Topics:

1) Ohms Law
2) Transformer
3) Motor
4) Circuit theory
5) Transmission & distribution
6) Op Amp
7) Multiplexer and De-multiplexer
8) Cables
9) Motor Starters
10) Transmission & distribution
11) Diodes , Zennor diodes

Start Up Questions:

1) Ohms Law:

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to
the voltage across the two points.

2) Power Triangle:

Phase angle between the current and voltage

Motors :

1) Types of Motor
2) Motor construction
3) Principle
4) Types of Test

3) Why is alternating current used for transmission?

 AC is used for transmission because transformers can step it up to high voltage for long distance, and
down to low voltage for local distribution and use. 
The output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by its nature is AC and therefore
requires no power electronics to convert to DC.

4) What is corona discharge?

The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead
transmission line is known as Corona.

High voltage gradients surrounding conductors (above about 18 kV/cm) will lead to a breakdown of
the air in the vicinity of the conductor surface known as corona discharge.

5) What is skin effect?

The tendency of alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as Skin
Effect

6) Why is voltage stepped up before transmission?

Voltage is stepped up before transmission due to the following reasons:
 Reduces volume of conductor material
 Increases transmission efficiency
 Decreases percentage line drop

7) What are standard Transmission and Distribution voltages?

Primary Transmission: 66 kV, 132 KV, 220 kV and 400 kV

Secondary Transmission: 33 kV
Primary Distribution: 11 kV, 3-phase, 3-wire
Secondary Distribution: 400 V between two phases (3-phase, 4-wire) and 230 V between any one
phase and neutral
8) Explain Transmission and Distribution systems:

Electric-power transmission system is the system used for bulk transfer ofelectrical energy, from
generating power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. The different systems of
transmission are:
 DC system
 Single phase AC system
 Two phase AC system
 Three phase AC system
The part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as Distribution
System. The different distribution systems are:
 AC Distribution system
– Primary distribution system

– Secondary distribution system

  DC Distribution system
– 2 wire DC system

– 3 wire DC system

9)  What are the equipment’s used in sub- station? 

The elements of a sub- station are
 Primary power lines
 Ground wire
 Overhead lines
 Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
 Disconnect switch
 Circuit breaker
 Current transformer
 Lightning arrester
 Main transformer
 Control building
 Security fence
 Secondary power lines

10) What is the difference between Relay and Fuse?

A relay is a switch; it is not usually meant to open under fault conditions (high current).
A fuse is a fault protection device. If a short circuit develops, large currents will flow, and the fuse link
will melt, causing the circuit to open
11) What is PLCC?
Power line communication or power line carrier (PLC), also known as power line digital subscriber
line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), power line networking (PLN), or
broadband over power lines (BPL) are systems for carrying data on a conductor and are also used for
electric power transmission. A wide range of power line communication technologies are needed for
different applications, ranging from home automation to Internet access
12) What are Lightning Arrestors?
A Lightning Arrestor is a device used in electrical power systems to protect the insulation on the
system from the damaging effect of lightning.
13) Explain the principle of operation of a Relay and a Circuit breaker

RELAY: An electromagnetic relay works on two principles

 Electromagnetic attraction
 Electromagnetic induction
The force of attraction produced has two components-one is constant and the other is fluctuating at a
frequency, twice the natural frequency. This force in terms of current is represented as-
F= K1 – K2 * I2

K1=K2 * I2

Since K1 and K2 both are constants, so the current I will be constant. This is the condition when the
relay is at the verge of operation and F=0.
 CIRCUIT BREAKER: Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to
interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using springs or compressed air) contained
within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be
obtained from the fault current itself. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must
be contained, cooled, and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can
again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or
oil as the medium in which the arc forms
14) What is a Bus bar?
A Bus bar is a strip of copper or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation or other electrical apparatus. They form a link between the incoming and outgoing
circuits. The size of the bus bar determines the maximum amount of current that can be safely carried
15) What is Arc formation?
When a short circuit occurs, a heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker and they
are opened by the protective system. At the instant when the contacts begin to separate, the contact
area decreases rapidly and large fault current causes increased current density and hence rise in
temperature. The heat produced in the medium between the contacts is sufficient to ionise the medium.
The ionised air or vapour acts as a conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts.
16) What is 3-Phase supply?
It is a type of poly phase system and is the most common method used by gridsworldwide to transfer
power. In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same
frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times
17) Why do we require protection against lightning?
The lightning surges may cause serious damage to the expensive equipments in the power system (e.g.
generators, transformers etc.) either by direct strokes on the equipment or by the strokes on the
transmission lines that reach the equipment as travelling waves
18) What is a Sub-station?
The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, AC to DC, frequency,
power factor) of the electric supply is called a sub-station
19) What is grading of cables?
The process of achieving uniform electrostatic stress in the dielectric of cables is called grading of
cables
20) What is transmission cable made up of?
The principal insulating materials used in cables are rubber, vulcanised India rubber, impregnated
paper, varnished cambric and polyvinyl chloride.
21) Explain the purpose of fuse
When a short circuit or overload occurs, the current through the fuse increases beyond its rated value
which raises the temperature and fuse element melts (or blows out), disconnecting the circuit protected
by it
22) What is ACSR cable and where we use it?
ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced. This conductor is used in transmission &
distribution
23) What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of power?
If there is high power factor, i.e. if the power factor is close to one
 Losses in the form of heat will be reduced,
 Cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, &
 It also reduces over heating of transformers.
 24) What are the faults in a three-phase line?
The types of faults in a three phase line are
 Phase-To-Earth Fault
 Phase-To-Phase Fault
 Phase-To-Phase-To-Earth Fault
 Three-Phase Fault
 Three-Phase-To-Earth Fault
 Phase-To-Pilot Fault
 Pilot-To-Earth Fault

25) What is current chopping?

Current chopping in CB is the incident of arc current interruption before normal current zero is
reached. If this current is enough to deliver a voltage which is greater than restriking voltage then the
arc will continue again. But gradually the current falls and certainly the voltage also reduces and
finally falls down the restriking voltage and ultimately arc is extinguished. It results in voltage
oscillation in the line which affects the electrical equipments

26) Which circuit breaker uses current chopping circuit?

Vacuum circuit breaker uses current chopping circuit

27) What is SCADA?

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) generally refers to Industrial Control Systems
(ICS): computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes
28) Why do we use a wave trap?
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. It helps in trapping the high frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/ tele-protection panel in
the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). The Line trap offers high
impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to
the substation Bus bars
29) Which are preferred – Underground or Overhead cables?
Although many low voltage, local electric distribution lines are buried underground, almost all high-
voltage electric transmission lines are tried to be placed as overhead cables due to the cost difference
30) What is an IDMT relay?
It is an Inverse Definite Minimum Time relay. In IDMT relay, operating is inversely proportional to
fault current and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay definitely operates

31) What is a diversity factor?

Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum Demand/ Maximum Demand on Power Station

Electrical Machine Design

1) What are the different types of cores?

 Different Types of cores are

 Rectangular core
 Square core
 Stepped core

2) Types of Motors:

3) What is meant by RMS value?

RMS stands for Root-Mean-Square of instantaneous current values. The RMS value of

alternating current is given by direct current which flows through a resistance. The RMS
value of AC is greater than the average value. The RMS value of sine current wave can be
determined by the area covered in half-cycle.

4) What is AC and DC motor?

An AC motor can be defined as an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current (AC).
A DC motor is also a rotatory electric motor that converts Direct current (DC energy) into
mechanical energy.
2. Types. AC motors are mainly of two types – synchronous AC motors and induction
motors.

5) What is electromechanical system?

6) What is difference between KVL and KCL?

WHAT IS KVL AND KCL? Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) Kirchhoff's voltage law states that
the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loops in a circuit is always zero. Kirchhoff's
Current Law (KCL) Kirchhoff current law states that the algebraic sum of all currents
entering a node of a circuit is always zero.

7) What is an induction motor?

An induction motor is an electric machine that converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy by means of electromagnetic induction. Unlike other electric
motors, these motors do not require a separate excitation current to their rotors.

8) Explain the principle of operation of induction motors.

The induction motors have three-phase winding at the stator similar to that in
synchronous machines. When a three-phase voltage is applied to the stator coils, a
rotating magnetic field is formed. This varying magnetic field comes in contact with
the rotor conductors and induces EMF in it.

The ends of rotor winding are short-circuited so that there flows a current
proportional to the induced EMF. Due to the current flow, another magnetic field
rotating in the direction same as that of the stator is set up. The interaction between
these two magnetic fields generates a torque that tends to rotate the motor in the
direction of the rotating magnetic field of the stator. Induction motors are self-starting
motors.

9) What are the types of induction motors?

Based on the construction, induction motors are classified into: Squirrel cage

induction motor and Slip ring induction motor. Depending on the input power
supply, they can be classified into single-phase and three-phase induction motors.

10) What are the parts of an induction motor?

 Stator
 Rotor
 Commutator
 Bearing and shaft assembly
  Insulation materials
 Casing, brushes, and terminals

11) How can you control the speed of an induction motor?

The following are the different techniques adapted to control the speed of an
induction motor:

1. Pole changing method.

2. Stator voltage control method.
3. Frequency control method.
4. Rotor resistance control method (Slip ring motors).
Nowadays, Variable Speed drives are used to control the speed of induction motors.
It controls the input voltage and supply frequency to accurately control motor speed.

12) What are the techniques used to start an induction motor?

1. Direct-on-line starter. 
2. Star-Delta Starter. 
3. Autotransformer Starter.
4. Soft Starter.
5. Using Variable frequency drives.

13) How to calculate the full load current of an induction motor?

14) Draw torque-speed characteristics of Induction motor

15) What is breakdown torque?

It is the maximum torque the motor can produce.

16) What is pull-up torque?

Pull Up Torque is the minimum torque developed by the motor as it accelerates from
standstill to the speed at which breakdown torque occurs.

17) What is rated torque?

The rated torque of an induction motor is the maximum torque it can deliver to the
load at its rated speed.

18) Why is an induction motor called an asynchronous motor?

The speed of the rotation of the rotor is always less than the synchronous speed of
the applied stator voltage. Moreover, the rotor can never match the speed of the
rotating magnetic field. Hence these motors are known as asynchronous motors.

19) What are the basic protections required for an induction motors?
1. Overload protection.
2. Short Circuit protection.
 3. Protection against Phase failures.
4. Overvoltage protection.
5. Earth fault protection.

20) What is meant by slip in induction motors?

The per-unit difference between the synchronous speed and the actual rotor speed is
known as slip.

21)