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Science

This document provides information about metals and non-metals, microscopes, levels of biological organization, cells, and the parts of animal and plant cells. It defines metals and non-metals according to their physical and chemical properties. It describes the three pillars of microscopy - Zacharias Janssen, Robert Hooke, and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - and the types of microscopes including optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopes. It also outlines the levels of biological organization from cells to biosphere. Key cell structures like the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles are defined for both plant and animal cells.

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36 views6 pages

Science

This document provides information about metals and non-metals, microscopes, levels of biological organization, cells, and the parts of animal and plant cells. It defines metals and non-metals according to their physical and chemical properties. It describes the three pillars of microscopy - Zacharias Janssen, Robert Hooke, and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - and the types of microscopes including optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopes. It also outlines the levels of biological organization from cells to biosphere. Key cell structures like the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles are defined for both plant and animal cells.

Uploaded by

Mer Cy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Science

Metals & Non-Metals


NONMETALS; Most are gases.
—PHYSICAL QUALITIES: dull, low density, brittle/soft, low melting point, and a poor conductor of
heat and electricity.
— CHEMICAL QUALITIES: forms acidic oxide, readily gain/share electrons, 4-8 atoms in their outer
shell, and good oxidizing agents.
Examples: Sulphur, Carbon, phosphorus, selenium, etc.

METALS; Lustrous and a great conductor of electricity


— PHYSICAL QUALITIES: lustrous, high density (heavy for their size), malleable, ductile, high
melting point, makes a bell sound when struck, and a good conductor of heat + electricity.
— CHEMICAL QUALITIES: forms basic oxide, can corrode (rust/tarnish), loses electrons easily, and
good reducing agents.
Examples: Lithium, Sodium, Barium, Radium, etc.

METALLOIDS; shares properties of both metal and non-metal


—Examples: Silicon, Germanium, Boron, Arsenic, etc.

Introduction To Biology
Microscope: device used to enlarge a view of objects that can’t be seen by the naked eye.
— MAGNIFICATION: Just makes an object bigger.
— RESOLUTION: Clarity, sharpness, and fineness of the image.

Three of The Great Pillars of Microscopy:


Zacharias Janssen (1580-1638)
— Assembled a “Viewing Tube” by placing two lenses in one tube. (Together with his father a Dutch
Spectacle Maker)
— Magnification was only around 9x
— The precursor of both the telescope & microscope
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
— First to publish a study of his microscopic discoveries.
— His book “Micrographia” was notable for its contents & detailed illustrations.
—Discovered “little rooms” in a cork, which he named cells.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
— His microscope had a magnifying power of 270x.
— First one to see/describe microorganisms. (Bacteria/blood corpuscles)

Types of Microscope/s

Optical Microscope

— Uses Light to make an image more visible.


— Divided into two categories
- Compound Microscope:
• Designed by Robert Hooke (1635-1703).
• Has a two-lens system, an objective, and an eyepiece.
• Max. magnification of 1000x.
- Stereo Microscope:
• Used in observing opaque objects.
• 3-dimensional view of the subject.
• Max. magnification of 100x.

Electron Microscope
— Uses Electron Beams to make an image more visible.
— Significantly bigger than Optical Microscope.
— Divided into two:
- Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
• Lets the electron beam pass through the sample.
• results are usually magnified and in 2 dimensions.

- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)


• Lets the electron beam directly onto the sample.
• Electrons bounce off and not go through.
• Visualizes a 3-dimensional surface.

Scanning Probe Microscope


— Can visualize objects as small as atoms (through computer generation).
— Uses electrical current to generate an image.

Parts of a Microscope

Levels of Biological Organization.


— Cells are the building blocks of life; They make the body function.
— Tissues are made up of cells. Made to perform an activity.
• Epithelial Tissue is used for protection.
— Organs consists of tissues
• The Brain is responsible for responses to stimuli.
— Organ system, a group of organs.
— Organisms, an individual that can carry out basic life function.
— Population, a group of individuals of a given species.
— Community, a group of population. The species may vary.
— Ecosystem, includes more than a community of living organisms (biotic) interacting with the
environment (biotic).
— Biome, consists of various ecosystems with common characteristics
— Biosphere, sum of all the ecosystems.

Fun facts about cells:


— Cells are called the “Building Blocks of Life”
— Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Cell theory)
— They undergo a process called “Mitosis” where they divide. (Cell theory)

Cell Types
— Cells are classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
— Prokaryotic Cells
• Small/Simple cells that don’t have a nucleus or organelles bound by membranes.
• DNA is a single circular molecule.
• Older than eukaryotic cells. Also considered as “ancient life form”.
• Cells of bacteria are examples of this.
— Eukaryotic Cells
• Larger and more complex than Prokaryotic Cells.
• Consists of a nucleus, which has the DNA.
• Cells of plants, animals, fungi, and protists are examples.

The animal and plant cell.


— Cell wall; a rigid and strong organelle composed of cellulose and fiber.
• Only present in Plants
— Cell Membrane; selectively permeable.
• serves as a barrier between the cell and its environment. (Guard)
— Nucleus; Control center of the cell. (Principal)
• Contains hereditary materials like the DNA
— Cytoplasm; Holds organelles. (classroom)
• Clear, Thick, and jelly-like.
— Endoplasmic Reticulum; a passage way (hallway)
• Rough has embedded ribosomes.
• Smooth has no embedded ribosomes.
— Ribosomes; The ones responsible for holding proteins.
— Centriole; Barrel-shaped organelle.
• made up of nine sets of microtubules.
• only found in animal cells
— Centrosome; Serves as a venue where microtubules are organized. (Absent in plant cells)
— Mitochondria; Power House of the cell. (cafeteria)
— Vacuole; Sac that stores items. (locker)
— Lysosomes; Cleans up food molecules and old cell parts. (Janitor)
• also known as “suicide bags”
— Chloroplast; makes you green, that said, only found in plants.
— Golgi Apparatus; Packaging site of the cell. (School service)
• receives proteins and gives.
— Cilia; Tiny hair-like organelles.
• only found in animal cells.

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