2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3

WORKSHEET 1
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
CONCEPT OF WEATHERING & IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON WEATHERING
1. Choose the correct answer from the options given in brackets for
each of the following sentences. Write only the letter corresponding to
the correct answer in the provided box.
1.1 The process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces is called
… (1x 2) (2)
A. weathering
B. freeze thaw
C. erosion
D. hydrolysis
1.2 A chemical process whereby iron minerals in rocks react with
dissolved oxygen to produce a red or yellow colour, called rusting, (1x2) (2)
is called…
A. hydrolysis
B. exfoliation
C. oxidation
D. carbonation
1.3 A process whereby hard rock expands during hot days and
contracts during cold nights to eventually split in layers (like a
onion) causing rounded shaped rocks, is called … (1x2) (2)
A. Blocking
B. carbonation
C. exfoliation
D. oxidation
1.4 Water has the power to split rocks because when it freezes, it: (1x2) (2)
A. Contracts
B. Evaporates
C. Expands
D. Remain the same
 1.5 The following is not an example of chemical weathering: (1x2) (2)
A. oxidation
B. solution
C. carbonation
D. frost shattering
2. Name three types of weathering (3x1) (3)
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

3. Define each of the types of weathering you have named in question

number 2 above. (3x2) (6)
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

4. Describe two ways how biological weathering takes place. (2x2) (4)
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

5 Explain three ways in which humans have an impact on weathering (3x2) (6

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
[29]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 1
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
CONCEPT OF WEATHERING & IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON WEATHERING
MARKING GUIDELINES
1. 1.1 A (1x2) (2)
1.2 C (1x2) (2)
1.3 C (1x2) (2)
1.4 C (1x2) (2)
1.5 D (1x2) (2)
2 Physical/mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering (3x1) (3)
3 Physical weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical forces
such as expansion and contraction.  (2x2) (6)
Chemical weathering is the process by which rocks are
decomposed, dissolved or loosened by chemical processes. 
Biological weathering is weathering that results from the actions of
living things. 
4 Tree roots growing into rock cracks and joints
Burrowing of animals (2x2) (4)
Lichen growing on rocks give off chemicals which break the rock
(ANY TWO)
2.5
Humans increase rates of weathering by increasing pollution in the
atmosphere through industry, power stations and vehicle emissions.

The increase in gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide and
nitrogen oxide lead to formation of acid which increases chemical
weathering. 
Mining and quarrying expose the rock to chemical weathering.  (3x2) (6)
(ANY OTHER RELEVENT ANSWER)
[29]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 2A
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
CONCEPT OF WEATHERING & FEATURES OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION ALONG
A RIVER COURSE
1. Match the term in COLUMN A with the correct description in Column
B. Write only letter corresponding to the correct answer in the
provided space.
COLUMN A Answers COLUMN B
1.1 Physical weathering A. Break-up of rock by the action of
plants and animals
1.2 Chemical weathering B. Pointed rock particles deposited
on the foot of the slope
1.3 Biological weathering C. Chemical change and
breakdown of rock material in
the presence of water
1.4 Scree D. Ice expands. When it melts, it
contracts
1.5 Freeze thaw E. Rocks are broken down into
smaller pieces through
expansion and contraction

(5x1) (5)
2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions set.

Source: https://mammothmemory.net/geography/geography-vocabulary/glacial-
landscapes/freeze-thaw-weathering.html
2.1 Identify the process in physical weathering that is taking place in the
above diagram. (1x1) (1)
_____________________________________________________
2.2 Is expansion or contraction taking place at point A? (1x1) (1)
 _____________________________________________________

2.3 In a paragraph of no more than eight lines, discuss how the process
in 2.1 occurs. (4x2) (8)
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

2.4 Identify the type of physical weathering represented by the

photograph below: (1x1) (1)
_____________________________________________________

Source: http://www.geosciences.unl.edu/~phanson/pictures2.html

[16]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 2A
CONCEPT OF WEATHERING & FEATURES OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION ALONG
A RIVER COURSE
MARKING GUIDELINES
1. 1.1 E
1.2 C
1.3 A
1.4 B
1.5 D (5 1) (5)
2.
2.1 Freeze thaw/ frost shattering (1x1) (1)
2.2 Expansion  (1x1) (1)
2.3
MAIN POINTS
Water fills the cracks and joints of the rock
At night, when the temperature drops below 0°C, the water becomes
frozen and expands the rock.
During the day, as the temperature increases, the water melts,
causing the rock to contract.
When this happens repeatedly, the rock will weaken and eventually
shatter into pointed fragments
RUBRIC
Level 1  Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. MARKS: 0-1
shows little or no understanding. Uses evidence
partially to report on topics or cannot report on
topic.
Level 2  Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great MARKS: 2-3
extent to the topic. Uses evidence in a very basic
manner.
Level 3  Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a MARKS: 6-8
thorough understanding.
 Uses evidence very effectively in an organised
paragraph that shows an understanding of the
topic.
(8)
2.4 Exfoliation (1x1) (1)
2.5
Humans increase rates of weathering by increasing pollution in the
atmosphere through industry, power stations and vehicle emissions.

The increase in gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide and
nitrogen oxide lead to formation of acid which increases chemical
weathering. 
Mining and quarrying expose the rock to chemical weathering.  (3x2) (6)
(ANY OTHER RELEVENT ANSWER)

[22]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 3A
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHERING, EROSION AND DEPOSITION & FEATURES
OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION ALONG A RIVER COURSE
1 Explain the difference between weathering, erosion and deposition. (3x2) (6)
Weathering:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Erosion:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Deposition:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

2 Name the THREE sections that a river’s course can be divided into. (3x 1) (3)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3 In which part of a river are waterfalls found? (1x1) (1)
______________________________________________________

4 Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

A
B
Source: https://alchetron.com/cdn/oxbow-lake-829c8d96-7726-46d2-9e73-
8b227488ace-resize-750.jpeg

4.1 Which course of the river is depicted in the above diagram? (1x1) (1)
______________________________________________________

4.2 What is the term given to describe the curve shape in the river
course? (1x2) (2)
______________________________________________________

4.3 The feature marked A in the diagram above is called an oxbow

lake. Explain how an oxbow lake is formed. (4x2) (8)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4.4 Name any two features of erosion and deposition (except the
oxbow lake) along the river course (2x1) (2)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

[23]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 3A
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEATHERING, EROSION AND DEPOSITION & FEATURES
OF EROSION AND DEPOSITION ALONG A RIVER COURSE
MARKING GUIDELINES

1 Weathering is the process in which rocks are broken down into

smaller pieces. 
Erosion is the removal of rock and soil particles from one place to
another. 
Deposition is the laying down of solid material in the form of
sediment.  (3x2) (6)
2 Upper course
Middle course (3x1) (3)
Lower course
3 Upper course (1x1) (1)
4
4.1 lower course (1x1) (1)
4.2 Meander (1x2) (2)
4.3
Oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander, due to the river
eroding the bank. 
After a long period of time, the meander becomes much curved. 
Eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river
cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander. 
(4x2) (8)
An oxbow lake remains. 
4.4
valleys
potholes
canyons
rapids
waterfalls
flood plain
swamps
(ANY TWO) (2x1) (2)
 [23]
2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 4
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
THE IMPACT OF PEOPLE ON SOIL EROSION

1 Read the extract about factors that contribute to soil erosion below
and answer the questions that follow:
Factors that contribute to soil erosion.

Aside from desertification, there is no doubt that human activities are a major cause of soil
erosion in general. Construction of roads and buildings, logging, mining, and agricultural
production have resulted in large amounts of soil erosion in the U.S. and around the world.
When soil erodes, it is usually the topsoil that erodes first, which means that the potential
of the eroded area to produce food or forage is greatly reduced. In addition, the eroded
soil may be deposited in rivers or lakes. The cost of removing the deposits may be
considerable, and if the eroded soil was contaminated in any way the deposited soil may
spread the contamination over a wider area.

Agricultural production, including forage production, involves removing vegetation from the
soil surface. Ploughing, cultivating, mowing, and grazing are examples of how vegetation
is removed in forage production. The extent of soil erosion depends to a great degree on
how the removal of vegetation is handled. Leaving the soil surface with little or no
vegetation provides a prime opportunity for soil to be eroded by wind or water moving
across the soil surface.
[Adapted from The National Forage and Grasslands Curriculum]

1.1 What is soil erosion (1x2) (2)

1.2 Quote four human activities from the extract above which are a major
cause of soil erosion (4x1) (4)
1.3 Why does deforestation (chopping down of trees) speed up soil
erosion? (1x2) (2)

1.4 In a paragraph of not more than eight lines, discuss ways in which
soil erosion can be prevented on farms.
(8)

[16]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 4
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
THE IMPACT OF PEOPLE ON SOIL EROSION
MARKING GUIDELINES
1 Erosion is the removal of rock and soil particles from one place to
another.  (1x2) (2)
2 “construction of roads and buildings” 
“logging” 
“mining” 
Agricultural production”  (4x1) (4)
3 It provides an opportunity for soil to be eroded by wind or water (1x2) (2)
4 Main points
Plant vegetation to protect soil from water and wind erosion.
Add mulch to avoid soil from being washed away.
Building retaining walls at the base of a slope.
Use drip irrigation so that more water will infiltrate than running off.
Contour farming and terracing reduces soil loss from surface
erosion.
Creation of windbreaks to avoid wind blowing away soil.
Avoid overgrazing
Allow indigenous plants to grow along river banks
Make sure that there is always grass growing in the soils.
(ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINT)

Level 1  Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. MARKS: 0-1

shows little or no understanding. Uses evidence
partially to report on topics or cannot report on
topic.
Level 2  Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great MARKS: 2-3
extent to the topic. Uses evidence in a very basic
manner.
Level 3  Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a MARKS: 6-8
thorough understanding.
 Uses evidence very effectively in an organised
paragraph that shows an understanding of the
topic.
[16]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 5
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
CASE STUDY – AGRICULTURE AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO EROSION

Read the case study below about sugar cane farming in Kwazulu Natal and answer the
questions that follow.
CASE STUDY: Sugar cane farming
Sugar cane is water loving, and so in many places, wetlands have been cleared to grow
the cane. In order to use much land as possible, farmers have cleared the indigenous
bush along the river courses and planted cane right up to river banks. At planting time,
fields are ploughed up by heavy machines. When the cane is harvested, it is burnt to
remove the leaves and make cutting easier. The cut cane is loaded into trucks, and taken
to the sugar mill for processing. These practices led to massive soil loss, and so some
farmers have begun to change their ways. Here is what one member of this group of
farmers has to say: “No sugar cane on my farm grows right up the river banks, or in the
wetlands. I have replaced the cane that was once there with thousands of indigenous
trees, shrubs and grasses. We no longer burn the leaves of my crops. Instead, we cut
them off by hand, and spread them over the soil when we harvest. The rows of cane now
go along the contours of the hillsides. We no longer plough deep furrows in the land, but
plant using low-till methods that do not disturb the soil as much. It costs money to farm
this way – but, if there are floods, I know my farm will be okay. The battle is to convince
others. ”
(Oxford Successful - Grade 9, page 118

1 Identify two practices in the case study that contribute to soil erosion. (2x1) (2)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2 Discuss why ploughing up the field can lead to soil erosion. (2x2) (4)
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

3 Why have some farmers changed their practices? (1x2) (2)

______________________________________________________

4 Describe four changes that farmers have made. (4x2) (8)

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

[16]
 2022 GRADE 9 GEOGRAPHY TERM 3
WORKSHEET 5
SURFACE FORCES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH:
CASE STUDY – AGRICULTURE AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO EROSION
MARKING GUIDELINES
1 Wetlands have been cleared to grow the cane.
Farmers have cleared the indigenous bush along the river courses.
Fields are ploughed up by heavy machines.
When the cane is harvested, it is burnt to remove the leaves.
The cut cane is loaded into trucks, and taken to the sugar mill.
(ANY TWO] (2x1) (2)
2 Ploughs break up the land and loosen the soil. 
Furrows can result from ploughing, which increases the amount of
water flowing over the land (i.e. runoff) and eroding it.  (2x2) (4)
3 Farmers have realised that their farming practices led to massive (1x2) (2)
loss of soil
4 Sugar cane is no longer grown in the river banks, or in the wetlands.

The cane that was in the river banks or wetlands is replaced with
thousands of indigenous trees, shrubs and grasses. 
They no longer burn the leaves of their crops, instead, they cut them
off by hand, and spread them over the soil when we harvest. 
The rows of cane now go along the contours of the hillsides. 
They no longer plough deep furrows in the land, but plant using low-
till methods that do not disturb the soil.
(ANY FOUR) (4x2) (8)
GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET 2B

QUESTION 1: WEATHERING

1. Various options have been provided. Choose the correct answer that best
matches description below and encircle the letter corresponding to it.
1.1. Water has the power to split rocks because when it freezes, it: (1X2)
E. Contracts
F. Evaporates
G. Expands
H. Remain the same
1.2. Which of the following sedimentary rocks is commonly weathered (1x2)
by solution?
A. Limestone
B. Sandstone
C. Mudstone
D. Dolerite
1.3. Chemical weathering is most likely to take place in environments (1x2)
that are:
A. Cold
B. Wet
C. Dry
D. Warm
1.4. In which type of environment would you be most likely to observe (1x2)
Biological weathering?
A. A hot desert
B. A high mountain
C. A rocky-sea shore
D. Grasslands
1.5. A common mineral group produced by chemical (hydrolysis) (1x2)
weathering is:
A. Clay
B. Mica
C. Feldspar
 D. Lime

2. Match the term in COLUMN A with the correct description in Column B. write
only the question number and the letter of the correct description e.g. 2.1.1. E.

COLUMN A Answers COLUMN B

2.1.1 Physical weathering F. Break-up of rock by the action of
plants and animals
2.1.2 Chemical weathering G. Pollution, gases, deforestation,
farming and animals can expose
rock surfaces and speed up the
weathering process
2.1.3 Biological weathering H. Chemical change and
breakdown of rock material in
the presence of water
2.1.4 People I. Ice expands. When it melts, it
contracts
2.1.5 Freezing and thawing J. Temperature extremes and
pressure within the rock
K. Rocks need exposure to the
elements of weather
(5x1 = 5)

2.2 The diagrams below show different types of weathering. Identify each either
as physical, chemical or biological.

A
 B

C
A. ___________________________________________
B. ___________________________________________
C. ___________________________________________ (3x1) 3

2.3 Briefly explain how weathering takes place in Diagram 2.2 B above.
(2x2)4
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.4 In a paragraph of about 8 lines, explain the effects that humans have on (8)
weathering.

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

[30]
GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET 2B MEMORANDUM

QUESTION 1

1.1. C 
1.2. A 
1.3. B 
1.4. C 
1.5. A 
(5x2 = 10)
2.

COLUMN A Answers COLUMN B

2.1.1 Physical weathering E A. Break-up of rock by the action of
plants and animals
2.1.2 Chemical weathering C B. Pollution, gases, deforestation,
farming and animals can expose
rock surfaces and speed up the
weathering process
2.1.3 Biological weathering A C. Chemical change and
breakdown of rock material in
the presence of water
2.1.4 People B D. Ice expands. When it melts, it
contracts
2.1.5 Freezing and thawing D E. Temperature extremes and
pressure within the rock
F. Rocks need exposure to the
elements of weather
(5x1 = 5)

2.2 A = Physical weathering

B = Biological weathering
C = Chemical weathering (3x1=3)

2.3 Tree roots break rocks apart by growing into cracks and joints
As the tree grows, its roots get bigger and force open cracks
(2x2 =4)
2.4. MODEL ANSWER

Topic Sentence:

Many human activities have an effect on the land and can increase physical,
biological and chemical weathering in different ways. (ANY OTHER RELEVANT
SENTENCE)

Supporting Sentences:

Humans cause increases in acid rain and pollution which increase the amount
of weathering agents in the air and water, and then on land. Other activities such
as strip-mining and agriculture can affect the ability of the land to absorb rain,
increase erosion and run-off, and increase chemicals in the groundwater.

 (ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINT)

Concluding Sentence:

 In many cases, humans effect weathering without unintentionally and

not being aware.
 (ANY OTHER RELEVANT SENTENCE)

RUBRIC

Level 1  Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows MARKS: 0-1

little or no understanding. Uses evidence partially to
report on topics or cannot report on topic.
Level 2  Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great MARKS: 2-3
extent to the topic. Uses evidence in a very basic
manner.
Level 3  Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough MARKS: 6-8
understanding.
 Uses evidence very effectively in an organised
paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic.

TOTAL:30 Marks
GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET 3B 2021

QUESTION 1: Weathering, Erosion and Deposition

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by the action of

rainwater, extremes of temperature, and biological activity. It does not involve the
removal of rock material.

1. Which process involves the removal of rock material? (1x2 =2)

(1x1 =1)
2. Differentiate between weathering, erosion and deposition. (3x2 =6)
Weathering =
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Erosion =
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Deposition =
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

3. Name THREE types of weathering. (3x1=3)

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. In a paragraph of not more than eight lines, discuss ways in which soil erosion
can be prevented.
.
(4x2=8)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

TOTAL MARKS: 20
GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET 3B MARKING GUIDELINES 2021

QUESTION 1:

1. Erosion. 
2. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces 
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and
moved elsewhere by wind, water or ice .
Deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, water or ice. 
3. Physical weathering 
Chemical weathering 
Biological weathering 
4. USE THE RUBRIC BELOW TO MARK THE PARAGRAPH

Topic Sentence:

Erosion is the removal of soil and rock particles from one place to another
which is usually undesirable and needs to be pevented.

(ANY OTHER RELEVANT SENTENCE)

Supporting Sentences:

 Plant vegetation to protect soil from water and wind erosion.

 Add mulch to avoid soil from being washed away.
 Building retaining walls at the base of a slope.
 Use drip irrigation so that more water will infiltrate than running off.
 Contour farming and terracing reduces soil loss from surface erosion.
 Creation of windbreaker to avoid wind blowing away soil.

 (ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINT)

Concluding Sentence:

 It should be everyone’s responsibility to protect the soil because it is an

invaluable natural resource.
 (ANY OTHER RELEVANT SENTENCE)
RUBRIC

Level 1  Uses evidence in an elementary manner e.g. shows MARKS: 0-1

little or no understanding. Uses evidence partially to
report on topics or cannot report on topic.
Level 2  Evidence is mostly relevant and relates to a great MARKS: 2-3
extent to the topic. Uses evidence in a very basic
manner.
Level 3  Uses relevant evidence e.g. demonstrates a thorough MARKS: 6-8
understanding.
 Uses evidence very effectively in an organised
paragraph that shows an understanding of the topic.

TOTAL MARKS: 17
GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET 3C 2021

QUESTION 1: Rivers- features of erosion and deposition along a river course

1. Study the diagram below and answer the following questions.

Figure A. diagram showing features of erosion and deposition.

Adapted from Geographypods.com

1.1. Define the term erosion.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(1x2 = 2)
1.2. Name THREE features of erosion and deposition found in the upper
course of a river.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
(3x1 = 3)
1.3. At which stage of the river course do we expect to find swamps?
___________________________________________________________
(1x1 = 1)
QUESTION 2

2. Figure B below shows the formation of a waterfall.

Figure B. Diagram showing formation of a waterfall.

Adapted from Geographypods.com

2.1. What is a waterfall? (1x2 = 2)

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

2.2. In a paragraph of eight lines (8), explain the formation of a (4x2 = 8)

waterfall.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2.3. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

What is a meandering river?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
(1x2 = 2)
____________________________________________________

2.4. How is an oxbow lake formed? (2x2 = 4)

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2.5. In which course of river meanders are formed? (1x2 = 2)
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
TOTAL MARKS: 24
GEOGRAPHY WORKSHEET 3C MEMORANDUM

QUESTION 1

1.1. Erosion is a process where natural forces like water, wind, ice, and gravity
wear away rocks and soil. 
1.2. V-shaped valleys ; gorges ; interlocking spurs ; rapids ; waterfalls. 
Any THREE
1.3. Lower course. 

QUESTION 2

2.1. Waterfall is an area where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of
steep drops in the course of a stream or river. 
2.2. A waterfall is formed by the erosive force of the steep, upper course of a
river  . Soft rock is worn away by the river.  The harder layer of rock
is undercut by the powerful splash-back of the water . Eventually the
overhang collapses into the plunge pool below. 
2.3. Meandering river is a river swinging from side to side as it flows across its
floodplain. 
2.4. Oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander, due to the river are
eroding the bank.  After a long period of time, the meander becomes
much curved, and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower
and the river cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander
and forming an oxbow lake. 
2.5. They are typical of the middle and lower course of a river. 

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