
the jumper in place, the VRIV is commanded open. The
PCA will require confirmation of the command. When the
vacuum access operation is completed, the VRIV is commanded closed and the jumper is removed.
In an emergency such as contamination of the atmosphere or to extinguish a difficult fire, the PCA can perform an emergency vent, by opening the VRIV and
VRCV completely. The valves are then kept at full open
until the cabin pressure falls below 2.0 kPa (0.29 psia),
at which pressure the valves will be closed. The emergency vent procedure is never initiated automatically by
the PCA, but must be commanded. Two independent
confirmations are required before an emergency vent is
performed. The first confirmation command must be
received within 30 sec of the Emergency Vent command,
and the second confirmation must be received within
30 sec of the first confirmation. At any time during an
emergency vent, the PCA can be commanded to stop
venting. The atmosphere can be vented to less than
2.0 kPa (0.29 psia) by commanding the PCA to fully
open both valves. When the PCA receives these commands, the valves remain open until commanded to close.
The PCA must have hazardous command confirmation
for each command to open a vent valve.

CHAPTER III: THE EUROPEAN, JAPANESE, AND ITALIAN

SEGMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
AND LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
1.0

Introduction

The European, Japanese, and Italian segments of the

ISS consist of the Columbus Attached Pressurized Module
(APM) (provided by ESA), the Japanese Experiment
Module (JEM) with an ELM (provided by NASDA),
and the Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module (MPLM)
(provided by ASI). All the modules are sized to be transported in the space shuttle cargo bay. Descriptions of the
elements and their integration into the ISS are given in
Chapter I: Overview. These modules are attached to
Node 2 of the USOS, as shown in chapter I, figure 1.

1.1

The APM, JEM, and MPLM

ECLS Functions

and storage facilities, so the full range of ECLSS functions are not provided. The basic requirements for the ISS
ECLSS are discussed in chapter I. The requirements that
apply to the APM, JEM, and MPLM relate to THC, ACS,
and FDS. In general, the requirements for these functions
are the same as for the USOS, but some specific requirements may be different. In addition, the APM and JEM
have payload support requirements.

1.2 Commonality of Hardware

Some ECLS hardware is used in more than one
segment of ISS. This is especially true for the APM
and the MPLM. The ECLS common hardware is listed
in table 34.

The APM, JEM, and MPLM ECLS functions are

summarized in table 33. These segments are laboratory

TABLE 33.The ECLS functions performed in the APM, JEM, and MPLM.
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) functions are mostly provided by the USOS and RS. The APM, JEM, and MPLM provide
cabin pressure sensors, depressurization assemblies, positive pressure relief assemblies (for when the module is isolated), and pressure
equalization valves in the hatches. The APM, JEM, and MPLM also provide negative pressure relief during transportation. The APM and
JEM supply N2 to payloads. The APM, JEM, and MPLM are exempt from the requirement to respond to rapid decompression, and rely on
the USOS.
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC) consists of conditioning the atmosphere by Common Cabin Atmosphere Assemblies
(CCAA) located in the APM and JEM. The MPLM relies on the USOS.
Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) is provided mostly by the USOS or RS. In the APM and JEM, particulates and airborne microorganisms are removed from the atmosphere by HEPA filters in each segment. (The MPLM relies on the USOS.) Atmospheric samples are
collected by the Sample Delivery System (SDS) and delivered via tubing to the Lab for analysis in the MCA.
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) consists of smoke detectors at strategic locations, PBAs, and manually-operated PFEs for fire
suppression.
Waste Management (WM) is provided by the USOS or RS, and waste is returned to Earth in the MPLM or burned in the Earths
atmosphere in a Progress.
Water Recovery and Management (WRM) is provided by the USOS or RS. Humidity condensate is collected from the CHXs in the
APM and JEM and delivered to the USOS.
Vacuum Services (VS) consist of waste gas exhaust and vacuum resource capabilities in the APM and JEM.

197

TABLE 34.APM, MPLM, and JEM common ECLSS hardware.

ECLSS Item

APM

MPLM

JEM

Notes/Supplier

Atmospere Control and Supply (ACS)

Depressurization Assembly

U.S.

Positive Pressure Relief Assembly

Negative Pressure Relief Assembly
Ptot Sensor

E
E
E

E
E
J

Nitrogen Shutoff Valve

ppO2 Sensor
ppCO2 Sensor

E
E
E

N/A
N/A
N/A

N/A
N/A

E = Carleton (Spacelab)
U.S. = Allied-Signal
E = Carleton (Spacelab)
E = Carleton (Spacelab)
E = French supplier
J = Japanese supplier
E = Moog
E = Draeger
E = Draeger

Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)

IMV Fan

N/A

U.S.

IMV Shutoff Valve

U.S.

CHX Assembly
Condensate Water Separator Assembly
Cabin Temperature Control Unit
Cabin Air Temperature Sensor

E
E
E
E

N/A
N/A
N/A
E

U.S.
E
E

N/A
E
N/A
U.S.

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

N/A
U.S.
U.S.

E
E
E
E

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Avionics Air Assembly (AAA)

Air Supply Diffuser
Condensate Shutoff Valve
Cabin Fan Assembly (CFA)

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

Sample Line Shutoff Valve
Sample Line Filters
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)
FDS Panel Indicator
PFE
Smoke Sensor
Vacuum Services (VS)
Venting Device
Repressurization Valve
High-Range P Sensor
Low-Range P Sensor
N/ANot Applicable

198

U.S.

E = French supplier
U.S. = Hamilton Standard
E = Carleton
U.S. = USOS hardware
E = French supplier
E = French supplier
E = Kayser Threde
J = Japanese supplier
U.S. = USOS hardware
E = Dornier
E = Moog
U.S. = USOS hardware
(Node 1)

E = Moog

U.S.
U.S.
U.S.

U.S. = USOS hardware

U.S. = USOS hardware
U.S. = USOS hardware

E = Carleton
E = Carleton
E = Common to Ptot sensor
E = Dornier

2.0

Descriptions of the APM,

JEM, and MPLM Segment
ECLSS

The capabilities of the ECLS systems on the APM,

JEM, and MPLM segments are listed in chapter I, table 5.
The methods, processes, and procedures that perform the
ECLS functions are, in general, the same as, or similar to,
the methods, processes, and procedures used on the USOS
(described in chapter II). ECLS capabilities on the APM,
JEM, and MPLM are either:

Provided by the USOS or RS (described in

chapter II and volume II).

Performed by equipment that is identical to

equipment used in the USOS. (This equipment
is described in chapter II.)

Performed by equipment of different design

than in the USOS. (This equipment is described
in this chapter.)

The ECLS capabilities are described in section 2.1.

The monitoring and control system and consoles are
discussed in section 2.2. Interconnections between the
ECLS systems in different modules are described in
section 2.3. Expendable components that must be resupplied are discussed in section 2.4.

2.1 ECLS System Design

and Operation
The ECLS system consists of several subsystems that
are described for the APM, JEM, and MPLM in sections
2.1.1, 2.1.2, and 2.1.3, respectively.

APM is connected to the USOS, the USOS provides

overpressure relief. For those times when the APM is
isolated from the USOS (prior to attachment or when the
hatch is closed) excess pressure is released through the
APM Positive Pressure Relief Assembly (PPRA). When
the module is isolated the atmosphere pressure is maintained to less than the design maximum internal-toexternal differential pressure. Venting of atmosphere to
space does not occur at <102.7 kPa (14.9 psid) when the
APM is isolated. Pressure equalization is performed via
the MPEV (see chapter II, section 3.1.4 for more information). The APM is exempt from the requirement to
respond to rapid decompression and relies on the USOS
instead. ACS also includes responding to hazardous
atmospheric conditions. In the event of severe atmospheric contamination, the means to depressurize the
APM is provided by the Depressurization Assembly
(DA).
Prior to launch there may be circumstances in which
the external pressure exceeds the internal pressure. To
minimize structural stresses a Negative Pressure Relief
Assembly (NPRA) allows external pressure to equalize
with the internal pressure.
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)
includes controlling the atmosphere temperature which is
selectable over the range 18 to 27 C (65 to 80 F). Control of atmospheric moisture is achieved by the CHX portion of the CCAA. Atmospheric circulation within the
APM is provided at 0.08 to 0.20 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm) in
the cabin aisleway. IMV with the USOS is provided at
229 to 280 m3/hr (135 to 165 cfm).
The APM THC has some differences from the USOS
THC. These include:

Ventilation in the standoffs and endcones.

The presence of ppCO2 and ppO2 sensors (which

are not required for the USOS since the MCA
measures these gases).

IMV return through ducts rather than through

the hatch. (The capability for IMV return atmosphere through the hatch is provided.) (In the
USOS this capability is also present, except for
the Node 1-to-PMA1 and Node 1-to-Cupola
interfaces. Typically, however, in the USOS the
atmosphere return is through the hatches to save
power.)

Sizing the CHX for three people working heavily

in the APM versus normal work conditions in the
USOS.

2.1.1 APM ECLSS Design and Operation

The APM ECLSS, as shown in figure 142, includes
ACS (atmosphere sample line), THC, atmosphere supply
from the USOS, FDS, a condensate water line from the
THC CHX to the USOS, and VS. All other ECLS
functions are provided by the USOS or RS.
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) includes
monitoring the total atmospheric pressure over the range
1 to 1,048 hPa (0.0145 to 15.2 psia). Control of the ppO2
is performed by the USOS or RS via IMV. When the

199

FIGURE 142.APM ECLSS schematic.

ptot
Sensor #1
#2
#3
#4

Cabin Fan

Muffler

Supply Fan

Condensate
Valve

Muffler
SS

Port Cone
Hatch Supply Duct

Smoke Sensor-I/F

Muffler

Liquid Loop

CHX2

Condenser
Condenser

CHX1

Liquid Loop

Stand Off Structure

T
Cabin Inlet Diffuser

Stand Off Structure

Condensate Line

pp CO2
Sensor #1

Water
Separator

pp O2
Sensor #1
#2

Return Grid
Muffler

TCV

Return Grid Muffler

Deck-Rack Air Return

Carry Over
Sensor #1
#2

RVPS

V&V Rack QD

Return Grid Muffler

VPS

Vacuum Line

Vacuum & Venting I/F

2 Payload Racks Ceiling
(only Venting I/F)

4 Payload Racks Left Side

RVPS

Repress Valve

Humidity
Sensor #2

Cabin Temperature
Control Unit
(CTCU 2)

Humidity
Sensor #1

Payload
Rack

Cabin Temperature
Control Unit
(CTCU 1)

N2 Rack QD

Waste Gas Line Shutoff Valve

M
N2 Payload Rack Supply Line

VPS

N2 I/F to TCS

Cabin Inlet Diffuser

Cabin Loop

Repress Valve

Split
Muffler

M
N2 Supply Shutoff Valve

Vent-Line

Trace Gas Sampling Line

Return Fan

Muffler

Cabin
Depressure
Valve

IMV Valve

LSOV

N2
Supply
Line

IMV Valve

Positive Pressure
Relief Valve

IMV Return

IMV Supply

Port Cone
D/BI/F

Cabin
Depressure
Valve

Vent-Line
Dumping Device

ECLSS Overall Schematic COF, Updated PDRBaseline

Filter

200
Heater
Control
Unit (HCU1)

M M

Negative
Pressure
Relief
Valve

Vacuum Line
Dumping Device

Starboard Cone

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) includes controlling the ppCO2 (provided by the USOS or RS via IMV),
controlling gaseous contaminants (provided by the USOS
or RS via IMV), control of airborne particulate contaminants (via HEPA filters), and control of airborne microorganisms (via HEPA filters). Monitoring of the atmosphere
composition is also provided by the USOS, by delivering
samples of the atmosphere to the USOS via a sample line.
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) includes fire
detectors and PFEs. Fire detection is assured via smoke
collection and transport in the open volumes of the APM
by the air circulation provided by the cabin ventilation
loop and the IMV loop. The fire detection concept is onefailure tolerant by the use of two smoke detectors (identical with USOS smoke detectors) at each of two locations:

Waste Management (WM) is provided by the USOS

or RS.
Water Recovery and Management (WRM) is
provided by the USOS or RS. Wastewater is collected
from the THC CHX in the APM and delivered to the
USOS for processing into potable water. Water for
payload use is provided by the payloads, or it can be
provided via portable tanks that are manually filled in
the USOS.
Vacuum Services to user payloads include vacuum
resource for payloads requiring hard vacuum and vacuum
vent to dispose of waste gases.
EVA Support is provided by the USOS or RS.

Downstream of the cabin fan, for detecting

smoke from throughout the APM.

Other ECLS Functions include distributing gases

(N2) to user payloads.

Downstream of the IMV return air fan, for

detecting smoke generated by the fan itself
before the Node 2 interface.

2.1.2 JEM ECLSS Design and Operation

Fire suppression is achieved by passive and active

methods. Passive methods include the use of self-extinguishing and nonflammable materials. Active methods
include removing power, switching off IMV and atmosphere circulation (switching off fans), and the use of
PFEs via access ports. As a last resort, the APM can be
remotely depressurized to reach a ppO2 <70 hPa (1 psia)
in <10 min. Active ISPRs can support autonomous fire
detection capability.

The JEM ECLSS, as shown in figure 143, includes

ACS (atmosphere sample delivery line), THC, atmosphere supply from the USOS, FDS, a condensate water
line from the THC CHX to the USOS, module unique
gases from the Common Gas Support Equipment (CGSE),
and VS. All other ECLS functions are provided by the
USOS or RS. Design considerations that are specific to
the JEM are listed in table 35.

After a severe fire event, the APM atmosphere may

need to be vented to eliminate the CO2 and fire byproducts (smoke) because IMV to the USOS or RS TCCS
equipment is not sufficient for atmosphere decontamination.

201

202

FIGURE 143.JEM ECLSS schematic.

119 mm
(4.7 in) ID

13 mm
(1/2 in) ID

3 mm
(1/8 in) ID

137 mm (5.4 in) ID

IMV Supply

Condensate
Return

Atmosphere
Sample

137 mm (5.4 in) ID

Hatch

ISPR (Mtl)

137 mm (5.4 in) ID

Cabin Air Supply

ISPR (Life) ISPR (Life) ISPR (Mtl)

Cabin Air Supply

Freezer/PM Contingency EPS2

Storage 1

193 mm
(7.6 in) ID

193 mm
THC2/TCS2 (7.6 in) ID

ISPR (Mtl)

Hatch

Cabin Air
Supply

7.6 in ID

A/L Press/
Depress Eqpmt
137 mm (5.4 in) ID

51 mm
(2 in) ID

137 mm (5.4 in) ID

Cabin Air Return

Storage

Aft

137 mm (5.4 in) ID

193 mm
(7.6 in) ID

ISPR (Mtl) ISPR (Mtl)

13 mm (1/2 in) ID

Cabin Air Return

ISPR (Life) ISPR (Mtl)

THC1/TCS1 EPS1

DMS1

9.5 mm (3/8 in) ID

3 mm (1/8 in) ID
N2 Distribution

Condensate Return

ISPR (Life)

Sample Delivery

PM
Storage 1
(EDRTS)

119 mm (4.7 in) ID

To Experiment Support System (ESS)

System
Storage 27

Cabin Air Supply 137 mm (5.4 in) ID

System
Storage 1

137 mm (5.4) in ID

119 mm
(4.7 in) ID

9.5 mm (3/8 in) ID

DMS2

Storage

Stbd

7.6 in
ID

IMV Return

137 mm (5.4) in ID

Pressurized Module (PM)

Storage

Fwd

Experiment Logistics Module Pressurized Section (ELMPS)

Airlock

PMS Control

Storage

Port

Hatch

137 mm (5.4) in ID

137 mm (5.4) in ID
Hatch

TABLE 35.JEM ECLSS design considerations.

Design Loads

Units

Standard Value

General:
Number of Crew Members
Time in JEM

People
hr/day

2
8

Steady-State:
PM Volume (empty)
ELM Volume (empty)
PM Avionics Heat Loads
ELM Avionics Heat Loads
IMV Heat Loads
Temporary:
AL Volume (empty)
AL Avionics Heat Loads
AL-generated Moisture

m3
ft3
m3
ft3
W
W
W
m3
ft3
W
kg/operation
lb/operation

The PM ECLS functions include positive pressure

release, pressure equalization, N2 distribution, avionics air
circulation, IMV, intramodule circulation, temperature
control, atmosphere filtration, smoke detection, PFE,
PBA, con-densate delivery to the USOS, vacuum resource, and waste gas exhaust.
The ELM ECLS functions include pressure monitoring, positive pressure release, pressure equalization, IMV,
intramodule circulation, temperature control, atmosphere
filtration, smoke detection, PFE, and PBA.
The experiment AL ECLS functions include depressurizing and repressurizing the AL volume.
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) includes
monitoring the total atmospheric pressure over the range 1
to 1,048 hPa (0.0145 to 15.2 psia). Control of the ppO2 is
performed by the USOS or RS via IMV. When the JEM is
connected to the USOS, the USOS provides overpressure
relief. For those times when the JEM is isolated from the
USOS (prior to attachment or when the hatch is closed)
excess pressure is released through the JEM PPRA. When
the module is isolated the atmosphere pressure is maintained to less than the design maximum internal-to-external differential pressure. Venting of atmosphere to space
does not occur at <99.9 kPa (14.5 psid) when the JEM is
isolated. Pressure equalization is performed via the
MPEV. (See chapter II, section 3.1.4, for more information.) The JEM is exempt from the requirement to respond
to rapid decompression, and relies on the USOS instead.

128
4,523
44
1,555
1,802
205
0

3.0
106
900 W for 100 min
15 kg/hr for 17min
33 lb/hr for 17 min

Range

0 to 4
1 to 13

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
TBD to 3,202
205 to 459
220 to 220

N/A
N/A
TBD
TBD
TBD

ACS also includes responding to hazardous atmosphere

conditions. In the event of severe contamination of the
atmosphere, the means to depressurize the JEM is
provided by the DA.
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)
includes controlling the atmosphere temperature (selectable over the range 18 to 27 C (65 to 80 F)), removing
excess atmosphere moisture (by a CHX), circulating
atmosphere within the JEM (0.08 to 0.20 m/s (15 to
40 fpm) in the cabin aisleways), and IMV with the
USOS (229 to 246 m3/hr (135 to 145 cfm)).
The design cabin heat loads are based on two people
at TBD work load. (See ESA/ASI/NASA ECLS TIM
minutes, 2428 July 1995, JSC, Houston, TX.)
Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) includes controlling the ppCO2 (provided by the USOS or RS via IMV),
controlling gaseous contaminants (provided by the USOS
or RS via IMV), control of airborne particulate contaminants (via HEPA filters), and control of airborne microorganisms (via HEPA filters).
Atmospheric composition monitoring is also provided by the USOS, by delivering samples of the atmosphere to the USOS via a sample line.
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) includes fire
detectors and PFEs. Fire detection is assured via smoke
collection and transport in the open volumes of the JEM

203

by the atmosphere circulation provided by the cabin

ventilation loop.
Fire suppression is achieved by passive and active
methods. Passive methods include the use of self-extinguishing and nonflammable materials. Active methods
include removing power and atmosphere circulation
(switching off of fans), and the use of PFEs via access
ports. As a last resort, the JEM can be remotely depressurized to reach a ppO2 <70 hPa (1 psia) in less than 10 min.
The capability to restore the habitable environment after a
fire event is present.
Active ISPRs can support autonomous fire detection
capability.
Waste Management (WM) is provided by the USOS
or RS.
Water Recovery and Management (WRM) is provided by the USOS or RS. Wastewater is collected from
the THC CHX in the JEM and delivered to the USOS for
processing into potable water. Water for payload use is
provided by the payloads, or it can be provided via portable tanks that are manually filled in the USOS.
Vacuum Services to user payloads include vacuum
resource for payloads requiring hard vacuum and vacuum
vent to dispose of waste gases.
EVA Support is provided by the USOS or RS.
Other ECLS functions include distributing gases
(Ar, N2, He, CO2) to user payloads.

2.1.3 MPLM ECLSS Design

and Operation
The MPLM ECLSS, shown in figure 144, relies on
the USOS or RS more than the APM and JEM.
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS) includes
monitoring the total atmospheric pressure over the range 1
to 1,048 hPa (0.0145 to 15.2 psia). Control of the ppO2 is
performed by the USOS or RS via IMV. Positive pressure
relief is enabled when the module is inside the space
shuttle cargo bay and when the MPLM is attached to the
USOS but isolated (i.e., when the hatch is closed and the
IMV valve is closed). When the MPLM is connected to
the USOS overpressure relief is disabled in the MPLM
and provided by the USOS. When the module is isolated
the atmospheric pressure is maintained to less than the

204

design maximum internal-to-external differential pressure.

Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur at
<99.9 kPa (14.5 psid) when the MPLM is isolated.
Pressure equalization is performed via the MPEV.
(See chapter II, section 3.1.4, for more information.)
The MPLM is exempt from the requirement to respond
to rapid decompression, and relies on the USOS or RS.
When returning the MPLM to Earth, the negative
differential pressure across the MPLM shell must be relieved. For this purpose there are five negative pressure
relief valves.
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)
functions are primarily performed by the USOS. Latent
and sensible heat loads dissipated to the air are removed
by the cold air supplied by the USOS through IMV.
Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) includes controlling the ppCO2 (provided by the USOS or RS via IMV),
controlling gaseous contaminants (provided by the USOS
or RS via IMV), and responding to hazardous atmosphere.
Control of airborne particulate contaminants (via HEPA
filters) and control of airborne microorganisms (via HEPA
filters) is performed by the USOS.
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS) includes
smoke detectors in the intramodule circulation system,
since the MPLM does not have separate avionics air cooling. The forward endcone and the freezer/refrigerator
racks are the only credible fire risk locations inside the
MPLM. The free volume in each enclosure allows the
CO2 mass contained in a PFE to suppress a fire. The
freezer/refrigerator rack volumes are located together in
a single enclosure. In the event of a severe fire in the
MPLM, the module would be sealed, vented, and returned
to Earth.
Waste Management (WM) is provided by the USOS
or RS. USOS waste products are stored in the MPLM for
return to Earth.
Water Recovery and Management (WRM) is not
required in the MPLM.
Vacuum Services to user payloads are not required
since there are no active payloads in the MPLM.
EVA Support is not required for the MPLM.
Other ECLS functions, such as distribution of gases
to user payloads, are not required since there are no active
payloads in the MPLM.

On/Off Valve

WPP

RCA
FSP

PT
X

Y
PBA
Sampling Line
Shutoff Valve
FVI

GLA's

PFE
Cabin Fan
ELPS
HCU
MDM/Cold-Plate Assembly
PDB
Modulating Valve Electronics
Modulating Valve
NPRV's

MPLM Internal Layout

Hatch in Stowage Position

DA's

PPRA's
ISOV
PT's
Avionics Connectors
NPRV's
PFE
PPRA

ISOV
Avionics Connectors

ROFU PDA I/F

Fluid Connectors

FIGURE 144.MPLM ECLSS schematic.

205

2.2 ECLS Monitoring and Control

The ECLS is controlled via laptop computers that can
be connected to the C&DH system through data ports
located in the modules. This approach is identical to that
used on the USOS and is described further in chapter II,
section 2.2. The C&W panels in the APM and JEM are
identical to those used on the USOS (shown in chapter II,
fig. 114). In the JEM there is also a rack-mounted workstation for monitoring and controlling the ECLSS and
other systems.

2.3 ECLS Interconnections

ECLS interconnections include fluid interfaces between segments (atmosphere, gases, and water) and
mechanical interfaces in each module (e.g., access ports
for PFEs). These interfaces are consistent throughout all
modules to ensure that PFEs may be used wherever needed. Fluid interface conditions for all interfaces between
modules are summarized in chapter II, table 18.
The interfaces with the USOS through Node 2
include:
Coolant Supply and ReturnLow-temperature
coolant for the ITCS is supplied from the USOS at 0.6 to
5.6 C (33 to 42 F) and returned to the USOS at 3.3 to
21 C (38 to 70 F) and 124 to 689 kPa (1.24 to 6.9 bar,
18 to 100 psia) and at a flowrate of 0 to 0.063 kg/sec (0 to
8.33 lb/min). The ITCS provides the low-temperature
coolant to the THC CHX subsystem.
IMV Supply and ReturnRespirable air is supplied
from the USOS to the MPLM at 7.2 to 29 C (45 to 85 F)
and to the APM and JEM at 18 to 29 C (64 to 85 C),
95.8 to 104.8 kPa (13.9 to 15.2 psia), and at a flowrate between 3.8 and 4.7 m3/min (135 and 165 cfm). The supplied air has a dewpoint between 4.5 and 15.5 C (40 and
60 F) and a RH between 25 and 70 percent.

206

The maximum O2 concentration is 24.1 percent by

volume. The means to turn off and isolate IMV supply is
also present. The IMV interface with Node 2 is shown in
figure 145.
By separate ducts, the USOS receives return IMV air
at 95.8 to 104.8 kPa (13.9 to 15.2 psia) and at a flowrate
between 3.8 and 4.7 m3/min (135 and 165 ft3/min). The
capability to receive IMV atmosphere during both open
and closed hatch operations is present. The means to turn
off and isolate IMV return is also present.
Atmospheric sampling is performed via a separate
internal line to acquire samples for monitoring (in the
USOS) the major constituents in the module atmosphere.

2.3.1 APM Interconnections

The fluid interfaces of the APM are shown schematically in figure 146. The interfaces and their conditions are
listed in detail in table 36. The feedthrough connectors are
QDs and are identical to the connectors used on the
USOS (shown in chapter II, fig. 25). The QDs are designed to last for the entire life of the ISS, but may be
replaced in the event of failure, providing that both sides
of the connector are in pressurized atmosphere (i.e., modules are attached and pressurized). TCS jumpers are
threaded (also shown in chapter II, fig. 25) rather than
QDs. The condensate from the CHX is delivered to the
USOS via a dedicated condensate return (wastewater)
line. The conditions in this line at the interface with the
USOS are also listed in table 36.
The IMV supply and return atmosphere conditions
are described in table 37. The condition of the atmosphere
samples at the interface with the USOS are described in
table 38.

Docked Conditions

Node

Vestibule

APM, JEM, or MPLM

VClamp

Jumper

IMV
Shutoff(SO)
Valve

,
,
,,,,,

,,,,,,,

IMV S/O
Valve

Seal

Valve
Butterfly
Bulkhead

FIGURE 145.IMV interface connection with Node 2.

Legend
Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect, Half
Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect Feedthrough
Flex Hose
Assembly
Non-Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect, Half
Non-Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect Feedthrough

Node 2

APM

Active Common
Berthing
Mechanism

Passive Common
Berthing
Mechanism
N2
Air Sample
IMV Supply & Return
TCS LTL & MTL Supply & Return
Wastewater

Mechanical Fluid
Fitting, Half
Mechanical Fluid
Fitting Feedthrough
Valve

FIGURE 146.APM fluid interfaces with the USOS.

207

TABLE 36.APM/USOS interfaces and conditions.

Interface

208

Conditions

Power

Two Power Feeds of 12.5 kW Each, 120 to 126 Vdc

Heat Rejection

Moderate-Temperature HX Maximum Heat Load of 22 kW

Low-Temperature HX Maximum Heat Load of 7 kW
Total Heat Load of 22 kW
Moderate-Temperature HX Water Side:
Outlet Temperature: 12.8 to 18.3 C (55 to 65 F)
Inlet Temperature 50 C (122 F)
Low -Temperature HX Water Side:
Outlet Temperature: 0.6 to 5.6 C (33 to 42 F)
Inlet Temperature: 12.8 to 18.3 C (55 to 65 F)
Moderate-Temperature HX Maximum Flowrate: 1,360 kg/hr (2,998 lb/hr)
Low-Temperature HX Maximum Flowrate: 610 kg/hr (1,345 lb/hr)

IMV Heat Load

220 W Sensible, 0 W Latent

Venting

Pressure Range 1105 to 1.3101 Pa (14.7 to 1.9105 psia)

Process Gases

Air Exchange

Air Supply:
Flowrate: 229 to 280 m3/hr (135 to 165 cfm)
Temperature: 17 to 28 C (63 to 82 F)
Cleanliness Level: Class 100,000
Air Return:
Flowrate: 229 to 280 m3/hr (135 to 165 cfm)
Temperature: 18 to 29 C (64.4 to 84.2 F)
Cleanliness Level: Class 100,000

Mass Flowrate: 0 to 2.72 kg/hr (0 to 6.0 lb/hr)

Pressure:
Regulated: 6,200 to 8,270 hPa (90 to 120 psia)
Maximum Design Pressure: 13,780 hPa (200 psia)
Temperature: 18 to 27 C (64 to 81 F)

Atmosphere Sampling

Flowrate: 0 to 0.64 L/min (0 to 39 in3/min)

Pressure: 957 to 1,027 hPa (13.9 to 14.9 psia)
Temperature: 16 to 37 C (61 to 99F)

Condensate Water Return

Mass Flowrate: 1.4 kg/hr (3.1 lb/hr) Continuous, 3.2 kg/hr (7 lb/hr) Maximum
Pressure (1): 1,380 to 2,070 hPa (20 to 30 psia)
Temperature: 4.5 to 43 C (40 to 109 F)
Particulate Filtration: 100 m
Free-Gas Level: 0 to 10 Percent by Volume
(1) The APM delivers the maximum flowrate for any value of the interface
pressure up to the maximum.

TABLE 37.IMV supply and return at the APM/USOS interface.

Parameter

Range

Supply Pressure Drop (between Node 2 and the IMV connector at

the APM bulkhead) at 280 m3/hr (165 scfm)
Return Pressure Drop (between the IMV connector at the APM
bulkhead and Node 2) at 280 m3/hr (165 scfm)
Temperature
Dewpoint
IMV Flowrate

132 Pa (0.53 in H 2O)

95 Pa (0.38 in H 2O)
18 to 29.5 C (65 to 85 F)
4.4 to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F)
229 to 280 m3/hr
(135 to 165 scfm)
95.8 to 102.7 kPa
(13.9 to 14.9 psia)
19.5 to 23.1 kPa
(2.83 to 3.35 psia)
Cabin Air
25 to 70 Percent
Cabin Air
0 to 1,000 CFU/m3
(0 to 28 CFU/ft3)
<3,500,000 PC/m3
(<100,000 PC/ft3)
0 to 400 W
0 to 200 W

Total PressureNominal (1)

ppO2 (1)
ppCO2 (1)
RH
Trace Contaminants (2)
Microbial Count
Particulates >0.5 m
Sensible Heat Load (3)
Latent Heat Load (3)

Notes:
(1) Atmospheric composition in the APM is controlled by the USOS.
(2) Trace contaminants in the APM are controlled by the USOS according to NHB 8060.1, appendix D, Flammability, Odor, and Offgassing and Compatibility
Requirements and Test Procedures for Materials in Environments that Support Combustion.
(3) Used for THC sizing.

TABLE 38.Atmosphere sample line condition at the APM/USOS interface.

Parameter
Pressure
Temperature
Flowrate
APM Maximum Pressure Loss
Volume of Gas in Line (Maximum)
Particle Filter Mesh Size
Sample Line Material

Range
95.8 to 102.3 kPa (13.9 to 14.9 psia)
16 to 37 C (61 to 99 F)
0.1 to 0.6 L/min (100 to 600 scfm)
1.03 kPa (0.15 psi)
TBD m3
2 m
Stainless Steel

2.3.2 JEM Interconnections

2.3.3 MPLM Interconnections

The JEM fluid interfaces are shown schematically in

figure 147. The interfaces and their conditions are listed
in table 39. Most of the vestibule jumpers are the same as
for the APM. The condensate from the CHX is delivered
to the USOS via a dedicated condensate return (wastewater) line. The conditions in this line at the interface with
the USOS are also listed in table 39.

The fluid interfaces of the MPLM are shown schematically in figure 148. The interfaces and their conditions are listed in table 40. The vestibule jumpers are the
same types as for the APM interconnections. The locations of the MPLM interface connections are shown in
Figure 149.

209

Legend

Node 2

Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect, Half

JEM

Active Common
Berthing
Mechanism

Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect Feedthrough

Passive Common
Berthing
Mechanism
N2

Flex Hose
Assembly

Air Sample

Non-Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect, Half

IMV Supply & Return

TCS LTL & MTL Supply & Return

Non-Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect Feedthrough

Wastewater
Mechanical Fluid
Fitting, Half
Mechanical Fluid
Fitting Feedthrough
Valve

FIGURE 147.JEM fluid interfaces with the USOS.

TABLE 39.JEM interfaces with the USOS.

210

ECLSS Interface

Flowrate

Temperature

Notes

IMV Supply

229 to 246 m3/hr

(135 to 145 cfm)

18.3 to 29.4 C
(65 to 85 F)

Maximum Node-Side Pressure Loss =

9.7 mm (0.38 in) H2O
Pressure = 0.96 to 1.05 bar (13.9 to 15.2 psia)

IMV Return

229 to 246 m3/hr

(135 to 145 cfm)

18.3 to 29.4 C
(65 to 85 F)

Maximum JEM-Side Pressure Loss =

TBD in H2O; Maximum JEM-Side Heat
Removal = 220 W; Pressure = 0.96 to 1.05 bar
(13.9 to 15.2 psia)

Condensate Water Return

0 to 3.2 kg/hr
(7 lb/hr)
0 to 13.6 kg/hr
(0 to 30 lb/hr) peak
(for up to 12 min)

4.4 to 45 C
(40 to 113 F)

H2O Pressure Range = 0 to 0.55 bar (55 kPa, 8 psig)

above ambient; Maximum Design Pressure = 3.1 bar
(310 kPa, 45 psia); Free-Gas Volume at 4.4 C (40 F)
and 142.7 kPa (20.7 psia) = 0 to 10 percent
Maximum Particulate Size = 100 m

0.27 kg/hr
(0.6 lb/min)

18.3 to 29.4 C
(65 to 85 F)
(except during
initial startup)

Nominal Pressure Range = 621 to 827 kPa

(90 to 120 psia)
Maximum Design Pressure = 1,378 kPa
(200 psia)

Atmosphere Sampling

0 to 0.6 L/min
(600 scc/min, 0.02 cfm,
35 in3/min)

17.2 to 42.8 C
(63 to 109 F)

Pressure Range = 75.8 to 104.8 kPa

(11.0 to 15.2 psia)
Maximum Pressure Loss =
TBD at 0.6 L/min (0.02 cfm)
JEM Line Gas Volume = TBD

Legend
Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect, Half
Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect Feedthrough

Node 1

MPLM

Active Common
Berthing
Mechanism

Passive Common
Berthing
Mechanism

Flex Hose
Assembly

Air Sample

Non-Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect, Half

IMV Supply & Return

Non-Self-Sealing Quick
Disconnect Feedthrough

TCS LTL Supply & Return

Mechanical Fluid
Fitting, Half
Mechanical Fluid
Fitting Feedthrough
Valve

FIGURE 148.MPLM fluid interfaces with the USOS.

TABLE 40.MPLM/USOS interface conditions.

ECLSS Interface

Flowrate

Temperature

IMV Supply

229 to 246 m3/hr

(135 to 145 cfm)

7.2 to 29.4 C
(45 to 85 F)

Pressure from 0.9 to 1.03 bar

(96 to 105 kPa) (13.9 to 15.2 psia)

IMV Return

229 to 246 m3/hr

(135 to 145 cfm)

18.3 to 29.4 C
(65 to 85 F)

Pressure from 0.9 to 1.03 bar

(96 to 105 kPa) (13.9 to 15.2 psia)

Atmosphere Sample

0 to 400 scc/min

18.3 to 29.4 C
(65 to 85 F)

Pressure from 0.9 to 1.03 bar

(96 to 105 kPa) (13.9 to 15.2 psia)

2.4 Logistics Resupply

As much as feasible, regenerable technologies are
used for the ECLSS. Some expendable components are

Notes

used, however, and these must be resupplied. The

expendable items and replaceable components are listed
in table 41.

211

J118 Local Bus Redundant

J115 Electrical Power Supply to MPLM

J120 Spare (TBC)

A3 Coolant Supply to MPLM

A11 Air Return to USOS

A4 Air Supply to MPLM
A13 Air Sampling
A5 Coolant Return to USOS

J103 Electrical Power to Bulkhead Heaters (INT.I/F)

J106 Local Bus Nominal

FIGURE 149.MPLM interface connections.

212

TABLE 41.ECLS logistics resupply.

ORU/Component

Mass
(kg)

Mass
(lb)

Power
Consumption (W)

Design
Life

Replacement
Period

Notes

Attached Pressurized Module (APM)

Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS)
Total Pressure Sensor
DA

PPRA
NPRA
MPEV
Vent and Relief Assembly
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)
Atmosphere Temperature Sensor
CCAA
HEPA filters
Fan assembly
Cabin Air Diffuser
AAA
Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)
Atmosphere Sample Line:
Sample Line Shutoff Valve
Sample Line Filter
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)
Smoke Detector
PFE
PBA
Emergency Warning Panel

0.34
2.9

0.75
6.4

2.31
0.98

5.09
2.16

248 mW
195 for heater
and 14.85 (peak)
for motorized valve
14.85 peak
Same as USOS

50 g

0.11
Same as USOS

57
Same as USOS

1.4
0.15

3.1
0.33

1.02

2.25

20 peak

Same as USOS
Same as USOS
Same as USOS

Vacuum Services (VS)

Low-Range P Sensor
High-Range P Sensor
Manual Valves
JEM
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS)
In the PM:
O2/N2 Control Unit:
Solenoid/Manual Valves
Total Pressure Sensors
Vent and Relief Assembly
Motor/Manual Valves
O2/N2 Distribution
Distribution Lines
Manual Valve
Flow Orifice
MPEVs
PPRA
NPRAs

0.34

0.75

2.31

248 mW

5.09

2 sensors
Same as USOS
2 each

2 valves,
Same as USOS
Same as APM
2 valves,
Same as APM

213

TABLE 41.ECLS logistics resupply (continued).

ORU/Component

Mass
(kg)

Mass
(lb)

In the ELMPS:
Vent and Relief Assembly
Motor/Manual Valves
Total Pressure Sensors
O2/N2 Distribution:
Distribution Lines
Solenoid/Manual Valve
Flow Orifice
MPEV
PPRA
NPRA

214

2 Valves

2.25

PFE
PBA
Fire Panel

5.0

11.0

1.02

2.25

Vacuum Services (VS)

Low-Range P sensor
High-Range P sensor
Manual valves
Latching Solenoid Valve
Normally-Closed Solenoid Valve
Manual Valve
Temperature Sensor
Tanks

Notes

Same as USOS
Same as USOS
Same as USOS
Same as USOS
Same as USOS

1.02

PFE
PBA
Fire Panel

Replacement
Period

Same as USOS
Same as APM
2 valves,
Same as APM

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

PM:
Solenoid/Manual Valve
Manual Valve
Sample Lines
ELMPS:
Solenoid/Manual Valve
Sample Lines
HEPA Filters

ELMPS:

Design
Life

2 each
2 sensors

Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)

Atmosphere Temperature Sensor
CCAA
Cabin Fan
Liquid sensor
AAA
IMV Fan
IMV Valve

Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)

PM:
SD

Power
Consumption (W)

15 Detectors.
Same as USOS
2, Same as USOS
2, Same as USOS
29 Panels
2 Detectors,
Same as USOS
1, Same as USOS
2, Same as USOS
2 Panels

TABLE 41.ECLS logistics resupply (continued).

ORU/Component

Mass
(kg)

Mass
(lb)

Power
Consumption (W)

Design
Life

Replacement
Period

Notes

Experiment Airlock
Vacuum Pump
Fan
Dehydrator
Solenoid Valve
Manual Valve
Filter
Flow Restrictor
MPLM
Atmosphere Control and Supply (ACS)
Total Pressure Sensor
Depressurization Assembly
Intermodule Fluid Connectors
NPRA
PPRA

2.9

6.4

0.98
2.31

2.16
5.1

1.4
0.15

3.1
0.33

Same as USOS
Same as APM

14.85 peak

MPEV
Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)
Intermodule Fluid Connector
Sample Line Shutoff Valve
Sample Line Filter
Temperature and Humidity Control (THC)
Diffusers
Temperature Sensors
Cabin Fan Assembly
Cabin Outlet Grids
Cabin Fan Assembly
Cabin Fan Assembly Inlet Muffler
Grilles
IMV Shutoff Valve

4 NPRAs
2 PPRAs
Same as USOS
Same as USOS

20 peak

Same as APM

Same as USOS

5.34

11.75

5.0
dry mass

11.0
dry mass

0.15 (standby)
20 (max)
3,750 cycles

Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

Vent and Relief Valve Assembly
Fire Detection and Suppression (FDS)
SD
PFE
PBA

3.0 ECLS Technologies

The technologies that perform the ECLS functions in
the APM, JEM, and MPLM are described in this section.
Under each functional category, the specific capabilities
are described for each segment.

Same as USOS
Arde, Inc.
Same as USOS
Same as USOS

3.1 Atmosphere Control and Supply

(ACS)
The ACS subsystems in the APM, JEM, and MPLM
are shown schematically in figures 150152, and are
described in the following sections for each segment.

215

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

A
Flight
Direction

Hab

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
S

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Check Valve

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

with Check Valve

Pressure Regulator

Flex Hose

Tank

Feedthrough

Manual Valve

Mechanical Fitting, Half

Motor Valve With Position Indication

Manual Valve With Manual Interfaces

on Both Sides and Fluid Interface

Motor Valve With Manual Overide

and Position Indication

Pressure Sensor

Pump

Solenoid Valve With Manual Overide

and Position Indication

Burst Disk

Non-Propulsive Vent

Orifice

CPS

Cabin Pressure Sensor

Heater

VAJ

Vacuum Access Jumper

Relief Valve

Diffuser

Firmware Controller

PCP

Pressure Control Panel Subassembly

VRV

Vent Relief Subassembly

O2 Recharge

PCA

Pressure Control Assembly

N2 Recharge

NIA

Nitrogen Interface Assembly

FIGURE 150.ACS subsystems.

216

Temperature Sensor

JEMELM

ELMC 1
Stowage

ELMC 2
Stowage

ELMS 1
Stowage

ELMS 2
Stowage

ELMF 1
Stowage

ELMF 2
Stowage

ELMP 1
Stowage

ELMP 2
Stowage

JEM
N

JEMPM
Z

ELM

JEM C5

JEM C4

JEM C3

JEM C2

JEM C1

DMS 1

User Storage

System
Storage 2

System
Storage 1

DMS 2

JEM S6

JEM S5

JEM S4

JEM S3

JEM S2

JEM S1

ISPR (MIL)

ISPR (LS)

JEM F6

JEM F5

JEM F4

JEM F3

JEM F2

JEM F1

ECLSS/TCS 2

EPS 2

EPS 1

ECLSS/TCS 1

JEM P6

JEM P5

ISPR (MIL)

Workbench

JEM System User Storage

Storage

JEM P4

JEM P3

Workstation ISPR (MIL)

JEM P2

JEM P1

ISPR (LS)

Node 2

FIGURE 151.ACS subsystems (continued).

217

APM

APMC1

APMC2

APMC3

APMC4

ISPR

Stowage

APMS1

APMS2

APMS3

APMS4

ISPR

Node 2

APMF1

APMF2

APMF3

APMF4

Subfloor

Stowage

APMS1

APMS2

APMS3

APMS4

ISPR

MPLM

MLC1

MLC2

MLC3

MLC4

MLS1

MLS2

MLS3

MLS4

MLF1

MLF2

MLF3

MLF4

MLP1

MLP2

MLP3

MLP4

Node 2

FIGURE 152.ACS subsystems (continued).

218

3.1.1 APM ACS

35 mm
(1.38 in)

117 mm
(4.6 in)

Major
Keyway

The ACS equipment that is in the APM is described

below.
Fitting End

3.1.1.1 Control Total Atmospheric Pressure

Total atmospheric pressure is monitored in the APM.
Negative pressure relief is also provided in the APM.
Other ACS functions such as adding N2 are provided by
the USOS or RS. There is no pressure control panel in
the APM.

3.1.1.1.1 Monitor Total Atmospheric Pressure

The total atmospheric pressure sensor, shown in
figure 153, is a standard, bonded-foil strain gauge sensor.
The basic principle of operation is to derive an output
resulting from a pressure induced imbalance in a fouractive-arm Wheatstone bridge. The rate of pressure
change (dP/dt) is not calculated in the APM. Instead,
the total pressure is monitored by the crew who determine
if there is excessive pressure change. The characteristics
of the total pressure sensor are listed in table 42.

Receptacle

FIGURE 153.APM total pressure sensor.

3.1.1.1.2 Negative Pressure Relief Assembly

(NPRA)
The NPRAs are derived from the Carleton NPRAs
used on the space shuttle, shown in figure 154. Each
assembly consists of a pneumatic valve designed to open
automatically when external pressure exceeds internal
pressure, and to prevent the escape of module air when
there are normal pressure conditions inside the module.
The pneumatic valve is of primary poppet construction and incorporates a captive redundant seal cover
which provides assurance against air outflow resulting
from a primary poppet failure. The detent spring offsets
the cover assist spring force to protect against premature
cover deployment due to launch vibration, etc. The cover
spring ensures that the cover opens fully when actuated
to assure unimpeded airflow through the valve.

TABLE 42.APM total pressure sensor characteristics.

Sensor Characteristics
Envelope
Mass
Range
Accuracy
Operating Environment:
Temperature
Pressure
Power Consumption
Power
Input Voltage
Data
Output signal

Metric Units

U.S. Units

35 mm diameter 117 mm length

0.34 kg
0 to 138 kPa
0.02 percent full scale

1.38 in diameter 4.61 in length

0.75 lb
0 to 20 psia
0.02 percent full scale

1.1 to 60 C
0 to 110.3 kPa
248 mW
28 Vdc
15 1.8 Vdc
0 to 5 Vdc (analog)
4 mA at 0 kPa to 20 mA
at 110.3 kPa, linear

30 to 140 F
0 to 16 psia
248 mW
28 Vdc
15 1.8 Vdc
0 to 5 Vdc (analog)
4 mA at 0 psia to 20 mA
at 16 psia, linear

219

,
,
,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,
,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
, ,, ,
FIGURE 154.NPRA.
The main physical and performance characteristics
of the underpressure relief assembly are:

Dimensions
178 mm length by 175 mm diameter (7.0 in
length by 6.9 in diameter)

Mass
0.98 kg (2.16 lb)

Nominal airflow rate

0.54 kg/sec at 3.4 kPa P and 21 C
(1.19 lb/sec at 0.5 psid and 70 F)

External leakage
0.1 scc/min

Minimum cracking pressure

17.2 hPa (0.25 psid)

Full flow at
34.5 hPa (0.5 psid)

Maximum flowrate
0.54 kg/hr (1.19 lb/hr).

A functional schematic of the NPRA is shown in

figure 155. The location of the NPRA is shown in figure
142. Negative pressure is limited to be less than 34.5 hPa
(0.5 psid). Five vent lines are sufficient to meet the
requirement and there is one redundant vent line, so the
NPRA is one-failure tolerant with regard to failure to
open.

3.1.1.1.3 N2 Distribution
N2 is supplied from the USOS for rackmounted
payloads and subsystems in the APM and is distributed to
each standoff for use by payloads and subsystems.

220

m = 0.54 kg/sec
at 35 hPa

Relief Valve
Forward Endcone

Relief Valve
Aft Endcone

FIGURE 155.APM NPRA functional schematic.

3.1.1.2 Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

This capability is not required in the APM and is
provided by the USOS or RS. The ppO2 is, however,
monitored in the APM using an electrochemical sensor.
The major constituent composition of the atmosphere
(including O2) is monitored by the USOS through the
SDS that consists of a sample line for delivering atmosphere samples to the USOS, a shutoff valve, and a filter.
A functional schematic of the sample line is not
presently available. This line includes a filter screen and
two valves in series (one is redundant to provide one
failure tolerance). The pressure loss in the APM sampling
line is 10.3 hPa (0.15 psid) at 600 scc/min. The particle
filtration level is 2 m. The SDS is described further in
chapter II, section 3.3.2.1.4.

3.1.1.3 Relieve Overpressure

The PPRA, shown schematically in figure 156,
ensures that the pressure differential does not exceed
1,048 hPa (15.2 psid) during both berthed and unberthed
conditions. As shown in figure 142, there are two vent
lines. One line is sufficient to meet the requirement and
the other line is redundant, so the PPRA is one- failure
tolerant with regard to failure to open. Each vent line
has a pneumatic valve downstream of a motorized valve
(that has a position indicator) in series with a manual
over-ride (shown in fig. 157), so each line is one-failure
toler-ant with regard to failure to close. The performance
characteristics of the valves are:

CLOSED

137 mm
(5.40 in)

Feedthrough Plate

OPEN

Relief Valve

Shutoff Valve
With Manual Override

228.6 mm
(9.00 in)

,,,,
,,,

Vent Section

,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

m = 0.010 kg/sec
at 1,048 hPa

279.4 mm
(11.00 in max)

FIGURE 157.Positive pressure relief valve.

FIGURE 156.PPRA functional schematic.

The main physical and performance characteristics

of the PPRA are:

Minimum cracking pressure

1,021 hPa (14.8 psid)

Minimum reseat pressure

1,004 hPa (14.56 psid)

Dimensions
279 by 203 by 127 mm (11 by 8 by 5 in)

Full flow pressure

1,046 hPa (15.17 psid)

Mass
2.31 kg (5.09 lb)

Nominal airflow rate

0.018 kg/sec at 104.8 kPa P and 21.1 C
(0.040 lb/sec at 15.2 psid and 70 F)

External leakage
0.1 scc/min

Power consumption
14.85 W peak for motorized valve.

Maximum flowrate
68 kg/hr (150 lb/hr).

The PPRA also includes a debris screen, a nonpropulsive vent, and a support flange. The pneumatic
valve provides automatic positive pressure relief and the
motorized valve is used to disable or re-enable the pneumatic valve and to provide single-failure tolerance in case
the pneumatic valve fails to close or it opens when not
needed.
The PPRAs are derived from the Carleton PPRAs
used in the Spacelab. Each assembly consists of a mechanical pressure relief valve and a motor-driven valve
(normally open) connected in series and arranged in a
common valve bore. Modifications for use on the ISS
include modifying the valve spring to have a cracking
pressure of 102.0 kPa (14.8 psia) and full-flow pressure
of 104.8 kPa (15.2 psia). The relief valve is a poppet-type,
pressure compensated by a bellows, and incorporates an
electrically operated closing override butterfly valve. The
motor-driven valve consists of a 28 Vdc brush-type motor,
a valve position indicator, and a butterfly valve. A captive-debris screen on the internal side of the assembly and
a filter screen on the bulkhead side of the assembly
provide protection from foreign material.

3.1.1.4 Equalize Pressure

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated
modules is equalized by means of the MPEV mounted in
the hatch between the modules. The APM MPEV is identical with the USOS MPEV, described in chapter II,
section 3.1.4.

3.1.1.5 Respond to Rapid Decompression

221

yyyyy
,,,,,
,,,,,
yyyyy
,,,,,
yyyyy
,,,,,
yyyyy

described in chapter II, section 3.1.4. This manually

operated valve allows controlled airflow between modules
and supports manual atmosphere sampling equipment as
well. The MPEV is identical to the MPEVs for the
USOS, and is manually actuated from either side of a
hatch. The gases necessary to repressurize the APM,
and any other supplies or equipment required to respond
to rapid decompression, are provided by the USOS.

3.1.1.6 Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

The initial response is for the crew to don PBAs,
which have a 15 min supply of bottled O2 or air. There are
two PBAs in the APM. When initiated by the crew or
ground control the APM atmosphere can be vented to
space to achieve a pressure of less than 2.8 kPa (0.4 psia)
within 24 hr. The APM can be repressurized via the
MPEV from space vacuum to a total pressure of 95.8 to
98.6 kPa (13.9 to 14.3 psia) and a ppO2 of 16.4 to 23.1
kPa (2.38 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr with O2 and N2 from
the USOS as specified in SSP 41150.

3.1.1.6.1 Depressurization Assembly (DA)

The DA provides atmosphere venting on request in
order to:

Relieve overpressurization in a module.

Vent a module in response to a fire or release

of toxic chemicals from a payload.

Discharge air for fine cabin pressure adjustment.

The DA consists of two motor-driven valves with

manual override:

Isolation valve to provide vent isolation

and safing.

Vent valve to provide a vent to space.

Two depressurization assemblies provide sufficient

capability to allow reducing the ppO2 to < 6.9 kPa
(1.0 psia) within 10 min, to extinguish a fire. The two
valves in series in each assembly provide single failure
tolerance in case of a failure to close or an unwanted
activation. The motorized valves are normally unpowered.

Cabin Pressure Bleed Valve

FIGURE 158.APM and MPLM depressurization

assembly.
motorized valves arranged in series and normally closed.
Each valve, shown in figure 158, includes a position
sensor. As shown in the functional schematic (fig. 159),
there are four non-propulsive vents.
The heaters are installed on the external side of the
DA, close to the vent. The function of the heaters is to
avoid ice formation on the external surfaces of the assemblies, due to moisture in the atmosphere being released during depressurization, and possible blockage of the
vent. The vent is long enough to accommodate placing the
heaters in this location. The heaters use 120 Vdc power.
Each vent line has two motorized valves in series, so each
vent line is one-failure tolerant with regard to failure of a
valve to close.
The main physical and performance characteristics
of the DA are:

Dimensions
250 by 140 by 110 mm (9.8 by 5.5 by 4.3 in)

Mass
2.9 kg (6.4 lb)

Nominal airflow rate

0.1185 kg/sec at 101.35 kPa and 21.1 C
(0.2613 lb at 14.7 psia and 70 F)

Internal leakage
0.1 scc/min

External leakage
0.1 scc/min

Power consumption
14.85 W for the motorized valve (peak),
195 W heater.

3.1.1.6.1.1 DA Design
The depressurization capability consists of two DAs,
each including a debris screen, a non-propulsive vent, a
heater (dedicated thermistor), support flange, and two
222

Space

m = 0.165 kg/sec
at 1,013 hPa
Vent Section
Heater
Temp Sensor

Feedthrough Plate
Shutoff Valve

Shutoff Valve

FIGURE 159.APM depressurization assembly functional schematic.

3.1.2.1.1 Monitor Total Atmosphere Pressure

3.1.1.6.1.2 DA Operation
In operation, a command would be sent by the USOS
controller to the module avionics system to open the two
normally closed valves in each DA. Heaters on the DA
venting devices are controlled via a dedicated redundant
electronic unit (heater control unit (HCU)), shown schematically in figure 160, that is mounted external to the
APM. The HCU monitors the relevant temperature sensors and commands the heaters.
3.1.1.6.1.3 DA Performance
The heater power required to preclude ice formation
is up to 195 W (in the case of maximum humidity and
minimum temperature in the atmosphere). The maximum
) is 0.165 kg/sec (0.364 lb/sec) at 1,013 hPa
flowrate ( m
(14.7 psia) and 21 C (70 F).

3.1.2 JEM ACS

The ACS equipment that is in the JEM is described
below.

3.1.2.1 Control Total Atmospheric Pressure

Total atmosphere pressure is monitored in the JEM.
Negative pressure relief is also provided in the JEM.
Other ACS functions such as adding N2 are provided
by the USOS or RS. There is no pressure control panel in
the JEM.

The total pressure monitoring capability consists

of pressure sensors to monitor total pressure for failure
detection and isolation purposes. Two sensors are located
in the JEM PM and two are located in ELMPS. The rate
of pressure change (dP/dt) is not calculated in the JEM.
Instead, the total pressure is monitored by the crew, who
determine if there is excessive pressure change.

3.1.2.1.2 Negative Pressure Relief Assembly

(NPRA)
The NPRA in the JEM is identical with the NPRA
used in the APM and MPLM, described in section
3.1.1.1.2.

3.1.2.1.3 N2 Distribution
Nitrogen is supplied from the USOS for rackmounted payloads and subsystems in the PM. The supply
is routed to the racks via one supply line in each lower
standoff. A side branch from the standoff line serves the
ITCS water loop accumulator for pressurization. Motorized isolation valves with manual override control the
distribution of N2.
The N2 distribution system consists of lines to
deliver N2 to cabin distribution points in the PM. These
lines have an inner diameter (ID) of 0.95 cm (3/8 in).

3.1.2.2 Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

This capability is provided by the USOS or RS via
IMV.
223

TCS Shell Heater #18 TCS Shell Heater #916

DRST #1,2

PDU1
120 Vdc

DRST #3,4

Heater Control
Unit #1

PDGF
120 Vdc

Depress Assy #1

COF I/Os

PDGF I/Os

Depress Assy #2

PDGF
120 Vdc

MIL-STD 1553 B

MIL-STD 1553 A

Depress Assy #3

PDGF I/Os

Depress Assy #4

PDU2
120 Vdc

Heater Control
Unit #2

COF I/Os

Venting Dump. Device

Vacuum Dump. Device

FIGURE 160.APM heater control functional schematic.

The major constituent composition of the atmosphere
(including O2) is monitored by the USOS through the
SDS that consists of a sample line for delivering atmosphere samples to the USOS, a shutoff valve, and a filter.
The SDS performs the following functions and
features:

224

Supports remote activation/isolation of PM

and ELMPS sampling for ingress/egress.

Latching solenoid valve with manual override,

on/off position, and position switch.

Supports remote sampling of PM and ELMPS

atmosphere.

Sample delivery lines:

PM sample obtained from IMV return duct
ELMPS sample obtained from cabin air
return duct
0.32 cm (1/8 in) ID lines.

3.1.2.3 Relieve Overpressure

Atmospheric pressure is maintained to less than the
design maximum internal-to-external differential pressure
(104.8 kPa (15.2 psid)) by a PPRA. Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur at less than 103.4 kPa
(15.0 psid). The JEM PPRA is identical with the APM
PPRA described in section 3.1.1.3.

The SDS consists of the following components:

3.1.2.4 Equalize Pressure

Solenoid/manual sampling valve:

One in the PM and one in the ELM

Manual sampling valve:

Two in the PM to isolate sampling to PM
and to ELMPS
Manual valve with on/off position
and position switch

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated

modules is equalized by means of the MPEV mounted in
the hatch between the modules. The JEM MPEV is identical with the USOS MPEV, described in chapter II,
section 3.1.4.

3.1.2.5 Respond to Rapid Decompression

The differential pressure of depressurization, repressurization, and the depressurized condition can be tolerated
by the equipment and structure without resulting in a hazard or failure propagation. The response to rapid decompression is to evacuate the module and seal the Node 2
hatch to the JEM, as described in section 6.6. After any
necessary repairs are made, the JEM is repressurized by
allowing atmosphere to flow from Node 2 into the depressurized module through the Node 2 MPEV, described
in chapter II, section 3.1.4. This manually-operated valve
allows controlled airflow between modules and supports
manual atmosphere sampling equipment as well. The
MPEV is identical to the MPEVs for the USOS, and is
manually actuated from either side of a hatch. The gases
necessary to repressurize the JEM, and any other supplies
or equipment required to respond to rapid decompression,
are provided by the USOS.

USOS or RS. There is no pressure control panel in the

MPLM.

3.1.3.2 Negative Pressure Relief

The negative pressure relief capability provides
automatic equalization of the pressure between a module
atmosphere and the external environment, such as for
returning the MPLM to Earth. Negative pressure relief is
also provided to ensure that low pressure weather systems
do not lead to buckling of the modules prior to launch. In
the MPLM this capability is provided by five assemblies,
each including one pneumatic valve and support flange.
Four valves are sufficient to maintain the negative differential pressure below 3.45 kPa (0.5 psid), so as to avoid
structural collapse. A fifth valve provides single-failure
tolerance in case one of the valves fails to open when
needed.

3.1.2.6 Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

3.1.3.3 Control Oxygen Partial Pressure

The initial response is for the crew to don PBAs,

which have a 15 min supply of air or O2. There are two
PBAs in the JEM. When initiated by the crew or ground
control the JEM atmosphere can be vented to space to
achieve a pressure of less than 2.8 kPa (0.4 psia) within
24 hr. The JEM can be repressurized via the MPEV from
space vacuum to a total pressure of 95.8 to 98.6 kPa (13.9
to 14.3 psia) and a ppO2 of 16.4 to 23.1 kPa (2.38 to
3.35 psia) within 75 hr with O2 and N2 from the USOS
as specified in SSP 41151, paragraphs 3.2.4.3.5 and
3.2.4.4.5.

ppO2 control capability is provided by the USOS or

RS. The major constituent composition of the atmosphere
(including O2) is monitored by the USOS through the
SDS that consists of a sample line for delivering atmosphere sam-ples to the USOS, a shutoff valve, and a filter.

3.1.2.6.1 Depressurization Assembly

The JEM uses the same vent and relief valves as the
USOS as described in chapter II, section 3.1.

3.1.3.3.1 SDS Sample Line

The SDS sample lines in the MPLM are shown in
figure 161. The total pressure drop in the MPLM sample
line does not exceed 1.03 kPa (0.15 psid) with an airflow
rate of 600 sccm at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) pressure and
21 C (70 F). The sample line is made of AISI 304L
stainless steel with an outer diameter (OD) of 3.2 mm
(1/8 in). The sample line ends in the MPLM cabin via a
threaded duct that allows test and leakage verification by
the Gas Servicer. The mechanical interface is a 3.2 mm
(1/8 in) threaded fitting.

3.1.3 MPLM ACS

The ACS equipment in the MPLM is described
below.

3.1.3.1 Control Total Atmospheric Pressure

The total pressure sensor used in the MPLM is the
same as the sensor used in the APM, described in section
3.1.1.1.1. The rate of change of pressure (dP/dt) is calculated to determine if there is excessive atmosphere leakage. Control of the atmosphere pressure is provided by the

3.1.3.3.2 SDS Shutoff Valve

A sample line shutoff valve, shown in figure 162,
allows isolation of the MPLM from the USOS. The
MPLM avionics system controls opening and closing
of the sample line shutoff valve. The principal elements
of the valve are a main solenoid, a central shaft, a balanced poppet, a latching solenoid, a valve position indicator
switch, and a housing. All materials are 304 stainless steel
or other corrosion-resistant material. While the poppet is
in the open position, air flows through the valve to the
outlet port. When the latching solenoid is energized,
225

the latch is pulled out of the groove on the central shaft,

and the poppet spring closes the valve. The valve position
indicator senses the position of the central shaft and
provides one contact closure for open and another contact
closure for closed position indication. The valve interfaces with the sample line ducts through 6.4 mm (1/4 in)
fittings.
The characteristics of the sample line shutoff valve
include:

Dimensions
101 by 110 by 127 mm (4 by 4.3 by 5 in)

Mass
1.4 kg (3.1 lb)

Pressure drop
<0.52 kPa (0.075 psid) at 600 sccm of air
at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia)

Normal pressure range

95.8 to 104.7 kPa (13.9 to 15.2 psia)

Temperature range
15 to 40 C (59 to 104 F)

Internal leakage
<0.25 sccm of air at 104.7 kPa (15.2 psid)

Power supply
28 Vdc

Power consumption
20 W peak during activation (<1 sec).

3.1.3.3.3 SDS Filter

A sample line filter, shown in figure 163, prevents
particulates from entering the sample line. The filter
consists of a 2 mm absolute filter containing a small
HEPA-type cartridge and cleanable 8 by 8 mesh screen.
The cartridge life is estimated at 1,451 days, with a 403day cycle for cleaning the screen. The aluminum housing
consists of two threaded pieces to allow access to the
filters. Fittings allow attachment to the sampling line.
The characteristics of the sample line filter include:

226

Dimensions
33 mm (1.3 in) diameter by 59.4 mm
(2.3 in) length

Mass
0.15 kg (0.33 lb)

Pressure drop
18 Pa at 600 sccm (0.07 in H2O) airflow rate.

3.1.3.4 Relieve Overpressure

The atmospheric pressure is maintained to be less
than the design maximum internal-to-external differential
pressure. Venting of atmosphere to space does not occur
at <102.0 kPa (14.8 psid) when the MPLM is isolated.
The PPRA in the MPLM is identical to the PPRA in the
APM, described in section 3.1.1.3. While attached to the
USOS, the USOS performs overpressure relief for the
MPLM.

3.1.3.5 Equalize Pressure

The pressure differential between adjacent, isolated
modules is equalized by means of the MPEV mounted in
the hatch between the modules. The MPLM MPEV is
identical with the USOS MPEV, described in chapter II,
section 3.1.4.

3.1.3.6 Respond to Rapid Decompression

The differential pressure of depressurization, repressurization, and the depressurized condition can be tolerated
by the equipment and structure without resulting in a
hazard or failure propagation. The response to rapid decompression is to evacuate the module and seal the Node
2 (or Node 1) hatch to the MPLM, as described in section
6.6. After any necessary repairs are made, the MPLM is
repressurized by allowing atmosphere to flow from Node
2 (or Node 1) into the depressurized module through the
MPEV, described in chapter II, section 3.1.4. This manually operated valve allows controlled airflow between
modules and supports manual atmospheric sampling
equipment as well. The MPEV is identical to the MPEVs
for the USOS, and is manually actuated from either side
of a hatch. The gases necessary to repressurize the
MPLM, and any other supplies or equipment required
to respond to rapid decompression, are provided by the
USOS. The MPLM can also be sealed and returned to
Earth for repairs.

3.1.3.7 Respond to Hazardous Atmosphere

The initial response is for the crew to don PBAs,
with a 15 min. supply of O2 or air. When initiated by the
crew or ground control the MPLM atmosphere can be
vented to space to achieve a pressure of less than 2.8 kPa
(0.4 psia) within 24 hr. The MPLM can be repressurized
via the MPEV from space vacuum to a total pressure of
95.8 to 98.6 kPa (13.9 to 14.3 psia) and a ppO2 of 16.4 to
23.1 kPa (2.38 to 3.35 psia) within 75 hr with O2 and N2
from the USOS as specified in SSP 41150.

FIGURE 161.MPLM sample line layout.

3.1.3.7.1 Depressurization Assembly

3.2.1 APM THC

The MPLM DA is the same as the DA in the APM,

described in section 3.1.1.6.1. Depressurization is carried
out by 2 DAs both mounted on the forward end cone.

The APM THC provides control of the atmosphere temperature and humidity, and circulates the atmosphere within the module and ventilates it to the USOS
through Node 2. The APM THC subsystem is shown
schematically in figure 167. The APM design cabin heat
loads are based on 220 W sensible from IMV plus three
people working heavily. The maximum cabin heat load on
the air loop is 1,300 W sensible and 360 W latent at 18 C
(65 F), including the maximum heat leak from the
ISPRs. The cabin airflow rate into the cabin through the
supply diffusers is 408 m3/hr (240 cfm).

3.2 Temperature and Humidity

Control (THC)
The THC subsystems in the APM, JEM, and MPLM
are shown schematically in figures 164166. The function
of conditioning the atmosphere within a segment can be
separated into several tasks. Some of these tasks are performed in all of the segments (e.g., atmosphere circulation), whereas other tasks are not (e.g., humidity
removal). These are described in the following sections
for each segment.

The atmospheric temperature in the cabin is maintained within the range of 18 to 27 C (65 to 80 F). The
atmosphere temperature setpoint is selectable by the flight
or ground crew and the setpoint can be controlled within
1 C (2 F). The atmosphere RH is monitored by water
vapor pressure sensors.
227

6.84 mm (0.27 in)

Dia 3-Holed
60.71 mm (2.39 in)
Dia Bolt Circle (BC)

110.0 mm
(4.3 in)
Max
88.6 mm
(3.5 in)
Max

71.9 mm
(2.39 in)
Dia
4.83 mm
40.0 mm (0.2 in)
Max
(1.6 in)
Max

127.0 mm
(5.0 in)
Max

Electrical
Connector
NATC00T11N35PA

FLOW
Inlet Port
MS24385G2

Outlet Port
MS24385G2

Electrical
Connector
NATC00T11N36PN

110.0 mm Max
(4.3 in)

FIGURE 162.MPLM SDS shutoff valve.

59.4 mm
(2.3 in)

33.0 mm
(1.5 in)

FIGURE 163.MPLM SDS sample line filter (from MPLM ECLS S/S Design Report, MLMRPAI0084,
Alenia Spazio, 8 February 1995).
228

3.2.1.1 Control Atmosphere Temperature

Controlling the atmosphere temperature requires
monitoring the temperature and removing excess heat.

Active avionics air cooling is provided to payload

and experiment racks that require cooling. The AAA is
identical with the USOS AAA, described in chapter II,
section 3.2.1.3.

3.2.1.2 Control Atmosphere Moisture

3.2.1.1.1 Monitor Atmosphere Temperature
The APM atmosphere temperature sensor, shown in
figure 168, is a platinum resistance probe enclosed in a
stainless steel housing, and is mounted in the return IMV
line. The main performance and physical characteristics
are:

Dimensions
The sensor body is 47.5 mm in length
by 19.1 mm diameter (1.87 in length
by 0.75 in diameter)
The sensor probe is 52.1 mm in length
by 3.3 mm diameter (2.05 in length by 0.13 in
diameter)

Mass
50 g (0.11 lb)

Sensor resistance
1,000 1 ohms at 0 C (32 F)

Working temperature range

1.67 to 57.2 C (35 to 135 F)

Accuracy
0.55 C (1 F)

Input current
1 mA dc.

3.2.1.1.2 Remove Excess Heat

The temperature is maintained between 18.3 and 27
C (65 an 81F). Excess heat is removed by a CHX unit
that is designed, as shown in figure 169, so that the CHXs
can be dried out. To enable this feature, atmosphere is
drawn into the CHX unit by two cabin fans that are in
parallel, with one being a backup to the other. The
atmosphere then flows through a common HEPA filter
before being split, with some atmosphere going through
the heat exchanger being dried and the rest going through
the active CHX. The atmosphere streams recombine at the
temperature control valve. The CHX inlet coolant temperature is 4 to 6 C (39 to 43 F) and the coolant flowrate
is 250 to 600 kg/hr (113 to 272 lb/hr).

The RH is maintained from 25 to 70 percent RH.

Humidity in the APM is actively controlled by the CHX
unit. Each CHX has its own water separator and water
condensed from the atmosphere is delivered to the USOS
via a dedicated line in accordance with SSP 41150. The
return air line from the condensate water separator is
connected to the main loop downstream of the CHX.

3.2.1.3 Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule

Eight supply air diffusers are located in the upper
standoffs of the APM. The diffuser, shown in figure 170,
allows the ventilation flow to be directed where it is
needed. The exact design had not yet been selected as
of this writing, but probably will be similar to the design
shown.
These diffusers ensure that:
The air velocity is between 0.076 and 0.203 m/sec
(15 and 40 fpm) in the cabin, excluding zones
adjacent to cabin walls (within 15.2 cm (6 in)
of the rack fronts).
The average air velocity requirement is achieved
at least within the 67 percent of the habitable area
measurement points.
The air velocity averaged over time is always in
the range of 0.036 to 1.016 m/sec (7 to 200 fpm).
Ventilation is also provided in the standoffs, endcones, and deck floor mainly for smoke collection and
transport. There is no flow control during steady-state
operation.

3.2.1.4 Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

Ventilation of the APM cabin provides revitalized
atmosphere from the USOS. IMV is performed by two
IMV fans in the APM, as shown in figure 167, to ensure
sufficient flow.

229

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
A

Flight
Direction

Hab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Cabin Air Fan

Air Exchange Fan
Feedthrough
Mechanical Fitting, Half

IMV Fan
Avionics Air Assembly

,
,
,,

AAA

Orifice Plate - Open;

Closed

IMV Muffler
IMV Inlet Screen
IMV Diffuser

,
,

Butterfly Valve with Manual Override

and Position Indication

Cap

Linear Diffuser

Temperature Sensor

Liquid Sensor

Cabin Air Bacteria Filter Assembly

Flow Restrictor

Cabin Air Diffuser

Motor Valve with Manual Override

and Position Indication

Cabin Air Bacteria Filter Element Assembly

Cabin Air Ducting Damper Assembly (Perforated)

ISPR's May Require Avionics Air

Assembly, Depending on Payload

Flow Direction Dependent on Current

ISS Configuration

Cabin Air Ducting Damper Assembly

(With Electrical Actuator)

FIGURE 164.THC subsystems.

The IMV supply and return lines are cross coupled to

provide a by-pass of the cabin, if desired. There are four
common fan assemblies (all located in the port endcone)
that provide for IMV, atmosphere circulation, and THC.
There is a single CHX assembly, with two cores in parallel to allow for drying out the cores without losing the

230

function. The Temperature Control Valve (TCV) is controlled by Cabin Temperature Controller Units (CTCU).
The THC control law is embedded in the CTCU,
commanding the TCV on the basis of atmosphere
temperature sensor readings and the relevant set-point.
The cabin atmosphere temperature, RH, and water
carryover are monitored.

JEMELM

ELMC 1
Stowage

ELMC 2
Stowage

,
,

JEM
N

,
P

ELMS 2
Stowage

ELMF 1
Stowage

ELMF 2
Stowage

,
,,
,

ELMS 1
Stowage

ELMP 1
Stowage

ELMP 2
Stowage

JEM-PM
Z

ELM
P

AAA

JEM C4

JEM C3

JEM C2

JEM C1

DMS 1

User Storage

System
Storage 2

System
Storage 1

DMS 2

AAA

T T

AAA

,, ,,
,,

JEM C5

AAA

JEM S6

JEM S5

JEM S4

JEM S3

JEM S2

JEM S1

AAA

ISPR (MIL)

ISPR (LS)

,

,,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
,, ,

AAA

JEM F6

JEM F5

JEM F4

JEM F3

JEM F2

JEM F1

ECLSS/TCS 2

EPS 2

JEM System
Storage

User Storage

EPS 1

ECLSS/TCS 1

AAA

Node 2

AAA

JEM P6

JEM P5

JEM P4

JEM P3

JEM P2

JEM P1

ISPR (MIL)

Workbench

Workstation

ISPR (MIL)

ISPR (LS)

FIGURE 165.THC subsystems (continued).

231

APM

APMC1

APMC2

APMC3

APMC4

ISPR

Stowage

APMS1

APMS2

APMS3

APMS4

ISPR

Node 2

,
,
,, ,
,,,,
, ,,

T T T

APMF1

APMF2

APMF3

APMF4

Subfloor

Stowage

T T T

APMP1

APMP2

APMP3

APMP4

ISPR

MPLM

MLC1

MLC2

MLC3

MLC4

Passive
Resupply

,
,,
,,
,,,
,,
Z

MLS1

MLS2

Refrigerator/ Refrigerator/
Freezer
Freezer

MLS3

MLS4

Passive
Resupply

Node 2

MLF1

MLF2

MLF3

MLF4

Refrigerator/
Freezer

Passive
Resupply

,,
,,
,,
MLP1

MLP2

Refrigerator/ Refrigerator/
Freezer
Freezer

MLP3

MLP4

Passive
Resupply

FIGURE 166.THC subsystems (continued).

232

Air to Fwd Cone

Supply Fan

Supply
Muffler

TP3

Air to Upper SO and Aft Cone

Return Grid Muffler

Cabin Inlet Diffuser

To Cabin Right Side

M
A

,

,

,

Air From Fwd Cone

Condensate
Shut Off Valve
Norm. Open
M

Restrictor
Return
Muffler
TP2

Split

IMV
Shutoff
Valve

Smoke
Sensor

CHX
Liquid
Loop
CORE

Sensor
#1& #2

TCV

Slurper Return

Lower Left Standoff Structure

Filter

Sensor #1&
#2

TT
T

Return Grid Muffler

Cabin Inlet Diffuser

To Cabin Left Side

Restrictors

Condensate Line

Return Fan

Air to Fwd Cone

T
A

Slurper Supply

Carryover Sensor #1 & #2

CORE

Cap 1
Norm.
Removed

TP4

CHX

Liquid
Loop

Condensate

Air Return
From
Subfloor

Electronic
Unit #1
Unit #2

CTCU
Unit #1
Unit #2

Condensate

TP1

Sample Air I/F

Cap 2

Supply
Filter

TCS I/F
Fluid Connector
Male Part

Fwd Cone

Cabin
Fan

Condensate Water
Separator CWSA

CHX/Filter

IMV
Shutoff
Valve

Humidity Sensor
#1 & #2

Lower Right Standoff Structure

Cabin Muffler

Air to Upper Standoff (SO) and Aft Cone

FIGURE 167.APM THC subsystem functional schematic (from ECLSS TIM, APM ECLSS
presentation, Houston, TX, 24 to 28 July 1995).

3.2.2 JEM THC

|

,
z
y

|zy,{
|z

Temperature
Sensor
Duct Wall
or Panel

FIGURE 168.APM air temperature sensor.

The JEM THC provides control of the atmosphere

temperature and humidity, circulates the atmosphere within the module, and ventilates it to the USOS through
Node 2. The JEM THC subsystem is shown schematically
in figure 171, and the CHX and water separator are shown
in figure 172.
The THC subsystem performs the following functions:

Control temperature and humidity in PM

and ELM

Support crew-selectable cabin temperature

under nominal conditions

Maintain air circulation within the PM

Support airflow adjustment

Remove airborne particulates and microbes.

233

The THC subsystem in the PM consists of the

following components:

Cabin Atmosphere Conditioning and Circulation

Cabin Atmosphere Units (CCAAs) (two)
Inlet (two) and Outlet (two) Temperature
Sensors
Supply/Return Ducting and Diffusers

Avionics Air Cooling and Fire Detection Support

AAA (two) for the subsystem racks.

The THC subsystem in the ELMPS consists of the

following components:

IMV
Motor/Manual IMV Valves (four)
Manual Damper Valves to provide
conditioned air to the ELM (two)
IMV Ducting and Diffusers

Cabin Air and IMV Circulation

Cabin/IMV Circulation Fan
Inlet (two) Temperature Sensors
Motor/Manual IMV Valves (two)
Cabin Air and IMV Supply/Return Ducting
and Diffusers.

Second Core Used as Bypass During Dryout Mode

IMV Supply
245 m3/hr (144 cfm)

Air From Fwd Cone

90 m3/hr
(53 cfm)

Water
Out

TCS I/F

Fluid
Water
Connector
In

628 m3/hr
Delta p Sensor
(369 cfm)
Supply
p
Filter

CHX
Core 1

CHX
Core 2

CHX Assy. Features

Common Filter
Existing Core as Proposed
Without Bypass
New TCV
Additional Water Valves
2 Independent WS
Condensing Water Separator
CWSA
Electronic
Unit #1
Unit #2

Slurper
Out

WS 1
M M

Air to Cabin
628 m3/hr
(369 cfm)

CTCU
Unit #1
Unit #2

Condensate

Air From Cabin

538 m3/hr
(316 cfm)

Cabin Fan
383 m3/hr
(225 cfm)

Condensate

IMV Return
245 m3/hr
(144 cfm)

Condensing Heat Exchanger

TCV

Slurper
Out
Slurper
Return

CWSA I/F

T
A

WS 2

A
T

Filter

Condensate Line I/F

FIGURE 169. APM THC CHX Schematic (from ECLSS TIM, APM ECLSS presentation, Houston, TX,
24 to 28 July 1995).

234

External Case
Fixed Frames
Adjustable Cylinder
(Only One Shown)

Dissected View

The entire subsystem is controlled by an 8-bit computer processing unit (CPU), cooled by a coldplate on the
MTL coolant loop, that provides the following functions:

Communications

Equipment control

Status monitor

BIT

Power supply (except fan)

Driver for H2O separator.

3.2.2.1 Control Atmosphere Temperature

Isometric View

FIGURE 170.APM air diffuser.

The atmosphere temperature in the cabin aisleway

(in the ELM) is maintained within the range of 18.3 to
29.4 C (65 to 85 F) and 18.3 to 26.7 C (65 to 80 F)
in the laboratory aisleway (in the PM). The atmosphere
temperature setpoint is selectable by the flight or ground
crew and the setpoint can be controlled within 1 C
(2 F) during normal operation at 18.3 to 26.7 C (65
to 80 F) for nominal loads or 21.1 to 26.7 C (70 to
80 F) for high heat loads. Temperature selectability is
not required during peak heat load conditions.

3.2.2.1.1 Monitor Atmosphere Temperature

The THC subsystem consists of the following
components:

Bacteria/Particulate (HEPA) Filter

Maintains 100k clean room environment
(per requirements)
Removes airborne microbes and particulates
Housing allows easy filter removal/
replacement
Two P sensors monitor filter usage
Located at cabin air unit inlet.
Temperature Control Valve
Provides cabin air temperature control
by regulating airflow distribution through
the CHX and bypass
Motor-driven drum type three-way valve
with position indicator
Actuator drive torque is 30 kg-cm
(26.4 in-lb) (minimum)
Valve position is set according to commands
received from the controller
Bypass setting range: 0.1 to 0.8.

The JEM atmosphere temperature is monitored by

sensors that are similar to those used in the USOS
(platinum resistance), but are specially made for the JEM.
The sensor characteristics are listed in table 43.
To provide closed-loop control and support for the
CCAAs there are:

Six temperature sensors located in cabin ducts

Two sensors located in PM cabin air return
ducts (closed-loop control)
Two sensors located in PM cabin air supply
ducts (FDIR)
Two sensors located in ELM cabin air return
ducts (FDIR)

Six temperature sensors located in each CCAA

Two inlet sensors (FDIR)
Two outlet sensors (FDIR)
LTL inlet and outlet sensors (FDIR).

235

TABLE 43.JEM temperature sensor characteristics.

Sensor Characteristics

Metric Units

Range
Accuracy
Operating Environment
Temperature
Pressure
Power
Data

U.S. Units

0 to 50C
0.5C

0 to 122 F
1 F

0 to 50 C
1.9107 to 14.9 psia
28 Vdc
0 to 5 Vdc (Analog)

0 to 122 F
1.3106 to 102.7 kPa
28 Vdc
0 to 5 Vdc (Analog)

CHX Air Outlet

P1a

T2a T2b

(Bypass)

P2a

LS1

CHX

FAN

(To Diffuser)

TCV

THC
Control

T1a

T1b

LS2
WS Air Outlet

Installed in
Return Grille

Low-Temp. Coolant

Mid-Temp. Coolant

Condensate

Symbol/Abbreviation
B/PF
TCV
CHX
SL
WS
CP

Bacteria/Particulate Filter
Temperature Control Valve
Cabin Heat Exchanger
Slurper
Water Separator
Cold Plate

T
P

Temperature Sensor
Differential Pressure Sensor

Pressure Sensor

Speed Sensor

LS
S

FIGURE 171.JEM THC subsystem.

236

Liquid Sensor
Solenoid Valve
Check Valve

ORU
Insulation

Condensing Heat Exchanger

InAir
Slurper

Air Outlet

OutAir

See Detail
of Slurper
(Below)

To Water
Separator
Mixture of Air
and Condensate
from CHX

Pitot Tube

Condensate to
ISS Wastewater Line

Core
Slurper Holes

Water Separator

Air Fins
Slurper

Air
Coolant

To Water Separator

Detail of Slurper

FIGURE 172.JEM CHX and water separator.

237

3.2.2.1.2 Remove Excess Heat

Excess atmospheric heat is removed by a CHX unit,
shown in figure 172, that uses a fan and liquid sensors
that are identical with the CCAA in the USOS, described
in chapter II, section 3.2.1.2.
Excess equipment heat is removed by the AAA,
identical with the USOS AAA, described in chapter II,
section 3.2.1.3. The CCAA can remove 2.2 kW of
sensible heat and 0.1 kW of latent heat.
The MTL interfaces with two Cabin Air Unit
Controller Coldplates, the AAA for RMS console,
and a Vacuum Pump.
Avionics air cooling provides the following functions
for the two subsystem racks:

Heat removal from powered equipment.

Ventilation in support of smoke detection

and atmosphere monitoring.

3.2.2.2 Control Atmosphere Moisture

The atmospheric RH in the cabin aisleway is maintained within the range of 25 to 70 percent, and the
dewpoint within the range of 4.4 to 15.6 C (40 to 60 F).
The LTL interfaces with two Cabin Air Unit Condensing
Heat Exchangers, as shown in figure 172, to provide
humidity control in the JEM. Water condensed from the
atmosphere in the CHX is collected by a water separator
and delivered, via a wastewater line, to the USOS in
accordance with SSP 41151, paragraph 3.2.4.2.4.
A CHX and slurper provide cabin air cooling,
humidity condensation, and condensate collection. The
CHX is a plate fin HX with a hydrophilic film to aid
condensation. There are redundant liquid sensors downstream for FDIR.

The water separator is a centrifugal type separator

with a brushless dc motor and a speed sensor. It separates
condensate and air and delivers condensate to the condensate bus at 0 to 55 kPa (0 to 8 psig) gauge pressure (101 to
156 kPa, 14.7 to 22.7 psia absolute pressure). One liquid
sensor is located in the air return line to detect any water
carryover. The condensate return line consists of a solenoid valve, pressure sensor, and check valve (similar to
USOS cabin air unit). A filter is located at the separator
inlet. The condensate processing capacity is 0.2 kg/hr
(0.44 lb/hr) (minimum).

3.2.2.3 Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule

The effective atmosphere velocities in the cabin
aisleway are maintained within the range of 0.08 to
0.2 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm), as shown in figure 173. The
Cabin Air Recirculation Fan provides air circulation
through the CHX and the cabin. The fan has a brushless
dc motor and speed sensor and two P sensors. The
conditions at three operating points are listed in table 44.

3.2.2.4 Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

Atmosphere is exchanged with the USOS as specified
in SSP 41151, paragraph 3.2.4.1. (at a rate of 63.7 to
68.4 L/sec (135 to 145 ft3/min).) The conditions of the
atmosphere supplied to the JEM are listed in table 45.
IMV performs the following functions:

Provides air exchange between the PM,

ELMPS, and USOS.

Supports CO2 and trace gas removal from PM

and ELM-PS.

Supports ppO2 control throughout the ISS.

Supports cabin air circulation.

TABLE 44.JEM intramodule circulation conditions.

238

Fan Performance

Operating Point A

Operating Point B

Operating Point C

Airflow Rate
Pressure Rise

800 m3/hr (471 cfm)

164 mm H2O (6.45 in H2O)

600 m3/hr (353 cfm)

108 mm H2O (4.25 in H2O)

400 m3/hr (235 cfm)

65 mm H2O (2.56 in H2O)

ELMPS

JEM PM

THC

420
(247 cfm)

420 m3/hr
(247 cfm)

ELM Fan

IMV

(Ambient Air)

IMV

JEM PM

IMV

260
m3/hr
X (153 cfm)

260 m3/hr
(153 cfm)

540 m3/hr
(318 cfm)

ELMPS

m3/hr

540 m3/hr
(318 cfm)

THC

1. PM/ELM IMV (ELM Unoccupied)

540 m3/hr
(318 cfm)

IMV
260 m3/hr
(153 cfm)
X
260 m3/hr
(153 cfm)
(Cool Air)
800 m3/hr
540 m3/hr
THC (471 cfm)
(318 cfm)

2. PM/ELM IMV (ELM Occupied)

FIGURE 173.JEM intramodule circulation.

TABLE 45.IMV supply to the JEM interface conditions.
Parameter

Units

Range

Dewpoint (1)
Total Pressure (1) (3)
ppO2 (1)
ppCO2 (1) (nominal)
ppCO2 (1) (crew exchange)
RH
Trace Contaminants (2)
Particulates (Daily Average) (0.5 to 100 m)

C ( F)
hPa (psia)
hPa (psia)
mmHg
mmHg
Percent
ppm
PC/m3 (PC/ft3)

4.3 to 15.6 (40 to 60)

978 to 1,027 (14.2 to 14.9)
195 to 231 (2.83 to 3.35)
<5.3 daily average, <7.6 peak
<7.6 daily average, <10.0 peak
25 to 70
Cabin Atmosphere
<3.53x106 (<1105)

Notes:
(1) Atmosphere composition in the JEM is controlled by the USOS according to SSP 41000, section 3.
(2) Trace contaminants are controlled in the JEM by the USOS according to NHB 8060.1B.
(3) The transient pressure range is 95.8 to 104.7 kPa (13.9 to 15.2 psia).

The IMV system consists of valves, fans, and other

components listed below:

IMV valves (four)

Supports remote IMV activation/isolation
for JEM ingress/egress and ELMPS
ingress/egress
Identical to USOS IMV valves
Motor-driven valves with manual override
(O/R), on/off position indicators, and
position switch
Two located on PM starboard (stbd) endcone
and two located on ELMPS zenith (zen)
endcone

IMV fans (two)

Provide supply and return IMV flow
between JEM and USOS
One fan is used during open hatch operations (preferably the return fan to support
atmosphere sampling)
Identical to USOS IMV fans
Both located on PM stbd endcone
Provide 63.7 to 68.4 L/sec (135 to 145 cfm)
flowrate during operations with or without
a crew

239

Manual IMV valves (four)

Manual valves with on/off position (two)
Control ELMPS IMV supply air from PM
cabin air duct or cabin area
Manual valve with on/off position and
position switch (two)
Valves located on PM-side of hatch
ELMPS circulation fan
Provides cabin air circulation within
ELMPS
Mixes PM IMV air with ELMPS cabin air
Same design as the Node 1 fan.

3.2.3 MPLM THC

The THC functions in the MPLM are performed
mostly in the USOS. Circulation of the atmosphere is
performed in the MPLM, as described below.

Acoustic noise attenuators (flow straightener,

etc.)

Fan assembly (same as USOS Node 1 ventilation

fan)

Atmosphere temperature sensor.

3.2.3.4 Circulate Atmosphere Intermodule

Atmosphere is exchanged with the USOS, as specified in SSP 42007, at a rate of 63.7 to 68.4 L/sec (135 to
145 ft3/min).
MPLM cabin ventilation provides revitalized
atmosphere from the USOS. IMV is performed by the
CCAA in Node 2 when the MPLM is attached to Node 2
and by the U.S. Lab CCAA when the MPLM is attached
to Node 1. The MPLM depends on the IMV fan in the
node to provide the pressure needed, since there is no
additional fan in the MPLM.

3.2.3.1 Control Atmospheric Temperature

This capability is provided by the USOS.

3.2.3.2 Control Atmospheric Moisture

This capability is provided by the USOS.

3.2.3.3 Circulate Atmosphere Intramodule

The effective atmosphere velocities in the cabin
aisleway are maintained within the range of 0.08 to
0.2 m/sec (15 to 40 fpm) by the MPLM cabin fan located
on the forward end cone. The circulation pattern is shown
in figure 174. When the MPLM is in the space shuttle
cargo bay internal atmosphere circulation is maintained to
provide fire detection capabilty.
The major components of the intramodule atmosphere circulation system are:

240

The IMV supply duct from the USOS (124 mm

(4.9 in) external diameter)

The IMV return duct to the USOS (124 mm

(4.9 in) external diameter)

IMV shutoff valves

8 Cabin air diffusers (identical with the APM

diffusers described in section 3.2.1.3.)

3.3 Atmosphere Revitalization (AR)

The AR subsystems in the APM, JEM, and MPLM
are shown schematically in figures 175177, and are
described in the following sections for each segment.
These AR subsystems rely on the USOS or RS to perform
most of the AR functions. One AR function that is common to the APM, JEM, and MPLM is the SDS for
collecting atmosphere samples and delivering them to the
USOS for analysis for atmosphere constituents. This is
described further in chapter II, section 3.3.2.1.4. The
ability to respond to hazardous atmosphere conditions is
also present in each module. For emergency situations,
PBAs (described in chapter II, section 3.3.3) are available
that provide 15 min of oxygen from bottled gas (there are
no O2 ports in the APM, JEM, or MPLM).

3.3.1 APM AR
The APM AR subsystem provides atmosphere
samples to the USOS for analysis and removes airborne
particulates and microorganisms by HEPA filters (that are
part of the THC subsystem) as described in the following
sections.

3.3.1.1 Control CO2

This capability is provided by the USOS or RS via
IMV. The ppCO2 is, however, monitored in the APM
using an electrochemical sensor.

From Fwd
Endcone
(x, y)

From Fwd
Endcone
(x, +y)

Fwd Endcone (z, y)

Volume A

S/O (+y, +z)

From Fwd
Endcone To Fwd
(x, +y) Endcone
S
(x, y)
To S/O
(y, +z)
From
IMV
Supply

S/O (y, +z)

To Cabin

To S/O (+y, +z)

Cabin
Fan

To Cabin

To Fwd Endcone (x, z))

To Aft Endcone

From Cabin

Fwd Endcone (z, +y)

Volume B

Fwd Endcone (y, z)

Volume C
From S/O (y, z)

From Cabin

S/O (+y, z)
S/O (y,z)
z

Upper
Port
S = Smoke Sensor

Starboard
Lower

FIGURE 174.Atmosphere circulation in the MPLM.

3.3.1.2 Control Gaseous Contaminants

Primary control is provided by the USOS or RS via
IMV. The capability to initiate depressurization of the
APM to remove a hazardous atmosphere is provided, via
the DA described in section 3.1.1.6.1.

3.3.1.2.1 Monitor Gaseous Contaminants

Trace contaminant monitoring is performed by the
CHeCS, which is part of the USOS crew systems rather
than ECLS.

3.3.1.3 Control Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
Particulates and microorganisms are removed from
the atmosphere by HEPA filters in the ventilation supply
and return ducts. While the revitalized atmosphere provided to the APM from the USOS meets the contamination requirements, HEPA filters are provided in the supply

ducts for additional assurance. HEPA filters are provided

in the return ducts to ensure that any contamination generated in the APM does not contaminate the USOS. These
HEPA filters are similar to those in the USOS, described
in chapter II, section 3.2.3, but are a different size.
Atmosphere filtration is centralized by locating a single
HEPA filter upstream of the CHX.
The average atmosphere particulate level complies
with class 100,000 clean room requirements.

3.3.1.4 Control Airborne Microbial Growth

Airborne microorganisms are also controlled by
the HEPA filters that control airborne particulate contaminants. The daily average concentration of airborne microorganisms is limited to <1,000 CFU/m3 (28 CFU/ft3).

3.3.2 JEM AR
The JEM AR subsystem provides atmosphere
samples to the USOS for analysis and removes airborne

241

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

Flight
Direction

Hab

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
S

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Non-Propulsive Vent

Non-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Feedthrough

Mechanical Fitting, Half

,
,

Filter

Flex Hose

Manual Valve

Solenoid Valve (2-Way) with Manual

Overide and Position Indication
Solenoid Valve (3-Way) with Manual
Override and Position Indication

Sample Port
Oxygen Partial Pressure Sensor

CO2

Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Sensor

H2O

Water Vapor Partial Pressure Sensor

LiOH Used for CO2 Removal During

Airlock Campout

Sample Probe

FIGURE 175.AR subsystem schematic.

particulates and microorganisms by HEPA filters (that are

part of the THC subsystem) as described in the following
sections. The AR components are distributed in the PM
and ELMPS as follows:

242

PM AR components:
Solenoid/manual valve (two)
Manual valve (one)
Sample lines
Sample probe/filter.
ELMPS AR components:
Solenoid/manual valve
Sample lines
Sample probe/filter.

3.3.2.1 Control CO2

This capability is provided by the USOS or RS
via IMV.

3.3.2.2 Control Gaseous Contaminants

Primary control is provided by the USOS or RS
via IMV.

JEMELM

ELMC 1
Stowage

ELMC 2
Stowage

ELMS 1
Stowage

ELMS 2
Stowage

ELMF 1
Stowage

ELMF 2
Stowage

ELMP 1
Stowage

ELMP 2
Stowage

JEM
N

To
Cabin
Air
Supply

JEMPM
Z

ELM

JEM C5

JEM C4

JEM C3

JEM C2

JEM C1

DMS 1

User Storage

System
Storage 2

System
Storage 1

DMS 2

JEM S6

JEM S5

JEM S4

JEM S3

JEM S2

JEM S1

ISPR (MIL)

ISPR (LS)

JEM F6

JEM F5

JEM F4

JEM F3

JEM F2

JEM F1

ECLSS/TCS 2

EPS 2

EPS 1

ECLSS/TCS 1

JEM P6

JEM P5

ISPR (MIL)

Workbench

JEM System User Storage

Storage

JEM P4

JEM P3

Workstation ISPR (MIL)

JEM P2

JEM P1

ISPR (LS)

To IMV
Return

Node 2

FIGURE 176.AR subsystem schematic (continued).

243

APM

APMC1

APMC2

APMC3

APMC4

ISPR

Stowage

APMS1

APMS2

APMS3

APMS4

ISPR

To Cabin
Air Ducting

Node 2

APMF1

APMF2

APMF3

APMF4

Subfloor

Stowage

APMP1

APMP2

APMP3

APMP4

ISPR

MPLM

MLC1

MLC2

MLC3

MLC4

MLS1

MLS2

MLS3

MLS4

MLF1

MLF2

MLF3

MLF4

MLP1

MLP2

MLP3

MLP4

Node 2

FIGURE 177.AR subsystem schematic (continued).

244

3.3.2.2.1 Monitor Gaseous Contaminants

3.3.3.2.1 Monitor Gaseous Contaminants

Trace contaminant monitoring is performed by the

CHeCS, which is part of the USOS crew systems rather
than ECLS.

Trace contaminant monitoring is performed by the

CHeCS, which is part of the USOS crew systems rather
than ECLS. Atmosphere samples can be collected via the
SDS (see 3.1.3.3.1).

3.3.2.3 Control Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
Particulate contamination control in the cabin
atmosphere is performed by a two HEPA filters in the
cabin circulation loop, upstream of each CHX. These
HEPA filters maintain the particulate level at class
100,000 level. Airborne particulates are removed to
have no more than 0.05 mg/m3 (100,000 particles per ft3)
with peak concentrations less than 1.0 mg/m3 (2 million
particles/ft3) for particles from 0.5 to 100 m in diameter.
These HEPA filters are similar to those in the USOS,
described in chapter II, section 3.2.3.

3.3.2.4 Control Airborne Microbial Growth

Airborne microorganisms are also controlled by the
HEPA filters that control airborne particulate contaminants. The daily average concentration of airborne microorganisms is limited to <1,000 CFU/m3 (28 CFU/ft3).

3.3.3 MPLM AR
The MPLM AR subsystem provides atmosphere
samples to the USOS for analysis and provides for
depressurization of the MPLM as described in the
following sections.

3.3.3.3 Control Airborne Particulate

Contaminants
This capability is provided by the USOS via IMV.

3.3.3.4 Control Airborne Microbial Growth

This capability is provided by the USOS via IMV.

3.4 Fire Detection and Suppression

(FDS)
The FDS subsystem in the APM, JEM, and MPLM is
shown schematically in figures 178180, and is described
in the following sections for each segment. The FDS
equipment (smoke detectors, PFEs, and PBAs) is located
in each module containing powered racks. To minimize
the occurrence or spread of a fire, materials are used that
are self-extinguishing or nonflammable. Also, methods of
containing a fire at its source are used to limit its spread.

3.4.1 APM FDS

The APM FDS subsystem is self-contained within
the APM, but communicates with the USOS C&DH subsystem, as described in the following sections.

3.3.3.1 Control CO2

This capability is provided by the USOS or RS
via IMV.

3.3.3.2 Control Gaseous Contaminants

Primary trace contaminant control is provided by the
USOS or RS via IMV. The capability to initiate depressurization of the MPLM to remove a hazardous atmosphere
is provided, via the DA described in section 3.1.1.6.1.

3.4.1.1 Respond to Fire

245

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss

Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola

Node 1
A

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
A

Flight
Direction

Hab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Suppression Port
Portable Fire Extinguisher
Smoke Detector
Portable Breathing Apparatus
Visual Indicator (LED)
1

ISPR FDS equipment required depends on

payload and payload rack integration.
These schematics show worst case
scenario until payload rack designs are
finalized.

FIGURE 178.FDS subsystem schematic.

When initiated by the crew or ground control, the

APM will vent the atmosphere to space through the DA
to achieve an O2 concentration less than 6.9 kPa (1.0 psia)
within 10 min. The APM can be repressurized from the
USOS through the MPEV.

3.4.1.1.2 Isolate Fire

3.4.1.1.1 Detect a Fire Event

3.4.1.1.3 Extinguish Fire

The APM smoke detectors are identical to the USOS

smoke detectors, described in chapter II, section 3.4.1.1.
Smoke detectors are located in the ventilation ducting
downstream of the cabin fan and downstream of the IMV
return air fan. Two detectors are at each location.

PFEs (described in chapter II, section 3.4.1.3) can

be used to discharge CO2 into the fire location or, if
necessary, the affected module can be depressurized by
the DAs. When using a PFE, it is attached to a fitting in
a rack as shown in chapter II, figure 116, and the CO2 is
discharged into the rack.

246

To isolate a fire, power is switched off to the affected

location and atmospheric circulation and IMV are
stopped.

JEMELM

ELMC 1
Stowage

ELMC 2
Stowage

ELMS 1
Stowage

ELMS 2
Stowage

ELMF 1
Stowage

ELMF 2
Stowage

ELMP 1
Stowage

ELMP 2
Stowage

JEM
N

JEMPM
Z

ELM

JEM C5

JEM C4

JEM C3

JEM C2

JEM C1

DMS 1

User Storage

System
Storage 2

System
Storage 1

DMS 2

JEM S6

JEM S5

JEM S4

JEM S3

JEM S2

JEM S1

ISPR (MIL)
1

ISPR (LS)
1

JEM F6

JEM F5

JEM F4

JEM F3

JEM F2

JEM F1

ECLSS/TCS 2

EPS 2

JEM System
Storage

User Storage

EPS 1

ECLSS/TCS 1

JEM P6

JEM P5

JEM P4

JEM P3

JEM P2

JEM P1

ISPR (MIL)
1

Workbench

Workstation

ISPR (MIL)
1

ISPR (LS)
1

Node 2

FIGURE 179.FDS subsystem schematic (continued).

247

APM

APMC1

APMC2

APMC3

APMC4

ISPR

Stowage

< Located
downstream of
cabin fans

< Located
downstream of
IMV return fan

Node 2

APMS1

APMS2

APMS3

APMS4

ISPR

APMF1

APMF2

APMF3

APMF4

Subfloor

Stowage

APMP1

APMP2

APMP3

APMP4

ISPR

MLC3

MLC4

Note: All avionic

equipment
located in the
standoffs and
subfloor
incorporate
thermistors for
over-temperature
monitoring
purposes.

MPLM

MLC1

MLC2

MLS1

MLS2

MLS3

MLS4

MLF1

MLF2

MLF3

MLF4

MLP1

MLP2

MLP3

MLP4

Note: PFE's
and PBA's are
dragon; i.e.,
they remain
on orbit and are
"dragged" in to
the MPLM while it
is on orbit.

Node 2

FIGURE 180.FDS subsystem schematic (continued).

248

3.4.1.1.4 Recover From a Fire

3.4.2.1.1 Detect a Fire Event

Recovering from a fire is similar to recovering from

a hazardous atmospheric event, described in section
3.1.1.6.

Fires are detected by smoke detectors that are

essentially identical to USOS optical smoke detectors,
described in chapter II, section 3.4.1.1. Detectors are
distributed as follows:

3.4.2 JEM FDS

The JEM FDS subsystem is self-contained within the

JEM, but communicates with the USOS FDS subsystem.
The FDS subsystem is shown schematically in figure 181.
The FDS subsystem in the PM consists of the following
components:

Two are located in PM System Racks (including

the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) Control
Workstation)

One is located in each THC rack (for cabin air

sampling)

Two are located in ELMPS standoffs.

Fire detection
Smoke detectors (four)
Fire suppression
PFEs (two)
PBAs (two)
Fire panels (two)
Fire ports (TBD).

The FDS subsystem in the ELMPS consists of the

following components:

3.4.2.1.2 Isolate Fire

Isolation of the fire (by removal of power and forced
ventilation in the affected location) will occur within
30 sec of detection. Forced ventilation between modules
will stop within 30 sec of annunciation of a Class I fire
alarm and a visual indication of the fire event will be
activated.

3.4.2.1.3 Extinguish a Fire

Fire detection
Smoke detectors (two)
Fire suppression
PFEs (one)
PBAs (two)
Fire ports (TBD).

Fires will be suppressed by PFEs, described in

chapter II, section 3.4.1.3. The PFEs will suppress a fire
within 1 min of suppressant discharge by reducing the
oxygen concentration to <10.5 percent. When initiated by
the crew or ground control, the JEM will vent the atmosphere to space to achieve an oxygen concentration less
than 6.9 kPa (1.0 psia) within 10 min.

3.4.2.1 Respond to Fire

Detection of a fire will initiate a Class I alarm and a
visual indication of the fire event. The visual indication
consists of activation of the fire alarm light on the C&W
panel and, for ISPRs and the workstation racks, activation of a red LED indicator on the power kill switch of the
rack panel. Fires will be suppressed by PFEs, described
in chapter II, section 3.4.1.3. The PFEs will suppress a
fire within one min of suppressant discharge by reducing
the O2 concentration to less than 10.5 percent. As a last
resort, the module can be depressurized to suppress a fire.
When initiated by the crew or ground control, the
JEM will vent the atmosphere to space through the DA
to achieve an O2 concentration less than 6.9 kPa (1.0 psia)
within 10 min. The JEM can be repressurized from the
USOS through the MPEV.

3.4.3 MPLM FDS

The MPLM FDS subsystem is self-contained within
the MPLM, but communicates with the USOS FDS
subsystem. Preventative measures are used to minimize
the effects of a fire. The time for detection and location of
an anomaly, such as a fire, is instantaneous since it is
based on monitoring the characteristics (current, voltage,
speed, etc.) of the electrical equipment. Switching off
power to the affected equipment removes the only energy
source that can cause ignition. Material selection, equipment housing in metallic boxes, and the absence of forced
airflow preclude the fire hazard. PBAs and PFEs are
provided. Locations containing a credible fire risk have
been partitioned into non-hermetically sealed compartments for FDS purposes.

249

3.4.3.1 Respond to Fire

Detection of a fire will initiate a Class I alarm and a
visual indication of the fire event will be activated. Fires
will be suppressed by PFEs, described in chapter II,
section 3.4.1.3. The capability to restore the habitable
environment after a fire event is present, by repressurization from the USOS via the MPEV.

3.5.1 APM WM
The APM is not required to provide WM.

3.5.1.1 Accommodate Crew Hygiene and

Wastes
This capability is provided by the USOS and RS.

3.4.3.1.1 Detect a Fire

The smoke detector in the MPLM is identical to those
used in the USOS, described in chapter II, section 3.4.1.1.
A smoke detector is located downstream of the cabin fan
assembly (CFA), to provide the smoke detection for the
cabin. In the worst case, the time needed to detect cabin
smoke is about 7 min. The signal from the smoke detector
will detect only smoke in the MPLM cabin. When smoke
is detected, an emergency signal is sent to the USOS
alerting the crew of a possible fire.

3.4.3.1.2 Isolate a Fire Event

Isolation of the fire (by removal of power and forced
ventilation in the affected location) will occur within
30 sec of detection. Forced ventilation between modules
will automatically stop within 30 sec of annunciation of a
Class I fire alarm and a visual indication of the fire event
will be activated.

3.4.3.1.3 Extinguish a Fire

Fires will be suppressed by PFEs, described in
chapter II, section 3.4.1.3. The PFEs will suppress a fire
within 1 min of suppressant discharge by reducing the
oxygen concentration to <10.5 percent. Three fire
suppression ports (FSP) (shown in fig. 182) allow access
for a PFE to extinguish a fire. When initiated by the crew
or ground control, the MPLM will vent the atmosphere to
space to achieve an O2 concentration <6.9 kPa (<1.0 psia)
within 10 min.

3.5 Waste Management (WM)

There is no WM subsystem in the APM, JEM, and
MPLM because this function is provided by the USOS
and RS.

250

3.5.2 JEM WM
The JEM is not required to provide WM.

3.5.2.1 Accommodate Crew Hygiene and

Wastes
This capability is provided by the USOS and RS.

3.5.3 MPLM WM
The MPLM is not required to provide WM.

3.5.3.1 Accommodate Crew Hygiene and

Wastes
This capability is provided by the USOS and RS.

3.6 Water Recovery and Management

(WRM)
The WRM subsystem in the APM and JEM is shown
schematically in figures 183185, and is described in the
following sections for each segment. There is no WRM
subsystem in the MPLM.

3.6.1 APM WRM

The APM WRM function consists only of delivering
condensate water, collected in the CHX of the THC subsystem, to the USOS water processor, in accordance with
SSP 41151, with the conditions at the interface with the
USOS as listed in table 36. All processing of wastewater
is performed in the USOS.

CO2

Pressurized Module (PM)

System
Storage 1
System
Storage 2
PM Storage
1 (EDRTS)
M

DMS1
SD

5/8 in ID
3

SD
SD M

SD M

Freezer/PM Contingency EPS2

Storage 1

ISPR (Life) ISPR (Life) ISPR (MTL) WS

THC1/TCS1 EPS1
SD

ISPR (MTL)

THC2/TCS2

CO2

P
NC

5/8 in ID

CO2

5/8 in ID

CO2

Storage

Fwd
Storage

5/8 in ID

CO2

SD M

ISPR (Life) ISPR (Life) ISPR (MTL) ISPR (MTL) ISPR (MTL) ISPR (MTL)

DMS2

Manual valve with on/off position and position switch

Spring-loaded normally closed (NC) solenoid valve with

on/off position

Latching solenoid valve with manual O/R,

on/off position, and position switch

Fire Panel with fire hole and localized indicator

Line Sizes:
Fire suppression lines are 5/8 in ID

Storage

Stbd
Storage

A/L Press/
Aft Port
Floor Zone Depress
Equip.

SD M

Aft Port Ceiling Standoff

Aft Utility Zone

Aft Port Floor Standoff

Airlock

Aft Stbd
Floor Standoff

SD M

Aft Stbd Ceiling Standoff

Storage

Port
Storage

Aft Utility Zone RMS Control

Aft Stbd Floor Zone

Hatch

Storage

Aft
Storage

Experiment Logistics Module Pressurized Section (ELMPS)

Hatch

FIGURE 181.JEM FDS schematic.

251

Z
Fire Suppression
Containment Panels

FSP
X
Y

FSP's

181 (NEW)

FIGURE 182.MPLM Fire Suppression Ports.

3.6.1.1 Provide Water for Crew Use

This capability is provided by the USOS and RS.

3.6.1.2 Supply Water for Payloads

This capability is not required in the APM.

Removes condensate from the PM THC units

and delivers it to the USOS wastewater bus.

Supports humidity control within the PM

and ELMPS.

The characteristics of the condensate water are listed

in table 39. The WRM condensate delivery subsystem
consists of the following components:

3.6.2 JEM WRM

The JEM WRM function consists of delivering

condensate water, collected in the CHX of the THC
subsystem, to the USOS water processor, in accordance
with SSP 41150. All wastewater processing is performed
in the USOS.

Manual isolation valve:

Provides supply/isolation of condensate
delivery between JEM and USOS
Manual valve with on/off position
and position switch
Located in PM stbd endcone.

Condensate lines:
Deliver condensate from THC units 1 and 2
to USOS wastewater bus
1.27 cm (0.5 in) ID lines.

The WRM condensate delivery subsystem performs

the following functions:

252

Legend

ELM
JEM

Truss
Z1 Truss
Russian
Segment
PMA1

Centrifuge

Cupola
P

Node 1
A

PMA2

Node 2

Lab
A

S
Flight
Direction

Hab

MPLM

APM

Airlock
PMA3

Self-Sealing Quick Disconnect, Half

Potable Water

Flex Hose

Wastewater

Feedthrough

Fuel-Cell Water

Mechanical Fitting, Half

Potable water supplied by portable tank.

Solenoid Valve with Manual Overide

and Position Indication

Two flex lines are delivered with the Water

Processor and Urine Processor Racks
for installation on orbit. One additional
flex line is required for the Waste
Management Compartment.

Contingency Water Container (CWC)

available for redundacy.

Manual Valve
Non-Propulsive Vent
Check Valve
Heater
T

Temperature Sensor

FIGURE 183.WRM subsystem schematic.

3.6.2.1 Provide Water for Crew Use

This capability is provided by the USOS and RS.

3.6.3 MPLM WRM

There is no WRM subsystem or equipment in the
MPLM.

3.6.2.2 Supply Water for Payloads

3.6.3.1 Provide Water For Crew Use
This capability is provided by the USOS.
This capability is provided by the USOS and RS.

253

JEMELM

ELMC 1
Stowage

ELMC 2
Stowage

ELMS 1
Stowage

ELMS 2
Stowage

ELMF 1
Stowage

ELMF 2
Stowage

ELMP 1
Stowage

ELMP 2
Stowage

JEM
N

JEMPM
Z

ELM

JEM C5

JEM C4

JEM C3

JEM C2

JEM C1

DMS 1

User Storage

System
Storage 2

System
Storage 1

DMS 2

JEM S6

JEM S5

JEM S4

JEM S3

JEM S2

JEM S1

ISPR (MIL)

ISPR (LS)

JEM F6

JEM F5

JEM F4

JEM F3

JEM F2

JEM F1

ECLSS/TCS 2

EPS 2

EPS 1

ECLSS/TCS 1

JEM P6

JEM P5

ISPR (MIL)

Workbench

JEM System User Storage

Storage

JEM P4

JEM P3

Workstation ISPR (MIL)

JEM P2

JEM P1

ISPR (LS)

FIGURE 184.WRM subsystem schematic (continued).

254

Node 2

APM

APMC1

APMC2

APMC3

APMC4

ISPR

Stowage

APMS1

APMS2

APMS3

APMS4

ISPR

Node 2

APMF1

APMF2

APMF3

APMF4

Subfloor

Stowage

APMP1

APMP2

APMP3

APMP4

ISPR

MPLM

MLC1

MLC2

MLC3

MLC4

MLS1

MLS2

MLS3

MLS4

MLF1

MLF2

MLF3

MLF4

MLP1

MLP2

MLP3

MLP4

Node 2

FIGURE 185.WRM subsystem schematic (continued).

255

3.6.3.2 Supply Water for Payloads

This capability is not required because there are no
active payloads in the MPLM.

3.7 Vacuum Services (VS)

The VS subsystems in the APM and JEM provide
vacuum resource and waste gas exhaust services for use
by payloads. No VS subsystem is required in the MPLM.

3.7.1 APM VS
The APM VS subsystem has separate vacuum resource and waste gas exhaust lines for each port and starboard payload rack, as shown in figure 186. Pressure in
the vacuum lines is monitored by two types of sensors:

Low-range pressure sensor (Pirani type) in the range

0.1 to 100 Pa (1.45 105 to 1.45 102 psia)

High-range pressure sensor (common to Ptot

sensor) in the range from 1 to 1200 hPa
(1.45 102 to 17.42 psia).

aft endcone. The vacuum function can only be used after

the payload chamber has been vented.

3.7.1.1.2 Waste Gas Exhaust

The waste gas exhaust line is sized to evacuate
an experiment chamber volume of 100 L (3.53 ft3)
at 21 C (70 F) and 1105 Pa (14.5 psia) to 0.13 Pa
(1.9 105 psia, 1103 torr) in less than 2 hr. The vacuum
level in the chambers can be maintained at 0.13 Pa
(1.9105 psia, 1103 torr) with a total gas load of
0.10 Pa/sec (0.77103 torr/sec). The VS venting device
is the same as the depressurization assembly (see section
3.1.1.6.1).
The waste gas exhaust lines include normally-closed
solenoid valves to provide waste gas exhaust access at
ISPR locations. These valves are spring-loaded closed
solenoid valves with manual override, on/off position
indicators, and a position switch. Gases are vented to
space via a device located at the forward endcone.

3.7.2 JEM VS

Line repressurization is via dedicated manual valves (one

per line).

The JEM VS subsystem has separate vacuum

resource and waste gas exhaust lines for each port and
starboard payload rack.

3.7.1.1 Supply Vacuum Services

to User Payloads

3.7.2.1 Supply Vacuum Services

to User Payloads

Waste gas exhaust capability is provided to all 10

active ISPRs (including the ones in the ceiling) and
vacuum resource is provided to the 8 lateral ISPRs. The
vacuum lines are made of stainless steel. Heaters on the
VS venting devices are controlled via a dedicated redundant electronic unit (HCU) mounted external to the APM.
The HCU monitors relevant temperature sensors and
commands the heaters.

Waste gas exhaust and vacuum resource capability

is provided to active ISPRs.

The VS subsystem is compatible with gases released

by ISPR experiments and their relevant pressures (up to
276 kPa (40 psia)). The self-sealing QDs at the interface
with the ISPR are identical to those used on the USOS.
The design is zero-failure tolerant.

3.7.1.1.1 Vacuum Resource

The vacuum resource line provides a vacuum of
0.16 Pa (2.310-5 psia) to the payload rack interface.
Gases are evacuated to space via a device located on the

256

3.7.2.1.1 Vacuum Resource

No information is presently available.

3.7.2.1.2 Waste Gas Exhaust

The waste gas exhaust subsystem removes waste
gases from payloads. Materials in the wetted surfaces
of the waste gas subsystem that are in contact with user
payload waste gases are limited to: stainless steel (321
and 440), titanium 6 AL4V, fluorocarbon rubber (Viton,
in the Pirani gauge transducer), glass, platinum iridium
alloy, gold-plated brass (in the cold cathode transducer),
ceramic, aluminum (in the cold cathode transducer),
and tetrafluoroethylene (TeflonTM). The waste gas
subsystem is compatible with acceptable gases as listed

P/L Rack
Level

Ceiling Racks

Venting Line 2 in OD

P/L Rack
Level

VPS 7

Rough Vacuum
Pressure Sensor
RVPS 2 P

P/L Rack
Level

Lateral Racks

V&V to P/l Rack Quick Disconnect

Lines 1in OD Only Male Part of QD
M
VPS 1 P
Repress Valve
Vacuum Line 2 in OD

VPS 4
Pressure Sensor

Rough Vacuum Pressure Sensor

P RVPS 1
Repress Valve

Fwd Cone

VPS
6

VPS
3
Waste
Gas
Exhaust

VPS 5

Vent Line
to Space

VPS 2
M

Vacuum
Resource

Vacuum
Aft Cone

Lines 1 in OD only Male Part of QD

V&V to P/L Rack Quick Disconnect
P/L Rack
Level

Vacuum Line 2 in OD

Venting
Venting Line 2 in OD

Vacuum
Line
to Space

P/L Rack
Level

Lateral Racks

Motorized Valve

P/L Payload

FIGURE 186.APM vacuum services subsystem functional schematic (from ECLSS TIM, APM ECLSS presentation,
Houston, TX, 24 to 28 July 1995).

in table 46. Payload gas contaminants compatible with

the wetted materials of the waste gas subsystem and in
concentrations compliant with the ISS external contamination control requirements (SSP 30426) are also acceptable
for waste gas subsystem use.

3.7.3 MPLM VS
This capability is not required in the MPLM.

3.7.3.1 Supply Vacuum Services

to User Payloads
This capability is not required in the MPLM.

TABLE 46.JEM VS subsystem acceptable gases

(ESA/ASI/NASA ECLS TIM, 24 to
28 July 1995, JSC).
CO (pp < 5Pa).
Nontoxic waste gas or nontoxic and nonreactive mixtures of these
gases:
Nitrogen
Cabin atmosphere
Argon (Ar)
Krypton
Xenon
Helium
CO2 (pp <7.6 torr (1.01 kPa))
O2 (pp <23.3 kPa)
H2 (pp <3.3 kPa)

257

3.8 EVA Support

EVA support is not required of the APM, JEM,
or MPLM.

3.8.3 MPLM EVA Support

This capability is not required in the MPLM.

3.8.3.1 Support Denitrogenation

3.8.1 APM EVA Support

This capability is not required in the MPLM.
This capability is not required in the APM.

3.8.3.2 Support Service and Checkout

3.8.1.1 Support Denitrogenation
This capability is not required in the MPLM.
This capability is not required in the APM.

3.8.3.3 Support Station Egress

3.8.1.2 Support Service and Checkout
This capability is not required in the MPLM.
This capability is not required in the APM.

3.8.3.4 Support Station Ingress

3.8.1.3 Support Station Egress
This capability is not required in the MPLM.
This capability is not required in the APM.

3.8.1.4 Support Station Ingress

This capability is not required in the APM.

3.8.2 JEM EVA Support

This capability is not required in the JEM.

3.9 Other ECLS Functions

Additional ECLS functions are provided in the APM
and JEM, as described in the following sections.

3.9.1 APM Other ECLS Functions

Other ECLS functions include providing nitrogen gas
to user payloads.

3.8.2.1 Support Denitrogenation

This capability is not required in the JEM.

3.8.2.2 Support Service and Checkout

This capability is not required in the JEM.

3.8.2.3 Support Station Egress

This capability is not required in the JEM.

3.8.2.4 Support Station Ingress

This capability is not required in the JEM.

258

3.9.1.1 Gases to User Payloads

The N2 supply subsystem in the APM is shown schematically in figure 187. N2 is supplied to all 10 active
ISPRs and to 2 TCS accumulators for their active control.
The interface conditions are:
Operating Pressure
620 to 827 kPa (90 to 120 psia) with the USOS
517 to 827 kPa (75 to 120 psia) at the ISPR
Maximum Design Pressure
1378 kPa (200 psia)
Temperature
17.2 to 45 C (63 to 113 F)

Flowrate
0 to 16.3 kg/hr (0 to 36 lb/hr)

Pressure and temperature sensors

Analog vacuum sensors located on waste
gas vent line and on vacuum vent line
(two sensors)
Analog pressure sensors located on N2, waste
gas vent, and vacuum vent lines
Temperature sensor located on waste gas vent
line

Common gas supply equipment

Tanks and valves to store and distribute CO2,
Ar, and He to PM racks
Two CO2 tanks, two He to tanks, and two Ar
tanks
CO2 provided to ISPR (life science
experiments) and freezer locations
He and Ar provided to ISPR (materials science
experiments) locations.

Purity
95 percent by volume.

3.9.2 JEM Other ECLS Functions

Other ECLS functions include providing N2, CO2,
He, and Ar gases to user payloads.

3.9.2.1 Gases to User Payloads

The JEM provides several gases to user payloads
including: N2, CO2, He, and Ar.
Equipment to support supplying these gases consists
of valves, sensors, tanks, and other components, listed
below:

3.9.2.2 Experiment Airlock (EAL)

Pressurize/Depressurize Equipment

Latching solenoid valves

Provide N2 isolation/supply to ISPR, freezer,
and ITCS locations
Valves have manual override with on/off
position indication and a position switch

The EAL equipment performs the following functions:

Manual valves
Provide isolation of N2, waste gas,
and vacuum lines
Valves have on/off position indicators

Controls depressurization and repressurization

of the JEM EAL.

Obtains pressurization gases from the cabin air

return duct.

Pumps EAL atmosphere into the cabin air return

duct.
N2 Supply Line
M

Foreward Endcone
D/BQD Male Part

Rack I/F Male QD

Ceiling P/L Rack

Rack I/F
Male QD
N2 I/F to TCS with Rack Internal Line
in Subfloor Racks

Rack I/F
Male QD

N2
QD

FIGURE 187.APM nitrogen supply subsystem functional schematic (from ECLSS TIM, APM ECLSS presentation,
Houston , TX, 24 to 28 July 1995).

259

PM
Airlock Pressurization and Depressurization Equipment

To TBD
Location

Dehydrator

,
,

From Cabin
Air Return
Duct

Space

Airlock

Vacuum
Pump

To Cabin
Air Return
Duct

FIGURE 188.EAL schematic.

The EAL (shown schematically in fig. 188) consists

of the following components:

260

Vacuum pump:
Supports EAL pump-down
Receives cooling from MTL

Fan:
Propels air through the dehydrator
May support air circulation within the EAL

Dehydrator:
Provides dry pressurization gases to the EAL

Solenoid and manual valves:

Control depressurization/repressurization
routing and provide isolation
Manual valve supports redundant depressurization capability

Filters and flow restrictors:

Filter air from cabin air return duct and EAL
interior.

3.9.3 MPLM Other ECLS Functions

This capability is not required in the MPLM.

4.1 PPRA
The PPRA includes redundant valves to provide
single failure tolerance for both opening and closing
of the valves. The PPRA is described further in section
3.1.1.3.

4.2 Pressure Shell Penetrations

4.3 Failure Tolerance

The failure tolerance requirement for IMV is onefailure tolerant for the APM. (NASA has no failure
tolerance requirements specifically for IMV.)

5.3 in

FIGURE 189. APM shell penetration seals (from

ECLSS TIM, APM ECLSS presentation, Houston, TX, 24 to 28 July 1995).

Jumper
Assembly

,,,
,

Penetrations of the pressure shell, such as for the DA,

PPRA, NPRA, and vacuum and venting devices, have two
redundant O-ring seals for sealing against leakage, as
shown in figures 189 and 190.

Heater
Vent Section
(Removeable)

,
,
,,,

Safety features that are designed into the APM, JEM,

and MPLM include overpressure relief, smoke detection,
and redundancy of critical components, as described in
previous sections of this report. These features are derived
from failure tolerance requirements, fire propagation
requirements, and reliability requirements. Examples of
some of these safety features are described in the following sections.

Double Seal

, ,
, ,

4.0 Safety Features

Bulkhead

Seals
MS Connection
Valve

Male
Coupling

FIGURE 190.APM shell penetration seals (continued).

261

5.0. Maintenance Procedures

The ECLS equipment is designed to be maintainable
by replacement or repair of components. Equipment is
mounted in racks such that expendable components can
be easily accessed and critical components can be removed, or the entire rack can be replaced. For example,
each ORU of the Condensate Water Separator Assembly
(CWSA) can be replaced without removing the entire
assembly. Fluid connections generally use quick disconnectors that preclude leakage. Some maintenance procedures can be performed without removing equipment,
such as the THC CHX dryout procedure described below.

The total minimum time required for dryout at the

given flowrates is about 8 hr. There is no need to increase
the air stream temperature with respect to its nominal
value, because of the antimicrobial coating that minimizes
the biological growth in the CHX.
The effect of the dryout period is a reduction in heat
dissipation from the APM to minimum levels during
dryout. This will result in the need to stop or greatly reduce the activity of payloads that generate heat during the
8-hr period required for dryout.

5.2 APM CHX Core Replacement

Procedure

5.1 APM CHX Dryout Procedure

As moisture condenses in the CHX, microorganisms
may grow and contaminate equipment, especially the
CHX, slurper line, and CWSA. To eliminate or reduce
this growth the CHX is periodically dried. The dryout
period lasts at least 8 hr each week, to completely dry the
CHX, slurper line, and CWSA. Dryout involves removing
all humidity from a potential biolayer. The procedure for
drying out the CHX involves the following steps:

262

CHX core and slurper dryout: requires about 1 hr

of full airflow provided by the cabin fan and the
WS unit, without coolant water flow to avoid
condensation.
WS unit dry-out: requires about 4 hr with
85 m3/hr (50 cfm) airflow provided by the
cabin fan and the WS unit.
Steady state dryout: requires about 2 hr, with
85 m3/hr (50 cfm) airflow provided by the cabin
fan and the WS unit.

At the end of the 5-yr lifetime of the CHX cores,

it will be necessary to replace them with new cores.
The procedure for replacing the CHX core #1 or core #2
involves the following steps:

Place the CHX core to be replaced in the

dryout mode, with the other core active. Stop
water flow in the core to be replaced by switching off the appropriate valves.

Increase the water inlet temperature set point

from 5 to 9 C (41 to 48 F).

Stop the airflow through the CHX core to be

replaced via a slide gate upstream of the core and
close the corresponding path of the TCV.

Replace the CHX core with the new CHX core.

Remove the slide gate and restore the nominal

conditions.

Return the old CHX core to Earth.

6.1 Fire in the APM

In the event of malfunction or loss of a PDB or

MDM, an Emergency signal is sent to the USOS to alert
the crew. This situation is considered an emergency
because the PDB and MDM cannot be automatically
deactivated and prompt intervention by the crew is required to switch off the PDB or MDM. Because failure of
a PDB or MDM can lead to a total loss of communication
between the MPLM and USOS, which would prevent an
alarm signal from being sent to the USOS, the USOS will
signal an alarm in the event of loss of communication
with the MPLM, as detected by the C&DH software. This
is independent from any smoke detector signals.

After detection of smoke and the activation of the fire

alarm, the response will be:

6.4 PPRA Failure Scenario

6.0 Emergency Procedures

and Failure Responses
Emergency situations require quick, effective responses to minimize harm to the crew and damage to
equipment. Some of the emergency situations and responses are summarized below. More extensive information is
provided in other documents.

Removal of power from the affected zone.

Removal of IMV (switching off fans).

Possible use of PFEs.

APM depressurization as a last resort (to reach

a ppO2 <70 hPa (<1 psia) in <10 min).

6.2 Fire in the JEM

The fire alarm can be activated by the smoke sensors
or by pressing the FIRE button on the C&W panel. A
signal is sent to the USOS identifying the activated sensor. The C&W panels in the other modules activate the
FIRE light, an audible alarm is sounded, and a message is
sent to the laptop computers indicating the module and
detector where the fire was detected. Both Node 2 IMV
valves that face the JEM will be closed.

6.3 Fire/Emergency in the MPLM

As a general rule, the malfunction or loss of MPLM
powered equipment is classified as a warning. Upon
detection of the malfunction, a warning signal is sent to
the USOS to alert the crew that a failure of powered
equipment has occurred and further investigation by the
crew is needed for verification. At the same time, power is
automatically removed from the affected equipment. The
removal of power is considered sufficient to ensure fire
suppression, so the response time required is not so
stringent as to require an emergency signal. After notification, the crew is in charge to investigate whether the
malfunction was due to equipment failure or fire, and
proceed accordingly.

Upon detection of undesired opening, or failure

to close, of the pneumatic valve, the USOS signals the
avionics system, which then commands the motorized
valve to close to prevent further depressurization of the
pressurized module. In order to provide single-failure
tolerance for failure to open, a second, redundant assembly is present. The motorized valves are nominally unpowered, to improve reliability. Manual override of the
motorized valves is implemented to disable or re-enable
the pneumatic valves after loss of the command capability
of the motorized valves. In the event that the PPRA remains open despite attempts to close it, the module would
be evacuated and sealed until repairs are made.

6.5 APM Water Separator Failure

In the event of failure of a water separator in the
APM CCAA, the failed WS could not be replaced until
the next resupply mission (180 days maximum in case a
mission is skipped), since no spares are stored on orbit.
Failure scenarios that have been considered include:

During CHX core #1 dryout, WS #2 fails.

During CHX core #1 operation, WS #1 fails.

The consequences include:

Stopping the THC function for 8 hr every week

to dry out the CHX core #1 and switching off the
heat generating payloads to avoid thermal
control problems.

CHX core #2 can be activated to recover, but

will then need to be dried out each week.

263

6.6 Depressurization of the APM,

JEM, or MPLM
In the event that the APM, JEM, or MPLM lose
pressure (either accidentally or intentionally to remove
contaminated atmosphere or to suppress a fire) the Node 2
hatch to the affected module must be closed to prevent
depressurization of other modules. This also applies to the
Node 1 hatch if the MPLM is depressurized while it is
attached to Node 1. As shown in figure 191, the hatch on
the pressurized side of the vestibule (i.e., Node 1 or 2) is
closed rather than the hatch on the depressurized module.
This ensures that atmospheric pressure is helping to
maintain a tight seal.

264

Hatch Closed
Hatch Open
MPEV
101.3 kPa
(14.7 psia)

Node 2(1)

0 kPa (0 psia)

Vestibule

APM, JEM, or MPLM

FIGURE 191.Hatch positions when the APM, JEM, or

MPLM is depressurized.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER I: LIVING TOGETHER IN SPACE: THE DESIGN AND OPERATION
OF THE LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
Ames to Buy Station Centrifuge, Biological Research Facility, Space Business News, 29 November, 1995.
D6841021001, Respond to Emergency Conditions Capability Description Document, Boeing, 1 November, 1995.
D6841050831, Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) Architecture Description Document, Volume 3, ECLS
Integration and Planning, Book 1 Verification Plan, Revision A, Boeing, 31 May, 1996.
ECLS Verification Working Group, Lab Verification Plan, Boeing PG3, 24 May, 1996.
ESA/ISA/NASA ECLS TIM Minutes, Technical Interchange Meeting, JSC, Houston, TX, 2428 July, 1995.
Interim Design Review 1 presentation by Dr. Grigorov, 22 March, 1995.
Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module PDR Data Package, Alenia Spazio S.p.A., 1993.
Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module, Alenia Spazio, S.p.A., presentation at JSC, Houston, TX, May, 1996.
MLMRPAI0019. MPLM Baseline Configuration Report, Alenia Spazio, S.p.A., 30 April, 1996
MLMTNAI0185, Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module, Alenia Spazio, S.p.A., 7 May, 1996.
S68329523D, Prime Item Development Specification for United States Laboratory, 28 March, 1995.
Saiidi, Mohammed, ECLS Verification Working Group, Introduction, Boeing, 35 June, 1996.
Shibanov, G.P., ed., English-Russian Dictionary on Spacecraft ECLSS, NPO Energia, 1994.
SSP 30255, Baseline Configuration Document, Volume 2: Flight Element Configurations, Part 6: ESA Columbus
Attached Pressurized Module, Draft 1, 25 May, 1993.
SSP 41000B, System Specification for the International Space Station Alpha: Type 1, 1 November, 1994.
SSP 41160, Segment Specification for the European Space Agency Attached Pressurized Module, 22 March, 1994.
SSP 41162B, Segment Specification for the United States On-Orbit, 28 March, 1995.
SSP 41163, Russian Segment Specification, 27 September, 1994.
SSP 41164, Italian Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module Segment Specification, 19 March, 1994.
SSP 41165, Segment Specification for the Japanese Experiment Module, 9 March, 1994.
SSP 42007, United States On-Orbit Segment to Italian Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module Interface Control Document,
Revision D.

265

SSP 42121, U.S. On-Orbit Segment Pressurized Mating Adapter-1 to Russian Segment FGB Interface Control Document
Part 1, 26 August, 1994.
SSP 50037, Baseline Configuration Document, multiple volumes, 1995 dates for each volume.
CHAPTER II: THE UNITED STATES ON-ORBIT SEGMENT
AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
Atmosphere Revitalization Subsystem Description MTC Configuration, Rev A, D683150031, Boeing Defense
and Space Group, 26 February 1993.
D683150071, Atmosphere Control and Supply Subsystem Description MTC Configuration, Boeing, Rev. A,
March 1993.
D6841020301, Control Atmospheric Pressure Capability Description Document, Boeing, 8 August 1995.
D6841020401, Condition Atmosphere Capability Description Document, Boeing, 8 August 1995.
D6841021001, Respond to Emergency Conditions Capability Description Document, Boeing, 8 August 1995.
D6841021601, Control Internal Carbon Dioxide and Contaminants Capability Description Document, Boeing,
8 August 1995.
D6841021701, Provide Water Capability Description Document, Boeing, 8 August 1995.
D68410508, ECLS Architectural Description Document, Volume 3, ECLS Integration and Planning Book 1, Verification
Plan, 31 May 1996.
D684105081, Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) Architectural Description Document, Boeing
Company, 23 March 1994.
Limerco, Thomas; Jay Cross; John Brokenshire; Colin Cumming; Gary Eiceman; Ed Overton; Ken Carney; and John James:
A Volatile Organic Analyzer for Space Station: Description and Evaluation of a Gas Chromatograph/Ion Mobility Spectrometer, paper number SAE 921385, 22nd International Conference on Environmental Systems, Seattle, WA,
July 1316, 1992.
LMSC/F369707, Rev. E, Vol II, Maintainability Program Source Data, Trace Containment Control Subassembly, Lockheed
Missiles and Space Company, Inc., Space Systems Division, 4 August 1992.
McKinnie, James M., Russian-US Life Support Software Interaction, U.S.-Russian Technical Interchange Meeting #15,
JSC/MOD, 14 September 1995.
Perry, Jay, Analysis of the Capability of the U.S. and Russian Trace Contaminant Control System to Meet Cabin
Atmosphere Quality Standards, MSFC memo ED62(3694), 16 August 1994.
Presentations from the ECLSS technical briefing, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 2 March 1995.
Presentations from the ECLSS technical briefing, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 12 October 1994.
Space Station Freedom, Temperature and Humidity Control (THC) Subsystem Critical Design Review (CDR),
United Technologies Hamilton Standard, 17 August 1995.
Specification Number S68310142, Prime Item Development Specification for the Airlock, International Space Station
Alpha, Boeing Company, 15 April 1994.

266

Specification Number S68329521, Prime Item Development Specification for Habitation Element A (Hab A), Boeing
Company, 29 September 1994.
Specification Number S68329523D, Prime Item Development Specification for United States Laboratory, International
Space Station Configuration Item Number, 683400A, Boeing Company, 28 March 1995.
SSP 41000B, System Specification for the International Space Station Alpha, Boeing Defense and Space Group,
1 November 1994.
SSP 5001101, Concept of Operation and Utilization, Volume 1: Principles, Rev. B, 19 October 1994.
SSP 50104, Portable Breathing Apparatus Standard Interface Control Document, 1 May 1995.
SSHDBK0001, Vol. 2, Draft 8.
Thompson, C.E., Maintainability Program Source Data, Trace Contaminant Control Subassembly, Lockheed Missiles
and Space Company, Space Systems Division, LMSC/F369707, Revision E, Volume 2, 4 August 1992.
U.S. Lab Architecture Control Document, Volume 7: Temperature and Humidity Control, Revision New,
D6831471917, Boeing, 20 December 1996
U.S. Lab Architecture Control Document, Volume 8: Fire Detection and Suppression, Revision New, D6831471918,
Boeing, 13 December 1996.
CHAPTER III: THE EUROPEAN, JAPANESE, AND ITALIAN SEGMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Balocco, P., APM ECLSS Presentation, ECLSS Technical Interchange Meeting, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 24
28 July 1995.
Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) and Experiment Logistics Module (ELM) ECLSS Technical Briefing, Arthur Y. Hsu,
Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, 23 February 1995.
MLMRPAI0084, MPLM ECLS S/S Design Report, Alenia Spazio S.P.A., 8 February 1995.
MLMRPAI0084, MPLM ECLS S/S Design Report, Issue 03, 8 February 1995.
MLMSSAI0026, MPLM ECLS S/S Specification, Issue 03, 8 February 1995.
SSP 30255, Baseline Configuration Document, Volume 2: Flight Element Configurations, Part 6: ESA Columbus Attached
Pressurized Module, EuroColumbus, European Space Agency, 1993.
SSP 41160, Segment Specification for the European Space Agency Attached Pressurized Module, 22 March 1994.
SSP 41164, Italian Mini-Pressurized Logistics Segment, 19 March 1994.
SSP 41165, Segment Specification for the Japanese Experiment Module, 9 March 1994.

267

Form Approved
OMB No. 0704-0188

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,
gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this
collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operation and Reports, 1215 Jefferson
Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank)

2. REPORT DATE

January 1998

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Living Together in Space: The Design and Operation of the Life

Support Systems on the International Space Station, VOL1
6. AUTHORS

P. O. Wieland
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAMES(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812

M763
M850

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 205460001

NASA/TM1998206956/VOL1

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Prepared by Structures and Dynamics Laboratory, Science and Engineering Directorate

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Subject Category 54
UnclassifiedUnlimited
Standard Distribution
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The International Space Station (ISS) incorporates elements designed and developed by an
international consortium led by the United States (U.S.), and by Russia. For this cooperative effort to
succeed, it is crucial that the designs and methods of design of the other partners are understood sufficiently
to ensure compatibility. Environmental Control and Life Support (ECLS) is one system in which functions
are performed independently on the Russian Segment (RS) and on the U.S./international segments. This
document describes, in two volumes, the design and operation of the ECLS Systems (ECLSS) on board the
ISS. Volume I is divided into three chapters. Chapter I is a general overview of the ISS, describing the
configuration, general requirements, and distribution of systems as related to the ECLSS, and includes
discussion of the design philosophies of the partners and methods of verification of equipment. Chapter II
describes the U.S. ECLSS and technologies in greater detail. Chapter III describes the ECLSS in the
European Attached Pressurized Module (APM), Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), and Italian MiniPressurized Logistics Module (MPLM). Volume II describes the Russian ECLSS and technologies in greater
detail. These documents present thorough, yet concise, descriptions of the ISS ECLSS.
15. NUMBER OF PAGES

14. SUBJECT TERMS

International Space Station, Environmental Control and Life Support System,

life support system
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT

Unclassified
268
NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

TBD
302
16. PRICE CODE

A03
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