Human Physiology & Lab 1

7th Lab Report

Blood Typing

Huda Bahrooz Saadi

A22101393

Department of Nursing - The American University of Kurdistan (AUK)

BIOL2404: Human Physiology & Lab

Dr. Fouad Kasim Mohammad

October 27th, 2022

Introduction to Blood Types

Blood types are based on the presence or absence of antigens, which are

chemicals that, if they are unfamiliar to the body, might cause an immune reaction.

Safe transfusion depends on proper blood typing and cross-matching since some

antigens might cause a patient's immune system to fight the transfused blood. The

presence or absence of two antigens, A and B, on the surface of red blood cells

determines the four major blood categories. The eight most prevalent blood types

are A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, and AB-. Moreover, to the A and B antigens, the

Rh factor is a protein that may either be present (+) or absent (-), resulting in the

eight blood types. Blood types must be linked in specific ways for a transfusion to

be safe. The outcome of a blood transfusion can determine one's fate. Use the

interactive image below to learn more about mixing blood types for transfusions.

Additionally, Rh-positive, or Rh-negative blood may be provided to Rh-positive

patients, while Rh-negative blood is administered to Rh-negative people. For

plasma, the rules are the opposite.

Objectives
Human Physiology & Lab 3

In this experiment, we examined how the blood might change when combined with

each anti-A, anti-B, and anti-AB antibody. Additionally, we identified the blood

type from the alteration. One antibody's reaction with the antigen on both red cells

resulted in the formation of antibody cross-linkages, which caused the alteration.

When a person with blood type A receives an injection of B-type blood, antibodies

coupled with their matching antigens work to kill them. A blood clot will develop

when the anti-B antibodies from blood type A meet the antigen B from blood

group B. Due to the harmful compounds released when agglutinated red blood

cells break, that blood clot might result in a person's death.

Materials

 2 Microscope Slides

 Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-D

 Markers

 Lancets

 Lancet Device

 Ethanol

 Cotton Ball

 3 Toothpick
Human Physiology & Lab 4

Procedure

1. A new slide is taken, with one end labeled "Anti-A" and the other "Anti-B,"

and “Anti-D” respectively.

2. On the end of the slide labeled "Anti-A," a drop of Anti-A test serum is

added, and on end labeled "Anti-B," a drop of Anti-B testing serum is added,

and on end labeled “Anti-D” a drop of anti-D testing serum is added.

3. Each edge of the slide receives one drop of the subject's blood, which is then

thoroughly mixed with the help of tiny wooden sticks.

4. Direct reading of the findings is possible from the slide. The person's blood

group is A if the Anti-A test serum causes agglutination. Similarly. If the

Anti-B testing serum agglutinated, the blood group would be B. If both test

serums caused agglutination, the blood group would be AB, and if none

caused it, it would be O. and so on for Anti-D if the blood agglutinated then

it is positive for RH for all four groups.

Results

Blood is categorized as type A, B, AB, or O, depending on the findings of the

blood typing test. Additionally, it is categorized as Rh+ or Rh-. as shown down

below:
Human Physiology & Lab 5

1. Because there were no clots so it is negative for all serums.

2. Here we have clots is Anti-A and Anti-D serum so it was positive for both.
Human Physiology & Lab 7

3. Here we have clots only in Anti-D so it is only positive for that one.

Blood Groups Givers and Receivers

B+ B+, AB+ B+-, O+-

AB+ AB+ All Blood Types

O+ A+, B+, AB+, O+ O+, O-

A- A-+, AB-+ A-, O-

B- B-+, AB-+ B-, O-

AB- AB+- A-, B-, O-, AB-

O- All Blood Types O-

Conclusion

This test takes a few minutes to determine a person's blood type. Similarly, an anti-

Rh serum is added to the blood sample to perform Rh typing. The blood is Rh-

positive if it clumps together in reaction to the anti-Rh serum. The blood is

declared to be Rh-negative if no clumping happens. Because knowing one's blood

group and Rh type will make it easier for medical professionals to give immediate

care in the event of an emergency, a blood grouping test is essential for everyone.

Knowing your blood type is essential if you want to give blood to a loved one

during an emergency.

References

Blood Types and Blood Group Tests | pathkind. (2022, July 6). Blood Types

and Blood Group Tests | Pathkind. Retrieved October 27, 2022, from

https://www.pathkindlabs.com/health/blood-types-and-blood-group-tests

Blood Types Explained - A, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. (n.d.).

Blood Types Explained - a, B, AB and O | Red Cross Blood Services. Retrieved

October 27, 2022, from https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-

types.html
Human Physiology & Lab 9

Investigating blood types. (2015, July 7). Science in School. Retrieved

October 27, 2022, from

https://www.scienceinschool.org/article/2015/investigating-blood-types/

Hegde, S. (2017, November 24). Blood Grouping Test : Principle, Purpose

And Procedure | Health Checkup. Health CheckUp. Retrieved October 27, 2022,

from https://www.healthcheckup.com/general/blood-grouping-test/