Brezilian Table
Brezilian Table
3rd edition
Translate d b y
Dr. Bettina Gertum Becker, DVM, Ph.D in Animal Science
3rd EDITION
Editoring
Edson Agostinho Pereira
ACK NOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank all institutions and people that allowed
the elaboration of these tables.
Since it is not possible to mention all the institutions
involved, we would like to mention in particular:
FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de
Minas Gerais) for the scholarships and financial support of
research projects.
CAPES and CNPq, for the scholarships granted to students
and researchers.
Many professors and students of the graduate courses of
the Animal Sciences Department of the Federal University of
Viçosa contributed with valuable studies and suggestions. In order
to update the 2nd edition, information generated up to February,
2011 by 73 theses on poultry and swine nutrition, including by 41
M.Sc. and 32 Ph.D, in addition to scientific papers published in the
main Brazilian journals, all of which are listed in the references, in
Chapter 5.
We also especially thank the companies Ajinomoto, Evonik
and Adisseo for performing a large number of amino acid analyses
of feedstuffs and digesta of the poultry and swine experiments. We
also thank the company AB Vista for the phosphorus and phytate
analysis
We in would
Brazilian
likefeedstuffs.
to acknowledge the invaluable contribution of
all technicians and university employees involved in the
development of these tables.
4 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
SUPPORTING COMMITTEE
PRESENTATION
The authors
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 7
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.
Composition of Feedstuffs and Vitamin and Mineral
Supplements............................................................................. 21
CHAPTER 2.
Nutritional
Nutritional Requirements
Requirements of
of Poultry...........................................
Broiler Chickens............................ 95
103
Nutritional Requirements of Replacement Pullets and Layers.. 123
Nutritional Requirements of Broiler Breeders............................ 141
Nutritional Requirements of Japanese Quails .......................... 155
CHAPTER 3.
Nutritional Requirements of Swine ........................................... 165
Nutritional Requirements of Growing Swine …………………… 173
Nutritional Requirements of Swine Breeders …….................... 199
CHAPTER 4.
Simplified Tables of Feedstuff Composition and Nutritional
Requirements of Poultry and Swine ......................................... 217
CHAPTER 5.
References
UFV Dissertations and Theses.................................................. 225
Other References ..................................................................... 245
8 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 9
CHAPTER 5. REFERENCES
LIST OF GRAPHS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chemical analyses of the ingredients deserved special care.
Most of these analyses were carried out at the Animal Nutrition
Laboratory of the Department of Animal Sciences of the Federal
University of Viçosa (UFV).
* Amino acid content in corn, sorghum, meat and bone meal, and
soybeans (grain and meal) were estimated by equations that
allow calculating the sum of amino acids in the feedstuffs.
Based on this sum and considering a constant ratio of each
amino
of eachacid to the
amino sum
acid of be
can amino acids inEquations
estimated. the protein,are
theuseful
content
to
make adjustments in amino acid values according to changes in
the feedstuff protein content (Tables 1.10, 1.11 and 1.12).
Starch % - - 46.50 - -
Crude Fiber (CF) % 47.52 9.69 1.70 1.02 -
Coef. Dig. CF Swine % - - - - -
NDF % 63.21 37.09 4.35 6.13 -
Coef. Dig. NDF Swine % - - - - -
ADF % 36.93 15.09 1.60 0.79 -
Coef. Dig. ADF Swine % - - - - -
Nitrogen-Free Ext (NFE) % - 71.88 71.38 68.15 -
Coef. Dig. NFE Poultry1 % - - 98.00 - -
Digestible NFE Poultry % - - 69.95 - -
Non Dig. NFE + CF Poultry % - - 3.13 - -
Organic Matter (OM) % - - 90.73 84.40 86.35
1
Coef. Dig. OM Swine% - - 79.50 - 84.00
Digestible OM Swine % - - 72.13 - 72.53
Non Dig. OM Swine % - - 18.60 - -
Starch % 63.20 - - - -
Crude Fiber (CF) % 3.48 - - - -
Coef. Dig. CF Swine % - - - - -
NDF % 20.30 - - - -
Coef. Dig. NDF Swine % - - - - -
ADF % 8.58 - - - -
Coef. Dig. ADF Swine % - - - -
Nitrogen-Free Ext (NFE) % 67.64 52.77 73.98 85.60 40.00
Coef. Dig. NFE Poultry1 % 85.50 - - - -
Digestible NFE Poultry % 57.83 - - - -
Non Dig. NFE + CF Poultry % 13.29 - - - -
Organic Matter (OM) % 87.78 86.60 86.95 88.80 89.70
1
Ash % - - - - 6.32
Potassium % - - - - 0.62
Sodium % - - - - 0.03
Chlorine % - - - - -
Starch % - - - - -
Crude Fiber (CF) % 34.85 1.90 7.55 - -
Coef. Dig. CF Swine % - - - - -
NDF % 68.04 1.10 15.60 - -
Coef. Dig. NDF Swine % - - - - -
ADF % 64.92 0.60 10.88 - -
Coef. Dig. ADF Swine % - - - - -
Nitrogen-Free Ext (NFE) % 36.24 72.03 27.06 5.96 6.40
Coef. Dig. NFE Poultry1 % - - 38.00 - -
Digestible NFE Poultry % - - 10.28 - -
Non Dig. NFE + CF Poultry % - - 24.33 - -
Organic Matter (OM) % 89.55 87.40 83.39 77.81 82.30
1
Coef. Dig. OM
Digestible OM Swine
Swine % % - - 95.44 83.4181.00 67.5582.00 63.8079.00 65.00
Non Dig. OM Swine % - 3.99 15.84 - -
VEGETABLE FEEDSTUFFS
An im al b y Pr od uc t an d Fat Feedstu ff s
DE = 5.65 CPd + 9.45 Fd
DEswine= Dig. Energy Swine, kcal/kg NEswine = Net Energy Swine, kcal/kg
MEswine = Metab. Energy Swine, kcal/kg F = Fat, %
CPd = Dig. Protein Swine, g/kg S = Starch, %
Fd = Fat Dig. Swine, g/kg CP = Crude Protein, %
OMd = Dig. Organic Matt. Swine, g/kg CF = Crude Fiber, %
Vegetable Feedstuffs
DESows = 5.65 CPd + 9.45 Fd + 4.14 (OMd - CPd - Fd) + 1 NDOM
DESows = Dig. Energy Sows, kcal/kg NESows = Net Energy Sows, kcal/kg
MESows = Metab. Energy Sows, kcal/kg F = Fat, %
CPd = Dig. Protein Swine, g/kg S = Starch, %
Fd = Dig.Fat Swine, g/kg CP = Crude Protein, %
OMd = Dig. Organic Matter Swine, g/kg CF = Crude Fiber, %
NDOM = Non-Digested Organic Matter Swine, g/kg
Data from R.
Coutinho, UFV Theses.
Noções de Fisiologia da Nutrição. Ed. Cruzeiro.
O Rio de Janeiro. 1966, 471p.
Sauvant, D., Perez, J. M. andTran, G. (Editors). Tablas de Composición y deValores Nutritivos
de las Materias Primas Destinadas a los Animales de Interés Ganadero. Ed. Mundi-Prensa.
España. 2004, 310p.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 51
MEL = -0.064 + 1.62 BRK + 6.98 FRIM + 10.06 MOLD + 12.28 INS + 5.87 ADC
Example:
1
Adapted from de Barbarino (2001). PhD Thesis, UFV
2
Grading by the Ministry of Agriculture.
3
Considering Type II Corn with 3381 Kcal/kg (Table 1.01), Corn with 0 % de BRK,
FRIM, MOLD, INS and ADC has ME L = 0, then the ME poultry is 3381 + 51 = 3432
Kcal/kg.
52 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Lard 0.10 0.15 1.35 24.06 2.80 13.95 41.84 9.70 0.95 1.70 1.30
Poultry - 0.10 1.00 20.74 5.40 6.74 42.68 20.68 1.30 0.10 1.63
Tallow 0.20 0.15 3.00 23.90 4.43 19.05 38.20 3.10 0.60 0.20 1.80
Oils
Canola - 0.20 0.10 3.94 0.17 1.76 60.00 18.82 9.55 - 4.07
Corn - - - 10.85 0.11 1.69 36.38 52.45 0.70 - 2.05
Cottonseed - - 0.80 20.72 0.80 2.45 17.56 54.08 0.20 - 0.91
Soybeans - - 0.10 9.76 0.20 3.77 23.32 52.78 6.97 - 2.13
Sunflower - 0.20 0.17 5.41 0.30 3.60 32.19 51.98 0.25 - 3.15
Palm - - 0.20 10.92 0.45 4.35 36.85 9.50 0.25 - 0.50
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 53
Eq. Soybea ns (ful l fat and meal): Y(sum)= -0.3850 + 0.6750(%CP) R 2=0.93; n=299
Full-Fat
Soybean (FFS)
Soyb ean Meal (SBM)
% AA in
Am in o A ci ds
the Sum E.g. FFS E.g. SBM E.g. SBM
35.1% CP 43.7% CP 47.22% CP
Sum of AAs,% 100 23.307 29.112 31.488
Lysine, % 9.256 2.157 2.695 2.915
Methionine, % 2.025 0.472 0.590 0.638
Met+Cys, % 4.256 0.992 1.239 1.340
Threonine, % 5.924 1.381 1.725 1.865
Tryptophan, % 2.142 0.499 0.624 0.674
Arginine, % 11.036 2.572 3.213 3.475
Glic+Ser, % 14.565 3.395 4.240 4.586
Valine, % 7.283 1.697 2.120 2.293
Isoleucine, % 7.008 1.633 2.040 2.207
Leucine, % 11.563 2.695 3.366 3.641
Histidine, % %
Phenylalanine, 3.976
7.771 0.927
1.811 1.157
2.262 1.252
2.447
Phe+Tyr, % 13.196 3.076 3.842 4.155
MBM: Meat and Bone Meal; CP: Crude Protein; F: Fat; Ash: Ash
AA Sum=Lys + Met + Met+Cys + Thr + Trp + Arg + Gly+Ser + Val+Iso+Leu+His+Phe + Phe+Tyr
Eq. 1: Meat and Bone Meal with 35 to 39.5% CP; n=92
Y(AA Sum)= 16.321+0.43212(CP) - 0.00509(F)- 0.2369(Ash); R2= 0.55
Table 1.14 - Mineral Sources for Poultry and Swine (as Fed)
Phosphorus (P) %
Ca Dig Dig Fluorine
Phosphorus Source Avail
% Poultry Swine %
Total
Value Coef Value Coef Value Coef
Phosphoric Acid - 21.5 25.8 120 - - 19.4 90.0 0.16
Bone Meal Steamed 25.0 11.4 11.4 100 6.84 60.0 6.84 60.0 -
Bone Meal ash 33.8 16.2 14.9 92 9.72 60.0 9.72 60.0 -
Phosphate Dicalcium 24.5 18.5 18.5 100 12.9 70.0 13.9 75.0 0.14
Phosph. Monodical 20.3 18.6 19.6 10 5 15.8 85.0 15.9 85.3 0.19
Phosph. Monocalcium 18.9 21.4 21.2 101 - - 16.4 78.2 0.25
Phosp. Monoam. - 24.0 25.9 108 - - - - 0.22
Phosph. Diammonium - 23.1 28.9 125 - - - - 0.10
Phosphate Tricalcium 35.2 17.9 17.9 100 - - - - -
Rock Phosph. Araxá 26.0 12.1 6.2 51 - - - - 1.59
Rock Phosph. Catalão 32.3 15.1 7.9 52 - - 9.6 63.3 2.17
Rock Phos. Jacupirang 34.8 13.2 4.1 31 - - - - 1.65
Rock Phos. Patos Min. 20.8 10.6 6.1 58 - - - - 1.50
Rock Phosp.Tapira 33.6 15.0 7.8 52 - - - - 1.10
Phos Semidefluor. 30.3 16.7 10.2 61 - - - - 0.88
Phosp. Super Simple 21.5 8.6 - - - - - - 1.31
Phosp. Super Triple 17.9 20.4 20.4 100 - - 15.7 76.9 0.74
Phosphate Mg1 Mn1 Zn1 Fe1 Cu1 Cr1 Pb1 Ni1 Cd1 Va1
% ------------------------------------ mg / kg--------------------------------
Phosphoric Acid P A 0.37 0.7 0.6 31.3 1.8 3.7 12.6 0.5 2.0 -
Phosphoric Acid 0.56 29.7 7.3 39.3 4.9 8.1 13.6 5.1 2.1 -
Dicalcium Phosphate 0.91 284.2 40.3 4023 11.7 17.4 24.0 19.7 3.6 74.0
Monodicalc Phosph. . 0.81 36.3 4.6 1432 7.8 5.9 18.5 9.6 2.0 -
Monoam. Phosph. - 371.0 130.0 9000 79.0 50.0 10.0 27.0 4.6 54.0
Rock Ph. Araxá 0.54 52.5 208.8 6464 11.1 13.5 39.1 40.6 3.7 -
Rock Ph. Catalão 0.81 405.0 36.7 8486 14.9 9.1 37.1 37.2 2.9 -
Rock Ph. Jacupiranga - 321.0 11.0 6000 27.0 3.0 12.0 10.0 1.0 17.0
Rock Ph. Tapira 0.50 234 127.0 7520 9.8 5.4 28.7 16.3 3.5 70.0
Ph. Semidefluorinated 0.81 19.0 3.8 913 139.6 5.9 48.5 22.2 3.3 -
Ph. Super Simple 0.46 36.1 142.4 7010 13.9 17.5 18.9 28.6 3.0 -
Ph. Super Triple 0.71 36.2 154.6 3298 38.0 93.4 19.0 25.2 4.9 41.0
11
Mg = Magnesium, Mn = Manganese, Zn = Zinc, Fe = Iron, Cu = Copper, Cr = Chromium, Pb =
Lead, Ni = Nickel, Cd = Cadmium, Va = Vanadium.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 79
Vitamin B
Vitamin K31 mg
1.88
mg
2.50 1.65
2.20 1.50
2.00 1.13
1.50 0.98
1.30
Vitamin B2 mg
6.25 5.50 5.00 3.75 3.25
Nicotinic Acid mg 37.5 33.0 30 22.5 19.5
Pantothenic Ac. mg 12.5 11.0 10.0 7.5 6.5
Vitamin B6 mg 3.5 3.08 2.80 2.10 1.82
Vitamin B12 mg 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.009 0.008
Folic Acid mg 0.875 0.770 0.700 0.525 0.455
Biotin mg 0.088 0.077 0.070 0.053 0.046
Choline mg 375 330 300 225 195
Copper mg 11 10 11 12
Iron mg 55.0 50.0 55 60
Iodine mg 1.10 1.00 1.1 1.2
Manganese mg 77 70 77 84
Selenium mg 0.33 0.30 0.33 0.36
Zinc mg 71.5 65.0 72 78
84 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Excipient 476.12
Total 1,000.00
1
Calculations made using data from Tables 1.17 and 1.18.
2
Recommended
Grower I (22 –inclusion (kg)1.00;
33 days), per MT of feed:
Grower II Broilers:
(34 – 42Prestarter, 1.25;Finisher,
days), 0.75; Starter, 0.65;
1.10;
Replacement pullets: Starter, 1.10; Grower, 1.00; Layers, 1.10; Breeders, 1.20.
3
Broilers: The amount recommended for each phase to maintain constant trace mineral
intake per kg weight gain: e.g. Zinc, 100 mg/kg gain.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 85
Manganese
Selenium mg
mg 45
0.41 40
0.36 32
0.29 28
0.26 24
0.22 20
0.18 40
0.36
Zinc mg 123 110 88 77 66 55 110
1.
Growing pigs: Amount recommended in each phase to maintain constant vitamin and
trace mineral intake per kg weight gain: e.g., Vit A, 11000 IU; nicotinic acid, 50 mg and
zinc, 182 mg/kg gain.
86 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Rice,
Rice, Broken
Bran Defatted 30
3 30
8 40
5 40
12 40
7 40
20 40
10 40
20 40
5 40
12
Rice, Bran 4 10 7 15 10 20 10 20 5 15
Sorghum High Tannin 15 30 20 35 20 35 20 35 20 35
Sorghum Low Tannin 30 60 35 65 35 70 35 65 35 70
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 91
Fish,
Meat Meal (54%)
& Bone Meal (41%) 54.40
41.00 4.59 136
0.63 73 5.90
10.08 1.75 53
1.32 43 2.41
6.80 0.80
1.22 41
54
Meat & Bone Meal (45%) 44.54 1.13 111 9.55 1.32 47 4.96 1.22 54
Poultry by Product Meal 57.00 5.84 1186 4.00 1.86 17 2.66 0.77 17
Rice, Bran 13.24 1.96 236 0.11 0.065 46 1.81 0.42 45
Sorghum 9.23 1.35 355 0.03 0.045 43 0.26 0.060 55
Soybean, Full-fat Extr. / Toasted Meal 37.00 1.03 422 0.23 0.14 44 0.52 0.05 41
Soybean, Meal (45%) 45.32 1.15 1605 0.24 0.07 125 0.53 0.09 132
Wheat, Bran-Midds 15.52 1.65 350 0.14 0.07 72 0.99 0.25 63
Dicalcium phosphate - - - 24.50 1.43 135 18.50 0.94 148
Limestone - - - 38.40 1.23 61 - - -
n=number of observations.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 93
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
* When birds are fed “ad libitum”, feed intake and particularly
feed conversion largely depend on the energy level. These
Tables include examples of nutritional requirements for poultry
diets containing the energy levels commonly used in Brazil.
When other energy levels are used, corresponding adjustments
should be made to maintain constant the ratio of nutrient
percentage per 1000 kcal ME in the diet.
* It is virtually impossible to establish an energy level for each
type of poultry. Energy levels vary according to feedstuff and
98 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
level,
the it is possible
percentage to estimate
of nutrients daily
in the feed intake and to calculate
diet.
* For layers and broiler breeders, requirements are expressed as
amount of nutrient per day per bird for optimal performance. An
equation to calculate true digestible lysine requirement was
estimated on the results of 15 dose-response experiments (Tables
2.21 and 2.35). An example of the variation in lysine requirements
is shown, where daily lysine requirements were calculated based
on the performance data of layers (white-egg and brown-eggs) and
broiler breeder hens. In order to make the use of the Brazilian
Tables easier, examples are presented describing the nutritional
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 101
2 2
Eq: Y (g Dig. lys/kg gain) = 14.43 + 2.543 (Av. weight, kg) – 0.270 (Av. weight, kg) R = 0.80
1
Total of 79 experimental data obtained in dose response trial with different lysine levels.
2
Daily requirements of digestible lysine for maintenance = 0.07 x (Av. weight) 0.75. Estimated
according to the values of Fisher, 1998 (Poultry Sci. 77:124), Edwards et. al., 1999 (Poultry Sci.
78:1412) and Siqueira, 2009 (PhD thesis – Estimates of lysine requirements for Broilers using
dose-response and factorial methods – UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP).
Graph 2.01 - Equation Estimating the Value, in Grams, of True Digestible Lysine / kg Weight Gain of
Male Broilers as a Function of Weight (0.040 to 3.305 kg).
106 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Dig. Lys Req. (g/day) = (Dig. Lys for Maintenance) + (Dig. Lys for Gain)
Dig. Lys Req. (g/day) = (0.07 W 0.75) + (14.43 + 2.543 W – 0.270 W2) G
Example:
Eq: Y (g Dig. lys/kg gain) = 14.42 + 2.859 (Av. weight, kg) – 0.292 (Av. weight, kg)2 R2 = 0.79
1
Total of 36 experimental data obtained in dose-response trials with different lysine levels.
2
Daily requirements of digestible lysine for maintenance = 0.07 x (Av. weight) 0.75. Estimated
according to the values of Fisher, 1998 (Poultry Sci. 77:124), Edwards et. al., 1999 (Poultry Sci.
78:1412) and Siqueira, 2009 (PhD thesis – Estimates of lysine requirements for Broilers using
dose-response and factorial methods – UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP).
Graph 2.02 - Equation Estimating the Value, in Grams, of True Digestible Lysine / kg Weight Gain of
Female Broilers as a Function of Weight (0.040 to 2.690 kg).
108 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Dig. Lys Req. (g/day) = (Dig. Lys for Maintenance) + (Dig. Lys for Gain)
Dig. Lys Req. (g/day) = (0.07 W 0.75) + (14.42 + 2.859 W – 0.292 W2) G
Example:
1.
Daily phosphorus requirements for maintenance and gain were estimated from the
values of Bünzen 2009 (PhD Thesis, UFV), Klis and Versteegh (1999), and
performance data obtained in theses at UFV.
114 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Lysine
Methionine %
% 100
39 100
38 100
40 100
39
Methionine + Cystine % 72 72 73 73
Threonine % 65 68 65 68
Tryptophan % 17 17 18 18
Arginine % 108 105 108 105
Glycine + Serine % 147 150 134 137
Valine % 77 79 78 80
Isoleucine % 67 67 68 68
Leucine % 107 107 108 108
Histidine % 37 37 37 37
Phenylalanine % 63 63 63 63
Phen + Tyr % 115 115 115 115
116 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Phenylalanine
Phen + Tyr % 0.835
1.524 0.734
1.340 0.633
1.155 0.562
1.026 0.518
0.945
Total Amino Acids
Lysine % 1.462 1.284 1.108 0.983 0.906
Methionine % 0.556 0.488 0.432 0.383 0.353
Methionine + Cystine % 1.053 0.924 0.809 0.718 0.661
Threonine % 0.994 0.873 0.753 0.668 0.616
Tryptophan % 0.249 0.218 0.199 0.177 0.163
Arginine % 1.535 1.348 1.163 1.032 0.951
Glycine + Serine % 2.193 1.926 1.518 1.347 1.241
Valine % 1.155 1.014 0.886 0.786 0.725
Isoleucine % 0.980 0.860 0.753 0.668 0.616
Leucine % 1.564 1.374 1.197 1.062 0.978
Histidine % 0.541 0.475 0.410 0.364 0.335
Phenylalanine % 0.921 0.809 0.698 0.619 0.571
Phen + Tyr % 1.681 1.477 1.274 1.130 1.042
1
Nutrient percentage was determined using Tables 2.04 (dig. Lys requirement.), 2.11 (amino acid /
lysine ratio) and 2.09 (phosphorus requirement). Total lysine requirement was calculated
considering an average lysine true digestibility of 90.7%.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 121
Dig. Lys (g/ bird/ day) = 0.07 W0.75 + 0.020 G + 0.0124 Egg
Dig. Lys Req. = 0.07 x 1.423 + 0.020 x 0.3 + 0.0124 x 55.5 = 0.794 g/day
Estimated Feed Intake = 104.9 g/day
Lysine dig. in the Diet = 0.794 x 100 = 0.757%
104.9
1
Daily digestible lysine requirement for maintenance = 0.07 x (Av. weight)0.75. Estimated
according to the values obtained by Fisher, 1998 (Poultry Sci. 77:124), Edwards et. al.,
1999 (Poultry Sci. 78:1412) and Siqueira, 2009 (PhD thesis – UNESP, Jaboticabal,
SP). Digestible lysine requirement for weight gain was estimated as 0.020 g/g daily
gain, considering results of broiler trials. The value 0.0124 g. dig. lysine/g egg mass
was determined using the results of dose-response trials carried out at UFV, being 7
with white-egg layers, 6 with brown-egg layers and 2 with broiler breeders hens.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 129
ME (kcal/ bird/ day) = 115.5 W0.75 + 7.62 G + 2.4 Egg + 3 W0.75 (21 - T)
Example:
W = 1.601 kg, with W0.75 = 1.423
G = 0.3 g/ bird/ day
Egg = 55.5 g/ bird/ day
T = 20 oC
ME Req. = 115.50 x 1.423 + 7.62 x 0.3 + 2.4 x 55.5 + 3 x 1.423 (21 - 20)
ME = 164.36 + 2.286 + 133.2 + 4.269 = 304 kcal/ bird/ day
ME in the Diet = 2900 kcal/ kg
Estimated Feed Intake = 104.9 g/day
1
The equation that estimates daily ME requirement was based on the values of
Sakomura 1989 (PhD Thesis – UFV) and Sakomura and Rostagno (2007) .
130 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Methionine + Cystine
Threonine 91
76 90
79
Tryptophan 23 23
Arginine 100 96
Glycine + Serine 77 80
Valine 95 95
Isoleucine 76 76
Leucine 122 119
Histidine 29 28
Phenylalanine 65 63
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 118 115
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 133
1
Energy requirements were determined using the equation on Table 2.22.
2
Feed intake was determined by dividing ME requirement / bird/ day by dietary ME content, considering
2900, 2850 and 2800 kcal ME/kg diet, for egg mass of 56, 52 and 48 g/day, respectively
136 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Crude Protein %
Calcium 15.60
% 3.85 15.60 3.8515.89 3.93
Available Phosphorus % 0.275 0.275 0.280
Digestible Phosphorus % 0.248 0.248 0.252
Potassium % 0.541 0.541 0.551
Sodium % 0.211 0.211 0.215
Chlorine % 0.193 0.193 0.196
Linoleic Acid % 1.110 1.110 1.131
Amino Acid Dig. Total Dig. Total Dig. Total
Lysine3 % 0.754 0.847 0.684 0.769 0.627 0.704
Methionine % 0.377 0.415 0.342 0.377 0.314 0.345
Methionine + Cystine % 0.686 0.762 0.622 0.692 0.571 0.634
Threonine % 0.573 0.669 0.520 0.607 0.477 0.557
Tryptophan % 0.173 0.195 0.157 0.177 0.144 0.162
Arginine % 0.754 0.813 0.684 0.738 0.627 0.676
Glycine + Serine % 0.580 0.678 0.527 0.615 0.483 0.564
Valine % 0.716 0.805 0.650 0.730 0.596 0.669
Isoleucine % 0.573 0.644 0.520 0.584 0.477 0.535
Leucine % 0.920 1.008 0.834 0.915 0.765 0.838
Histidine % 0.219 0.237 0.198 0.215 0.182 0.197
Phenylalanine % 0.490 0.534 0.445 0.484 0.408 0.444
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine % 0.890 0.974 0.807 0.884 0.740 0.810
1
Determined by the equation on Table 2.22 for an environmental temperature of 200C.
2
Determined by dividingdaily ME requirement by dietary MEcontent.
3
Nutrient percentage is determined using nutrient requi
rement in g/ bird/ dayon Tables 2.21,
2.25, 2.27 and ME intake in g/ bird/ day.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 139
Nutritional Requirements of
Broiler Breeders
142 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 143
Table 2.33- Amino Acid / Lysine Ratios Used to Estimate Amino Acid
Requirements of Replacement Broiler Breeder Pullets
Phase Starter Grower Developer
Age (weeks) 1- 6 7 – 12 13 – 18
Amino acid Digestible Total Digestible Total Digestible Total
Lysine 100 100 100 100 100 100
Methionine 40 40 43 44 45 45
Methionine + Cystine 73 73 79 80 82 83
Threonine 67 70 68 71 69 72
Tryptophan 18 18 20 20 22 22
Arginine 107 105 108 106 110 107
Glycine + Serine 135 140 130 135 125 130
Valine 76 78 80 81 82 83
Isoleucine 69 70 75 76 77 78
Leucine 112 111 118 117 125 124
Histidine 37 37 38 38 39 39
Phenylalanine 66 66 69 69 72 72
Phen + Tyr 121 120 125 125 130 130
144 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Valine
Isoleucine %
% 0.703
0.638 0.801
0.719 0.490
0.460 0.552
0.518 0.468
0.440 0.526
0.496
Leucine % 1.036 1.140 0.723 0.795 0.714 0.787
Histidine % 0.342 0.380 0.233 0.258 0.223 0.246
Phenylalanine % 0.611 0.678 0.423 0.470 0.411 0.456
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine % 1.119 1.232 0.766 0.851 0.742 0.826
1
Amino acid percentage was determined using the recommended dig. Lys level and the amino acid
/ lysine ratio on Table 2.33 Total lysine requirement was calculated considering an average lysine
true digestibility of 90%.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 145
Example: 100
W = 3.0 kg, with: W0.75 = 2.279
G = 10 g/ bird/ day
Egg = 47g/ bird/ day
ME (kcal/bird/day) = 115.50.75
W + 7.62 G + 2.4 Egg + 3 W0.75 (21 - T)
W = Body Weight, kg
G = Weight Gain, g/ bird/ day
Egg = g egg/bird/day = % lay x egg weight
100
T = Average Temperature, C °
Example:
W = 3.483 kg, with: W0.75 = 2.549
G = 5.4 g/ bird/ day
Egg = 47.7g/ bird/ day
T = 20 C °
1
The equation
Sakomura 1989that
(PhDestimates daily and
thesis – UFV) ME Sakomura
requirement
andwas based(2007)
Rostagno on the
. values of
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 147
Nutritional Requirements of
Japanese Quails
156 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 157
W = Body Weight, kg
G = Weight Gain, g/ bird/ day
Egg = Egg Mass, g egg/bird/day = % lay x Egg weight
100
Example:
W= 0.1789 kg, with P 0.75 = 0.2751
G= 0.04 g/bird/day
Egg= 9.62 g/bird/day
Example
W = 0.1789 kg, with P0.75=0.2751
G = 0.04 g/bird/day
Egg = 9.62 g/bird/day
T = 21ºC
¹ Energy requirements for maintenance, weight gain and egg mass were estimated
based on the values obtained by Rostagno et al. (2005), Sakomura & Rostagno (2007)
and Jordão Filho, 2008. (PhD thesis UFCP - Areias).
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 161
Table 2.48 - True Digestible Lysine (Dig. Lys) Requirements of Laying Japanese
Quails as a Function of Productivity
Egg Dig.
Weight Weight Gain ME ² Intake³ Dig. lys
Age (weeks) 0.75 Mass Lys¹
kg g/day kcal/day g/day %
g/day g/day
8 - (6 a 10) 0.156 0.248 1.3 4.7 ----4 ----4 ----4 ----4
14 - (10 a 18) 0.160 0.253 0.05 10.703 0.284 70.35 24.26 1.172
22- (18 a 26) 0.179 0.275 0.09 10.720 0.287 73.79 26.35 1.088
29 - (26 a 32) 0.186 0.284 0.01 10.63 0.284 74.46 26.59 1.067
35 - (32 a 38) 0.183 0.280 0.03 10.45 0.279 73.41 26.22 1.065
48 - (38 a 50) 0.185 0.283 0.08 9.85 0.266 72.32 25.83 1.029
55 - (50 a 59) 0.186 0.283 0.01 9.61 0.258 71.32 25.65 1.007
62 - (59 a 65) 0.187 0.284 0.02 9.38 0.253 70.84 25.30 1.000
¹ Determined by the equation on Table 2.46
² Determined by the equation on Table 2.47, at environmental temperature of 21°C.
³ A level of 2800 kcal ME/kg diet was used for all ages.
4
Use value of week 14.
162 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Laying
Amino Acid
Digestible Total
Lysine 100 100
Methionine 45 44
Methionine + Cystine 82 81
Threonine 60 63
Tryptophan 21 21
Arginine 116 113
Glycine + Serine 114 119
Valine 75 76
Isoleucine 65 65
Leucine 150 148
Histidine 42 41
Phenylalanine 74 73
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 135 133
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 163
Feed
CrudeIntake²,
Proteing/day % 24.78
19.94 26.28
18.80 26.40
18.71
Calcium % 3.099 2.922 2.909
Available Phosphorus % 0.323 0.304 0.303
Digestible Phosphorus % 0.295 0.278 0.277
Sodium % 0.155 0.146 0.145
Linoleic Acid % 1.033 0.974 0.970
Amino Acid Dig Total Dig Total Dig Total
Lysine³ % 1.083 1.217 1.097 1.233 1.045 1.174
Methionine % 0.487 0.535 0.494 0.543 0.470 0.517
Methionine+Cystine % 0.888 0.985 0.900 0.999 0.857 0.951
Threonine % 0.650 0.766 0.658 0.777 0.627 0.740
Tryptophan % 0.227 0.255 0.230 0.259 0.220 0.247
Arginine % 1.256 1.375 1.273 1.393 1.213 1.327
Glycine + Serine % 1.235 1.448 1.251 1.467 1.191 1.398
Valine % 0.812 0.925 0.823 0.937 0.784 0.893
Isoleucine % 0.704 0.791 0.713 0.801 0.679 0.763
Leucine
Histidine %
% 1.624
0.455 1.801
0.499 1.646
0.461 1.825
0.506 1.568
0.439 1.738
0.482
Phenylalanine % 0.801 0.888 0.812 0.900 0.774 0.857
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine % 1.462 1.618 1.481 1.640 1.411 1.562
1
Determined by the equation on Table 2.47 for an environmental temperature of 210C.
2
Determined by dividing daily ME requirement by dietary I content, considering 2800 kcalkg
MEdiet.
/
3
Nutrient percentage is determined using nutrient requir
ement in g/ bird/ dayon Tables 2.48 and ME
intake in g/ bird/ day.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 165
CHAPTER 3
INTRODUCTION
* Only the main nutrients are mentioned. The others are assumed as
adequately supplied provided they are offered in equivalent amount
to the vitamin and mineral supplements included in this publication.
* All nutritional recommendations are for herds with high genetic
potential. In order to aid the formulation of diets for high genetic
potential pigs with different performances, nutritional
recommendations for below average, standard and high
performance indexes are included.
* When growing swine are fed “ad libitum”, feed intake and
particularly feed conversion largely depend on the energy level.
These Tables include examples of nutritional requirements for pig
diets containing the energy levels commonly used in Brazil. Other
168 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
* For swine in the starter, grower and finisher phases, firstly all
dose-response experiments with lysine were compiled and daily
intake of digestible lysine was determined. Then, lysine
maintenance requirements were calculated and the amount of
digestible lysine / kg of gain for the difference phases were
obtained. The results of 57 experimental data sets were used:
24 with barrows, 18 with sows, and 15 with entire males. It must
be mentioned that the same 8 data sets of starter pigs (15-30
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 169
* Nutritional
nutrient perrequirements
day per sowofforsows wereperformance.
optimal established as amount to
Equations of
determine ME and true digestible lysine daily requirements of
lactating and gestating sows are also presented. These
equations take into account data on body weight, weight gain,
and reproductive weight gain during gestation and body weight,
body weight loss, and litter weight gain during lactation. By
using data obtained by the equation and the dietary energy
level, it is possible to estimate daily feed intake and to calculate
the percentage of nutrients in the diet.
Graph 3.01 – Equation Estimating the Value, in Grams, of True Digestible Lysine / Kg
Weight Gain of Barrows as a Function of Weight (15 to 125 kg).
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 175
Example: Barrows
Av. weight = 50 kg, where W0.75 = 18.803
2
g. Dig. Lys/kg gain = 16.142 + 0.0951 (50) - 0.0005 =(50)
19.647 g.
G = 0.950 kg
Dig. Lys Req.= 0.036 x 18.803 + (19.647 x 0.950) = 19.342
g/day
Intake estimate = 2145 g/day
% Dig Lys in the diet = 0.902%
176 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Graph 3.02 -Equation Estimating the Value in Grams of True Digestible Lysine/Kg
Weight Gain of Gilts as a Function of Weight (15 to 95 kg).
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 177
Graph 3.03 - Equation Estimating the Value, in Grams, of True Digestible Lysine/Kg
Weight Gain of Entire Males as a Function of Weight (15 a 95 kg).
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 179
1
Diets containing 3230 kcal ME / kg for the Starter, Grower and Finisher phases.
182 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
1
% Ca: average calculated by multiplying avail P %by the factor 2.03 and dig P% by the factor 2.08.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 187
1
Nutrient percentage was determined using Tables 3.02 (dig. Lys requirement.), 3.15 (amino acid /
lysine ratio) and 3.14 (phosphorus requirement). Total lysine requirement was calculated
considering an average lysine true digestibility of 88%.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 191
Met + Cys % 0.612 0.683 0.556 0.622 0.526 0.587 0.497 0.556 0.449 0.502
Threonine, % 0.689 0.832 0.613 0.739 0.579 0.699 0.555 0.669 0.501 0.604
Tryptophan, % 0.197 0.224 0.170 0.193 0.160 0.182 0.149 0.170 0.135 0.153
Arginine, % 0.459 0.497 0.387 0.418 0.365 0.395 0.265 0.283 0.239 0.255
Valine, % 0.754 0.869 0.651 0.750 0.615 0.709 0.572 0.659 0.516 0.595
Isoleucine, % 0.601 0.683 0.519 0.589 0.490 0.557 0.456 0.518 0.411 0.468
Leucine, % 1.093 1.205 0.943 1.039 0.891 0.982 0.829 0.914 0.748 0.825
Histidine, % 0.361 0.397 0.311 0.343 0.294 0.324 0.274 0.301 0.247 0.272
Phenylalanine, % 0.547 0.609 0.472 0.525 0.446 0.496 0.415 0.462 0.374 0.417
Phenyal+ Tyrosine, % 1.0 93 1.217 0.943 1.050 0.891 0.992 0.829 0.923 0.748 0.833
1
Nutrient percentage was determined using Tables 3.02 (dig. Lys requirement.), 3.15 (amino acid /
lysine ratio) and 3.14 (phosphorus requirement). Total lysine requirement was calculated
considering an average lysine true digestibility of 88%.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 193
1
Nutrient percentage was determined using Tables 3.02 (dig. Lys requirement.), 3.15 (amino acid /
lysine ratio) and 3.14 (phosphorus requirement). Total lysine requirement was calculated
considering an average lysine true digestibility of 88%.
194 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
21 0.713 Digestible0.870
0.842 Lysine Requirement
0.891 (%)0.916
28 0.713 0.836 0.859 0.880 0.900
1.
Values calculated using : Table 3.24 (performance and requirement changes using
different levels of Ractopamine) ; Table 3.02 (Dig Lysine requirement) and Table 3.14
(phosphorus requirement).
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 199
Example:
W= 200 kg, where W0.75 =53.18
BWG= Gestation 114 days and Total Gain of 30 kg = 30/114=
0.263kg/day
RWG= 11 Piglets x 2.26kg = 24.9kg/114 = 0.218kg/day
1 Estimated from values obtained in Theses performed at UFV; NRC (1998); Close and
Cole (2001) and Mejia et al (2007).
2
. Environmental temperature and weather variables can affect energy requirements
during gestation. For each 1ºC higher or lower than 20ºC, ME requirement changes
approximately ± 280 kcal ME / head. The values presented here were calculated for an
environmental temperature of 20ºC.
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 203
Example:
W= 200 kg, where W0.75 =53.18
BWG= Gestation 114 days and Total Gain of 30 kg = 30/114=
0.263kg/day
RWG= 11 Piglets x 2.26kg = 24.9kg/114 = 0.218kg/day
Gestation
Amino Acid
Digestible Total
Lysine 100 100
Methionine 28 27
Methionine + Cystine 55 54
Threonine 74 78
Tryptophan 19 20
Arginine 100 97
Valine 72 73
Isoleucine 60 60
Leucine 100 97
Histidine 33 32
Phenylalanine 55 54
Phenylalanine+ Tyrosine 100 98
206 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Lactation
Amino acid
Digestible Total
Lysine 100 100
Methionine 27 26
Methionine + Cystine 54 53
Threonine 64 68
Tryptophan 19 20
Arginine 69 66
Valine 78 79
Isoleucine 59 59
Leucine 114 114
Histidine 38 37
Phenylalanine 57 56
Phenylalanine+ Tyrosine 114 112
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 215
CHAPTER 4
Table 4.01 - Chemical Composition and Energy Values of the Main Feedstuffs
Used in Poultry and Swine (as Fed)
Dig. Met+Cys, Dig. Thr,
Phosphorus % Sodium ME, kcal/kg Dig. Lysine, %
CP Calcium % %
Feedstuffs
% % Dig Dig
Av % Poultry Swine Poultry Swine Poultry Swine Poultry Swine
Poultry Swine
Corn 7.88 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.02 3381 3340 0.19 0.18 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.26
Feather Meal
83.63 0.31 0.66 0.37 0.37 0.27 2761 2922 1.68 1.81 2.73 3.29 2.80 3.21
(84%)
Meat & Bone Meal
40.83 13.07 5.88 4.05 4.18 0.51 1937 2068 1.64 1.47 0.65 0.65 0.93 0.93
(41%)
Meat & Bone Meal
(44%) 43.50 12.28 5.53 3.81 3.93 0.63 2177 2200 1.78 1.61 0.71 0.70 1.05 1.03
Poultry By-Product
57.68 4.34 2.54 1.34 1.35 0.39 3241 3566 2.67 2.48 1.53 1.42 1.85 1.83
Meal
Rice Bran 13.13 0.11 0.24 0.48 0.47 0.04 2521 3111 0.49 0.46 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.35
Sorghum Low
8.97 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.02 3189 3315 0.17 0.16 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24
Tannin
Soybean Full-Fat
36.42 0.23 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.01 3263 3706 1.96 1.83 0.87 0.82 1.22 1.14
Toasted
Soybean Meal
45.22 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.02 2254 3154 2.57 2.54 1.13 1.16 1.57 1.55
(45%)
Soybean Oil - - - - - - 8790 8300 - - - - - -
Wheat Bran 15.62 0.14 0.33 0.48 0.50 0.02 1795 2390 0.47 0.46 0.43 0.46 0.37 0.37
L-Lysine Hcl 85.8 - - - - - 3762 4599 78.8 77.5 - - - -
Dl-Methionine 59.4 - - - - - 4858 5475 - - 98.2 98.5 - -
L-Threonine 78.1 - - - - - 3067 3802 - - - - 96.1 94.7
Limestone - 37.7 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dicalcium
- 24.5 18.5 12.9 13.9 - - - - - - - - -
Phosphate
Salt - - - - 39.7 - - - - - - - -
220 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Gestation Lactation
Nutrient
0-702 70-1142 2.43 2.83
Intake¹, g/day 2461 2590 5502 6235
Crude Protein, % 11.58 13.32 19.84 20.53
Calcium, % 0.691 0.714 0.820 0.770
Available Phosphorus,
Digestible Phosphorus,%% 0.370
0.330 0.386
0.348 0.436
0.385 0.395
0.350
Sodium, % 0.163 0.162 0.210 0.190
Lysine Dig, % 0.454 0.632 1.003 1.036
Methionine Dig, % 0.127 0.177 0.271 0.280
Methionine + Cystine Dig, % 0.250 0.347 0.542 0.559
Threonine Dig, % 0.336 0.468 0.642 0.663
Tryptophan Dig, % 0.086 0.120 0.190 0.197
Arginine Dig, % 0.454 0.632 0.692 0.714
Valine Dig, % 0.327 0.455 0.782 0.808
Isoleucine Dig, % 0.273 0.379 0.592 0.611
1. Diet with 3000 and 3400 kcal /kg in gestation and lactation, respectively.
2. Gestation, days.
3. Litter weight gain (kg/day); body weight loss of 0.5 kg/day.
224 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 225
CHAPTER 5
References
- UFV Dissertations and Theses -
- Other Literature References -
226 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
Tables Brasileiras para Poultry and Swine - 227
-Frangos de Corte.
Universidade Viçosa
Federal de MG: UFV, 1995. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia)
Viçosa.
BERNAL, L. E. P. Níveis de Treonina em Rações de Alta e Baixa
Digestibilidade para Frangos de Corte, Criados em Cama Limpa e
Reutilizada. Viçosa MG: UFV, 2004. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) -
Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
BERNAL, L. E. P. Níveis Dietéticos de Lisina e de Metionina + Cistina
Digestíveis para Frangos de Corte Cobb. Viçosa MG: UFV, 2008. Tese
(Doutorado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
BERNARDINO, V. M. P. Diferentes Relações Treonina : Lisina em Dietas
para Frangos de Corte, Suplementadas com Glicina: Desempenho e
Atividade Enzimática. Viçosa MG: UFV, 2008. Dissertação (Mestrado em
Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa.
230 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
CARVALHO, T.A.; MOLINO, J.P.; DONZELE, J.L. et al. Níveis de Lisina para
Suínos machos Inteiros entre 131 a 158 dias de Idade.submetidos à
Primeira Dose de Imunocastração aos 130 dias de Idade. In: IV Congresso
Latino Americano de Nutrição Animal -IV CLANA CBNA/AMENA- de 23 a 26
de novembro de 2010- Estância de São Pedro, SP – Brasil.
CLOSE, W.H. & D.J.A.COLE. Nutrition of Sows and Boars. Nottingham. Univ.
Press. Nottinghan. UK, 2001, 377p.
COON, C.; LESKE, K. & SCO, S. The Availability of Calcium and Phosphorus in
Feedstuffs. In: Poultry Feedstuffs Supply Comp. and Nutritive Value. p151 – 179.
2000.
and Endogenous
Low-Phytate Phosphorus
Soybean Loss inSci.
Meals. Poult. Growing Chicks2006.
85:661–668. Fed Conventional and
KIEFER, C.; DONZELE, J.L.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.M. Lisina Digestível para Suínos
Machos não Castrados de Alto Potencial Genético em Fase de
Crescimento. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria. 40:1630-1635, 2010.
KIM, S. W.; CHAYTOR, A.; SHEN, Y. et al. Application of Ideal Protein and
Amino Acid Requirements for Gestating Sows. In: IV Congresso Latino
Americano de Nutrição Animal - IV CLANA CBNA/AMENA - de 23 a 26 de
novembro de 2010 – Estância de São Pedro, SP – Brasil.
LARA, L.J.C.; BAIÃO, N.C.; AGUILAR, C.A.L. et al. Efeito de Fontes Lipídicas
Sobre o Desempenho de Frangos de Corte, Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. e
Zootec.57:792-798, 2005.
248 - Brazilian Tables for Poultry and Swine
MOLINO, J.P.; DONZELE, J.L.; ORLANDO, U.A.D. et al. Níveis de Lisina para
Suínos machos Inteiros dos 60 aos 95 Dias de Idade. IV Congresso Latino
Americano de Nutrição Animal-IV CLANA CBNA/AMENA- 23 a 26 de
NUNES, R.V.; POZZA, P.C.; SCHERER, C. et al. Efeito dos Teores de Cálcio
para Poedeiras Semi Pesadas Durante a Fase De Pré-Postura e no Início
da Postura, R. Bras. Zootec. 35:2007-2012, 2006.
NUNES, R.V.; POZZA, P.C.; SCHERER, C. et al. Efeito dos Teores de Cálcio
para Poedeiras Semi pesadas Durante a Fase de Pré-Postura e no Início da
Postura, R. Bras. Zootec. 35:2007-2012, 2006.