263 verse Iterpoat2 ply Me) Gn Yon ~ ohn i ve fogmuta inversely to find 10 #0 uns. Aly antec value of ¥ when 9 = f0) = 1% The problem of direct interpolation ist find they f cae given the following table: y= f(a) for a value ofr lying between two tabulated a the argument. Thus the process of determining v for fat een tro tulted Vales of the appeten et Savona Wel ese cetley Ot te be far hm eens TS theliotcorespending sone tw fy sale [0 a Se eieeg een coed ti Send tre aa cose ‘our previous knowledge of Tanke ce a ‘Solution Here we have, nl = trigonomety or call But here he numerical vlna gt tral y ae given and we sre reqlre to find the ved argument when he function bes between oat in this chapter, te shal study the followin methods in solving the problem of inverse nterpaaten (i) Lagrange’s method (8) eration or successive approsimation method (i) Reversion of series method [Now we discuss these methods one by one. ‘s method west met yo =O Wenced to find x when y =19 ence using Lagrange’ interpolation formula, we have -vikv=¥)_, , Y=YoX¥=wa) * (yom mllvo-¥a) Yi =voXvr —¥2) _Wawedlv=w) G-yows—W) ey. ats a CH “HEI Y= OWY=0 interpolation (vide Art.5.2chapter5) where we havetahen oxy? dependent variable and yas the independent vate 0+ MY=20)q) , Y= oy rain diference i that hee we interchange the rok 38 = 350 ie we consider yas the independent variable and 8% | Heneeaty=19, we have dependent variable. However, the format of the lscoaoae remains the same. Thus taking yas independent a Be ae Batsis-28 (202)BANE. Using Lagean Find toto deci, ‘ +x? sx Ne ra a, in, Solution “Lety = jog) orto Putting x +x-100.9 80" ¥ 'Y We get Let x9 =2,x, and Yo =~86, y, Hence usin, Sean wenn 16 the Lagrange’s inverse interpolation em x= Y=WIY~yay-y,) Vv (Yo-WNVo Yayo =ya)7? + WEY y-y5 i Vol wavy ph + WoYoNY—WNy-yp a= VNE WK + RYO YW Ny 9 Ys ~¥oNVs ~¥Nis-y)® £ = V+ Oy + 16)(y ~55) (C86 + 61)(-86+16)(—86 —55) 2) +8609 1649-85 C61 $86)(- 61-16)-81-3) Invert Iteration s (o1181-59._(), {88V001-55) (5 CBN TONE 141) (25)(=45)(-116) (66NEIN=55) 4 | (86)(61)06) a7) aNtTEKD 6) 258550 63936 =20360 )* neiz76 =(02175)2) ~(05799)(3) +(1.2901)4) + (0.0725)5) (04850) ~ (17397) +(5:1604) +(0.3615) =ANT2=422 eration or successive approximation method. 7 ety fla) be the polynomial of nth degree. Then to find teralue of x corresponding to the given value of y, we make {eeofany of the interpolation formula discussed inthe earlier dope. Consider Newton's formula MU=1) 99, mu Iu =2) wou =2KH=3 yay a where w= (=X) /I Snce yi given, one novds to Solve fora real rot of this quition. This equation can be solved by successive Approximation (y+ 86)(y +611y-16) From (), wehave 7755 + 86)(55+ 6155416) a el To find a root of the given equation, we must iw Hence putting y =0 in (1), the required root of the ul given by w(u= 14-2) =3) ay HEED ayy a)ms emishene ¥=¥ =I) By 5 pe ¥=Ye MU) yy uum tyu ft » (ioe) 7 9 To get firs! approximation fora, we neglect Se eretiecel ie ales aid thera ‘hese uau, =4—¥0 Tay The second approximation for uis obtained by for in the RES. of (3). We then have ¥=¥o m4 =D) yy ‘ay —— Avy a ae Halt =D = 2443) 4 ag & neglecting higher diem The third approximation for wis obtained by substitu for win the RS. of (3). We then have is ug EH Mallia =1) Ao _ Malta = 104 =2) By 8 80 21 Ayo. a ag alla Wa = 2003). 9 4 ¥ ‘The process can be continued till two sucesie approximations are equal. AMPLEL, Find to one decimal place, the value of wht y= fls) =136 given the following table: erpotation tn es Scamumety = 40,h =5and y=136 40 ty 7 240 go that x= 40+ 5 peer e +c interpolation formula, we have gti’ interpolation yo +B yeayort ee: since second differences are zer0 2 136-141 +0(-08) -2(08)=141-136=05 Hence x= 40+ 51 = 40 +5(0.625) =40 +3125 = 43.1 (upto one decimal place) LBWLE2. The following values of y = fl) are given x | 0 [5 | 2 a 3 = a a = ‘at 'y | 1754 | 2648 | 3564 y_[oiens[ as | as Find the value of x for which y= f(x) =3000 by saton We mete alin ieee eee ‘Solution ; The difference table is given by2 | 3564 We assume that second difernae ae Now w=¥=¥0._ Mut) sty ome AY ar _y=1754 2 ie Eo For first approximation, we hace Avy, 4 a Putting u=1.39 on the Ri! Hi. approximation. 'S: OF (1), we get he wy My =1.39— 139139-1) 2 2 ‘894 O29 4g (O50) x11 Cy 1392281590007 -tagn ‘The required value of x is Dre osc axes =139- . HEf(O) = 16.33, f(5) = 14.88, f10) = 1359, (15) = 1246, find x when f(x) =14.00 by using succesivf ximation method. Inverse Interpolation SS sot. We make the following difference table Here x9 =5,h=5,u = 2 using Stirling's interpolation formula, we have Avo tA) ut 2 considering only upto second differences since &¥y = 1 2) 2 > woo =r98 +4 E010) = 14.88 —(1.37)u + 0.08u? > (137)u = 0.88 + 0.080? tas" O08 as om 0) Fete eprimaton «282 06008 ‘inthe RHS. of (1) Forsecond approximation we put u snd we get 8 es 20603 + 8} mooi +® (0.s29 Bea Saar one a ace =016428 +5, (04125) = 0.6423 + 00241 = 0.6664 For third approximation, we have4 0682 0.6423 ,_8 0, 8 137 (0-6664)2 Oos2 6123 +S 0 4441) ogame 0.6683. Be fourth approximation, we have 4069234 8 2 7 3 = 0.6423, 8 9 23+ 5 6 17 (6653 137 56) =0.429 9 9, = 0.6684, ; Siice uy = 11g almost, thor therefore we con W = 0.668. neta tha: Hence x =5 5u 5+5%(0.668)~ 5435544 AMPLE. Find the real root of the seition:Tedifere e ‘ icone uaa cei [Ee a a {fret pe oe | MW “1 0.569 we 0.569 6 13 1 +0497 | 0.647 f asl aa a From the table, itis obvious that y=/() Ragu taiwan AZ md 18 Foes oe between 1.2 and 1.3, — 212 othaty 12+ (02) ue 1) 0.006 + 0.006 “e-1g720 + (0.538) + 12 (0.036) + w(u? ~1 (0.001) Tpo7a0 + u(0.533~ 0.001) + 12 (0.036) + 4?(0.001) S00779 +0.532u + 0.03612 + 0.0014? = 0.0720 00361? 0.0011 2 ese toma Ws. 0001 oss2 05m "0532 She fit approximation u; is given by 1 a O72 91353 os For second approximation, we put w= in the RLS. of Hence eget 3 036 901953 - 238 (01383) 0.1953 ~(0.068)(0.0183) -(0.0019)(0.0025) 9291 0 39° '=0:1383 ~0,001244 ~ 0.00000475 = 0.1228, Forthisd approximation, we put v =u, in the RHLS. of (1) Hence we get uy = 0.1388 ~(0,068(0.1228)? ~(0.0019\(0.1228) += 0383 ~ (0,068 (0.0151) ~(0.0019\(0.0018) =0:1353 ~0,0010 ~0.00000342 = 0.1943 (to four plages of decimals) Hence x= 1.2 +(0.)(0.1343)=1.2 + 0.01343 = 1.2134,Analysis SHMPLES. Solve the eau, ae Inverse Interpolation mm tabulating y=x? for x=2,3,4,5 calculate the ee rt o wcorecl ls hee deer me if win Forx=2,3,4,5, the values of y are 8,27, 64, 125 Solution siely Here =1. We form the following difference table Wlogig x ate nearer toe. the be = Ay ay Ty] Hence we take x, =1.39 rig Moy PEE ae A 5 th. | a = 1B Dor *° that x a137,, \ 3 | We make the following diff (0.00, 37 6 ee anittorence table fi a fn ¥ * 61 Fi 235 Obviously the third differences are constant, since y =x? is 135 =2 nrg _apulynomial of third degree. Obviously 10" lies between 2 i213 From Newton's formula, we have 1.36 0.025 Yerye tuys LED aay, 5 MUD?) a, ~o0n2 MU=D py _Mu=1u-2) Taal Sa, [fate rea MAM ay, MED, ~oox LP yaterYo MoD) yy alu Du-2) ay, 1.38 1 0019 | da a lhgy 6 ‘vs Applying Stirling formula, we get bee yoyo ru Atos ab, tT ie 219... Sift alten ea eT . 0 0.003~ 1(0022) = w= 29 3 oss Se a a nag 6 ‘M0 Hence x =1.37 +(0.01)(0.13636) 0105 OAEE15 =) 8 = 1.37 + 0.00136 = 1.37136, ).105)(0.105 ~ 1)(0.105 6 ie rerThe third app: 0.105, 1 = 0.205 ~2141)(0.141 ~1)9 se — ~ 2280/0101 e 2 (0.141)(~o.859)9 a =0.105 eee CA 0859) 5, tyes Soiree tooth tos, eaiearos ~0105 +0574 -00118.-01805 015 The fourth approximation is (uy =1) 18 5 05 _(0451)051 19 ug = 01085. ~ Halts =1)(u5 2) g Ns 32) ® Inverse Interpolation 2s (01532)(0.1532 -1)9 Sib reana92 =, (0.1532)(01532 ~1(0.1532-2) 9 (9:1532)(~ 0.8468)9 =0105-—~"75 _(0.1532)(~0:8468)(- 1.8468) ORS 1168) = 01538. ‘th approximation is Dita ustus-1) 38 _us(us 15-2) 6 fe a 8 6 9 (01538)(0.1538 ~1)9 vp 0105 ~ (0.1538)(0.1538 ~1)(01538 -2) — CES N01538 =1)(0.1538 -2) w (0.1538)(0.8462)9 _(0.1538)(0:8462)(1.8462) SS igounecpaaieasege =0105 + 0.0616 ~ 0.0126 = 0.1540. 9 Heres = =0.154 (correct to 3 places of decimals) —0251N0151-1)005- 9 Fees we take w= 054. 8 Hence x= x9 + hu =2 + 0:54 =2.154, 35 ~ (0151=0.849)9 _(0.151)(~0.849)--198, ie Et ee Shr ae ‘W)ethod ot Reversion of series ie interpolation formulae developed so far express in ‘The fifth approximation is 3 Maly 1) 18 _ ugly (tla =1) 18, uy =o05 - 4s@a=0) 18 : ‘9f 3 power series in x0 that Yo0g 40x sax? #0529 eqs, @ let a2 Ae create thatthe given power series is convergent 0 “canbe expanded as a power series in w; viznSteet et eer et Eh pret ts $04 a, terlcww aces laws Saale ye Now equating the like powers 2 * Nes =a, > 21 “mt “om Omac, +45 2 Omaye, +2103) +ay0,3 x > acy : Similarly, cy = a Note : 1. If we use Gregory-Newton formula sy fourth differences to be constant, then we hare =) Y=Yo +xAyy + a , fy, EDD 4 Thr 2hx-9) Pe ike powers of x, we ge ah This is of the form y=ay +a,x +033? - Equating the coefficients of #0=Yo ayo 2 A8yo 4 aa a ~tyy te 0. Inverse Interpolation os determined ay,2;,03,23,24, we can obtain Td, which further give the vale Of x fom (2). Dar hes pte vales of Sp using Sirig ace goats formulae 1 2 If we use Stirling's formula, assuming fourth pcs as constant then we have ‘Avo + 4-1), 3? yonts( 205). ay, xG2 b{svassvs) 3 Bey Sy. = wisest. 5 a +a[ fv _s4va Dow ex [ Ava taty.s | sty 2 2 This ofthe form y=ay +2, +2332 +ayx9 +ayx* Comparing (5) and (6), we get ay zy. = A¥o tan Oya +A8y.y ooo = a 6. 6) i y= Hta My 4, Mayes | anh % Having determined ao..,43-4) we can easily obtain ‘66,4 and hence x can be evaluated.By usin Y using the reversion Imre Intezlaton a TOOL Of the equation Of Ser Solution - Ler - ee Let y= fixy x? ~6, ren f(3) = 3? 6,5 n i and f(4)=4> _¢ aa Siem Hence the rot of theequanet SoH ke the follow, wes 8 differen a because when y =0,4¢=2 ¢ a 0952 -3(0.00906) + 040952 - 0.0039 + 0.004276 991576 =0.02 (approx) Assuming the origin at y x3 7 Ae-2,-1,0,1 the other vats op Now, using relat 19 = Yo =~2, 8 (7), we get LIE yada 12 2 find x by sing Lagrange’ inverse interpolation formula = WoO As tvs 30418 gg Ea Bnd he value of xo which & 18600, given 2 ry Fala 2] |] 8 | % here we take three differences as conte; y | 92 | aes | TSI | Tee | ras eects 1 Grn f= 180 70 a6 fo) 125 a Fs aerate ee aap yt as ay,» does not exit 4A. Find x when y, 1s 0.163 given, a Poe ee ioe y | ons | 0158 | 0176 | 0200 | onee el 280 Numerical Analysis, 5. The following table gives the values oj equidistant values of x. If y =3000, ond cera, Reversion of series method. by Sing ¥ 10 15 - v 1754 2648 Se 6. Find x corresponding to y =100, given ney 3 5 7 9 a ¥ 6 24 58 [108 [x 7. Find x corresponding to y =85, given z a a 8 «] y 94.8 879 313 | an] 8. Find to two places of decimals, the smallest positives of the equation x3 -5x+3=0 by making a differens table when x =0,1,2and 3. 9. The equation x3-15x+4=0 has a root close to 03 Obtain the root upto 3 decimal places, using invese interpolation with Bessels’s interpolation formula. 10. Find the root of the equation x° — 9x ~ 14 = 0 which ls between 3 and 4. 11. The equation f(x) =x3 +x? —7x +1=(hasa root which approximately 2. Find it. ANSWERS: 1.1.86 2.537647 3.4570 4.828 5.16935 68.656 7.65928 8.066 9.0268 10.3591410 112.1028 00 ae ae