I.

1 JOURNAL FORMAT

The journal format is an abridged presentation of the mini-thesis or thesis and

Preliminary Parts
o Article title
he title should be clearly stated and to the point. It has to be catchy, interesting, and relevant. It
should be able to stand alone to convey the importance of the data and communicates the
contents of the study. It should not be more than 20 words, ALL CAPS, and are written in an
inverted pyramid style.
o Author
This provides the name of the author, work affiliation, and email address.
o Abstract
This is a summary of the research which allows the reader to survey the contents of an article
quickly”. It should state the purpose of the research, the main results or findings, and major
conclusions. This must be stated in at most 300 words and in paragraph form to include the
context, purpose, methods, salient findings, and conclusions derived from the results.
o Keywords
This part includes 5 words (discipline of the study, concepts/variables, methods, process, and
geography of the study, country, continent) that capture the essence.

Body of the Research Report

Introduction
This gives an overview of what the research is all about and
situating it in the existing research. This should show why the
research is worth investigating. This is normally done concerning
existing research, identifying areas that have not been explored
needs to be explored further, or where new research findings
justify a reconsideration of established knowledge. Presentation
of the review of related literature, as well as the research
framework, will be integrated into this part. The introduction
provides the background of the study. Begins with a global
perspective with literature to support the argument that the
problem is real and therefore must be studied. It includes the
literature done on the topic for the past five years (possibly). The
literature will be incorporated in the introduction establishing the
need for the study. This part includes the following:
o Conceptual Framework
The framework of the study provides the
organization for the study. It guides the researcher in
the interpretations of the results. The importance of
the theory is dependent on the degree of research-
based evidence and the level of its theory
development. A theoretical framework provides a
broad explanation of relationships that exists
between concepts. A theoretical framework is based
on a theory or theories. When no existing theory fits
the concepts that the researcher wishes to study, the
researcher may construct a conceptual
framework that can be used to describe and begin to
explain the relationships of the concepts. The
framework can be presented in a figure and
explained after.
o Statement of the Problem
This portion should state the problem clearly to include
the main problem or objective as well as the specific sub-
problems which are also written in the form of questions.

o Methodology
This portion describes the overall plan for the
investigation. This includes the following:
• Research Design
This portion describes the research
approach(qualitative/quantitative), type of
research (basic/applied), and the specific research
design used in the study. It further provides
reasons for the choice of the research design and
will it be utilized.
• Participants of the Study/Sources of Data/Subjects
of the Study
This section presents the sources of data whether
these involve human participants, animal subjects,
or documents. The sampling method and the
selection criteria(inclusion/exclusion) for the
participants, subjects, and other data sources are
also discussed. Further, this part also presents the
data to be gathered from the specified sources.
• Instrumentation
This part discusses all the instruments utilized in
the study. The variables being measured by the
instruments are also mentioned along with the
different parts of the instruments. How will this be
answered and how will it measure, along with who
will answer the instruments needs to be mentioned.
In the case of survey questionnaires, the content
 validation and reliability testing of the tools are
discussed. The scoring guide is also presented in
this section.
• Data Collection Procedure
This part outlines (numbered) the steps
undergone by the researcher/s in data
collection. Compliance with ethical standards
regarding data collection is also detailed in the
section.
• Data Analysis
This part discusses the tools used in data
gathering such as statistical tools (for
quantitative data) or data coding tools (for
qualitative data). It also presents other tools
that are used for the interpretation of data such
as rubrics, scales, are scoring guides.
o Results and Discussion
This reports the findings objectively. Modes of
presentation may be in textual, tabular, and
graphical form. The presentation is done by briefly
stating the main results or findings. The salient
findings follow discussions that would contain
interpretations or implications which were supported
by the literature.
o Conclusion and Recommendations
These are general statements that are logically
inferred from the results of the study.
• Conclusion
This part discusses, in general, the implications
of the data from the study. The general
implications should focus on what information
has been learned. If the null hypothesis was
accepted, it is still necessary to analyze and
explain the results. It answers the objectives;
and provides the judgment of the findings.
Thus, the new information provided by the
study should be presented in this section.
• Recommendations
Recommendations to further expand or refine
the existing body of knowledge can also be
mentioned in this part.
o References. This lists the sources cited in the body
of the paper which is written using the APA citation
style.