5.1.

Construction and Types of Synchronous Machine

Synchronous Machine is electromechanical equipment in which the speed of rotating part i.e.,
Rotor, is equal to the speed of rotation of magnetic flux. The speed of rotation of magnetic flux is
called synchronous speed. That is why these types of equipment is called synchronous
machine. This article outlines the constructional detail and type of synchronous machine.

Construction of Synchronous Machine

Synchronous Motor and Synchronous Generator are together refereed as Synchronous machine.
Their basic construction is also same. Therefore, construction of synchronous machines discussed
in the post applies well for synchronous motor and generator.
From construction point of view, a synchronous machine consists of two main parts: Stationary
part known as Stator and Rotating part known as Rotor.

Stator
Stator is the outer stationary part of the machine which consists of two main parts:

Yoke – This is outer cylindrical stationary frame and made up of either cast steel or cast iron.

Stator Core – It is the magnetic core which is slotted to accommodate armature winding. It
comprises of set of slotted steel laminations pressed into the cylindrical space inside the outer
frame. Stator core is made of laminated sheet of 0.5 mm thick CRGO to reduce eddy current losses.
Refer the figure below for better understanding and insight into the construction of synchronous
machine. Figure below depicts the stator of synchronous generator. Carefully observe the stator
core embedded armature conductor in the slots.

Set of insulated windings are placed inside the slot of stator core as shown in figure above. In case
of three phase generators, three sets of windings are required, one for each phase connected in star.
The cross-sectional area of these windings must be enough to carry rated current of the machine.
Figure below illustrate the simplified construction of synchronous machine.
In case of Synchronous Generators, it is not possible to punch all the laminations in cylindrical
form. Therefore, laminations are stacked in segments. A number of segments are assembled
together to form cylindrical stator core. Stacking of segments to make cylindrical core of
synchronous generator is shown in figure below:

All the segments are insulated from each other by thin layer of varnish.

Rotor
Rotor is that part of synchronous machine which can rotate. It carries the field winding. From
construction point of view, there are two types of rotor: Salient Pole Rotor and Cylindrical Pole
Rotor. Cylindrical pole rotor is also known as round rotor or non-salient pole rotor. To know the
difference between the Cylindrical Pole and Salient Pole Rotor, please read Difference between
Cylindrical and Salient Pole Rotor.
Hydro-generator rotors are salient pole type. It is made of silicon steel lamination of 0.5 to 0.8 mm
thickness to reduce eddy current losses and hence heating. The field winding or DC winding are
concentrically wound on the salient pole rotor. This type is only suitable for low speed machine.
It is not favorable for high speed machine as due to high centrifugal force on the salient pole, the
pole faces may damage. The basic construction of rotor of synchronous machine is shown below.

In case of turbo alternator the rotors are manufactured form solid steel forging. The rotor is slotted
to accommodate the field winding. Normally two third of the rotor periphery is slotted to
accommodate the winding and the remaining one third unslotted portion acts as the pole.
Rectangular slots with tapering teeth are milled in the rotor. Generally rectangular aluminum or
copper strips are employed for filed windings. To get feel of rotor manufacturing by solid steel
forging, refer the figure below. Figure below shows the rotor construction.
The field windings and the overhangs of the field windings are secured in place by steel retaining
rings to protect against high centrifugal forces. Hard composition insulation materials are used in
the slots which can withstand high forces, stresses and temperatures.

Damper windings are provided in the pole faces of salient pole alternators. Damper windings are
the copper or aluminium bars housed in the slots of the pole faces. The ends of the damper bars
are short circuited at the ends by short circuiting rings similar to end rings as in the case of squirrel
cage rotors. These damper windings provide mechanical balance and damping effect. It also
reduces the effect of over-voltages and damp out hunting in case of synchronous generator. In case
of synchronous motors, damper winding act as rotor bars and help in self starting of the motor.

5.2. Types of Synchronous Machine

Based on the armature winding and field winding arrangement, synchronous machines are
classified into two types:
i. Rotating Armature type
ii. Rotating Field type.

 In rotating armature type, the armature winding is housed in the rotor. The emf generated
or current is supplied to the load via slip ring and carbon brush assembly. This type of
synchronous machine is only built for small rating machine.

 In rotating field type synchronous machine, filed winding is wound on the rotor. DC supply
is extended to the field winding by assembly of slip ring and carbon brush. Electrical power
is supplied to the load using stationary terminals mounted on the stator. This type is more
famous and widely used in large sized synchronous machine.

On the basis of type of prime mover, synchronous generators are classified as:

 Hydro-generators: The generators which are driven through hydro-turbine is called hydro-
generator. These are basically salient pole type and run at a slower speed of the order of
1000 rpm or lower.

 Turbo-generators: These generators are driven through steam turbine and convert thermal
energy of steam into electrical energy. These are cylindrical pole rotor type and runs at
 higher speed. Normally the speed of rotor is governed by the frequency of Grid. If the
frequency of Grid is 50 Hz, the speed of two pole generator rotor is 3000 rpm (Ns = 120×50
/ 2 = 3000).

 Engine driven Generators: These generators are driven by IC engine and their speed is
lower than 1500 rpm.

5.3. Synchronous Machine

Synchronous Machine constitutes of both synchronous motors as well as synchronous generators.
An AC system has some advantages over DC system. Therefore, the AC system is exclusively
used for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. The machine which converts
mechanical power into AC electrical power is called as Synchronous Generator or Alternator.
However, if the same machine can be operated as a motor is known as Synchronous Motor.

A synchronous machine is an AC machine whose satisfactory operation depends upon the

maintenance of the following relationship.

Where, Ns, is the synchronous speed in revolution per minute (r.p.m)

f is the supply frequency, P is the number of poles of the machine.

When connected to an electric power system, a synchronous machine always maintains the
above relationship shown in the equation (1).

If the synchronous machine working as a motor fails to maintain the average speed (Ns) the
machine will not develop sufficient torque to maintain its rotation and will stop. Then the motor is
said to be Pulled Out of Step. In case, when the synchronous machine is operating as a generator,
it has to run at a fixed speed called Synchronous speed to generate the power at a particular
frequency. As all the appliances or machines are designed to operate at this frequency. In some
countries, the value of the frequency is 50 hertz.

5.4. Basic Principles of Synchronous Machine

A synchronous machine is just an electromechanical transducer which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy or vice versa. The fundamental phenomenon or law which makes
these conversions possible are known as the Law of Electromagnetic Induction and Law of
interaction.

The detailed description is explained below.

5.4.1. Law of Electro-Magnetic Induction

This law is also called as Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction. This law relates to
the production of emf, i.e.; emf is induced in a conductor whenever it cuts across the magnetic
field as shown below.

5.4.2. Law of Interaction

This law relates to the production of force or torque, i.e., whenever a current carrying conductor
is placed in the magnetic field, by the interaction of the magnetic field produced by the current
carrying conductor and the main field, force is exerted on the conductor producing torque. The
figure is shown below.
 Three Phase Synchronous Machine

 The machine which is used in the household appliance such as the small machine used in air
coolers, refrigeration, fans, air conditioners, etc.
 However, large AC machines are three phase type synchronous machines because of the
following reasons.
 For the same size of the frame, three phase machines have nearly 1.5 times the output than that
of the single phase machine.
 Three phase power is transmitted and distributed more economical than single phase power.
 Three phase motors are self-starting (except synchronous motors).
 Three phase motors have an absolute uniform continuous torque, whereas, single phase motors
have pulsating torque.

5.5. EMF Equation of a Synchronous Generator

The generator which runs at a synchronous speed is known as the synchronous generator. The
synchronous generator converts the mechanical power into electrical energy for the grid.The
Derivation of EMF Equation of a synchronous generator is given below.

Let,

 P be the number of poles

 ϕ is Flux per pole in Webers
 N is the speed in revolution per minute (r.p.m)
 f be the frequency in Hertz
 Zph is the number of conductors connected in series per phase
 Tph is the number of turns connected in series per phase
 Kc is the coil span factor
 Kd is the distribution factor
Flux cut by each conductor during one revolution is given as Pϕ Weber. Time taken to complete
one revolution is given by 60/N sec

Average EMF induced per conductor will be given by the equation shown below

Average EMF induced per phase will be given by the equation shown below

The average EMF equation is derived with the following assumptions given below.

 Coils have got the full pitch.

 All the conductors are concentrated in one stator slot.

Root mean square (R.M.S) value of the EMF induced per phase is given by the equation shown
below.

Eph = Average value x form factor

Therefore,

If the coil span factor Kc and the distribution factor Kd , are taken into consideration than the
Actual EMF induced per phase is given as

Equation (1) shown above is the EMF equation of the Synchronous Generator.
Coil Span Factor

The Coil Span Factor is defined as the ratio of the induced emf in a coil when the winding is
short pitched to the induced emf in the same coil when the winding is full pitched.

Distribution Factor

Distribution factor is defined as the ratio of induced EMF in the coil group when the winding is
distributed in a number of slots to the induced EMF in the coil group when the winding is
concentrated in one slot.

5.6. Voltage Regulation of a Synchronous Generator

The Voltage Regulation of a Synchronous Generator is the rise in voltage at the terminals
when the load is reduced from full load rated value to zero, speed and field current remaining
constant. It depends upon the power factor of the load. For unity and lagging power factors, there
is always a voltage drop with the increase of load, but for a certain leading power, the full load
voltage regulation is zero.

The voltage regulation is given by the equation shown below.

Where, |Ea| is the magnitude of a generated voltage per phase

|V| is the magnitude of rated terminal voltage per phase

In this case, the terminal voltage is the same for both full load and no load conditions. At lower
leading power factors, the voltage rises with the increase of load, and the regulation is negative.

5.6.1. Determination of Voltage Regulation

There are mainly two methods which are used to determine the regulation of voltage of a smooth
cylindrical rotor type alternators. They are named as direct load test method and indirect
methods of voltage regulation. The indirect method is further classified as Synchronous
Impedance Method, Ampere-turn Method and Zero Power Factor Method.
Direct Load Test
The alternator runs at synchronous speed, and its terminal voltage is adjusted to its rated value V.
The load is varied until the Ammeter and Wattmeter indicate the rated values at the given power
factor. The load is removed, and the speed and the field excitation are kept constant. The value of
the open circuit and no load voltage is recorded.

It is also found from the percentage voltage regulation and is given by the equation shown
below.

The method of direct loading is suitable only for small alternators of the power rating less than 5
kVA.

Indirect Methods of Voltage Regulation

For large alternators, the three indirect methods are used to determine the voltage regulation they
are as follows.

 Synchronous Impedance Method or EMF method.

 Ampere-turn method or MMF method of Voltage Regulation.
 Zero Power Factor method or Potier Method
5.6.2. Synchronous Impedance Method
The Synchronous Impedance Method or Emf Method is based on the concept of replacing the
effect of armature reaction by an imaginary reactance. For calculating the regulation, the
synchronous method requires the following data; they are the armature resistance per phase and
the open circuit characteristic. The open circuit characteristic is the graph of the circuit voltage
and the field current. This method also requires short circuit characteristic which is the graph of
the short circuit and the field current.

For a synchronous generator following are the equation given below

Where,

For calculating the synchronous impedance, Zs is measured, and then the value of Ea is
calculated. From the values of Ea and V, the voltage regulation is calculated.

Measurement of Synchronous Impedance

The measurement of synchronous impedance is done by the following methods. They are
known as

 DC resistance test
 Open circuit test
 Short circuit test

DC resistance test
In this test, it is assumed that the alternator is star connected with the DC field winding open as
shown in the circuit diagram below.
It measures the DC resistance between each pair of terminals either by using an ammeter –
voltmeter method or by using the Wheatstone’s bridge. The average of three sets of resistance
value Rt is taken. The value of Rt is divided by 2 to obtain a value of DC resistance per phase.
Since the effective AC resistance is larger than the DC resistance due to skin effect. Therefore, the
effective AC resistance per phase is obtained by multiplying the DC resistance by a factor 1.20 to
1.75 depending on the size of the machine. A typical value to use in the calculation would be 1.25.

Open Circuit Test

In the open circuit test for determining the synchronous impedance, the alternator is running at
the rated synchronous speed, and the load terminals are kept open. This means that the loads are
disconnected, and the field current is set to zero. The circuit diagram is shown below.
After setting the field current to zero, the field current is gradually increased step by step. The
terminal voltage Et is measured at each step. The excitation current may be increased to get 25%
more than the rated voltage. A graph is drawn between the open circuit phase voltage E p = Et/√3
and the field current If. The curve so obtains called Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C). The shape
is same as normal magnetisation curve. The linear portion of the O.C.C is extended to form an air
gap line.

The Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C) and the air gap line is shown in the figure below.

Short Circuit Test

In the short circuit test, the armature terminals are shorted through three ammeters as shown in
the figure below.
The field current should first be decreased to zero before starting the alternator. Each ammeter
should have a range greater than the rated full load value. The alternator is then run at synchronous
speed. Same as in an open circuit test that the field current is increased gradually in steps and the
armature current is measured at each step. The field current is increased to get armature currents
up to 150% of the rated value. The value of field current If and the average of three ammeter
readings at each step is taken. A graph is plotted between the armature current Ia and the field
current If. The characteristic so obtained is called Short Circuit Characteristic (S.C.C). This
characteristic is a straight line as shown in the figure below.

Calculation of Synchronous Impedance

The following steps are given below for the calculation of the synchronous impedance.
 The open circuit characteristics and the short circuit characteristic are drawn on the same curve.
 Determine the value of short circuit current Isc and gives the rated alternator voltage per phase.
 The synchronous impedance ZS will then be equal to the open circuit voltage divided by the short
circuit current at that field current which gives the rated EMF per phase.

The synchronous reactance is determined as

The graph is shown below.

From the above figure consider the field current If = OA that produces rated alternator voltage
per phase. Corresponding to this field current, the open circuit voltage is AB

Therefore,
 Assumptions in the Synchronous Impedance Method

The following assumptions made in the synchronous Impedance Method are given below.

 The synchronous Impedance is constant

The synchronous impedance is determined from the O.C.C and S.C.C. It is the ratio of the open
circuit voltage to the short circuit current. When the O.C.C and S.C.C are linear,
the synchronous impedance ZS is constant.

 The flux under test conditions is the same as that under load conditions.

It is assumed that a given value of the field current always produces the same flux. This assumption
introduces considerable error. When the armature is short circuited, the current in the armature lag
the generated voltage by almost 90 degrees, and hence the armature reaction is almost completely
demagnetizing.

 The effect of the armature reaction flux can be replaced by a voltage drop proportional to the
armature current and that the armature reaction voltage drop is added to the armature reactance
voltage drop.
 The magnetic reluctance to the armature flux is constant regardless of the power factor.

For a cylindrical rotor machine, this assumption is substantially true because of the uniform air
gap. Regulation obtained by using a synchronous impedance method is higher than that obtained
by actual loading. Hence, this method is also called the Pessimistic method.

At lower excitations, ZS is constant, since the open circuit characteristics coincide with the air gap
line. This value of ZS is called the linear or Unsaturated Synchronous Impedance. However,
with increasing excitation, the effect of saturation is to decrease ZS and the values beyond the
linear part of the open circuit called as Saturated Value of the Synchronous Impedance.

5.7. MMF Method of Voltage Regulation

MMF Method is also known as Ampere Turn Method. The synchronous impedance method is
based on the concept of replacing the effect of armature reaction by an imaginary reactance the
Magnetomotive force (MMF). The MMF method replaces the effect of armature leakage reactance
by an equivalent additional armature reaction MMF so that this MMF may be combined with the
armature reaction MMF.

To calculate the voltage regulation by MMF Method, the following information is required. They
are as follows:
  The resistance of the stator winding per phase
 Open circuit characteristics at synchronous speed.
 Short circuit characteristic

Step to Draw Phasor Diagram of MMF Method

The phasor diagram at a lagging power factor is shown below.

 The armature terminal voltage per phase (V) is taken as the reference phasor along OA.
 The armature current phasor Ia is drawn lagging the phasor voltage for lagging power factor angle
ϕ for which the regulation is to be calculated.
 The armature resistance drop phasor IaRa is drawn in phase with Ia along the line AC. Join O and
C. OC represents the emf E’.

 Considering the Open Current Characteristics shown above the field current I’f corresponding to
the voltage E’ is calculated.
 Draw the field current I’f leading the voltage E’ by 90 degrees. It is assumed that on short circuit
all the excitation is opposed by the MMF of armature reaction. Thus,

From the Short Circuit Current characteristics (SSC) shown above, determine the field current
If2 required to circulate the rated current on short circuit. This is the filed current required to
overcome the synchronous reactance drop IaXa.

 Draw the field current If2 in phase in opposition to the current armature current Ia. Thus,

Determine the phasor sum of the field currents I’f and If2. This gives the resultant field current If
which would generate a voltage E0 under no load conditions of the alternator. The open circuit
EMF E0 corresponding to the field current if is found from the open circuit characteristics

The regulation of the alternator is found from the relation shown below.

5.8. Potier Triangle or Zero Power Factor Method

The Potier triangle determines the voltage regulation of the machines. This method depends on
the separation of the leakage reactance of armature and their effects. The graph of the Potier
triangle is shown in the figure below. The triangle formed by the vertices a, b, c has shown below
in the figure is called Potier Triangle.
Consider a point B on the Zero Power Factor Curve corresponding to rated terminal voltage V and
a field current of OM = If = Ff/Tf. If, for this condition of operation the armature reaction MMF
has a value expressed in equivalent field current will be given as

Then the equivalent field current of the resultant MMF would be represented as shown below.

This field current OL would result in a generated voltage Eg = Lc from the no-load saturation curve.
Since for lagging Zero Power Factor operation, the generated voltage will be
 The vertical distance ac must be equal to the leakage reactance voltage DROP IaXaL where Ia is
the rated armature current.

Therefore,

For Zero Power Factor operation with rated current at any other terminal voltage, such as V2. As
the armature current is of the same value, both the Ia and XaL voltage and the armature MMF must
be of the same value. Therefore, for all the conditions of operation with rated armature current at
zero lagging power factor, the Potier Triangle must be located between the terminal voltage V, a
point on the ZPFC and the corresponding Eg point on the O.C.C.

If the Potier triangle cab is moved downward so that the side ab is kept horizontal and b is kept on
the ZPFC, the point c will move on the O.C.C. When the point b, reaches the point e, the Potier
triangle cab will move on the position fde shown in the figure. The location of point f on the O.C.C
will determine the voltage Eg2. When the point b, reaches the point b’, the Potier Triangle will be
in the position c’a’b’. This is the limiting position which corresponds to short the circuit condition
because the terminal voltage is zero at the point b’.

The initial part of the O.C.C is almost linear, another triangle Oc’b’is formed by the O.C.C. The
hypotenuse of the Potier triangle and the baseline. A similar triangle such as ckb, can construct
from the Potier triangle in any other location by drawing a line kc parallel to Oc’.

Steps for Construction of Potier Triangle on ZPFC

 Take a point b on the ZPFC preferably well upon the knee of the curve.
 Draw bk equal to b’O. (b’ is the point for zero voltage, full load current). Ob’ is the short circuit
excitation Fsc.
 Through k draw, kc parallel to Oc’ to meet O.C.C in c.
 Drop the perpendicular ca on to bk.
 Then, to scale ca is the leakage reactance drop IaXaL and ab is the armature reaction MMF FaR or
the field current IfaR equivalent to armature reaction MMF at rated current.

The effect of field leakage flux in combination with the armature leakage flux gives rise to an
equivalent leakage reactance Xp, known as the Potier Reactance. It is greater than the armature
leakage reactance.
 For cylindrical rotor machines, the Potier reactance Xp is approximately equal to the leakage
reactance XaL. in salient pole machine, Xp may be as large as 3 times XaL.

Assumptions for Potier Triangle

The following assumptions are made in the Potier Triangle Method. They are as follows:-

 The armature resistance Ra is neglected.

 The O.C.C taken on no load accurately represents the relation between MMF and Voltage on load.
 The leakage reactance voltage Ia XaL is independent of excitation.
 The armature reaction MMF is constant.

It is not necessary to plot the entire ZPFC for determining XaL and Fa, only two points b and b’ are
sufficient. Point b corresponds to a field current which gives the rated terminal voltage while the
ZPF load is adjusted to draw rated current. Point b’ corresponds to the short circuit condition (V =
0) on the machine. Thus, Ob’ is the field current required to circulate the short circuit current equal
to the rated current.

5.9. Power Factor Correction

Definition: The power factor correction means bringing the power factor of an AC circuit nearer
to one by using the equipment which absorbs or supply the reactive power to the circuit. Usually,
the power factor correction can be done by using the capacitor and the synchronous motor in the
circuit.The power factor correction will not change the amount of true power, but it will reduce
the apparent power and the total current drawn from the load.

The phase shift between the voltage and the current of the circuit is known as the power factor. It
is represented by the cosine of the angle φ. The power factor represents the fraction of total energy
use for doing useful work, and the remaining energy is stored in the form of magnetic energy in
the inductor and capacitor of the circuit. The value of power factor lies between -1 to +1.

The most economical value of power factor lies between 0.9 to 0.95. If the value of power factor
lies below 0.8 (approx), then it draws more current from the load. The large current increases the
losses and requires a large conductor, thus increases the cost of the system. The loss can be reduced
by correcting the power factor of the system.
5.10. Power Factor Correction Methods
The power factor correction methods are mainly classified into two types, i.e., by using the
capacitor or through the synchronous condenser.

5.10.1. Power Factor Correction by using Capacitor Bank

In three phase system, the power factor is improved by connecting the capacitors in star or delta.
The star and delta connected banks are shown in the figure below.

Let, VL = Line voltage

Vp = phase voltage
CΔ = capacitor per phase when the capacitors are connected in delta
Cy = capacitance per phase when the capacitor are connected in stars
Qc = Var rating of each phase

Delta Connection

The capacitance per phase is given by the equation

Star Connection

The capacitance per phase is expressed by the equation

 From equation (1) and (2) we get

The equation (3) shows that the capacitance requires in star

connection of three phase transformer is equal to three times the capacitance requires per phase
when the capacitors are connected in delta. Also, the working voltage of the star connected bank
is 1/√3 equal to the delta connected bank.

For these reasons, the capacitors are connected in the delta in three phase system for power factor
improvement. Delta connection is also better if the capacitors are designed for higher working
voltage.

5.10.2. Power Factor Correction by Using Synchronous Condenser

The power factor can also be correct by installing the specially designed induction motor, known
as the synchronous condenser. The synchronous condenser was running without the mechanical
load, and it is connected in parallel with the load. It absorbs and generates the reactive power
(Var) by varying the excitation of the motor field winding.

The synchronous condenser is used for improving the power factor in bulk. The output of the phase
modifier can be varied smoothly. The synchronous condenser has some disadvantage like it is
costly and their installation, maintenance and operation are also not easy.

5.11. V Curve of a Synchronous Motor

V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field current for different constant loads. The Graph
plotted between the armature current Ia and field current If at no load the curve is obtained known
as V Curve. Since the shape of these curves is similar to the letter “V”, thus they are called V curve
of synchronous motor.

The power factor of the synchronous motor can be controlled by varying the field current If. As
we know that the armature current Ia changes with the change in the field current If. Let us assume
that the motor is running at NO load. If the field current is increased from this small value, the
armature current Ia decreases until the armature current becomes minimum. At this minimum
point, the motor is operating at unity power factor. The motor operates at lagging power factor
until it reaches up to this point of operation.

If now, the field current is increased further, the armature current increases and the motor start
operating as a leading power factor. The graph drawn between armature current and field current
is known as V curve. If this procedure is repeated for various increased loads, a family of curves
is obtained.
The V curves of a synchronous motor are shown below.

The point at which the unity power factor occurs is at the point where the armature current is
minimum. The curve connecting the lowest points of all the V curves for various power levels is
called the Unity Power Factor Compounding Curve. The compounding curves for 0.8 power
factor lagging and 0.8 power factor leading are shown in the figure above by a red dotted line.

The loci of constant power factor points on the V curves are called Compounding Curves. It
shows the manner in which the field current should be varied in order to maintain constant power
factor under changing load. Points on the right and left of the unity power factor corresponds to
the over excitation and leading current and under excitation and lagging current respectively.

The V curves are useful in adjusting the field current. Increasing the field current If beyond the
level for minimum armature current results in leading power factor. Similarly decreasing the field
current below the minimum armature current result results in lagging power factor. It is seen that
the field current for unity power factor at full load is more than the field current for unity power
factor at no load.

The figure below shows the graph between power factor and field current at the different loads.
It is clear from the above figure that, if the synchronous motor at full load is operating at unity
power factor, then removal of the shaft load causes the motor to operate at a leading power factor.

5.12. Applications of Synchronous Motors

usually, synchronous motors are used for applications where precise and constant speed is
required. Low power applications of these motors include positioning machines. These are also
applied in robot actuators. Ball mills, clocks, record player turntables also make use of
synchronous motors. Besides these motors are also used as servomotors and timing machines.