Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51

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Engineering Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct

Investigation on Vierendeel mechanism failure of castellated steel beams

with fillet corner web openings
Peijun Wang ⇑, Qijie Ma, Xudong Wang
Civil engineering department, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 200056, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Vierendeel failure of castellated steel beams (CSBs) with fillet corner web openings is investigated by the
Received 18 April 2013 Finite Element Method. Compared to beams with circular openings, CSBs with the proposed fillet corner
Revised 4 May 2014 web openings need only one cut along the web centerline. Therefore the fabrication cost can be reduced.
Accepted 8 May 2014
Effects of opening dimensions and opening shapes on the Vierendeel failure of web-perforated members
are investigated in this paper. Numerical results indicate that CSBs with the proposed fillet corner web
openings enjoy a higher load bearing capacity than those with traditional rectangular or hexagonal
Keywords:
openings on condition that they have the same opening height. The M–V interaction method for
Vierendeel mechanism failure
Fillet corner web opening
predicting the load bearing capacity of CSBs with fillet corner web openings is proposed. Predictions
Castellated steel beam obtained from the proposed M–V interaction equation agree well with numerical results.
Practical design method Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction CSBs are susceptible to several failure modes [9–17] including

flexural failure, lateral-torsional buckling, vertical shear failure,
Castellated steel beams (CSBs) with hexagonal or rectangular Vierendeel mechanism failure, web-post bucking, local web buck-
web openings, initially known as the Body Beam, were first intro- ling, and welded joint rupture, et al. Different failure modes may
duced into construction engineering in 1910 [1], and then beams happen independently or interact with each other as reported by
with circular web openings, referred to as cellular beams, were Ellobody [18,19].
invented. The cellular beams have become the first choice for In this paper, a new fillet corner web opening shape for CSBs is
long-span constructions due to its significant contribution to the presented and the Vierendeel failure of CSBs with the proposed
reduction of construction weight without reducing structural fillet corner web openings was investigated by the Finite Element
strength or serviceability requirements according to [2]. In addi- Method. The transfer of vertical shear force across the web opening
tion the web openings can allow service pipes to pass through can cause local bending moment, named as the Vierendeel bending
and thus the floor height is reduced. Recently some new opening moment which is the root cause of Vierendeel failure. The Vieren-
shapes have been developed for CSBs. ArcelorMittal presented deel failure is defined as the continuous formation of plastic hinges
CSBs with sinusoidal web openings, named as the Angelina beam at the ends of four T-sections above and below the opening under
[3]. Durif and Bouchaïr [4,5] carried out experimental studies on the combination of Vierendeel bending moment, local axial force
CSBs with such openings. Tsavdaridis and D’Mello [6,7] investi- and local shear force. Chung and Liu [20–22] investigated the Vier-
gated behaviors of CSBs with novel elliptically-based web open- endeel failure of cellular beams and proposed an M–V interaction
ings. Zainal Abidin and Izzuddin [8] proposed a new numerical curve for practical design of cellular beams.
method based on the combination of Element Free Galerkin In this paper a finite element model (FEM) using ABAQUS [23] is
method and the Rotational Spring Analogy for the local buckling developed for analyzing the load bearing capacity of CSBs. The FEM
analysis of beams with regular or irregular web holes of different is verified against experimental results. The validated FEM is used
shapes and arrangement. to examine effects of the fillet corner web opening dimensions on
the load bearing capacity of CSBs. Different opening shapes are also
compared with each other. A practical design method based on the
M–V interaction formula is proposed for predicating load bearing
⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +86 531 88392843. capacity of CSBs with the proposed fillet corner web openings
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Wang). concerning the Vierendeel failure.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.05.008
0141-0296/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51 45

Nomenclature

a length of the line connecting the two quarter circles in r fillet radius of the fillet corner opening (see Fig. 3)
the fillet corner opening (see Fig. 3) tw thickness of the web
Aw solid web area of castellated steel beams tf thickness of the flange
c length of the fillet corner opening (see Fig. 3) V applied external vertical shear force at the loading end
d height of the T-section of the fillet corner opening (see (see Fig. 3)
Fig. 3) Vo.Sd global vertical shear force acting at the centerline of the
fy yield strength of the steel web opening
fv shear strength of the steel taken as 0.577fy Vo.Rd vertical shear resistance of the perforated section
h height of the fillet corner opening (see Fig. 3) V coupled coupled vertical shear capacity of the perforated section
o:Rd
h0 height of the finished member (see Fig. 3)
Wp plastic modulus of the solid section of the finished
l length of the unit member (see Fig. 3)
member
M applied external bending moment at the loading end
(see Fig. 3)
cM partial safety factor taken as 1.0
f expansion ratio that is defined as the finished section
Mo.Sd global bending moment acting at the centerline of the
height of the CSBs to the original section height
web opening
Mo.Rd bending moment capacity of the perforated section
g reduction factor for the vertical shear force capacity
considering the effects of the Vierendeel failure
p1, p2, p3 parameters for the calculation of the reduction factor g

2. Castellated steel beams with fillet corner web openings The mesh type used for the sinusoidal web opening is displayed
in Fig. 5. The original H-section used to fabricate studied CSBs is
The fillet corner web opening shape is derived from the hexag- 300  300  12  8 mm, as shown in Fig. 2.
onal opening shape attempting to promote the stress redistribu- The multi-point constraint (MPC) is applied to both ends of the
tion by filleting internal corners of the hexagonal opening, as unit member. The external load and boundary restraints are
shown in Fig. 1. However, it should be noted that he web post applied to the control points of the MPCs. The unit member is mod-
may get cracks due to cyclic and fatigue loading along the welding eled as a cantilever beam with one end fully fixed and the free end
line due to the shape of the fillet. loaded by the vertical shear force V in the first step and a rotational
Compared with CSBs with traditional hexagonal or rectangular displacement in the second step (see Fig. 3). For the fixed end all
web openings, cellular beams have higher load bearing capacity. the six DOFs of the MPC control point are restrained. Through
Cellular beams, however, need two cuts along the web centerline, FEM analysis the rotational displacement-reaction moment curve
which leads to an increase in the fabrication cost and waste of steel of the unit member under a given vertical shear force can be
[6] (see Fig. 2). obtained. The peak value of the rotational displacement-reaction
moment curve is defined as the bending moment capacity of the
3. Finite element model and validation unit member at the given vertical shear force. By changing the
applied vertical shear force, the M–V interaction curve of the unit
3.1. Finite element model member is obtained.

For studying the Vierendeel failure of CSBs under different com- 3.2. Validation and mesh convergence study
binations of global bending moment and vertical shear force acting
at the centerline of the web opening, a unit member containing The FEM developed above was verified against test results on
only one web opening is taken from the whole CSB which is loaded CSBs with sinusoidal web openings carried out by Durif et al. [4].
by a concentrated load at mid-span, as shown in Fig. 3. In the finite The measured initial geometric imperfection of the member was
element model the material is modeled as perfectly elastic-plastic included, and the geometric symmetry was taken advantage of. A
with the yield strength of 235 MPa and elastic modulus of total of four element size, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm, were
2.05  105 MPa. The flanges and web are meshed using the linear evaluated. The mesh type is demonstrated in Fig. 5. The load-dis-
4-node shell element S4R with the reduced integration algorithm. placement curves (see Fig. 6) obtained from FEM simulations agree
Mesh types used for different web openings are shown in Fig. 4. very well with the test results, by which the validity of the FEM can
be proved. Additionally Fig. 6 indicates that the element size has
very little influences on simulation results. The element size of
5  5 mm was adopted for numerical simulations in following
sections.

4. Parametric study

4.1. Effects of fillet radius

Dimensions of unit members for studying effects of the fillet

radius r on behaviors of the perforated section are summarized
in Table 1. Totally six fillet radii from 50 mm to 75 mm were
studied.
The M–V interaction curves of members with different fillet
Fig. 1. Development of the fillet corner web opening shape. radii are plotted in Fig. 7. The vertical axis represents the vertical
46 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51

Fig. 2. Fabrication process of beams with different web openings: (a) beams with circular web openings; (b) beams with fillet corner web openings.

MPC Constraint

Fig. 3. Dimensions, loading and boundary conditions of the unit member: (a) the whole beam; (b) the first loading step; (c) the second loading step; (d) the MPCs.

shear utilization ratio that is defined as the ratio of the applied l

Mo:Sd ¼ M þ V  ð3Þ
vertical shear Vo.Sd to the vertical shear capacity of the perforated 2
section Vo.Rd. The vertical shear capacity Vo.Rd of the perforated
2
section is calculated following the suggestion of Chung and Liu Mo:Rd ¼ fy  ðW p  h t w =4Þ ð4Þ
[22]. The horizontal axis represents the moment utilization ratio
that represents the ratio of the global bending moment Mo.Sd act- where Vo.Sd and Mo.Sd are the vertical shear force and the bending
ing at the centerline of the opening to the moment capacity of the moment acting at the centerline of the opening, respectively. Vo.Rd
perforated section Mo.Rd. The above four parameters can be calcu- and Mo.Rd are the vertical shear capacity and bending moment
lated as capacity of the perforated section, respectively. V and M are the
applied external vertical shear force and bending moment, as
V o:Sd ¼ V ð1Þ shown in Fig. 3. l is the length of the unit member. Wp is the plastic
modulus at the solid section of the castellated beam. tw and tf are
V o:Rd ¼ fv  ðAw þ 1:5  t 2f  t w  hÞ thicknesses of the web and the flange respectively. h is the height
of the web opening. fy is the yield strength of the steel. fv is the shear
¼ 0:577  fy  ðAw þ 1:5  t2f  tw  hÞ=cM ð2Þ
strength of the steel taken as 0.577fy. Aw is the web area of the solid
From the moment equilibrium of the unit member, as shown in section of the castellated beams. cM is the partial safety factor.
Fig. 3, the bending moment at the centerline of the opening can be The fillet radius has no influence on the bending moment capac-
formulated as ity of the perforated section under the pure bending condition, as
 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51 47

Fig. 4. Mesh types used for different web openings.

Fig. 5. Mesh type used for the sinusoidal web opening.

700 Table 1
Tests Unit members with different fillet radii (in mm).
Specimen-AS018 ABAQUS:
600
Mesh Size-5mm No. h0 l h c d a r r/0.5 h
Mesh Size-10mm
500 1 450 600 300 300 75 50 50 0.333
Mesh Size-15mm
2 450 600 300 300 75 40 55 0.367
Mesh Size-20mm
Load (kN)

400 3 450 600 300 300 75 30 60 0.400

Specimen-AS016
4 450 600 300 300 75 20 65 0.433
5 450 600 300 300 75 10 70 0.467
300
6 450 600 300 300 75 0 75 0.500

200

100 higher load bearing capacity. Under the pure vertical shear condi-
tion, the vertical shear capacity of the member with a fillet radius
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 of 75 mm is increased by 15% compared with that with a fillet
Mid-span Vertical Displacement (mm) radius of 50 mm, as shown in Fig. 7. So it can be concluded that
the fillet radius equaling to a quarter of the opening height is the
Fig. 6. Comparison of results from FE simulations and tests. most effective choice for the new opening shape.

4.2. Effects of expansion ratio

shown in Fig. 7. This result is in accordance with Eq. (4). As to the
vertical shear capacity of the perforated section, with the increase The expansion ratio f is defined as the ratio of the section height
in the fillet radius, there is an increase in the vertical shear capac- of the castellated beam to that of the original steel beam. Four unit
ity. The reason lies in that the larger fillet radius can facilitate the members, as listed in Table 2, were studied to evaluate influence of
stress redistributions around the opening corners and thus lead to the expansion ratio concerning the Vierendeel failure.
48 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51

0.8 r = 50mm Table 3

r = 55mm Unit members with different opening lengths (in mm).
0.7 r = 60mm No. h0 l h c d a r c/h
r = 65mm
0.6 r = 70mm 1 450 300 300 150 75 0 75 0.5
r = 75mm 2 450 600 300 300 75 0 75 1.0
0.5
Vo.Sd / Vo.Rd

3 450 900 300 450 75 0 75 1.5

4 450 1200 300 600 75 0 75 2.0
0.4

0.3

0.2 1.1
c = 0.75h
1.0 c = 1.0h
0.1 c = 1.5h
0.9
c = 2.0h
0.0 0.8
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
0.7

Vo.Sd / Vo.Rd
Mo.Sd / Mo.Rd
0.6

Fig. 7. M–V interaction curves of unit members with different fillet radii. 0.5
0.4
0.3
Table 2
Unit members with different expansion ratios (in mm). 0.2
0.1
No. h0 l h c d a r f = h0 /300
0.0
1 420 600 240 300 90 0 60 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
2 450 600 300 300 75 30 60 1.5
3 480 600 360 300 60 60 60 1.6 Mo.Sd / Mo.Rd
4 510 600 420 300 45 90 60 1.7
Fig. 9. M–V interaction curves of unit members with different opening lengths.

ζ = 1.4
0.7
ζ = 1.5 force transfer across the web opening. Four opening lengths were
ζ = 1.6 investigated, as listed in Table 3.
0.6 ζ = 1.7
Under the pure bending, the opening length does not affect the
0.5 bending moment resistance of the perforated section, as shown in
Vo.Sd / Vo.Rd

Fig. 9. The vertical shear capacity of the perforated section will

0.4 decrease significantly with the increase in the opening length
due to the increase of the local Vierendeel bending moment.
0.3

0.2
4.4. Comparison of different opening shapes
0.1
The M–V interaction curves of unit members with five different
0.0 opening shapes were investigated. The studied opening shapes
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
include the newly-developed fillet corner opening, the circular
Mo.Sd / Mo.Rd opening, the hexagonal opening, the rectangular opening and the
sinusoidal opening, as shown in Fig. 10. CSBs investigated have
Fig. 8. M–V interaction curves of unit members with different expansion ratios.
the same expansion ratio of 1.5. The ratio of opening length to
opening height of the studied perforated section is 1.0 except for
the sinusoidal opening. The length of the sinusoidal opening with
As shown in Fig. 8, the M–V interaction curves differ greatly the same expansion ratio is relatively longer due to its fixed open-
with different expansion ratio. Under the same bending moment ing configuration [3]. M–V interaction curves of studied unit mem-
utilization ratio, the shear utilization ratio of the perforated section bers are presented in Fig. 11.
will decrease with the increase in the expansion ratio. The larger The unit member with the circular opening enjoys the highest
expansion ratio means a larger bending moment capacity of the load bearing capacity. The load bearing capacity of the unit mem-
finished section. For CSBs with higher expansion ratios, however, ber with the proposed fillet corner opening is higher than those
there is only a small solid portion of web left above and below with the traditional polygonal openings. And the load bearing
the opening for the resistance of the vertical shear force. Further- capacity of the perforated section with the sinusoidal web opening
more with the increase in the expansion ratio the bending moment is the lowest due to its relatively long opening length at the same
capacities of the top and bottom T-sections decrease, which may opening height. Although load bearing capacity of the unit member
lead to the Vierendeel failure. Both of the two reasons contribute with the proposed fillet corner web opening is only a little higher
to the loss of vertical shear capacity with the increase in the expan- than that with hexagonal web opening, the length of the hexagonal
sion ratio. web opening is fixed and that of the fillet corner opening is much
more flexible.
4.3. Effects of opening length Fig. 12 presents the Von Misses stress distributions of the five
unit members at failure (the peak point of the rotational displace-
CSBs with a longer opening length can result in higher local ment-reaction moment curve). The circular opening can smooth
Vierendeel bending moment, which is caused by the vertical shear the stress redistributions to the greatest extent. Compared with
 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51 49

Fig. 10. Different web opening shapes (in mm).

1.20 at the centerline of the perforated section that causes the failure of
New shape the T-sections under local shear and Vierendeel bending moment
1.05 Circle
Hexagon
is called the coupled shear capacity [22]. It can be presented as
0.90 Rectangle Eq. (5a):
Angelina
0.75 V coupled ¼ gV o:Rd ð5aÞ
Vo.Sd / Vo.Rd

o:Rd

0.60 where V coupled

is the coupled vertical shear capacity of the perforated
o:Rd
section which is obtained by FEM simulation. Vo,Rd is the vertical
0.45 shear capacity obtained by Eq. (3). g is the reduction factor which
0.30 can be obtained by rewriting Eq. (5a) as:

0.15 g ¼ V coupled
o:Rd =V o:Rd ð5bÞ

0.00 A total of 96 unit members with the fillet corner opening were
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 simulated. Effects of the expansion ratio f and the opening length
Mo.Sd / Mo.Rd to section height ratio (c/h) on the reduction factor g are presented
in Fig. 13. With the increase in c/h, g decrease significantly, which
Fig. 11. M–V interaction curves of unit members with different opening shapes. indicates that the effect of the Vierendeel bending moment greatly
affects the shear capacity of the perforated section.
unit members with hexagonal, rectangular and sinusoidal opening Through curve fitting, the reduction factor g can be expressed as
shape, the unit member with the fillet corner web opening per- a function of the expansion ratio and the ratio of opening length to
forms much better in terms of promoting the stress redistributions. opening height as
 
c
5. Practical design method g ¼ p1  exp  þ p3 ð0:75  c=h  3:05Þ ð6Þ
p2  h

Two practical design approaches are available for predicating where p1, p2, p3 are parameters dependent on the expansion ratio.
the Vierendeel failure of CSBs: (1) the T-section approach and (2) Values of the three parameters are listed in Table 4. Fig. 13 shows
the M–V interaction approach. that the reduction factors obtained from Eqs. (5b) and (6) agree well
In the T-section approach, the perforated section is assumed to with each other.
be made up of two T-sections and the global forces are re-pre-
sented as the local axial force, local vertical shear force and local 5.2. Modification and verification of the M–V interaction equation
bending moment. The load bearing capacity of the perforated sec-
tion depends on the load bearing capacity of the separate T-sec- Chung and Liu [20] presented a M–V interaction curve for calcu-
tions under the combination of these local forces. Iterations are lating the load bearing capacity of cellular beams as
needed to find the critical inclined T-section, which could be quite  2:5  2:5
time-consuming. V o:Sd Mo:Sd
þ 1 ð7Þ
The M–V interaction approach for predicating the resistance of V o:Rd M o:Rd
the perforated section is quite straightforward and preferred by Substitute Vo.Rd in Eq. (7) with V coupled obtained from Eq. (5b)
o:Rd
structural engineers. Chung and Liu [20] presented a M–V interac- and Eq. (5a), the proposed M–V interaction formula for CSBs whit
tion equation for calculating the load bearing capacity of beams fillet corner web openings can be expressed as
with circular web openings, based on which a new M–V interaction
!2:5  2:5
equation will be presented for beams with fillet corner web open- V o:Sd M o:Sd
ings in the following section. þ 1 ð8Þ
V coupled
o:Rd
M o:Rd

5.1. Coupled vertical shear capacity To verify Eq. (8) a total of 176 unit members were simulated.
Fig. 14 presents the comparison of M–V interaction curves obtained
Parametric studies above show that the expansion ratio, the from Eq. (8) and those from the numerical simulation. For mem-
opening length and the web opening shape have great influence bers with the expansion ratio of 1.5 and 1.6 which are mostly
on the vertical shear capacity of the perforated section. Even when adopted in practical engineering, the predictions of Eq. (8) agree
the perforated section is loaded by pure shear at the centerline of very well with FEM results. For members with the expansion ratio
the perforated section, the top and bottom T-sections are loaded of 1.4, Eq. (8) provides about 8% of conservative predictions on the
by the combination of local shear force and the Vierendeel bending load bearing capacity of the perforated section. And for the extre-
moment. Under the pure shear state, the vertical shear force acting mely high expansion ratio of 1.7, Eq. (8) will overestimate about
50 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51

Fig. 12. Stress distributions of unit members with web openings of different shapes at failure: (a) fillet corner opening, (b) circular opening, (c) hexagonal opening, (d)
rectangular opening, (e) sinusoidal opening.

1.1 Table 4
FE Method: Values of the three parameters in Eq. (6).
1.0 ζ = 1.4
f = 1.4 f = 1.5 f = 1.6 f = 1.7
0.9 ζ = 1.5
ζ = 1.6 p1 2.004 2.043 2.045 1.762
0.8 ζ = 1.7 p2 0.806 0.727 0.675 0.739
0.7 Eq.(6): p3 0.226 0.185 0.145 0.101
ζ = 1.4
0.6
η

ζ = 1.5
0.5 ζ = 1.6
ζ = 1.7 6. Conclusions
0.4
0.3 The load bearing capacity of CSBs is affected by the geometric
0.2 dimensions and shapes of the web openings. A newly-developed
fillet corner opening is presented and behaviors of members with
0.1
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 the proposed fillet corner web opening are investigated using the
c/h Finite Element Method. The following conclusions can be drawn:

Fig. 13. Comparison of reduction factors obtained from Eqs. (5b) and (6). (1) The fillet radius can promote the stress redistributions
around the web opening, which can increase the load bear-
ing capacity of the web-perforated members. The fillet
13% of the load bearing capacity of the member. CSBs with such a radius which equals to a quarter of the opening height is
high expansion ratio of 1.7 are seldom used in engineering prac- the best choice for the proposed fillet corner web opening
tice. Therefore it can be concluded regarding the Vierendeel failure shape.
the proposed formula Eq. (8) are suitable for the practical design of (2) The global bending moment capacity of the perforated
CSBs with the fillet corner web openings and has a good degree of member increases as the expansion ratio increases. How-
accuracy. ever, the vertical shear resistance decreases significantly
 P. Wang et al. / Engineering Structures 74 (2014) 44–51 51

Fig. 14. Verification of the proposed M–V interaction equation Eq. (8): (a) f = 1.4, (b) f = 1.5, (c) f = 1.6 and (d) f = 1.7.

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