NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
(1864 - 1896)
Characteristics:
The surge of national consciousness among Filipinos eventually influenced them to write significant literature of
protest.
Literary Forms:
A. Political Essays
B. Political Novels
1. Propaganda Literature
- the result of the Filipino’s protest against the Spanish rule
- for more than 300 years of silence, they finally they realized how they were ill-treated by the Spaniards.
Propaganda Movement
- a movement organized by the Filipinos.
Their Objective:
1. To seek reforms and changes in the Spanish Government
2. To make Philippines a colony of Spain
3. To get equality between Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
4. To bring back Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and redress of grievances.
Revolutionary Leaders:
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
3. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
- they are considered as the principal leaders of the revolution.
Other Propagandists:
1. Antonio Luna
2. Mariano Ponce
3. Pedro Paterno
4. Jose Ma. Panganiban
5. And many others
A. POLITICAL ESSAYS
1. Diariong Tagalog
2. La Solidaridad
Diariong Tagalog
- first native daily newspaper established/founded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar on July 1. 1882
- his attacks were directed against the friars from whom he considered to be mainly responsible for the oppression
of the Filipinos.
La Solidaridad
- first issued on February 15, 1889.
- served as the principal organ of the reform movement
- Edited by GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
- La Solidaridad was the name of the all-Filipino organization established by the illustrados of Barcelona on
December 13, 1888.
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAINA - on April 25, 1889, he published the letter entitled
“The Aspirations of the Filipinos” written by the Asosacion Hispano - Filipina de
Madrid (Hispanic Filipinon Association of Madrid).
On December 15, 1889 - Jaena was replaced by Del Pilar
After years of publication from 1889 to 1895, La Solidaridad had begun to run out of funds. It ceased publication on
November 15, 1895, with 7 volumes and 160 issues.
In Del Pilar’s farewell he editorial he said:
“We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by
slavery”.
B. POLITICAL NOVELS
1. Noli Me Tangere
2. El Filibusterismo
Noli Me Tangere
- is a Latin word which means “Touch Me Not” which was mentioned in the Bible in the book of St.John the Baptist.
El Filibusterismo
- was written about four years after Noli;
In it, Rizal reveals a more mature and less hopeful outlook regarding the political and social situation in the
Philippines.
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Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda
- born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861.
Pen name:
Laong Laan
Dimasalang
- died on December 30, 1896
His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonzo. He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST
(University of Santo Tomas) and finished at the Universidad Central of Madrid. He also studied at the University of
Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
His books and writings:
1. Noli Me Tangere
2. El Filibusterismo
3. Mi Ultimo Adios
4. Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos
5. Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años
6. A La Juventud Filipina
7. El Consejo De Les Dioses
8. Junto Al Pasig
9. Me Piden Versos
10. Notas A La Obra Sucesos De Las Filipinas For El Dr. Antonio De Morga.
Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell).
- this was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the
best in the world. It was only after his death when his name was affixed to the poem
Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos (On the Indolence of the Filipinos).
- an essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the reasons for such allegations.
Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años (The Philippines within a Century).
- an essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and the decreasing interest of Europe in the
Philippines. Rizal predicted that if there is any other colonizer of the Philippines in the future, it would be the US.
A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth).
- a poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST.
- an aspiring poem that states that the Filipino youth are capable of great heights. It urges the Filipino youth to reach
their potential by harnessing their skills and talents for the betterment of our countrymen.
El Consejo De Les Dioses (The Council of the Gods).
- an allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes
Junto Al Pasig (Beside the Pasig River).
- written by Rizal when he was 14 years of age.
Me Piden Versos (You asked Me for Verses) 1882 and
A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg).
- two poems manifesting Rizal’s unusual depth of emotion.
Notas A La Obra Sucesos De Las Filipinas For El Dr. Antonio De Morga (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr.
Antonio de Morga). 1889
Graciano Lopez Jaena
- most notable hero and genius of the Philippines
- Born on December 18, 1856
- famous orator and writer won the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans
- escaped Philippines in 1887 to escape from enemies
- established La Solidaridad
- died on January 20, 1896
His works:
1. Ang Fray Notod
2. La Hija Del Fraile
3. Sa Mga Pilipino (1891)
4. Talumpating Pagunita kay Kolumbus
5. En Honor Del Presidente Morayta De La Associacion Hispano Filipino 1884.
6. Pag-Alis sa Buwis sa Pilipinas
7. iInstitucion Ng Pilipinas
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Pen names:
Plaridel
Pudpoh
Piping Dilat
Dolores Manapat
- born on August 30, 1850 at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.
- he established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the Spanish government in the
Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations hurried at him by the priests. To avoid banishment, he was
forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
- he was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different Cathecism and Passion Book wherein they made fun
of the priests. They also made the DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from the word IGAT, a kind of
snake fish.
- suffered from tuberculosis and died on July 4, 1896 at the age of 45
His works:
1. Pagibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
2. Kaiingat Kayo
3. Dasalan at Tocsohan
4. Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios
5. Sagot sa Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas
6. Dupluhan…Dalit…Mga Bugtong
7. La Soberania En Pilipinas
Other Propagandists:
Antonio Luna
Mariano Ponce
Pedro Paterno
Jose Ma. Panganiban
Antonio Luna
- was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and
contributed his writings to La Solidaridad.
Mariano Ponce
- became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda Movement.
- the common themes of his works were the values of education.
- he also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his countrymen.
Pen names: Tikbalang, Kalipulako and Naning
His writings:
1. Mga Alamat ng Bulacan (Legend of Bulacan). - Contains legends, and folklore of his native town.
2. Pagpugot kay Longinos (The Beheading of Longinos) - a play shown at the plaza of Malolos-Bulacan.
3. Sobre Filipinos (About the Filipinos)
4. Ang mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina (The Filipinos in Indo-China).
Pedro Paterno
- was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda Movement.
- he also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipono in order to further the aims of the
Movement.
- he was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colonization.
His writings:
1. Ninay - the firstnsocial novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
2. A Mi Madre (To my Mother) - shows the importance of a mother especially in the home.
3. Sampaguita Y Poesias Varias (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems) - A collection of his poems
Jose Ma. Panganiban
- hid his identity behind his pen name JORMAPA.
- He was also known for having photographic mind.
- he was a member of a number of movements for the country.
Some of his writings:
1. Ang Lupang Tinubuan (My Native Land)
2. Ang Aking Buhay (My Life)
3. Su Plano De Estudio (Your Study Plan)
4. El Pensamiento (The Thinking)
