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----- - ----- I
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 CONTENTS
,~
[JJnit I Present Tenses page 4
Present Simple & Continuous, Stative Verbs,
Present Perfect Simple & Continuous

CUnit 2 Vocabulary Practice page I0

-
LUnit 3 Past Tenses (I) page 16
Past Simple & Continuous

C.Unit 4 Vocabulary Practice page 28

L!Unit5 Past Tenses (2) & Pronouns page 34

. Past Perfect Simple & Continuous, Used To/Would,

Personal Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Possession

Ulnit 6 Examination Practice page 40

Use of English Practice Tests I & 2

L--Unit 7 The Future page 46

Future Simple & Continuous, Be Going To,
Present Simple & Continuous, Future Perfect Simple & Continuous

C.Unit 8 Vocabulary Practice page 52

l Unit 9 Nouns, Quantifiers & Articles page 56

Plural Nouns, Countable & Uncountable Nouns,
Quantifiers, Definite & Indefinite Articles

C.Unit 10 Vocabulary Practice page 62

1-
Unit II Modals page 66
Can, Could & Be Able To, Must & Have To, May/Might, Should, Needn't

Unit 12 Examination Practice page 78

Use of English Practice Tests 3 & 4

r Unit 13 Adjectives & Adverbs page 84

Comparatives & Superlatives, Adverbs of Frequency,
Prepositions of Time & Place

L Unit 14 Vocabulary Practice page 92

Unit 15 The Passive page 96

Passive Voice, Personal & Impersonal Construction, Make/Let/Be Allowed To
I l:Jnit 16 Vocabulary Practice page I06

[]"nit 17 The Causative Form page I I0

E!iiii 18 Examination Practice page I 12

Use of English Practice Tests 5 & 6

[9nit 19 Infinitive & Gerund page I 18

Full Infinitive, Bare Infinitive, Gerund, Too/Enough

I Il.Init 20 Vocabulary Practice page I30

IJ:Jnit 2 I Indirect Speech page I34

Indirect Statements, Indirect Questions,
Indirect Commands & Requests, Reporting Verbs

l&nit 22 Vocabulary Practice page 144

[}Jnit 23 Question Tags & So/Neither page 148

~.24 Examination Practice page I50 .

Use of English Practice Tests 7 & 8

[JLnit 25 Conditionals & Wishes page 156

Zero Conditional, First Conditional, Second Conditional,
Third Conditional, Wishes, Suppose/What if ...?

t 'Unit26 Vocabulary Practice page 166

[1Jnit 27 Clauses (I) page 170

Relative Clauses, Time Clauses, Result Clauses, Too/Enough

[}Jrnit 28 Vocabulary Practice page I78

[Unit 29 Clauses (2) page I82

Purpose Clauses, In Case, Reason Clauses, Clauses of Contrast &
Concession, Participle Clauses, Not Only... But Also

~30 Examination Practice page 186

Use of English Practice Tests 9 & 10

[ Irregular Verbs page 192

')

II'~

PRESENT TENSES
Stative Verbs,
& Continuous

- --- -- --Form---- -,;

I/you/welthey work
he/she/it works
l?Jse
I
I/you/welthey don't work
he/she/it doesn't work

!t;)(a~,pleJ -
li - - -- -- ---
Do I/you/we/they world
Does he/she/it world

:-]
I

;
. Habitualactions George always brushes his teet~ in the morning.
. Lawsof scienceand nature Water boils at 100°e.
. Permanentsituations He lives near the airport. / She doesn't work here.
. Timetablesand programmed The train leaves at 19.25.
events
l

.. Form

I am working I'm not working Am I working?

you/we/they are working you/welthey aren't working Are you/we/they working?
he/she/it is working he/she/it isn't working Is he/she/it working?
l?J~ ~am~~

To describe a temporary Jane is preparing a meal now.

action taking place now or Tony is working in the library this summer.
around the time of speaking
For arrangements that will Peter is having a party on Saturday.
take place in the near future
For a repeated action My sister is always borrowing my clothes without asking.
indicating annoyance (used
with always, constantly, etc)

?r~
,.

Stative verbs are normally used in the Present Simple tense and not the Present Continuous.
Verbs - Exani~le~ -
Senses hear, feel, see, smell, taste dI I feel tired.

Feelings, emotions admire, appreciate, desire, like, f I reait; re;p~ct y;u.

She doesn't
--
want to come.
I dislike, detest, fear, hate, love,
i mind, need, respect, want, wish
Mental activity I don't agree with you.
i agree, believe, expect, forget, You don't mean that.
imagine, know, mean, realise,
1 recog~~s:.:~~ber, understand
Possession own, belong, owe, possess, have This hotel belongs to my father.

Other notice, appear, matter, seem, It doesn't matter whether you

sound, cost come or not.
~ --
Some stative verbs can be used in continuous forms, but there is a change in meaning.
-~ -- --- -
Instead of describing a state, they describe an activity.
\{etih State Activity
have I have two brothers. = She is having a holiday in France. (experiencing)
feel I feel tired. The doctor is feeling her arm. (touching)
expect I expect you're sorry now. I am expecting an answer. (waiting for)
taste This soup tastes fantastic. She is tasting the food. (tasting the flavour)
see I see that you have got a new car. I I am seeing the doctor today. (meeting by appointment)
smell This bread smells delicious. Why are you smelling the food? (sniffing at)
think (of) I think you're very clever. I am thinking of buying a new car. (forming a possible
I plan in one's mind)
J..- - - -- -.- - - - -- - u -
Note: Have can also be used in continuous forms when combined with a party, a baby, a drink, a bath, a
meal, ete.
She is having a baby in the summer.
He can't come to the phone; he is having a bath.
I am having lunch with my mother tomorrow.
--------

J Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in

. brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Mrs 0 wen receL ves .

( receive) a Ietter f rom her son
every month. He (study) abroad and
(never forget) to write to his mother.
2 When I (go) to the dentist, I
... .............. (feel) tense.
3 Kate (not remember) new words after
studying them. She (not seem) to be able
to learn them.
4 She (watch) TV at the moment. She
(watch) TV every night before she
(go) to bed.
S 'Hello, Sue! What ""'."."""."'" (you do) over there?'
6 'I (try) to fix this radio. I (listen) to the radio every day after work.'
7 Jane can't come to the phone because she (wash) her hair.
S She (wash) her hair every day.
9 """"""'.."""."""."".""" ..", (you / always / lock) your windows before you leave?
10 Look! It (snow). It (seldom snow) at this time of year.
II . Jane (see) a doctor about her headaches tomorrow morning.
12 Emma (have) a wonderful house.
13 I (think) Mr Brown is a very good teacher.
14 I (think) of buying a new house.
15 I can't afford to buy this house. It (cost) too much.
16 Look! It (rain). Unfortunately, I (not have) my umbrella with me.
17 During the week, I (sleep) until 8 am. Then, I (get up), .....................
(brush) my teeth, .".'."."".""'" (have) breakfast and (go) to school. I ""."""""
(never miss) school.
18 Sue (not want) to visit her grandmother because her friends..............................
(go) to the beach.
19 What time ."'."""""""'..'."""."".""""""". (the plane / take off)?
20 They (have)a party on Saturday.
?'

Choose the correct word or phrase.

I He tastes /<€!asti~the soup at the moment to see if it needs more salt.

2 They are visiting/ visit their grandparents every Sunday.
3 What do you think / are you thinking the best way to overcome stress is?
4 Larry never goes / is going out after midnight.
5 We think / are thinking of moving to Wales.
6 Jack always is wearing / wears a suit to the office.
7 It isn't true. I am not believing / don't believe it.
a Please be quiet. I am trying / try to concentrate.
9 Martha stays / is staying with Jill for the time being.
10 Marilyn doesn't watch / isn't watching horror films.
II How are you going / do you go to work every day?
12 I can't come with you tonight. I am seeing / see an old friend.
13
14
15
I think / am thinking that you should find another job.
Well done! I am admiring / admire your courage.
He is thinking / thinks of buying a house in the country.
~
16 This perfume smells / is smelling awful.

Find the mistake and correct the sentence.

..

Does Paul walks to work every day? 5 Nobody think that John will pass the test.
P.C!~.s. .I:(1;l!:l. .1Y.C!?~..t.C!.~~~~. ~~~~y.. c!.<!y? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .

2 My mother always telling us to eat breakfast! 6 My brother don't have a job right now.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '."""""""""""""........
3 What time do the last train leave? 7 My friend isn't liking her house.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .

4 He is see the dentist at 6 pm today. a She thinks of moving to a new apartment.

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. .

Write the questions to the answers.

-I ~-
A Where. c!.C?YC?/f. g9. .4UJ:t.r;.~~.e.~~'!~:r
!1:~!1:<!.l!Y ?
B I usually go to my friend's house at the weekend.
2 A What time ?
B I leave school at four o'clock every day.
3 A Where '... . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . ... . . .. . . ... .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .?
B My sister lives in London.
4 A What on Saturday night?
B I am visiting my grandmother.
5 A with us to the party on Sunday?
B No, I am not. I think I will stay at home.
6 A Why that woolly hat?
B I feel rather cold today.
7 A a heavy coat?
B No, I don't. I only wear a heavy coat when it is cold outside.
a A What .. right now?
B I am doing my homework.
 Rewrite the sentences using the interrogative and the negative form. '"
"~~-

We eat out during the week.

A .-P.~y.~~ .e.?t.~lf.~.41!J:(,!g.~lJ.e.
.1:I(e:.e.~ ?
~
B No, .1:1(~.
c;l.Qf1::t.
~?? ~1f.t.P:l!.~~f!g
P!~ .'Y.~~l~. .
2 My parents are visiting their friends today.
A " ?
B No, ..............................................................................................
3 Sheila is sitting her exams in June.
A .'e ?
B No, .
4 It snows in Alaska.
A ?
B No, ., .
5 Paullikes spaghetti.
~
A ?
"
01
B No, .
6 He comes home from work at 7 pm.
A ?
B No, , .

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or
Present Continuous.

I The children ~~~A?!~.fJ (do) their homework at the moment.

2 I (have) lunch with Mary tomorrow. '

3 Light (travel) at 186,000 miles per second.

4
5
I
They
(work) in the sales department for a few days.
(always try) to show how clever they are. It's so annoying!
.
6 We (go) to Santorini every summer.
7 The children (get) lots of presents every Christmas.
8 Now I (remember) her name! It's juliette.
9 jack (have) a small cottage in the country.
10 The ice at the North Pole (get) thinner.
II The last performance ;: (start) at eleven o'clock.
12 She '.. (not go) shopping on Fridays.

Present

Present Perfect Simple have/has + past participle

Ihave lived here since I990.
Present Perfect Continuous have/has + been + -ing
I have been painting the house.

Note: With regular verbs, the past participle is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive. With irregular
verbs, the past participle forms must be learnt. A list of the most common irregular verbs is on
page 192 at the back of this book.
~;;':J...lIj".
.~

-- -- - -- - -- ~Jix~Al~s
=.::;;aq:~~ -- - --
. Actions which started in the past and have I have worked in this office for three years.
not stopped
. Actions which occurred in the past and have an She's forgotten his phone number, so she can't ring him.
effect on the present
. Actions which occurred in the past but we do We have seen this film before.
not know or are not interested in when
. Experiences They have visited India.
. Achievements He has learnt three foreign languages.
. The number of times something has happened He's failed his driving test four times.
. Actions which have occurred during an unfinished I've done a lot of work this morning and it's only ten
period of time o'clock.

Note: The Present Perfect Simple is also used with already, before, ev'~r,just, never, up to now, yet, for, since.
I've already told him about the problem.
She'sjust finished her project.
I have lived here for two years.
He has worked there since /997.
)-

. Use Examples
. Actions which started in the past and are still They have been studying for their exams since October.
going on
. To emphasise how long an action has been in I have been waiting all morning!
progress
. Actions which mayor may not have stopped He's been looking after the children; that's why he's
and are responsible for a present condition exhausted.

Note: The Present Perfect Continuous is also used with all day/night, for, since, lately, recently.
He has been training hard lately.
She has been decorating her house since January.

Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous.

1 I ha ven't been . .
(no t go ) t 0 a par t y since Ch ns t mas.
2 It (rain) all day. It seems it will never stop!
3 People . (call) all morning to complain about the poor service and they are
still calling.
4 (you I finish) your homework yet?
5 I (try) to contact Peter but his phone is always engaged.
6 He (fly) an aeroplane before but he doesn't think he can do it now.
7 'What's all this mess? What (you Ido )?'
8 'Where (you I be)? I (look) for you for
two hours.'
9 He (work) in this company for 40 years and....................................
(never cause) any trouble.
10
Since the doctor warned him about his poor health, James (give up) smoking.
II Someone (use) my towel. It's wet.
12
I (wait) for you for half an hour. Why didn't you call to say you wouJd be late?
13 You (not pay) your rent yet. You always forget.
14 He (make) up his mind not to accept the post.
 Use the verb break in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

out out off into down down

y{ up up up

After Joe had lost control of his model aeroplane, it hit the ground and I ~r:9.~~..L?P............
(smashed into pieces).
2 Two prisoners succeeded in . (escaping) by dressing up as guards.
3 Jane and Simon .. (ended) their engagement at last night's party.
4 They aren't at school because they .. .. . .. ... ... (ended thei r school term) for the
summer holidays last week.
5 Harry's old car seems to (stop working) at least once a month.
.. 6 The police had to . (destroy) the front door in order to rescue the
kidnapped child.
7 Peace talks failed to prevent war from (starting).
8 Maggie and Mark have (separated) after four years of marriage.
9 The burglars (forcibly entered) the house through the kitchen window.
10 Our meeting . (ended) so late that I didn't get home until after midnight.

Use the verb bring in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

out about round round back back in off on up

yft
Our new teacher has the ability to J?r?!1:g
~lf.t . (explain clearly) all the main points of
our physics theory.
2 What .. (caused) his sudden change in attitude towards her?
3 They have (produced) some excellent computer games this year.
4 Sam doesn't agree with our plans but Karen should be able to (convince) ....................................
him .
5 Going out in cold weather with wet hair (was the cause of) a heavy cold.
6 The government has (introduced) new laws concerning taxation.
7 Could you please (return) the book as soon as possible.
8 The old toys I found in the attic.. .. . .. ... . ... ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. (caused me to recall) memories of my childhood.
9 We had to use smelling salts to (help) the man who had fainted (regain
consciousness ).
10 Jane said she'd get them to sign the contract and she actually (succeeded in doing) .................................
it .
II Roland was (raised) by his grandmother.
 Phrasalverbs: come
Use the verb come in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.
across off round up against into up out down down up with out in
r~d
I ".
If you are ever In come round . "
my nelg hbour h00 d, fee I free to (pay me a VISit.
)
2 Whenever she eats strawberries she (develops) a rash all over her body.
3 It took the patient quite a while to (regain consciousness) after the operation.
4 Some power lines (fell to the ground) in last night's hurricane so we had no
electricity.
5 I'll buy a new computer as soon as the price (falls).
6 If we (face) any more financial problems, we may have to abandon the project.
7 It was Janet who (found) the solution to our financial problems.
8 The twins (inherited) a fortune when their rich uncle died.
9 It's much warmer now that the sun has (appeared from behind the clouds).
10 As I was tidying up, I """"".""""""""""'. (found) some old stamps (quite by chance).
'I Whoever would have thought that their plan to own a multinational company would
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (succeed)!
12 I can't go shopping with you because something has (happened unexpectedly).

Words easily
Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.
said . "
a He he was gOing out b ut he d Id n't tell h
me were.
b Actions louder than words.
sp~"a,T9, c You're nonsense again. Stop lies and start
.. . .. .. ... . ... . .. .... the truth.
..
d What language were they .. ... ? I can't...: the
difference between German and Dutch.
... e Sheila us some marvellous stories during her stay.

1 2 travel a He's away on a business at the moment.

journey b Going on.a long sea was dangerous at one time.
I voyage c The ~ will be shorter once they've completed the tunnel.
trip d is said to broaden the mind.
I

I
--- -- -~.
I
3 suggest a Do you think you can her to lend you her car?
!reCOlinmefi!d' b He on staying at the most expensive hotel.
advise c Her dietician her to lose weight slowly.
ililsist d Who that you put your money in that bank?
pel"saade e Lawrence we should leave on Friday night.

4 cost a The of living has risen again. '

value b It's far more than I paid for it.
price c We can't afford a new washing machine at that .
worth d These rare stamps are of great .
l_-
I'
"
5 .faul~ a I have been sent two video cassettes in "

I~'istal<:e b It is often quite difficult to tell the difference between right and .............. .. .
," errt\l)z c According to her mother, she could do no .
~noli1g d Try not to make so many .
blal11e e You can't put the on me this time.
a~feGt f I invited her by .
g My employing her was a(n) of judgement.
h It's not my you lost your wallet.
There was a in one of the brakes.
---- -----
6 client a The hotel panicked when they heard the bomb go off.
customer b There were only a few waiting to see the doctor.
guest c He's a well-known lawyer whose include showbiz personalities.
patient d In order to attract , the shop owner reduced his prices.

7 spend a How do you your free time?

pass b Don't time! You've got a lot of work to do.
waste c Can you ten minutes to discuss the new security arrangements?
spare d Time quickly during the holidays.
e She a lot oftime reading.
4
- - -- - - --
8 audience a The police had difficulty in controlling the that had turned up
spectators to greet the team at the airport.
viewers b will be able to take part in their favourite TV game show.
Usteners c Radio I should tune in at four o'clock for live commentary of
crowd the match.
gang d The thoroughly enjoyed the play.
member e Fewer than one thousand .. .. . .. saw the game.
f Every " of the jury felt sorry for the defendant.
g After the robbery, the escaped in a stolen car.
- -.----- - - ---
9 pitch a It's one ofthe best golf I've played on.
tracle: b I'm afraid all the tennis are booked.
court c The spectator who ran onto the was removed from the
course football stadium by police.
I d Athletes enjoy running on where the spectators are close to
the action.
e The new basketball has been in use for a month now.
L-
10 rob a Her flat has been twice this year.
steal b Nobody knows who the video camera.
cheat c My business partner tried to me out of my share of the profits.
burgle d Banks in Los Angeles are quite frequently.
e They the elderly couple of their life savings.
- - --.-----
II grow a Henrietta was by her aunt.
grow up b These plants fairly quickly.
bring up c We both " on a small island.
- -- - - -
Suffixes and
In the First Certificate examination you will be given a task which involves changing the base form of a
word into another form. This can be done by adding suffixes or prefixes or both.

The table below shows the most common suffixes and, in the case of verbs, prefixes, used to form nouns,
verbs and adjectives.

~c5!jedi~es, - .- -
Suffix Example Suffix Example Suffix Example

-al survival -ate compensate -able acceptable

-age carriage -ect detect -al additional
-ance acceptance -en shorten -ed pointed
-ation exploration -ify terrify -en wooden
-dam wisdom -ise modernise -ful faithful
-ence dependence -ible responsible
-ency urgency Prefix Example -ic atmospheric
-hood childhood -ical technological
em- empower -ing disappointing
-ing(s) belongings
-ion en- encourage -ish selfish
exception
-ity popularity -ive attractive
-ment argument -less endless
-ness darkness -Iy lovely
-ship friendshiP -ory satisfactory
-th width -ous dangerous
-ty safety -ular triangular
-ure failure -y crazy
-y honesty

-ant assistant
-ee employee
.
-er trainer
-ian politician
-ist physicist
-or sailor

,
I

,I
II
"

Complete the following table.

"

tragedy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . tragic
................................. free .................................
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. weak
................................. marry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

suspicion/suspect .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .................................

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. relieved
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . educate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....

................................. ................................. annoyed/annoying

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . grown/growing
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . warm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . prefer .................................
sweetness ................................. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . describe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..

strength ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

.. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
repetition
.. ................................. doubt .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. combined
apology ,..... .................................
................................. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . inventive
................................. compete . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

................................. include ,......

................................. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . decisive
mountain . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . reactive
. ................................. conclusive
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . tend
................................. appreciate .................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . explode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

I . to Win
are t h e favountes . the championship CHAMPION
Juventus .
next year.
2 Your behaviour will not go unpunished. CHILD

3 Throughout her she had difficulty in making friends. CHILD

4 They have shown no to cooperate. WILLING

5 I didn't expect him to be so . ROMANCE

6 Going out without a coat wasn't very , was it? SENSE

7 What is the ofthe word 'impartial'. MEAN

8 The balleri na danced .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. across the stage. GRACE

9 Take no notice of him if he to call the police. THREAT

10 There's a for you in your office. PACK

Preposition
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

on in of to for about at with

I They accused me ?! dropping the plate ?'!' purpose.

2 Ifyou're a hurry, don't go " foot.
3 Nobody wanted to discuss politics because nobody was interested the subject.
4 I complained the manager the quality the video cassettes.
5 Rosa told.. ... .. . .. me that she had no intention apologising what she
had done.
6 My friends laughed me when I mistook a cow a bull.
7 Mike used to be keen playing volleyball but now he's fed up it.
8 The box was full stolen jewellery.
9 They had a discussion it secret.
10 Frank is getting engaged Mary even though they have very little common.

..

r
I

,
r
I I
I'
L_- -,-
r-

~
mYOCABULARY PRACTICE
,ifI
I
I

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

hang around hang back hang on hang onto hang up head off
hold back ho0n hold up (2) join in join up
I

Ii 2
I Could you J:L.q!~
.q~ (wait) a moment while I make ',.aquick phone call, please?
When I rang to apologise for my mistake, she just (put the phone down) without
saying a word.
3 Jack couldn't (keep control of) his anger any longer and he started shouting at everyone.
,
4 That's the third time the bank has been (robbed) this year.
I 5 When Alec was unemployed he used to (stand about aimlessly) outside the local cafe.
6 You should never (hesitate) when you're given such a wonderful opportunity.
1.1
I 7 I'm sorry I'm late. I got (delayed) in the heavy traffic.
I
I 8 (wait) while I get a pen to write down the message.
9 I'd rather (not part with) the painting until I find out how much it is worth.
10 The police managed to (stop) the robbers (getting away) by taking
a short cut.
II Don't just stand there. Go and (take part in) the fun.
12 Malcolm said he would . (enlist in the army) if he couldn't find a job.

II
II
Use the word keep in the correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

back (2) up in up with on down off

/
I
I
I
I I
It's not easy to develop the skill you need in basketball. You'll just have to ~~~l!.l!.~ (persevere
I with) it.
2 If it (doesn't stop) raining, the river will flood.
I
3 As the other students are making rapid progress, you won't be able to (maintain the
I
same level as) them unless you work hard.
4 You've done well recently. (maintain) the good work.
I
1 5 (control the level of) your voice . I can't concentrate on my worK
6 (Don't walk on) the grass.
II 7 Although the suspect seemed to be cooperative, the police knew he was (not revealin
I J
something .
'I 8 Brian's parents are him (not allowing out) in the evenings until he
promises to behave himself at school.
9 The firemen told us to (stay away) as there was danger from the burning building.

II
Phrasal verbs:
Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
followingsentences. The first one has been done for you.
~Ietdown let in on let up look after I
I
look on look out lool~ to look into I
,I

I Rob's younger brothers J.c~9.~.1!:p..

r9 (respect) him so he has to set a good example.
2 The recent disappearance of three valuable paintings is being (investigated) by police.
3 ! (Be careful!) Those books are going to fall off the shelf. II
4 We (regard) you as one of the family. You're always welcome here. II

5 I'm depending on you for support so don't . (disappoint) me .

6 According to the weather forecast, the rain won't .. (stop) until this evening.
7 As long as you promise not to tell anyone, I'll (tell) you a secret.
a Mycousin has kindly offered to (take care of) the children tonight.

Words easily
Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.
. observin g . . .
a The zoo Ioglst spent days h b haVlour 0 f a pn de 0 f IIons.
tee
(1iJ.,tile b Can you the sea from the top ofthe hill.
Vlat"'!l., c It's such a small stain that no one will it. I
I
I~x!l'.
se~ d I'd rather television than go out. II
- - -- I
II
2 coast a A day at the would make a pleasant change.
II
shore b Cannes is a popular tourist . 1.1

c
port
resort d
Navy vessels patrol the in search of smugglers.
Our boat sank but we were able to swim to the . .
seaside e Oil tankers are too big for this small .

3 ~dtriR;lef)Jator a A(n) decides which articles are included in a newspaper.

llieperter b He's worked as a war for the last ten years.
,II
lC!:o~r:esp~nd~n~ c At the start of the football match, the predicted a win for Brazil.
eli~~t;' d The asked the president some tricky questions at the press
conferen~e.
I'
1'1
4 talent a She has all the necessary for the job. I,
sidII b Even the world's best players have to practise their .
qaalification, c I never doubted his to do the job.
~

ability d Nowadays scouts watch children play football and try to

II
sign them at a very young age.
III

'5 v;isie"i I a Just one at the patient was enough to prompt the doctor to call
view an ambulance.
sight: b Make sure we get a room with a sea .
gl~f)c~ c Stay out of until they've gone.
I d These glasses will improve your .
e We left the port, hoping to catch of at least one whale.
I
'I I" 6 I Q!matlil:. a There hasn't been a earthquake here for years.
, ,J,'
"" 'I
I i I Si~~1.63!"III,t'i
b The entrance to the building is in High Street.
liIlajpr c What was about the results of the experiment?
",',.1'"
: IJD'nm,A!irpcfB
d Our ..problem is financial.

7 soil a Sandy is no good for growing these flowers.

Ia.nd b I found the bracelet lying on the outside.
ground c Her family owns quite a lot of .
I ea.rth d What on are you doing?
~..".." ~- --
crossing a Going on a world sounds like fun.
I, 8
cruise b Scott led a(n) to the North Pole.
jpassa:ge c The from the mainland to the island takes two hours.
e~peditioljl d Only the Red Cross workers were guaranteed safe through th
war-torn country.
------
9
- -- -- - - ---,
resiclent a They don't own the flat. They're .
tenant b I'm afraid parking is for only.
" c
neigbbour Our next-door have a party at least once a week.
inhabitant d The. . .. . . ... .. . . .. . . .. .. of this island have some very strange customs.
-- --
I --
I I

I ,
I

.
I
,

l
10 package
in' e IIUS 'iVe
tho~oQglr!
eompl'etie
, , ,.
.,
,

"
..'.

,
a
b
c

d
The watch cost £500,
A(n)
After making a(n)
unit declared it safe.
It was a(n)
of VAT.
tour will definitely work out cheaper.
search ofthe building, the bomb disposal

waste of money.

! II include a My job travelling abroad quite frequently.

I
involve b The price airport taxes and transfers.
contain c Wood only a small part of the structure of these houses.
I! form d Nobody knew exactly what the box .
consist e The colouring set of twelve coloured pencils.
hold f We need a tank that can at least ten gallons.

12 ijn iiielf a We'd better get an decorator to do the work.

i'
I
b His injuries are superficial and there's no bleeding.
c The village is about ten miles , not on the coast.
ililjUet,iior d There is a great deal of poverty in city areas.

13 .
I
a A soldier must orders without question.
. 1Ii1~)'Eg
b
c
They're
The next meeting will be
their silver wedding anniversary.
on 2nd March.
~ lPe~gl8Pj
.,. d He enjoys magic tricks at children's birthday parties.
! I

II
14 sale a There's a(n) of 20% on all cameras this week.
discount b It was a special ; that's why I only paid £ I0 for it.
offer c Wait until the start before you go shopping for clothes.
I

1.11
 I

Word formation 'I

.'
4
Complete the followingtable. Use prefixes where possible. ~; I

~dj~div.ej
'::c;~!f.~F. .... .................. high . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . hot I
I
. .................. laughable . give I
.......... criticise .................. .................. see I
. enthuse .................. (in)dependence .................. .
I'
. .................. grieving .................. .................. dark
II
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . emphatic .................. (mis)behave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. sell .................. .................. proven

II
. tell .................. dramatise ..................
i
. complain . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .................. furnished I
I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . chosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . be born .................. I,
. speak speaking/spoken .................. rude I

I
I
Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

'
I Ive never met suc h a.. .. ...greedy
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... person b ef ore. GREED

2 Schulz is a famous . CARTOON

3 The psychologist said his behaviour was and that he needed therapy. NATURE
I
4 According to an eyewitness, three men took part in the . ROB ~

5 Put down the and dial the number again. RECEIVE ,

I'
6 If I don't get a pay rise, I'll hand in my . RESIGN II
WOOD 'I
7 My grandfather used to play with.. ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. toys.
8 Why did he react so when I mentioned my project? AGGRESSION
9 Their views are totally different from mine. POLITICS . I,
II

10 Get , put your pyjamas on and go to bed. DRESS

I
i
Preposition 1'1

Use the prepositions below only;where necessary to complete the sentences which follow. Ilj
Ij
by in into at to with on for from I

I The crowd was staring c:.t the building that was ?f1: fire. ,1'1
2 I met him chance outside the library. i '

I Ii
3 There's a good film television this evening.
4 After being involved a scandal, the president was asked to resign.
5 The company will provide you a special uniform. I
6 Something strange happened ".. me while I was waiting the bus.
7 Her novels have been translated. ... . .. ... . .. . .. ... .. English more than twenty foreign languages. I II
8 We entered the hall exactly the same time.
I
9 It's not worth appealing them help.
10 Amy is going to apply I:
British Airways a job.
The causative is formed using to have/get + object + past participle (+ by + agent)

. To say that we arrange for somebody to f am having my hair cut next week.
do something for us
. To talk about an unpleasant action that f had my car stolen yesterday.
happens to somebody

Note: Look at the difference in meaning in these two sentences.

f had my car cleaned. (I employed somebody to do it for me.)
f had cleaned my car. (I had cleaned it myself.)

se~

Present Simple He has his car cleaned.

Present Continuous He is having his car cleaned.
Past Simple He had his car cleaned.
Past Continuous He was having his car cleaned.
Present Perfect Simple He has had his car cleaned.

Present Perfect Continuous He has been having his car cleaned.

Past Perfect Simple He had had his car cleaned.

Past Perfect Continuous He had been having his car cleaned.

Future Simple He will have his car cleaned.

Future Continuous He will be having his car cleaned.

Future Perfect Simple He will have had his car cleaned.

Modals He must have his car cleaned.
Gerund He enjoys having his car cleaned.
Infinitive He wants to have his car cleaned.

Be going to He is going to have his car cleaned.

Note: The negative and interogative in the Present Simple and Past Simple are formed with do/did.
He doesn't have his car cleaned.
Did he have his car cleaned?
We can use get instead of have in the same way in spoken English.
He will get his car cleaned.
Will he get his car cleaned?

.~
 , 1.1
Write sentences using the causative form.
~,1

I I'll ha ve it cut.
Your hair needs cutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fI
2 Your car needs servicing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Your room needs painting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 The carpet needs cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Your bike needs fixing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Your watch needs mending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Your tooth needs filling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

8 Your house needs redecorating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 This garden needs digging. .................................................

10 The grass need cutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
I,
, ,
,"
Complete the sentences using the causative form.
I'
I Dad !I:~.~.~~~.~f1:~.~{~.<:r::c:t! (his car / clean) yesterday.
2 It is going to be a very hot summer. We must (air conditioning / put in).
3 It's three years since we last (the bedroom walls / paint).
4 I (my computer / fix) at the moment.
5 The inspector is going to (the whole house / search) for fingerprints.
6 I (already my eyes / test) by nine o'clock yesterday.
7 I
How often (your hair / cut)?
I.
8 I have called a plumber. I (the tap / fix) before you arrive.
I

I
,"I
I
I
Rewrite the sentences using the causative form. I

.. I
I
Someone stole my camera. 7 They have already published three books of mine. I
I .~.<:t!..~r ~<:!1:.C?~~.
!'.~?!~.r~:... ............... I have ......................................................
2 They are servicing my car. 8 Mrs May got a plumber to fix the tap.
I .........................................................
Mrs May... .....
3 Someone broke into my aunt's house. 9 Tom's mother washes his clothes.
My aunt. .............. ......... .......... ........ ...... Tom. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
4 The hairdresser is going to cut my h~ir tomorrow. 10 Our floor needs polishing. j
I am '................ We must...................................................
5 An electrician fixed the TV for Mary. II He has serviced Dad's car. I

Mary ...................................................... Dad .........................................................

6 The dentist is filling one of my teeth. 12 They will deliver Carol's new fridge tomorrow. I

I am ...................................................... Carol ...................................................... I

Complete the sentences using the causative form.

I We ~?P:.9J;l!'.r.C!.oj.':~P.?l.i.~f?cf last week. (our roof, repair)

2 She.. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... . .. ... ... ... ... .. yet. (not, her passport photo, take)
3 He at the moment. (h is eyes, test)
4 They when I called in this morning. (the alarm, check)
5 Ray. . .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... .. . .. . .. ... ... ... .. ... .. once a year. (his carpets, clean)
6 We once since we moved in. (the flat, redecorate)
"\i,,
0,".,

EXAMINATION PRACTICE
Ii,,!," "
II
I Tests 5 & 6

For questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A, 8, C or D best fits each space.
There is an e~~~EI~~~,~~':,~,':~L~,~iD,~JQt

Although the therapeutic (0) of pets has been appreciated for some time, they have not been allowed in British
prisons until relatively (I) .
Not long ago it (2) to the prison authorities that prisoners serving long sentences must feel (3) by society
and that was (4) the reason why they became less cooperative. It was then suggested that they were (5) to
respond positively if they were allowed to keep a budgie. Realising that'long-term prisoners (6) through a great
deal of suffering, the appropriate government department went (7) with the idea.
After a trial period, the authorities (8) the conclusion that looking after a small, helpless bird brought out a (9) ......
side in most prisoners. This, in turn, (10) some prisoners and their jailers closer together. The authorities were
(II) relieved because there had been some opponents to the scheme who had passionately warned (12) it.
Since the scheme was (13) , inmates have been able to (14) from the boredom of prison life and see their
II,
situation from a completely different ( I5) .
I."
II
I 0 a price b cost @ value d worth
'I I a lately b recently c shortly d soon
2 a happened b considered c resulted d occurred
3 a abandoned b vanished c mislaid d left
4 a accurately b truly c precisely d likely
5, a likely b surely c possibly d certainly
6 a feel b take c face d go
7 a through b along c down d up
8 a came b got c arrived d reached
9 a sensitive b sensible c logical d truthful
10 a fetched b took c brought d carried
II a completely b greatly c highly d absolutely
I
12 a from b about c for d against
II 13 a discovered b c found out d
I
set up happened
14 a prevent b avoid c escape d block
IS a corner b edge c angle d opinion

For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
II Use only one word in each There is an example at the beginning (0).
II

Inthese days of high unemployment it might (0) .'?~ expected that people would try to save as (16) ...............
money as possible. However, the surprising fact is that people (17) gambling to putting money aside during
an economic depression.
Gambling takes (18) forms and most people do it at one time or another. The majority usually bet small
amounts on football matches, horse races, lotteries and scratch cards. They regard it (19) a kind of hobby
which may improve the quality of their lives. Although they know very few (20) managed to do this, they
are (21) hopeful that they will win a large sum of money that they (22) on betting. This group
usuallyknow when they are (23) to stop gambling so they can (24) least control the amount
I!
II they spend.
i
There are, on the other hand, those who have (25) a strong desire to gamble that they take no notice
, (26) anyone who tries to stop them. As a result, they feel they (27) to bet to satisfy their
I addiction. These people will risk losing all their money without a second thought. In other words, they (28) ...............
II rather lose their jobs or cause their marriage to break down (29) give (30) gambling.
I For questions 3 1-4 0' complete the second sentence so th at it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words, including the.. word

Example:
'. ". given.
.""""" There
. " is ..an mexample
.

It isn't necessary for you to go to every lesson.

attend
at
.. the beginning.
,""..., ... . . . " --

You .~Pr::'F.~f.t.':~.F~~~.~t?~.~? (1;~~c:r::~ every lesson. I

,'!

31 The president found what the manager said embarrassing.

embarrassed ill
II
The president comments. 'I
I
32 Her brother didn't have nearly as much success in the job as she did. I~
more
I
She did the job her brother.
33 A famous architect is designing a house for them. "I!

designed ,

They by a famous architect.

II
34 He started his stamp collection about twenty years ago.
collecting
He about twenty years.
35 You really shouldn't play on this court without permission. II

supposed II

You on this court without permission.

II
36 I'd rather work here than get a job in the city.
II
prefer ,j
I
I a job in the city. .. II
37 Tommy often forgets to switch on the alarm.
time
It's not the to switch on the alarm. II
1
38 The combination of her green skirt and red jacket looked awful. :1

go
II
Her green skirt : her red jacket at all. I
39 She doesn't want you to study abroad. I
rather
She. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. study abroad.
I
40 You can buy two for the price of one at this shop.
,I
sale
They are price at this shop. 'j
"

I
I
I

II
"'" " """"~:"""
, . .
'k7 . , ',.. '/
.~
 - - - ---
For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefullyat each line. Some of the lines are correct
111'1111
and some have a word which should not be there. Ifa line is correct, put a tick (V> in the marginon
..,.-'
the right. Ifa line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on the right. There are two examples at the beginning(0 and 00).
-i,"--
-.- n._.~__.._..._-

Giving a plant
.I
. . . . .. . . . . . . . ... ...........
0 Since a plant is normally a very welcome present, many
more
00 of us give one without thinking more carefully about .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . ..

41 how difficult that it can be to look after it. Some ................

42 people would rather not to have a plant because they . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .

43 spend such a long periods of time away from home . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. ..

44 that they are unable to take care of it properly. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. ..

45 In these cases the owner has the problem of finding . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . ..

46 out someone responsible to look after the plant. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..

47 There are also plants that need their special care. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..

48 These normally die as soon as they will get too much . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. ..

49 sun or water. If the plant is kept on a balcony, it may ......

50 attract so many insects. When this happens, it . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .

51 is often necessary to use a chemical spray - something .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. .. ..

52 which most people would prefer not to avoid. One ......

53 further reason for not giving a plant just because of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

54 it is an easy choice is that some people cannot .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. ..

55 grow up anything, no matter how hard they try. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .

For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fl~s in _t~e spl'l.c:e.~n_.th~~~ll'1e-!!n~:_Ther~i~_~1!. .E!~~!!'p!.~~ the beginning (0).

Taking the blame

(0) ??z.l.lf~~?'!.. ... ... is now a sensitive political issue in many countries. POLLUTEI
INDUSTRyj
As a result, one would assume that the amount of (56) ........................
waste being released is decreasing. However, there is no
CONFIRM
(57) that this is so. In fact, all the evidence
DESTROY
shows that the (58) of our
GLOBE
(59) environment is not slowing down at all. Many
IDENTITY
attempts have been made to (60) the reasons for this.
INFLUENCE
Most of the time (6 I) government ministers and
RESPONSIBLE
businessmen are accused of behaving (62) but putting
SIMPLE
the blame on these people is (63) a way of allowing the
CONSUME
general public to maintain their (64) of products which
RESPOND
damage the environment. If the public's (65) was more
positive, perhaps the situation would change.
 --- -
Practice Test 6
For questions I-IS, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
Modern tourism
Tourism has (0) in for a lot of criticism recently but has been unaffected by it and rightly so. One of the most
common faults found with it is that (I) no longer broadens the mind. But why should it? (2) , the holidaymakers
who choose to go on a (3) tour know just what such a holiday (4) . This is what appeals (5) them so why
shouldn't they go on this type of holiday? Travel writers generally (6) down on them because of their lack of
adventure - 'all they want is a room with a sea (7) !' But what if they don't want broader minds? What if they
choose these holiday (8) because their minds can't get any broader?

Another frequent criticism levelled at tourism concerns the changes (9) at holiday destinations: the (10) ......
culture changes, (II) is developed, (12) roads are built and locals (13) for their guests. In other
words, the tourist is provided (14) a copy of the place he or she has just left plus service. So why should there
be any criticism? The world is changing rapidly and neither you nor I have the (15) to stop it. Just sit back and
enjoy the ride!

0 @ come b gone c stayed d been

I a journey b voyage c travel d expedition
2 a Really b Probably c Certainly d Surely
3 a package b guided c parcel d holiday
4 a involves b forms c consists d holds
5 a from b with c for d to
6 a see b look c let d keep
7 a sight b vision c scene d view
8 a resorts b ports c places d shores
9 a watched b viewed c observed d glanced
10 a tenants' b dwellers' c neighbours' d inhabitants'
II a land b soil c earth d ground
12 a principal b significant c main d chief
13 a carry out b present c celebrate d perform
14 a for b by c from d with
15 a ability b qualification c skill d talent

For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each ~E~~~":!~",=,=e
is~~n",=~~~ple,~E"t~"~~~~g!~Di~]~(~t"'

The other point of view

Very often a disagreement (0) .~~.t.~~~'!:.. two friends, neighbours or colleagues can lead to a permanent problem.
In order to avoid falling (16) with a friend or having a bad relationship with a neighbour or workmate, it
(17) always (18) excellent idea to try to see the other person's point of view.

If you take into consideration how someone (19) thinks, your own thinking (20) improve,
so you should write down the views your friend, neighbour or colleague is likely to have. Not only will their thoughts
surprise you, but you may find a (21) to the problem as well.

Recently a friend of mine bought (22) new printer for her computer. The dealer in the shop had recommended
it but she was let (23) when she found it was no better than her old one. (24) taking it back,
she (25) a thought. She realised that if the dealer was criticised, he (26) be offended.
So, instead of complaining, she said that she had (27) a mistake by not asking for (28) right
printer. The dealer promptly changed it free of charge.

It was obvious to my friend that if she (29) not handled the problem in this way, the dealer would not
have provided her (30) a free replacement.

-- ---- ~-
In.. For questions 31-40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
co-

co-
I
~

Example:
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
. words.: i~cluding the word given. ThE;!reis an example at the be~inning.

Fix it now or it willget worse.

Youd ................................
oth;rwise better fix it no~,..~~~~:~.i.~~ it willget worse.

31 Eating too quickly will give you a stomachache.

stop
You'll have a stomachache eating so quickly.
32 There's no need to shout.
voice
Please down.
33 Many people think that scientists have received signals from alien life forms.
thought
Scientists signals from alien life forms.
34 Taking care of four young children is difficult.
look
~
It isn't four young children.
35 I don't think they can complete the job by Friday.
might
They complete the job by Friday.
36 We enjoyed ourselves at the dance.
time
We at the dance.
37 What they need to do is form a new committee.
ought
They really up anew com mittee.
38 Be quiet and you can watch me repair the clock.
long
You can watch me repair the clock quiet.
39 Let me see your drawing.
look

Let me have you have drawn.

40 He drew cartoons before he began making films.
worked

He before he began making films.

, .".~...,. ..,.".,..

~~~I
 For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (V") in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on the right. There are two ~examples at the beginning (0 and 00). --- -- -
A rich friend
,/ I'~
0 Having been brought up in a relatively undesirable area, . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

then
...........................
00 I had very few friends who could have been then
41 described as anything but poor. This was meant that .
42 I was always impressed by the wealth and large houses. ...................
43 On one day I went to a folk music concert with ..................
44 some friends. There I met with a girl called Alison . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . ..

45 who invited several of us to her house for a cup . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ..

46 of coffee. To my amazement, her house was very huge. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I!
47 It was located in a beautiful countryside and had . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . ..

48 two entrances at the front. There was also a garage .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . .

49 big enough for three cars next to it. As soon as I entered into . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

50 the house I saw some marvellous paintings hanging there ....

51 on the wall. Alison explained that her father liked the . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52 art and often he bought paintings by famous artists. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .

53 Although Alison came from a wealthy family, she . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

54 never looked down on the people. It did not take . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . ..

55 long for us too to become friends and I was always .....

made welcome at her house.

~.
.

II .
For question s 56-6 5, re ad th e t e xt below . use the wo rd giVen in caPital s at the end of each line to
. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .
_.1.or~~d that fit~the space in the sa~.=..!ine~Th.:r.e i:.!n eX~l1lPle.:t t~be~inning (0).
A stressful time
Pro bably t h e most (0) confusinp"Po .. In a person , s I'If e .IS
time
CONFUSE
CHOOSE
adolescence. It is a time when (56) ., that will affect a
person's future have to be made. It i's also when (57) ........................ DEPEND

becomes such an important issue. These two factors, together with the
(58) that is placed on academic success, can make
EMPHASISE

teenagers behave (59) when they are subject to AGGRESSION I

(60) . All too often adults regard CRITICISE

those in their teens as being (61) and make continuous THINK

(62) about their attitude towards older people. Yet, if COMPLAIN

an adult under stress behaves (63) at any time, their

NATURE

(64) , for example, may be excused because they are RUDE

under pressure. People tend to lose (65) ofthe fact that SEE
adolescents are also under great pressure when they are criticised.

~.
 /

I"'-.i
~ 'iNFINITIVE & GERUND
Bare Infinitive,
T co/Enough

Fun I
livli)e
Present to give to be given
Present Continuous to be giving
Perfect to have given to have been given
Perfect Continuous to have been giving

. To express purpose He saved some money to buy a new car.

. After certain verbs He didn't appear to like the idea.

I " afford hope prove He decided to apply for the job.
agree learn refuse He pretended to be ill.
appear manage remember He refused to tell me the truth.
arrange mean seem He didn't remember to post the letter.
bother offer tend He doesn't seem to believe me.
choose plan threaten I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.
decide prepare try I offered to carry the bags for him.
fail pretend want
forget promise would like

. After certain verbs + object I advised him to give up smoking.

advise encourage persuade They didn't allow me to go out.
allow expect remind She asked me to help her clean up.
ask force tell She encouraged him to try again.
command invite want I expected you to say sorry.
convince order warn I persuaded him not to sell his house.
enable permit She told me not to reveal her secret.
She warned me not to be late again.

. After certain adjectives He is likely to pass the exams.

fortunate, happy, likely,lucky, sorry I am sorry to have bothered you.
She's lucky to have you as a friend.

. Impersonal construction It was kind of you to help him.

It + be + adjective (+ of + sb) It was stupid of her to leave her car unlocked.
It was generous of you to give the money.
It + be + adjective (for sb) It is important for me to know the truth.
It would be better for her to see a doctor.
It is dangerous for children to go out after dark.

--~
 Full Infinitive (continued)
Use I;,xa_'!!eles- - --

. After be + the only/the first/the best/the last/etc He was the only man to survive the accident

. After questionswords He didn't know how to do the exercise.

I told her which dress to buy.
We haven't decided where to go on holidayyet

. Afterwhether She hasn't decided whether to accept his

proposal or not.

. After too and enough He is too young to drive a car.

He isn't old enough to drive a car.

Bare Infinitive (Infinitive Without To)

Use Examples
. After modals He may not have finished yet.
can, could, may, might, must, should You mustn't smoke in here.
I would tell you if I knew about it.

. After certain verbs/phrases You had better consult a lawyer.

had better / would rather I would rather stay in tonight.

make sb do sth Our teacher makes us study a lot.

(Note: Make is followed by the full infinitivewhen it ..
is in the passive.)

let sb do sth Mum didn't let me go to the party.

feel, hear, see, watch sb do sth I heard him sing the whole song.

Note: Help is followed by either the full infinitiveor the bare infinitive.
She helped me (to) lift the box.

I
\
~

J
I
I
---'--
1IIIIilllq~:. Study the example and rewrite the sentences.
" ji.,I"11-
Has he arrived? He seems to have arrived.
. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..
",!'.f',-

Has he been working hard today? 6 Didn't she call Mary?

He seems................................................ She doesn't seem.......................................
2 Did they buy a new car? 7 Have they been drinking?
They seem ......... They seem. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... .. ..
3 Does your new teacher like you? 8 Are they busy?
My new teacher seems .................. They seem.. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ......
4 Has the thief been arrested? 9 Is he trying to hide something?
The thief seems ......... He seems ... ... ... ... ... ... .......
s Doesn't he know the answer? 10 Has my car been damaged?
He doesn't............................................. Your car seems .....

Study the examples and use the appropriate infinitivetype to' transform the sentences in the exercise.
I
I
I Perhaps she sleeps well every night. She may . ::;J~~P. .1Y.c;Zl..c;~~~Y. r:z"igly}........
Perhaps she is sleePing right now. She may. 9.c;.Ei{~~p.~1Jg.,:fgM .lJ.(rYI!;. . . . . . .

'I Perhaps she slept well last night. Shemay .h?X~. ::;J~P.f. ~~!!.(?S.~
.nAg/H....
,
Perhaps she wasn't sleeping. She may. h?x~. 9.~~!1. *~f~.P.?1Jg:
r:z"Q.t. .. . . .
Perhaps she has been sleeping. She may . h?x~. 9.~~!1.Ei{~~.p.f1Jg:. . . . . . . . . .
I.
Perhaps she has told you all about it.
She may ...
2 Perhaps Mrs Jones wasn't telling the truth..
Mrs Jones may ;..................................................................
'i 3 I am not sure but I think he has forgotten our appointment.
He may.....................................................................................................................
4 Perhaps she was afraid of the consequences.
She may.....................................................................................................................
s Perhaps she has been trying to cheat in the exams.
She may.....................................................................................................................
6 PerhapsArthur hasn't finished decorating his room yet.
Arthur may..................................................................................................................
7 Perhaps she doesn't speak Spanish.
She may ...
8. Perhaps Jill is listening to music right now.
may .....................................................................................................................
I

Jill
I

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form, active or passive

I You can't ../:t.E! Y.c:.~lJX~~c:c;l, '" (invite) Sam to the party! He would have come.
2 The house should .. (clean) almost every day.
3 The letters should (post) by now. Why didn't you do it?
4 Robert had better . (go) on a diet right away. He is overweight.
S James refused (take part) in the competition.
6 This house must ... (build) years ago.
7 She agreed (cook) dinner for us.
8 He could ..' (injure) in the accident! He was so lucky.
9 The journalist didn't want (reveal) the source of information.
10 Our guests should (arrive) by now.
.11

lull
 Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.
-, 'I,

!;'~~~~~~~/;~~~~~~f.;~~;F~~;~~;.~~o;:~7Z~;~~.if:~~!Y.'""""""""""""""""""", ~
it / be / impossible / me / meet / you right now
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

2 it / be / very kind / you / send / me / flowers / yesterday

. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

3 it / be / cruel/him / hit / his dog

. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 he / the only student / pass / the exam

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . , .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

5 it / be / really / dangerous / drive / when you / be / drunk

. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

6 it / take / her / ages / get / over / her illness / last year

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
; ,
7 ,I
I offer / help / the old lady / cross the street
.. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Sarah / always make / her son / eat a lot

. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

Too/Enough
-- --~'Use:l1,erfit11: --.----------- ----
-- _~a~l~s _1
Too is used to indicate more too + adjective/adverb + full infinitive He is too young to drive. ,
I;,
,
than is necessary or wanted. I'
1'1
Enough is used to indicate as adjective/adverb + enough + full infinitive She is old enough to drive
I

much/many as is necessary or
wanted.

Note: When joining two sentences with different subjects, we use for + object.
The bag is very heavy. You can't lift it.
The bag is too heavy for you to lift.
It is hot. We can go swimming.
It is hot enough for us to go swimming.

Study the table and then combine the two sentences into one using too or enough.

My grandpa can't drive. He is very old. 8 That car is very expensive. I can't afford it.
My. g~?/!9.P.4.($.f~Q..Q(cj.!R.cjr.i.1(~.................... . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

2 The sea is warm. You can swim. 9 Mike isn't tall. He can't join the police force.
.. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .

3 The food is very cold. I can't eat it. 10 This coffee is very sweet. I can't drink it. II

. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Sheila can't read. She is very young. II I was very afraid. I couldn't open the door.
.. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
!I
5 She runs very fast. She can win a medal. 12 He wasn't quick. He couldn't catch the ball.
. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

6 I was very angry. 1 couldn't talk to you. 13 That exercise is very difficult. I can't do it.
. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

7 That house is very big. We can live in it. 14 Jim isn't rich. He can't buy a new house.
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
 Complete the sentences with the full or the bare infinitive.
JIIIIH_'
,,1"""

I The policeman ordered the man ~9. ?ft? c;1.9."Y.'!.

.. . .. (lie down).
',I,"""
2 You'd better (call) the police at once.
3 She is likely . (pass) her exams. She has studied hard.
4 He wondered whether ... (invite) Joan to the party or not.
5 I really don't know which dress (buy).
6 The thief made the woman (give) him all her savings.
7 She was the first woman (step) on the moon.
8 He arranged (meet) Jennifer at the cinema.
9 Betty refused (lend) her brother the money he needed.
10 He proved (be) very bad at his job.
,
II I would rather (have) spaghetti than sushi.
12 You seem (be) in a bad mood today. What's wrong?
13 The traffic warden didn't let me (park) outside the office.
14 It's really hard for me (decide) what (buy).
15 Please remind me (feed) the cat before we leave.

..

Study the examples and rewrite the sentences.

It is likely that he will pass his exams. It appears that she has left..'
... !!.t'(. i$. UKt;{Y.tR .P.fJ:$r>.
.f],tr>.
.c:~fJ:1JJ.s....... . ./i.h:~ fJ:pp.~E!rr>.
.t.Q.J:l.EJ-X~.
!~ft... . ... . .. . .. ..

It seems that he has accepted our proposal.

. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .

2 It is likely that they will press charges against him.

. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. ..

3 It appears that he has forgotten our appointment.

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

4 It seems that your brother took your car without asking you first.
III . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. ..

5 It is likely that John will be expelled from school.

. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. ..

6 It appears that she was trying to warn you.

. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ..

7 It seems that Sally has been lying about it all along.

.. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . ... . .. ... . .. .. .. .. . .. ... ..

II
8 It is likelythat my mother will be very angry when I get home.
.. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . ... .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..

9 It appears that Mrs White has got married again.

. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. . . .. ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . ... . .. . .. . .. .. . ... . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ... ..
10 It is likely that my boss will resign next year.
. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... .. .. .. . . . ... .. . .. ..
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence using the correct infinitive type. -
This bike is very big, so Tom can't ride it.
This bike is . F~9..~~g.fo.~.TC?!?1.
.~C?
r?~t;; ,...
2 Jenny must tidy her room.
I want ........................................................................................................................
3 'I don't think you should go on a diet, Tim.'
I advised ....
4 Mary gets angry very easily.
Mary tends. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 She is feeling much better now.

She seems ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
6 This skirt is very small, so she can't wear it any more.
This skirt is ..................................................................................................................
7 Beatrice felt sleepy, so she didn't watch the end of the film.
Beatrice felt... ........................................................ .............. ..... .................................

8 It is likely that Julian will win the race again.

Julian is .....................................................................................................................
9 There is a possibility that she will pass her driving test.
It is .....
10 My mother forces me to go to bed early every night.
My mother makes . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .
" My advice to you is to take a long holiday.
You had.....................................................................................................................
12 The tea was so hot that I couldn't drink it.
The tea was too ..........................
13 You shouldn't have behaved like that; it was rude of you.
It was rude of ... ... ... ... ... ... .....
14 I don't have the money to buy this blouse.
I can't afford...............................................................................................................
IS I think you should revise before the test.
I advise.....................................................................................................................

~ ~. .
~. ";"~J.~
--
-.---.-

I!IIIII':!
11,',,"'"

,
jl,ji'..,.
Present keeping being kept
Perfect having kept having been kept
- -- -- - 6xa1J\m:RJes ----- ---
. As the subject of a sentence Smoking is harmful.
. As the object of a sentence I love cooking Italian food.
. After certain verbs He admitted breaking the window.
admit enjoy postpone I don't remember meeting you before.
appreciate fancy practise The man denied taking part in the robbery.
avoid finish recollect After their divorce, he avoided seeing her.
consider imagine remember Shekeeps complaining all the time.
I delay keep resist
II deny mind stop
I dislike miss suggest
I
I . After prepositions Theyaccusedhim of stealing the money.
I I am really tired of arguing again.
They prevented us from seeing the patient.
,I Tom isn't used to driving on the left.
I have no objection to lending you the money.
I ir . After certain expressions It's no use crying now.
"
I
i
can't stand there is/was no point in I don't feel like eating out tonight.
II can't help spend/waste time There is no point in apologising now.
it's no use be used to He spends most of his time watching TV.
it's no good be accustomed to I am not used to getting up early.
feel like be busy

Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

II

I It's difficult to learn Chinese.

!-:~.8::l},~r:~.c;;.~.i.,!~~~.
!~. ?:~ff~~.lf?~'.........................

It's interesting to read science fiction books.

. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

2 It's important to have good friends.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .

3 It's good to help poor people.

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

4 It's enjoyable to go to fancy dress parties.

. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

5 It's illegal to drive without a driving licence.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

6 It's bad to tell lies.

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .
Ii 7
, It is forbidden to smoke in public places.
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~
8 It is great to swim.
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

,I:
II \ ~
 Geru nd or I ~
The following verbs can be followed by the gerund or the full infinitive but there is an important change in meaning.
Verb Examples
remember Remember to buy some bread on your way home. (not forget)
I don't remember buying that dress.(recall)

stop Let's stop to ask directions. (interrupt one action to do something else)
I think you should stop asking silly questions. (not continue)

forget She forgot to call me again. (not remember to do sth)

1'1/never forget seeing you for the firsttime. (not recall)

try He tried to answer the question. (attempt)

If the food isn't tasty, try adding some salt. (experiment)

regret I regret to inform youthatyou havefailed. (be sorry about sth about to be said)
I regret telling those lies. (be sorry about sth you have done)

go on He toldus aboutJim and then went on to tell us aboutSal/y.(start a new action)

I went on telling thestoryalthoughhe wasn'tlistening.(continue)

mean I didn't mean to offend you. (intend)

If we inviteher, it willmean offending her ex-husband.(involve)

Note: Some verbs (begin, continue, like, love, need, prefer, start) can be followed by the gerund or
the full infinitive with little or no change in meaning.
But, if the verb is in the continuous form, it is always followed by the full infinitive.
It started to rain/raining.
It was starting to rain.

Choose the correct word or phrase. --~

I It's no use@IFLngy to talk to Mary; she won't listen to you.
2 You are so lucky to escape/ to have escapedfrom the building during the earthquake.
3 It was so kind of you to take / taking me to hospital.
4 The notorious criminal admitted to plan / planningto assassinate the President.
5 The suspect denied knowing / to know anything about it.
6 Samantha couldn't afford going / to go on holiday this year.
7 You had better to hurry / hurry, or else you will miss the train.
8 Carol avoided driving/ to drive in the rush hour when she lived in Paris.
9 My parents don't let me staying / stay up late during the week.
10 My secretary reminded me replying/ to reply to a letter.
" II Mary suggested to go / going to the theatre.
\ 12 My boss blamed me for to delay / delaying things all the time.
I 13 AI refused to lend / lending me the money.
14 I really don't know what do / to do tonight. I fancy to go / going to a restaurant but I can't afford it.
15 I can't remember to say/ sayingthat to you.

-I
~11111.'1
Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund or infinitive form.

, I Do you feel like !!?i.11:fJ .. (go) out or would you rather ~~~~ (stay) in tonight?
!'"f'~'
2 I'd like (eat) in a Chinese restaurant for a change.
3 'Did you remember (lock) the door?'
'No, I didn't. I'd better . (go) back and . (do) it now.'
4 Don't forget (pick) me up at 6 pm from the airport.
5 My aunt is rich and can afford (go) to the Alps every winter.
6 She remembers . (go) to school for the first time.
7 After (spend) two weeks alone, she looked forward to (see) us all.
8 She was the only one (arrive) at the meeting on time.
9 Jemima was too shy (make) a speech in public. i

10 She pretended (be) sick in order to avoid ..' .. (go) to school.

II
I Don't worry! I don't mind (wait) for a while.
I
12 Did they manage .. (carry) the new bed upstairs?
13 My parents think that I am incapable of (earn) a living.
, I

14 The chauffeur stopped (drive). He stopped (have) a rest.

15 I always enjoy (eat) out with friends.
11
16 If you agree (work) for me, I will offer you more money.
17 It's no use (ask) little children to be quiet. They can't help (make) a lot of
noise when they are having a party.
18 Would you mind (sign) here, please?
19 Please, don't forget (pay) the phone bill.
20 I would rather .. (eat) chicken casserole than beans.
21 I am terribly sorry! I didn't mean (break) your antique vase.
22 John denied (take) the money.
23 Brenda suspected him of (take) money out of her purse.
24 It is very difficult (use) a computer unless you have attended a special course.
25 It's stupid (spend) so much money on clothes.
26 My son is mature enough (make) his own decisions.
27 (ride) a motorbike without a helmet is dangerous.
28 My father isn't used to (be) told what to do.
29 There's no point in (argue) over trivial things.
30 The headmaster didn't allow us (organise) a school dance.
31 My mother can't resist (eat) sweets although she is on a diet.
32 The pain in your back is likely (get) worse.

~~
 Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.

I am too tired { take you out now after { work for so many hours
~.C!-.f!1:.
~?~.~~~~~.~? .t.8;~.~
..Y.~~.?lf~.~?~ .8;f~~.~
.~?:.~~r:.!f/?C.~? .'!1:c:.T1:y..~.~!:~~:.......................................
2 there is no point in { complain about { spend so much money on the car
. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

3 I don't remember { get a letter from you

.. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .

4 my brother spends most of his free time {listen to music and { watch TV
. . .. .. . ... . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .

5 they accused him of { steal the money and he admitted { do it in the end
. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .

6 they tried { prevent me from { testify in court { but I finally managed { do it

. . .. . . .. .. . .. ... . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .

Rewrite the sentences using the verbs from the box.

suspect admit agree apologise ge4 advise

accuse suggest refuse promise

My sister said, 'No, I didn't take your car.'

My sister ~~.~~~~.~~.~~r:![. ... ... my car.
2 Ann said to me, 'No, I won't give you any money.'
,.
Ann ..... ... .. .. . .... . .... .... .... ... .... me any money.
3 Bill said to his wife, 'I am so sorry I spoilt our holiday.'
Bill their holiday.
4 Martha said, 'Let's go sailing this weekend.'
Martha sailing that weekend.
5 Alice said to me, 'Yes, I'll help you with your homework.'
Alice . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... . me with my homework.
6 Brenda said to me, 'You took my watch.'
Brenda.. her watch.
I
7 I
The man said, 'Yes, I stole the car.'
The man the car.
8 'Don't worry, Peter; I'll take you to the park tomorrow,' said his father.
Peter's father him to the park the next day.
9 She said to him, 'I am not sure but I think you broke my vase.'
She.. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. her vase.

10 'You'd better stay in bed for a couple of days,' said the doctor.
The doctor in bed for a couple of days.
r
II"IJ
Correct the sentences where necessary. Put a tick (.I) below those which do not need correcting
t,"-, ;-
,,"-,
She couldn't cope with worked for so many hours a day.
~~~. ~?!:~~.~:~
.~?P~.~~t.~.~.~r:~i.'!~t?:.~? !1!.l!~r.
.~~l!.~~.~.
.~~X:.....................................................
2 Pam would rather to drink wine than beer.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

3 She admitted to steal the money from the safe.

. . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

4 Mr Anderson can't stand to be treated dishonestly.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . ..

5 They postponed going to see their grandparents.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

6 I don't recollect arranging a meeting for today.

. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

7 Jim advised me working overtime to earn more money.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

8 I don't enjoy to be in crowded places.

.................................................................................................................................
9 I look forward to travel abroad.
.
10 Mother didn't allow us watch TV at all last night.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

~
-I
I
Compete the sentences using your own words.

I really can't afford.........................................................................................................

2 I spend my spare time ... ... ... ...
3 Myparents don't let me ,.........................................
4 I am old enough............................................................................................................
5 I really can't stand .....................................................................
6 I avoid ........................................................................................................................
7 It's dangerous...............................................................................................................
8 I promised ... ... ... ... .....

L
 Write sentences using want, as in the example.

Don't drink alcoho/. Drink some milk instead.

!.~?~~. ~~:z:~l.~~. .t~.~.~i.,!~.~!~.?~?I:.~.~<!.,!~.y'?Z:.
~?~:~~~.'!:.i.l.~.~'!.~~~~~:............................................

Don't stay up late. Go to bed early instead.

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. ..
2 Don't work so much. Have a rest instead.
.. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ..
3 Don't talk to me like that. Be polite instead.
.. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .

4 Don't make so much noise. Be quiet instead.

. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. ..

5 Don't take my car. Take a taxi instead.

.. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . ..

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund or full infinitiveform.

She pretended f<}..~~ (be) angry but she wasn't very good at ..h:~cJ.Z'!!L (hide)
her true feelings.
2 It's not worth (ask) him (help) you...........................
(paint) the house because he objects to (do) anything which involves physical effort.
3 The suspect denied (steal) the money and refused (answer)
any questions.
4 (read) a good book at bedtime makes it difficult for me (get)
to sleep. I can't help (think) about the plot when I close my eyes.
5 In addition to (offer) (teach) me how...........................
(play) chess,she promised (buy) me an expensive chess set.
6 We went to the football club (practise) (take) free kicks.
7 I would like (know) how she gave up (smoke) so easily.
8 When I had finished (tidy up), I asked Carol if she felt like...........................
(go) for a walk but she said she w<?uld prefer (watch) a video.

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the gerund,
full infinitive or bare infinitive form.

" to think . ,.
I I wasbegmnmg...
.... ............ (t hmk) t hat you weren t commg.
2 They made him (leave) because he was trying (cause) trouble.
3 We'd better (stop) (shout), otherwise they might
(throw) us out.
4 I'd rather (not go) to the party if it means (watch) Barry
(behave) like a six-year-old all evening.
5 I regret (tell) her the truth as she seems (be) so sad now.
I really didn't mean (upset) her, but she won't stop (blame)
me for her unhappiness.
 /'

#' OCABULARY PRACTICE

,",Ii,!,"':'

Use the verb make in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

out (2) up (4) of for up for over

Since you've missed the last train home, I'll .'!!-~~~JfP , (prepare) a bed for you in the attic.
2 Is that really what happened or did you (invent) the story ?
3 Apparently, Joe and Cathy have (become friends again) after their terrible argument.
4 As soon as the fox sensed our presence it (went towards) the forest.
5 What did you (think of) the art exhibition?
6 She (pretended) that she was sick just to avoid doing the test.
..
7 It's difficult to (see clearly) the writing on this old coin but I think it's Arabic.
8 He's usually slow in the first part of the race but he (gets back) the lost time in the
latter stages.
I 9 I (compensated for) the disappointment of our not being able to go to the circus by
I

taking the family out for a meal.

10 When Mr Wright retired he (transferred ownership of) the company to his children.

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

knock out knock over live on live through

live~n
live up to mind out miss out on

It was such an embarrassing mistake that the politician will find it difficultto ~~~~ it
down .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. (cause It to be forgotten).
2 All they've got to (manage with) is a small pension.
,i 3 During the meal I (pushed over) a glass of wine.
III
4 His head struck the table as he fell and he was (rendered unconscious).
5 The play didn't (reach the level of) my expectations so I left halfway through.
'I
6 ! (Pay attention!) You nearly hit a motorcyclist when you changed lanes.
II,.
7 If I hadn't gone to the party, I would have (been unable to take part in) all the fun.
8 The old soldier told us about some of the most frightening moments he had........................

(experienced).
Phrasal verbs:
Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

pass away pas~ as pass out payback pick on

pullup ring up rub out
pick up pull down pull off

. .' . . passing
Th ey manage d to get mto t he Jewe IIer saterf c Iosmg time by t hemse Ives .
I~
.C?ff?;~ (appearing to be) security guards. I
2
3
The old lady
I think I would have
.. (died) in her sleep last night.
(fainted) if I'd stayed in there any longer.
i
I

4 Don't show you're frightened of them, or they'll you (treat you very badly). I'
I
5 He's been able to '."""'" (learn) several languages during his travels.
6 They were determined to him (gain revenge) for the way he'd
treated them.
7 Two men (stopped) in a limousine and asked us the way to the nearest post office.
8 The old bowling alley has been (demolished) and a new cinema complex is being built.
9 It took me ages to (remove) the graffiti on the desk. I
10 Bob's going to (phone) the secretary to find out what time the meeting starts. I
'II Janine said she'd win the tournament and she actually ~ it ........................
(succeeded in doing it).

Words easily
Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.

!NeiL a For the main .C;?lf:.~~ I would like a steak.

E~.S~ b Apple pie and ice cream is my favourite .
ies§f;ni: c Breakfast is the most important of the day.
d I'll have soup for a , please.

2 line a Why are you in the when you should be in your classroom?
aisle b They live in a street with two neat of identical bungalows.
corridor c I prefer a window seat to a(n) seat when I'm flying.
row d Don't walk on the railway .
e The bride looked nervous as she walked down the .

~6ess a I , what Bob's done with the TV guide.

wOr;JcleF b Would you a career in the army?
reel<~!1: c Can you how many people came to the party?
consider d I it'll take weeks to repair this machine.

4 display a Reg Hawkins has won first prize in the flower yet again.
show b It was the best firework I have ever seen.
demonstration c Give us a(n) of how the machine works.
exhibition d All the major manufacturers were represented at the computer .
--- ~ --~ ~_.

5 lump a That's an interesting of information.

slke b Use a fresh of paper for each question.
pieee c I'd like two of ham in my sandwich.
sheet; d How much sugar do you take, one or two?
bar e I've bought a of chocolate for you.
r
Ilirlllll)I
I...
",\\!" "
6 scilai'1 a The bank pays on my account twice a year.
ineC\me b As the managing director of a large company she gets a large .
inyestmelil't c His consists largely of rent he receives from property he owns.
,4',i"'"'" d
linjer,est Buying shares in mining wasn't considered a wise at that time.

7 compartment a During my stay in hospital I shared a with nine other patients.

ward b The train is nearly empty, with only a few passengers in each .
section c A new of the bank is being opened here next week.
department d He works for a government but I don't know which one.
branch e The club is divided into several .
~-- - --
8 heal; a He was taken to Walton Hospital, where he was for shock.
cure b It'll take time for her to from her injuries.
recover c The wound more quickly than I anticipated.
treat d
-- ---- ~--- - --------If this stuff doesn't yo~, I don't know what will.

9 allowance a A to fish this stretch of the river will cost you £ 150 a year.
permission b You'll receive a monthly travel together with your salary.
permit c The headmaster gave us to leave school early.
pass d Please wear your so that the security personnel can see it easily.
-
.. I 10 stagger a The wounded soldier towards the safety of the forest.
wander b She loves through the park on Sunday afternoon.
stt'!olli c After around Europe, Jed decided to return to the States.
tiptoe d I into the nursery so that I wouldn't wake the baby.
limp e He had to off the field with a leg injury.
I
/
I
II damp a Where have you been? You're through.
wet b We'd been expecting lots of snow but it turned out to be a winter.
humid c Having lived in the tropics, he's used to a climate.
mild d The old cottage is inside because it has been empty for a year.

!
fit a Red ... ... ... .. .. both black and white.
112 match b
I If the pullover doesn't you, you can exchange it for a larger size.
sl!lit c It looks great on you. It you perfectly.
go witb d After buying a necklace, she searched for a pair of earrings to .

13 ~epetnEi a Our success on hard work alone.

rcll¥ b His new film is on a book by Stephen King.
.trillst c You'd be a fool to Max.
Base d I think I can on Francis to do what is necessary.

II
14 drought a There's a in here. Please close the window.
draught b Strong make swimming here very dangerous.
!I
current c have become common after heavy rain.
I
flood d is always a problem in areas of little rainfall.

1:/
--
I
15 wide a The satellite channel provided coverage of the match.
bt'!oac;J b We have a range of sports equipment here.
deep c As she was in thought she didn't hear what I said.
extensiiY'e d With a grin, he admitted playing a practical joke on me.
--
III

Ii
Word formation

Complete the followingtable. Use prefixes where possible.

Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective

.................. terrified/terrifying looseness . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

............ . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . broken intelligence . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .

.. vary ...... ........... . (un)deniable
........ advise . .......... experience ....
........ fly .... sureness ............. ....
.................. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . living/alive/lively .................. .................. (un)avoidable
ripeness ....... .................. . impoverish .
sharpness ....... ... filling fill .
weakness .................. . .................. agree ....
half .................. half .................. jealous
.................. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . congratulatory capability . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
.................. hunger . ........... .............. additional/added
........ ill . .......... mixed
............. fail .................. ...... . possessive
observation/observer. .................. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

I Carol's sudden f!;f'?P..?r.f.lf.r.~ took us all by surprise. DEPART

2 An of mine works at the stadium. ACQUAINT
3 Although the dog looked vicious, it was, in fact, very . AFFECTION
4 This watch is of great value to me. SENTIMENT
5 The team will be presented with their medals at the end of the match. WIN
6 There's no between the two methods. SIMILAR
7 The main to the hotel is in Lime Street. ENTER
..
8 Although the sentence is correct, it doesn't sound natural. GRAMMAR
9 These tools will you to do the job more quickly. ABLE
10 I have no of that conversation. RECOLLECT

Preposition practice

Use the prepositions below only v,vherenecessary to complete the sentences which follow.

for with by in of at from about

I We all have great confidence J!! you.

2 Angus is quite different his brothers.
3 Who's going to pay all this stuff?
4 I'll deal the situation the end of the meeting.
5 I didn't see the whole the film. What happened the end?
6 Albert is old-fashioned and doesn't approve women paying their share of the bill.
7 I wouldn't argue her it if I were you.
8 Being short cash, he asked whether he could pay cheque.
9 Send a doctor at once!
10 There's nothing to worry .
II How did you remove the stain the carpet?
12 Poems that rhyme are easier to learn heart.
""

"",1"'".
INDIRECT SPEECH
Questions,
R.eportingVerbs

When what a person says is reported, certain changes have to be made. The followingtables show the
changes made with regard to verbs, places and time.

J!'ii;eet~!:eC;:l\I! ---
Present Simple Past Simple
He said, 'I work many hours a day.' He said that he worked many hours a day.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

He said, 'I am waiting for Mary.' He said that he was waiting for Mary.

.. Past Simple Past Perfect Simple

He said, 'I told her everything.' He said that he had told her everything.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He said, 'She was waiting for two hours.' He said that she had been waiting for two hours.
II
, I
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
He said, 'I have told her everything.' He said that he had told her everything.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

He said, 'I have been waiting for months.' He said that he had been waiting for months.

will would
He said, 'I will see you tomorrow.' He said that he would see me the next day.

can could
Iii
I She said to me, 'I can help you.' She told me that she could help me.

may/might might
'I may be late,' Jill said to us. Jill told us that she might be late.

must had to
She said to me, 'Youmust do yourhomework.' She told me that I had to do my homework.

\--~
11'1
I
 Changes of Expressions
~ireej;, ~peecb ,tf1dit:eGt"~p'@~eb, 1 Note:
now .. then He said, '...'
today,tonight .. that day, that night He said (that) ...
yesterday .. the day before, the previous day
(threedays)ago .. (three days) before He said to me, '...'
lastweek/month .. the previous week/month, the week/month before He told me (that) ...
tomorrow .. the following next day
nextweek/year .. the following week/year He told me, '...'
here .. there He told me (that) ...
atthemoment .. at that moment
this/these .. thatlthose
~
Say & Tell Fill in the gaps with the right form of either
say or tell.
Say Tell
say so tell the truth I She didn't me that she would be late.
say good morning tell a lie 2 He that it was Mary's fault.
say something/ tell a story 3 Tom so many lies that nobody believes
anything tell a secret
say sorry tell the difference him any more.
4 Sam to me, 'I wasn't accepted by that
say to sb that ... tell sb that...
college.'
say that ... tell sb about sth
5 He didn't anything before he left.

Choose the indirect statement that means the same as the direct statement.

'I got a job on an oil rig,' said Steven.

a Steven said that he has got a job on an oil rig. ~
..
@ Steven said that he had got a job on an oil rig.
2 'I am short of money again,' Sally said to me.
a Sally said me that she was short of money again.
b Sally told me that she was short of money again.
3 'I am doing my homework at the moment,' said the little boy.
a The little boy said that he is doing his homework at that moment.
b The little boy said that he wFlSdoing his homework at that moment.
4 'You broke the vase on purpose,' said Grandma.
a Grandma said that I broken the vase on purpose.
b Grandma said that I had broken the vase on purpose.
5 He said to me, 'You spend a lot of money on clothes.'
a He told me that I spent a lot of money on clothes.
b He told me that I had spent a lot of money on clothes.
6 He said, 'She has been listening to music for two hours.'
a He said that she had been listening to music for two hours.
b He said that she was listening to music for two hours.
7 Our teacher said, 'You didn't do well in the test.'
a Our teacher said that we haven't done well in the test.
b Our teacher said that we hadn't done well in the test.
8 'I've tried hard,' said James.
a James said that he tries hard.
b James said that he had tried hard.
 I
Study the example and complete the sentences.
I
11,11111111 ..

,,;.1"'1 h

Dave said to me, 'I won't sell my car because I can't afford to buy a new one'.
Dave told. .'!l:t;.. .. that.. !z:t;.... wouldn't sell . .f!.i~. .. car because.. !z:t;.... couldn't afford to buy a new one.

'I have a message for your brother,' I said to her.

I told that had a message for brother.
2 'I've missed the train; I'll be late for work,' said Betty.
Betty said that had missed the train and would be late for work.
3 Alice said, 'My teacher wants me to rewrite my composition.'
Alice said that teacher wanted to rewrite composition.
4 Mrs Brown said to me, 'I am waiting for my daughter.'
Mrs Brown told that was waiting for daughter.
5 Bill said to Jane, 'I would like to take you out for dinner tomorro'w.'
Bill told Jane that would like to take out for dinner the following day.
6 John said to Sally, 'I've brought a present for your birthday.'
John told Sally that had brought a present for birthday.
7 Carol said to him, 'I need you to help me carry some bags.'
.. Carol told that needed to help carry some bags.
8 My mother said to my sister, 'You have to go to the supermarket to buy some things for me.'
My mother told my sister that had to go to the supermarket to buy some things for .

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
rI

Bill said, 'I am late.'

II George said, 'I am going to resign.'
Bill said that he .~Cf!' late.
2 George said that he " to resign.
Peter said, 'I want you to help me.'
12 He said, 'I can't cope with this problem.'
Peter said that he me to help him.
3 He said that he with that problem.
Tony said, 'I am having a party.'
13 Ted said, 'I may come home late today.'
Tony said that he a party.
4 Ted said that he home late that day.
Mark said, 'I have seen that film.'
14 Greg said, 'I might be home earlier.'
Mark said that he that film.
5 Greg said that he home earlier.
Tom said, 'I was listening to music.'
Tom said that he to music. 15 Andy said, 'I must leave now.'

6 Andy said that he then.

He said, 'I sold my car yesterday.'
He said that he his car the previous day.
7 Eric said, 'I have been working all day.'
Eric said that he all day.
8 Ben said, 'I will leave tonight.'
Ben said that he that night.
9 Ian said, 'I will be travelling tomorrow.'
Ian said that he the next day.
10 Tim said, 'I will have finished my work.'
Tim said that he his work.
 Rewrite the sentences in indirect speech.
,-,
She said to me, 'I knew that you would be late.'
She told me that she had known that I would be late.
.. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 'She didn't invite me to the party,' said Peter.

.................................................................................................................................
3 Kate said to her mother, 'I haven't finished tidying my room yet.'
.. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

4 His mother said to us, 'He has been talking on the phone for an hour.'
... .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . ... . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Ben said to his girlfriend, 'I really don't want to go to the cinema tonight.'
. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 'I am trying to concentrate on my work,' said John.

.................................................................................................................................
7 'He can't afford to buy a new house,' his mother said.
.. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 'If you want to smoke, you will have to go outside,' said the old lady.
.. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . .

9 'You really shouldn't spend so much money on silly things,' said his mother.
.................................................................................................................................
10 'There is a lot of traffic because there's been an accident,' said the policeman.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II Her brother said to us, 'She will come to your house when she has finished her homework.'
.................................................................................................................................
12 'She didn't accept our invitation,' said Peter.
.. . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

13 Mary said, 'I like mountain climbing but I don't go very often.'
.. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 Richard said to us, 'I've lost the map and I don't know the way to the port.'
. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

15 'I haven't spoken to Jill since last month,' said Fiona.

. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .

16 David said to me, 'I haven't been able to send you any letters.'
.. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .

17 'We may come to your party but we're not sure,' said Helen.
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 'I shall never believe a word you say,' said Mike.

.................................................................................................................................
19 His mother said to him, 'You must do your homework now.'
. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .

20 Dad said to me, 'You shouldn't have come home so late.'

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .

21 Kim said to Mike, 'I will have finished my work by the time you arrive.'
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22 'Kevin bought me flowers for my birthday,' said Rebecca.

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23 'I met an old friend of mine two days ago,' said Emily.
.................................................................................................................................
24 Clark said to her, 'I haven't read the book that you lent me yet.'
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

25 'I'll help you with your homework,' said my mother.

.................................................................................................................................
II

illl~ I' Choose the direct statement that means the same as the indirect statement.
I";~ '- p
J'
She said that I could use the lift if 1wanted to.
""..'-
@She said, 'You can use the lift if you want to.'
b She said, 'You use the lift if you wanted to.'
2 Mike told me that he needed more time to finish the work.
a Mike told to me, 'I need more time to finish the work.'
b Mike said to me, 'I need more time to finish the work.'
3 The old lady told the policeman that a thief had stolen her bag.
a The old lady said to the policeman, 'A thief stole my bag.'
b The old lady said to the policeman, 'A thief was stealing my bag.'
4 Mark told his mother that he wouldn't take any money without asking again.
a Mike said to his mother, 'I won't take any money without asking again.'
b Mike said to his mother, 'I don't take any money without askirg again.'
5 She told me that she had been trying to call me for over two hours:
a She said to me, 'I am trying to call you for over two hours.'
b She said to me, 'I've been trying to call you for over two hours.'
6 Lucy told me that she couldn't trust me any more.
a Lucy said to me, 'I won't trust you any more.'
b Lucy said to me, 'I can't trust you any more.'
7 Mary told us that she had already finished.
a Mary said to us, 'I already finished.'
b Mary said to us, 'I've already finished.'
8 Penny said that she had to leave then, ,-~
a Penny said, 'I have to leave then.'
b Penny said, 'I have to leave now.'

Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.

Tom told that he wouldn't be back before noon.

!.9m.$[I,(4. th;#. h~. ,~Qu{4n:~ k~.9.qr.~.Q.eJ9r.c:,1J.QQlJ.....................................................................
2 Our landlord told us that he has already made his decision.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

3 She said me that she had to go to bed early that night.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 I told him that he has to look for a better job.

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

5 Mark said us that he had forgotten to book a table.

.................................................................................................................................
6 Sally told us she have already paid the bill.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 Ian told that he didn't want me to help him.

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 Ann told me that he seem to be in trouble.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 The eye witness said that he has already testified.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 My brother said that he be coming to your party.

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

'( can't stand the way Ann treats me,' said Robbie.
Robbie said.. th?t. f1:~.f;Q.lf(c;1n}.~f?nc.J.
PJ~ .~?Y. A~'!. tr~C!t~.q.IJ.Z1!!:.
.. ... .. ... . . .... . ... . .. . ... . . ..
2 'It's the first time' have been in trouble with the law,' said Margaret to her lawyer.
Margaret told her lawyer... ... ... ... ...
3 Alex said that she had seen Max the week before.
'I ,................................................................
4 'I am waiting for Mark,' she said.
She said.....................................................................................................................
5 He told me that he hadn't made a decision yet but he would let me know as soon as he had.
'I :...............................................
6 'She fell down the stairs because her heel broke,' said Michael.
Michael told me that ......................................................................................................

Indirect Questions
When we turn direct questions into indirect questions:
. tenses change as in statements.
. pronouns, possessive adjectives, adverbs of time and place change as in statements.
. the interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative.
. we do not use question marks.
- -- - -- !a::)iree~!
~)pe~cb~ JRdire9t Spieclll -~- - -.
When a direct question He asked, 'Where do you live?' He asked me where I lived.
has a question word like She asked him, 'What happened?' She asked him what had happened.
who, which, how, etc, He asked, 'Who lives here?' He asked who lived there.
this word is used in the
indirect question.

When a direct question 'Do you work a lot?' she asked. Sheasked me if/whether I worked a lot.
doesn't have a question He asked, 'Are you married?' He asked me if/whether I was married.
word, if/whether is used He asked, 'Didyou tell her?' He asked me if/whether I had told her.
in the indirect question.

Complete the indirect questions so that they mean the same as the direct questions.

'When did Mr Brown leave the club?' asked the inspector.

The inspector asked .W~yn .Mr. fjmwn ./J.llc;l.
.l~f( .tll~..c.l.l!/J.........................................................
2 'Where's the tin opener, George?' asked Yvonne.
Yvonne asked George ... ... ... ..................
3 'What do you think happened?' enquired Erica.
Erica asked me ............................................................................................................
4 'Are you having a party on your birthday, Harry?' asked Tom.
Tom asked Harry.........................................................................................................
5 'Do you have change for a £ I0 note?' he asked.
He wanted to know......................................................................................................
6 'Why do you want to work for Shell?' asked the interviewer.
The interviewer asked me ................................................................................................
 1,/

Illjl!lil!II
",I'" " -I Rewrite the questions in indirect speech. "'~

I The man asked the policeman, 'How did she get into the house?'
"'I"'" '. !f:L.t?'!J.4lJ..E!~.~~P:
,(!f.e:.P'.q({q~l!1:?TJ.
h9.~ .l-flJ.t?f:L.E!P:
g~{ .~TJt~.{!foe:.!f.q!1:$~ 0 0""""""""""""

2 'Are there any letters for me?' asked Oliver.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . ..

3 'How long have you been learning French?' the interviewer asked.
. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .

4 'Where are you going for your winter holidays?' I asked her.
. . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. ..

5 'Can I see Mr Henderson?' I asked the lady.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..

6 'Did anyone see exactly what happened?' asked the policeman.

. . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .

II 7 'Have you ever flown a plane?' the boy asked me.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......

8 'Where can I park my car?' the man asked.

0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 0 0 . . . .. .. .. .

9 'Do you grow your own vegetables?' the woman asked me.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..

10 'When is your birthday?' she asked me.

0""""""""", 0""""""""""""0""""""""""'0""""""""""""""'" 0""""""""
I~, II 'Did you remember to lock the door?' my wife asked me.
. . . . . . 0 . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. . ..

12 'Do you speak English?' he asked me.

0"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""", 0""""""""""""'" 0 0 ,

13 'Have you ever been mountain climbing?' Sarah asked Emma.

II . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .

14 'What time are you flying tomorrow?' Mum asked me.

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .

15 'How much will it cost me?' he asked.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .

16 'Do you enjoy reading science fiction books?' she asked Tony.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .

17 'Did you go to Ann's party last night?' Mary asked him.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .

18 'Will you give me a lift to the station?' she asked me.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...

19 'When did Emily graduate from university?' he wondered.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .

20 'Do you have access to the Internet?' the boy asked me.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..

I
I

,I
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

'Are you staying with us tonight?' asked Bill.

Billasked if .!. ~~~.~~~~~~~ with them that night.
2 Sarah asked, 'Will she come with us to the cinema?'
Sarah asked if to the cinema.
3 'Do you know the answer to the question or not?' asked the teacher.
The teacher asked to the question or not.
4 Mum asked me, 'Why did you turn down the job offer?'
Mum asked the job offer.
5 'Who has been using my computer?' asked my mother.
My mother asked... ... ."...... computer.
6 'Do you want to see the castle?' asked the guide.
The guide asked ... ... the castle.
7 'Can you work on the night shift?' he asked.
He asked ... ... ... on the night shift.
8 'Would you like to join us?' they asked.
They asked ... ... ... to join them.
9 'Why did you give him the money?' asked Emily.
Emily asked. the money.
10 'How are you getting on with your new teacher?' Mum asked me.
Mum asked me new teacher.

; #!">...." ...

Indirect Commands & Requests

Dirct peeGh Infilirct &pech J
Commands He said to me, 'Stand up.' He told me to stand up.
tell + infinitive I said to him, 'Don't go out' I told him not to go out.
"I
Requests 'Please stop: he said to me. He asked me to stop.
ask + infinitive 'Please don't say that again,' he said to me. He asked me not to say that again.

Rewrite the sentences in indirect speech.

'Please don't mention that again,' he said to me. 6 'Don't be rude to our guests,' she said to me.
!!. r:. ~~I:.~c!:.~t? !!~~ .t.C!. '!!.~'!.~i.c!1}; .~J:.C!~.Cff!/flJ.T!: .. . .. . . . .. .. .. ...... ..
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ..

. 2 'Don't bite your nails,' she said to him. 7 'Tidy up your room, please' she said to him.
. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .
3 'Drink all your milk,' she said to her. 8 'Please follow me,' the guide said to us.
. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .
.. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
. 4 'Stop complaining, please,' she said to me. 9 'Go for a walk,' Mum said to me.
I
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .
I
I . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .
I 5 'Don't lend Mary any money,' she said to me. 10 'Stop watching TV,' he said to me.
. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11111'1/1 II

\,1,'\,".

',i"~ ".

Suggest + -ing 'Let's go to the theatre,' he said. He suggested going to the theatre.

Suggest that sb 'Why don't you go to the doctor?' he He suggested that I should go to
should do sth said to me. the doctor.

Refuse to do sth 'No, I won't help you,' he said. He refused to help me.

Deny + -ing No, I didn't break the vase,' said Sally. Sally denied breaking/having
Deny that you have broken the vase.
done sth Sally denied that she had broken
the vase.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

'Let's eat out tonight,' Sally said.

Sally suggested .1?8;f~l}fJ.
?1fF.fl};E!F.
rz:~~i~f....................................................................................
2 'Why don't you give up smoking?' the doctor said to me.
. The doctor suggested that................................................................................................
3 'Let's watch a film,' she said.
She suggested...............................................................................................................
4 'Let's talk about it now,' I said.
I suggested.....................................................................................................................
5 'Why don't we go to an island instead?' she said to us.
Shesuggested
that ................................................

Rewrite the sentences in indirect speech, using refuse or deny.

'No, I didn't take money without asking,' said the girl.

The girl . c;/;C?rz:~C?c;/;.t.~?l.~ .s.J:.c:. ~E!~C?rz:. ,!!?l}.c:y' .~i.t0?lf.t. ?l.~!<.i.,!g !. c;/;~rz:~~c;/;
.~C!!<.i.,!g .'!1:?'!~y. ~!Fl};?1+F. E!.s.~.irz:g:. . . . . . . .
2 'No, I won't come with you tomorrow,' she said.
She .....................................................................................
3 'I didn't damageyour car,' said Charles.
Charles " .........
4 'No, I didn't use your typewriter,' Michele said.
Michele , .................................................................
5 'No, I won't go to the dentist,' said Alice.
Alice ........................................................................................................................
6 'No, I haven't said anything to him,' she said.
She ...........................................................................................................................
7 'No, I didn't steal the car,' he said.
He ...........................................................................................................................
8 'No, I won't lend you my car,' my mother said.
My mother..................................................................................................................
9 'No, I didn't take part in the robbery,' said the young man.
The young man .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
10 'No, I won't forgive you,' she said.
She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...
 ~,""""",'

More Reporting

She said to me, 'Please, help me.' She begged me to help her.
beg sb (not) to do sth
His mother said to the man, 'Please, His mother begged the man
don't hurt him.' not to hurt him.

advise sb to do sth 'You should cut down on smoking,' the The doctor advised him to cut
doctor said to him. down on smoking.

order sb to do sth 'Stop talking nonsense,' she said to him. She ordered him to stop
talking nonsense.

remind sb to do sth 'Don't forget to take the dog out,' she She reminded me to take the
said to me. dog out.

apologise (to sb) for 'I am sorry I hurt your feelings,' she said. She apologised (to me) for
(-ing) sth hurting my feelings.

accuse sb of (-ing) sth 'You stole my pen,' she said to me. She accused me of stealing
her pen.

Change the sentences from direct to indirect speech using the appropriate reporting verb.

'You took my car and crashed it,' he said to me.

He .. ?,C:<;.U:$.e.c!.
m~. 9fY!!<.i.fJ,g
.fJ.i!'..c.?'".
.EFJ.c!.
y.r.?!'.fJingit:.................................................................
2 'You should eat less fatty food,' said the doctor.
The doctor..................................................................................................................
3 'Don't forget to bring the things I asked for,' she said to me.
She ............
4 'I am so sorry I damaged your car,' the child said.
The child.....................................................................................................................
5 'Kevin hit John with his bag,' said the teacher.
The teacher..................................................................................................................
6 'Leave the courtroom immediately,' the judge said to the jury.
The judge.....................................................................................................................
7 She said to me, 'If I were you, I wou,ld consult a lawyer.'
She ... ... .: ... ... ... .........
8 'Please don't be angry with me' she said to her father.
She ...........................................................................................................................
 VOCABULARY PRACTICE
,'1,1"'"'.

Use the verb put in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

-by down (3) off (2) out up (2) ~r up with on through

I The workers have .l?11:~.

~'!!?: (requested) a pay rise but the management are unlikely to agree to it.
I, 2 By (saving) only £50 a month you can be sure of a wonderful Christmas.
3 How does she .. (tolerate) her boss's constant complaints?
4 Knowing how difficult the medical course was, I her (discouraged
'I
I
her from) trying to get on it.
5 I can't understand how she eats so many cakes without (gaining) any weight.
6 It's no use her (criticising her) all the time. A little encouragement
would be better.
7 Ifthe operation proves unsuccessful, the animal will have to be .. (destroyed).
. 8 I've
old people's home.
(written) my name on the list of volunteers to work at the

9 Tonight's choir practice has been (postponed). It'll now take place on Wednesday.
10 It took the fire brigade thirty minutes to (extinguish) the fire.
II The telephonist said she couldn't .. (connect) me to extension 215
because the line was busy.
12 They seem to (increase) the prices in that supermarket every month.
13 I hate to ask but could you me (give accommodation) for the night
as I don't have enough money for a hotel.

see
Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phra~~s in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

run down (2) run into runoff run off with run out of run over
run through s~ff see through (2) see to

I'm sorry I couldn't come and ~~c: (say goodbye to) you .C!ff at the airport
last Saturday.
2 It was the maid who (took) the silver, not the butler.
3 I almost (drove over) a kitten on my way to work but fortunately I avoided it.
4 Guess who I (met by chance) in town this morning?
5 These batteries have (lost power) so we'd better get some new ones.
6 Sally's not very popular with her colleagues because she's always (criticising) them
, .
7 When Tom says he'll do a job he always .. (completes) it .
8 If only I had (not been fooled by) her lies. I suppose I'm just too trusting.
9 The director """""""""""" (read) your report (quickly) and found it quite encouraging.
10 Don't worry about the music for the party. Alice said she'd (arrange) it.
II I'll be late for lunch because I've got to (photocopy) some copies of these letters on
the Xerox.
12 Children are dying in North Korea because the hospitals have . (exhausted their supplies
IIII of) medicine.

1'1
Words easily confused

I Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.

claw a The cat san I< .ItS cia ws .

Into my h an d an d ran away.
hoof b My dog was limping because it had a thorn stuck in its .
paw c It was the unmistakable sound of a horse's .
talon d An eagle's are very strong indeed.

2 demand a I wasn't. about any change in the timetable.

order b Who.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... a ham and mushroom pizza?
inform c All employees will be in the art of self-defence.
instruct d The customer to speak to the manager in person.
e Whoever.. .... . .. ... ... .. the soldiers to attack made a terrible mistake.

3 agenda a Have you included Liam on the guest ?

calendar b Look up her telephone number in the .
diary c Have you read the.. I left on your desk?
list d I'll check my and see if I'm free on Tuesday.
directory e There's a hanging on the kitchen wall.
catalogue f As this item is not on the , we can't discuss it at this meeting.
memo g He does most of his shopping through a mail order .
h Have you put rice on the shopping ?

4 bank a Thousands of refugees have crossed the since fighting began.

border b This wall marks the between our property and theirs.
bou ndary c As a teenager, he spent hours fishing from the of the river.

5 urgency a According to Pat, it was a matter of some.. .. .

risk b You can only use the phone in a(n) .
emergency c Several employees are in of losing thier jobs.
danger d Don't take a(n) if you can avoid it.
e A general should never put his soldiers' lives at .

6 bunch a I always have a small ... of grapes after my midday meal in summer.
packet b She has a fine of antique silver cups.
collection c The tramp wandered the streets with his possessions tied in a .
bundle d I'lltake a of flowers when I visit them.
e He threw his. ... .... . .... of cigarettes away, promising never to smoke again.

7 decrease a Please.. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. you r voice.

drop b Take some extra blankets in case the temperature below zero.
lower c The number of burglaries has not in urban areas.
lessen d He wears a special belt to the strain on his back.

8 district a Urban have far more facilities than rural .

region b A male lion will attack any rival that enters its .
area c We spent our holiday in a wine-producing in France.
territory d All building plans must be approved by the council.
! 'I,

I
lillllllll!II 9 lift a When soldiers are entertained by famous singers, it their spirits.
,!,I,"','"
. ,

raise b How much money did the jumble sale ?

improve c your hand before you answer the teacher's question.
,'1,1"""
, .
d Her condition has considerably since the treatment began.

-- - -- -
I 10 injectiQo! a I normally have my annual in May.
oper:atio9 b It's a straightforward so there's no need to worry.
exa,!;JiIinatiGIil c This drug can only be administered by .
dhecR-qp d All employees are given a medical"..",..",.." , before they start work here.
- --

I fl-I refer a Please don't , the excursion to Howard,

mention b He didn't on your work at all.
I comment c I wish I hadn't to my fLmbitions during the discussion.
note d The robbery occurred so quickly that only one witness ".. what the
I robbers were wearing,
I
I,
I,
I 12 a
ination The human is responsible for its future.
II tribe b Anthropologists are studying the that live deep in the jungle.
ip~opl~ c Some just don't know how to behave!
.. race d Several have applied to become members of the UN.
e Probably the most famous Indian is the Apache.

13 cash a She never pays in .

credit b Your next is due on 5th July.
I I cheque c Can I pay by ?
installment d I got these goods on so I haven't paid for them yet.
e We accept all major cards.

~'
14 single a Being a(n) child, she had no brothers or sisters to play with.
oMlr b It's a(n) opportunity for you to travel abroad.
I!IniqfJi~ c Are you married or ?
separate d Remember to keep the letters from head office .
e I'd rather have two rooms than a double.

15 lat~st' a She's the ............ person I expected to see at the reception.

b ",.,..."..,.."..,. research suggests that cold fusion is impossible.
IIatit.tflj
.
c Moorcroft and Coe showed great ability but only the won an
I f~e~,e'ilit< Olympic medal.
d His film is set to become a blockbuster.
i I~su e The , Dr Evanswill be missed by familyand friends alike.

16 combine a There is no evidence to the two crimes.

I

,I connect b I'd like to a secret with you.

' !I c
I:
I,
join If you don't together, one of you may get lost.
, share d It's far from easy for me to ..., ,.."..., work with leisure.
stick e Please the sweets I gave you with your cousin.
Ii f How do I go about the club?
;1
 Word formation

Complete the following table. Use prefixes where possible. ~.

Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective
..continuation
................ ............. continual/-uous .. . .. . .. .. ... . ... . originate ................"
........... ..,........ lit .................. .................. hijacked
. recover .................. .................. lying
.... determine .................. .................. - (im)modest
intent/intention ..................
I .................. .................. befriend ..................
.. .... ....... (un)civilised """"""""" .................. (un)employed
.. ................ . (mis)guided .................. care """""""""
.. ... ............. know """"""""" (un)consciousness
- ..................
.. ........ talk .. ........... .................. smoke ...........".....
"""" fit .................. .................. (in)admissible
number number ,... hope ................,. """""""""
volunteer ....... .......... ........ .......... harm .......... ........
.................. . (in)soluble misery - ..................
. argue . tightness . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

.
I It ' s qUIte
. inexpensive
so even you can allor d It.
a EXPENSE
2 Both competitors hit the target with great. ... . ACCURATE
3 The. .. .. informed us that the operation had been entirely successful. SURGERY
4 He has no ability whatsoever. ART
5 There was deafening as soon as the group appeared on stage. APPLAUD
6 Have you seen my "... list anywhere? SHOP
7 It gets quite cold at night so warm is a must. CLOTHE
8 In the , we thought he was rather unfriendly. BEGIN
9 Police are looking into the sudden of several priceless icons. APPEAR
110 The forest fire was the work of ruthless . ARSON

Preposition practice
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

from about
-of by on at with to in

I ~.~ first, I was afraid ?f him but now we are good friends.
2 What did you mean that remark.
3 I regret being jealous """""""'" her.
4 Most of Jack's teachers are satisfied his progress.
5 Many people go to live the coast when they have retired work.
6 Being good. ... ... .. .. physics, Elizabeth was often asked to explain difficult theories. . .. . .. .. ....
her fellow students.
7 Let me introduce you George, my best man.
8 We arrived Berlin night.
9 my opinion, people who don't get to work time don't care
.. .. their job.
10 You should be proud what you have achieved.
, '~ "

""'~" '
QUESTION TAGS, SO & NEITHER

-- ~
Question Tags
Question tags are short questions at the end of a positive or negative sentence. We use them when
we want to confirm that what we are saying is correct or when we want someone to agree with what
we are saying.
I
Form
--- --- --- ---
Examples
. Question tags are formed by They are stayingat th,eHilton,aren't they?
adding an auxiliary verb or a modal Tanya hasn't phoned, has she?
verb and a subject pronoun to a I'd better leave, hadn't I?
statement. Ifthe statement is positive, Patrick can't drive, can he?
the tag is negative and vice versa. They had taken the exam once before, hadn't they?
There weren't many people in the restaurant, were there?
They willgo home soon, won't they?
She never lends money, does she?
- -
. When the verb in the sentence is I She works for the government,doesn't she?
in the Present or Past Simple, we He doesn't drive to work, does he?
form the question tag with do, does He broke the world record last year, didn't he?

or did.
. S~me ques~ion t~gs are formed - -. t -; a;:-;mproving-::;;en't
~?-- -
differently. Let'sgo swimming,shall we?
I am ..., aren't I? Help me with these bags, will you?
Let's ..., shall we? This is your notebook, isn't it?
Imperative ..., will you? Those are yourneighbours,aren't they?
This/That is ..., isn't it?

These/Thoseare ..., aren't they?_I - -

I I
Ad~ qu~on tags~the
'
followings,.te::t~
You pald t he rent on Mon day, ., didn't you
,...,..,..."...,..,..."...
- -- -
7. --

2 There aren't any vacancies at the factory, ?

1-- --
3 Let's turn on the television, ?
4 You used to work with my cousin, ?
5 They never get travel sick, ?
6 They'll be here soon, ?
I '.
7 She's never beaten you at tennis, ?
8 It doesn't hurt, ?
9 I am right, , ,..." ?
10 He can't come with us, ?
 So & Neither ~-
So and Neither are used to express agreement.
Form Examples
-- - - -
I

. When we want to agree with a positive She is watching TV. J'

statement, we use so + the auxiliary verb So is he.
of the main sentence.

,- . If the mai~senten~e doesn'; have an I like reading.

auxiliaryverb, then we use do, does or So do I. / So does Tony.
did depending on the tense. John came to the party.
- --- _.J --So did
I Sam.
- - -
. When we want to agree with a negative She didn't finish the test.
statement, we use neither + the auxiliary Neither did I.
verb of the main sentence.
"-- -- - -- --- -- - - -
So & Neither

Present Simple:to be She's lazy. He isn't happy.

So am I. Neither is she.

Present Simple I like rock music. I don't live in this town.

So do I. Neither do we.

Present Continuous I'm studying French. Emma isn't watching TV.

So is he. Neither am I. "i

Present Perfect Simple Jessie has gone to bed. I haven't seen him.
So have the children. Neither has she.

Future Simple We will go at the weekend. I won't help him.

So willwe. Neither willi.

Past Simple Toby came to the party. We didn't bring a present

So did Sam. Neither did we.

Past Perfect Simple She had left. They hadn't forgotten.

So had he. Neither had we.

Modals I can swim. She shouldn't talk like that.

So can I. Neither should he.

~e the follow;ngsentence~~ us;ngso o~neithe~an~the_wo~sh~_bra:kets~

I They're spending Christmas at home and ..~9.~~~.~.t; . (we)
2 I wasn't at the meeting and . (Marilyn)
3 We haven't been invited to the party and . (Rob)
4 I arrived late and . (he)
5 I couldn't understand his explanation and . (the rest of the class)
6 She sings professionally and . (her cousin)
7 I thought it was ridiculous and . (everyone else)
8 You shouldn't swear like that and . (he)

~~~ ---
1.1o'!1", '

EXAMINATION PRACTICE
,j'f"" '

Practice Tests 7 & 8

7

I
I '
For questions 1-15, read the text be lo wand decide which answer A, 8, C or D best fits each space.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
, .,' "',' ., , . . "~
, , ,

I
Explorers and adventurers who (0) in reaching their goal (I) fame and sometimes fortune. Those who fail
have little or nothing to (2) for their efforts.
In the I970s, a young man from England put aside a large part of his monthly (3) for several years (4) he
could cycle down the continent of South America. The (5) that he chose meant that he would have to endure
extreme weather conditions: the freezing cold of the Andes and the energy-'~apping humid climate of the Amazon jungle.
The timing of his adventure also (6) that his success (7) on his plans working out perfectly.
,II Needless to say, it was a disaster. He was (8) by mosquitoes, he almost drowned while crossing a river which
II
had a (9) that was much stronger than he had imagined and he was arrested for not having official (10) to
I, cross a certain part of Peru. He was also (II) for a variety of illnesses in several hospitals. He survived all these
setbacks but lost so much weight that he couldn't go on. He was found (12) along a remote mountain path and
i: (13) out soon afterwards.
Two days later he was flown back to Britain, where he was interviewed in a (14) at his local hospital by an
.. interested reporter. When asked about his plans for the future, he answered with a (15) grin that he would
like to have another go.

0 a manage @ succeed c achieve d fulfil

I a fulfil b achieve c manage d take
2 a show b exhibit c display d demonstrate
3 a investment b salary c interest d money
4 a in order b because c so that d so as
5 a way b route c track d course
6 a involved b included c meant d entailed
7 a trusted b stated c based d depended
8 a stung b pecked c bitten d pinched
9 a draught b drought c current d flood
10 a permit b permission c allowance d pass
I) a treated b cured c healed d recovered
12 a staggering b tiptoeing c strolling d ambling
13 a went b passed c knocked d made
14 a compartment b ward c section d department
15 a long b extended c deep d broad

I- - For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word
' ",~,."" "
in each space. There
, "'W"' ',,' ,., "N""","""
is an example
"'""",
at the beginning " (0).
~,.' ,,', ,," ", ,. '" ,n .",,""""","","'~

Malaya is (0) .~ly.f? largest rubber producer in the world. Rubber is produced by making cuts in the bark of a
rubber tree. When the bark (16) cut so are the tubes in the tree (17) carry a milky liquid
containing rubber. The rubber is removed by adding a weak acid to (18) milky liquid. A rubber tree can
(19) . tapped for rubber when it is five years (20) and it produces about three kilos of rubber a year.

H The name 'rubber' reflects its first technical application. In 1771, it (21) used to rub (22) pencil
marks (23) Priestly, the British chemist famous for his discovery of oxygen. In 1823 Charles Macintosh, a
Scottish chemist (24) name has (25) given to a type of coat, used rubber to (26) ...............
cloth waterproof.
The most widely known process involving rubber is vulcanisation. In 1839, an American, Charles Goodyear, discovered this
process, which is (27) used today. Vulcanised rubber is quite different (28) raw rubber
(29) it becomes five times stronger during vulcanisation in which it is heated with sulphur and other
ingredients to a temperature of about I'SO°c. Thousands of different articles in use today (30) partly or
wholly made of rubber.
~~ ,.....
 "

For questions 31-40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words, including the word There is all e)(amp~I~,a~thelJegi~Ding. .

Example: As you drive faster, you use up more petrol.

economical
The faster Y.?lf.~~~~~'..t~~.!~~~.~~?,!?,!:.i~,:! your car becomes.

31 I don't want to wait any longer.

rather
I any longer.
32 He could no longer play rugby because of a serious leg injury.
give
A serious leg injury forced rugby.
33 Are you in the mood to go skiing?
feel
Do skiing?
34 It would be a good idea to stop working so hard.
better
You so much worle
35 Laura was ill but she made a very quick recovery.
got
Laura very quickly.
36 It won't help if you get upset about your marks.
worth
..
It upset about your marks.
37 Wendy hates it when people criticise her.
objects !
II
Wendy her.
38 I think she'd be happy to water your plants for you.
JH.
mind I
I
1don't think she your plants for you.
i
39 Some passengers ignored the 'No smoking' signs.
notice

Some passengers of the 'No smoking' signs.

40 Their salary is too low for them to survive on.
unable

They are on such a low salary.

"~~.-
 I

II~!II~ For questions 41-55, read th e textb elow and 10ok carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (V) in the margin on

I
""" '."
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
,', " '." . - on the right. There are two examples at the beginning (0 and 00).
---~- '"
, ,

"" "
,
. --- - - --
,/
0 You either love them or hate them but whichever category ...........................
it
00 you belong to.!!: you cannot fail to be fascinated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .....

41 by them. They are computers and are familiar to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

42 most of us as providers of entertainment and information. ...........................

43 Around five million British households have bought already . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

44 a PC and of those approximately four per cent still are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

45 on the Internet. The total majority of those who use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

46 the Internet are responsible people who are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

47 genuinely interested in it because of they want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

48 to communicate quickly and effectively. There are, """"""""""""'"

49 however, a small minority who pick up on information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....

50 in an order to create problems for others. For example, . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5I some users have been visited websites with the sole . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

.. 52 intention of causing embarrassment by using bad language. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53 In addition to this, children can pay for their bills ...........................

54 with their parents' credit cards and play games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

55 their parents would probably regard as never being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .......

totally unsuitable.
l
~~
r- I For qUestio ns 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
-- -~"'~"
,

..., -- - - ~ -

As well as being places of great (0) ':I:,?f1:W;, , big cities are WEALTHY
places where (56) exists on a large scale. There are, of POOR
course, poor people in country areas but that is where the
(57) ends. The poor in urban areas are considered SIMILAR
(58) and are more likely to suffer FAIL
(59) than the poor in rural areas whose situation is ILL
regarded as (60) because there are no opportunities AVOID
for them to improve their lives. This situation (61) the WEAK
spirits ofthe urban poor, who begin to accept their (62) ........................ LIFE
conditions as their fate. Eventually, they become spiritually
(63) and, unable to face the BREAK
(64) prospect of a life without hope, turn to drugs or TERROR
alcohol. At this point, any (65) they are given has little ADVISE
or no meaning.

----- --'-- 7""'~' ---

~Trk
 Practice Test 8

r I For questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
There is an example at the beginning (0).

Kuala Lumpur: A city of contrasts

- ~ --
Kuala Lumpur is the (0) of Malaysia and probably the city in Asia which has changed most in the (I) fifteen
! years. It now (2) a relaxed, colonial atmosphere with space age technology, making it (3) among developing
Asian cities.

i A decade and a half ago Kuala Lumpur was a (4) of colonial buildings surrounded by lush tropical gardens with
most ofthe (5) business being carried out in Hong Kong or Singapore. At that time Kuala Lumpur was in (6) ......
of being left behind and staying on the (7) of second-class cities.

1 Nowadays Kuala Lumpur is first division material - something which the whole (8) is justifiably proud (9) .
Despite the remarkable progress that has been (10) , the Malaysians still have a need to be recognised by the
whole world. They have made plans to this end and are determined to (II) them through. That is why they are
I continually seeking to (12) their standard of living by (13) only the very best.

However, the progress has brought with it certain problems. T rafflc problems have periodically created an asphyxiating
I smog which the locals refuse to (14) on and the Western media has developed a habit of putting the city down. In
spite of tbese kinds of problems, the Malaysians are not prepared to (15) their sights one little bit.

0 a leading b primary c first @) capital

I a latest b latter c last d recent
2 a shares b connects c sticks d combines
3 a single b unique c separate d solitary
4 a collection b bundle c bunch d pack
5 a region's b territory's c place's d location's
6 a risk b emergency c danger d jeopardy
7 a directory b list c agenda d memo
8 a race b tribe c people d nation
9 a for b of c with d in
10 a done b carried c taken d made
II a take b see c put d run
12 a improve b rise c lift d grow
13 a asking b persisting c insisting d demanding
14 a mention b comment c refer d discuss
15 a lower b lessen c decrease d reduce

-
I .
For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in.each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A costly mistake
In a court of law, the prosecution (0) . .'..~~~ to prove that a person has broken the law before he or she can
(16) found guilty. However, this is not the case if someone is accused (17) doing something
wrong outside the legal system.

David Jones and his wife, Paula, were thrilled when a friend (18) that David should apply
(19) a senior post in the international engineering company he worked for. He did so but was puzzled
when the company put his interview (20) several times. When he (21) his friend why this
had happened, his friend could not give him an answer he was satisfied (22) . At this point they
wondered (23) was happening to him.

Paula insisted (24) finding out why the company had acted in this manner, so she went to see an uncle
who was a policeman. He eventually (25) her that someone (26) reported seeing a car with the
same registration number (27) her husband's car being driven away from the scene of a terrorist bombing.
This information had (28) put on a computer file to which the company had access. At the time of the
bombing David was abroad so it was obvious that a mistake had been (29) . Nevertheless, the Joneses could
do nothing to change the information and nobody was going to apologise (30) the error.
- ~- -- - -- -- --
i !l1~ Forqu estions 3 1-40' complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
"" '.'

~'. .,
J. words, including.. the word
.. .. .. ... given.
. There
. """..n..is an example
""""'" at .the
""'.' beginning.
..' .. .

Example: 'Why don't you take a few days offwork, George,' said Emma.
suggested
Emma .~l!:~¥.~~f~~.
(~~.c:9.C?~c::~~.~!I:?z:.l~ take a few days off work.

31 'We can't postpone the meeting again!' protested Maria.

put
Maria said that the meeting again.
32 'Martin is the one who lies, not me,' said Elsie.
accused
Elsie liar.
33 We plan to visit Rome next summer.
be
We Rome next summer.
34 'I haven't got any biscuits left,' said Walter.
run
.. Walter told me that biscuits.
35 Where did she teach mathematics?
tell

Can you mathematics?

36 'Are you an only child, Maxine?' asked the teacher.
any
The teacher asked Maxine brothers or sisters.
37 'Don't criticise your sister, Ashley,' said his mother.
put
Ashley's mother his sister down.
38 'What is your favourite colour, Jan?' asked Sandra.
which

Sandra asked Jan of all.

39 Nobody will be able to remember this scandal in twelve months' time.
completely
This scandal by this time next year.
40 'What was the result of the match?' asked Greg.
who

Greg asked me the match.

""""".
~
 For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (v) in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on the right. There ar~ two"c:,:~mplesatt~~~be&i,~~i~g(~u~.~~~~)'

Misunderstandings
,/
0 A few weeks ago I was at a friend's front door ...........................
. a
....................
00 when her father walked across the lawn carrying~ fruit
41 in a bag. While I was waiting for my friend to answer .. .......
42 to the door, I decided to make polite conversation . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..

43 with her father and said him that he would soon .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .

44 be enjoying the fruit of his labours. Instead of .. ................

45 smiling, as he usually did, he looked at me rather than .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .

46 angrily and explained me that it was his fruit and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

J
I
47 not his neighbour's. He obviously thought 1 had .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .

48 criticised with him for running off with his neighbour's ...........................
49 fruit. He had been heard the word neighbour's, not labours .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .

50 and had been offended. Fortunately, the misunderstanding . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

51 was cleared up and he began to smiling. When .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .

52 I told my friend that what had happened, she laughed. ........

53 No harm had been done but I nearly regretted for speaking . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54 to her own father. From now on, I will play it safe .

55 and talk about the weather in case of there is a ..........
misunderstanding.

For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the ,.".~..."..."
beginning(0) "..... . .

Animal therapy
. . developments. DEVELOP
One of the most surprising (0) In the treatment of
NUMBER
patients in recent years has been the, use of pets. In (56) .....................
cases, even those that are considered the most (57) , HOPE
DETERMINE
patients have shown greater (58) to fight illness and get
on the road to (59) with the aid of a pet. It has been RECOVER

found that young patients can easily build up a (60) with FRIEND
a dog, cat or rabbit, which makes them feel less (61) ........................ MISERY
during their stay in hospital. Once a week (62) ........................ VOLUNTARY
take the pets to see the patients who learn how to handle them
(63) and feed them. CARE

As a result of several experimental schemes, it is now common

(64) that pets reduce stress and that if visits are KNOW
(65) , patients do not get better so quickly. CONTINUE

~
 .

..
 CONDITIONALS & WISHES
Conditional,
Conditional,
ppose/What if ...?

Ulse ----- - for,;;...

- -T---
i&xanajjTes
- --- - ---- - --
This conditional is used to If + Present Simple, If you put salt on ice, it melts.
show what always happens Present Simple
in a given situation, eg to
express the laws of nature
or a general truth.

Note: In this type of conditional if can be replaced by when.

I When you put salt on ice, it melts.
1 ..

Use Form Examples

. Refers to a probable If + Present Simple, If we hurry, we will get there in time.

or possible present or Future Simple (It is quite possible that we will get
future result there in time.)

Variations in the IF clause

. To indicatea present If + Present Continuous If you are looking for Mary, you will find
action or future her downstairs.
arrangement
. To indicatethe If + Present Perfect If he has lost his keys, he willbe angry.
completionof an action
. Unless If + negative verb = If you don't go now, you willbe late.
unless + affirmative verb Unless you go now, you willbe late.
Variations in the main clause

. To express permission, can, may, might, must, If he is in trouble, you must help him.
possibility,command, should + bare infinitive
advice

"~

~
 Use the first conditional to complete the sentences.
".

I " ve Iost your note b 00 I<. If I find.. It, I will.. give' It to you.
2 If you (smoke) in a hospital ward, you (get) into trouble.
I 3 If you (not know) the meaning of a word, you (look) in a dictionary.
4 If you ... .. .. (want) to lose weight, you (exercise) more.
J
S If you (not follow) my advice, you (get) into trouble.
6 We . (go) for a picnic ifthe weather (be) nice tomorrow.
7 They (believe) you if you (tell) them the truth.
8 She (not come) to the party unless you (invite) her.
9 If he (not wake) up now, he (be) late for work.
10 , (wash) the dishes if you (be) tired.
II Unless you (return) this book to the library tomorrow, you (pay) a fine.
12 She (regret) it if she (lie) to me again.
13 We (not find) any tickets for the film unless we (go) much earlier.
14 If the dog (not stop) barking, our neighbours (call) the police again.
, i
15 Sally (not go) to the dentist unless she (be) in terrible pain.
16 If the baby (be) a girl, , (call) her Emily.

Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect.

I If you (not finish) tidying up by 6 pm, your mother will be angry with you.
2 I won't call him if he (still work).
3 If it (still rain) tomorrow, I won't go to school.
4 You may visit your friend if you (finish) your homework. ..
5 If you (come) with us, we will have to book a bigger table at the restaurant.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. ~ .
~-+~ - --I .

I If you don't stop crying, I won't 'help you.

l Unless.. .Y.~~..s.~qp'.c:~y.~'!$."!..vy'f!/};'F.
!z:~!p..Y.~lf:.............................................................................

Ifyou don't stop complaining, I won't let you go out again.

Unless .
2 We won't be able to sit together if we don't get on the boat now.
Unless .
3 We won't go swimming if it's not hot.
Unless ....
4 If you don't ask him, he won't help you.
Unless .....
5 If she doesn't go to hospital immediately, her life will be in danger.
Unless .
'11111 :
Ijljr'll!
!lljJ
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
"l
Don't eat so much and you will lose weight.
"'1 If you. . .4~1J.'f. ~f/;~ .~9. !!l:!f.c:J:l.,. Y.9.1+. ~m .z.9~t; .1:I:yjgfJ,.t:.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
,.
2 Come home after midnight and you will find the door locked.
If you ..................
3 Be late again and you will be fired.
If you ........................................................................................................................
4 Stop complaining or I will leave right now.
Unless " .
5 Go to Parisandyou will seethe EiffelTower.
I
If you ........................................................................................................................
III 6
!I Visit your grandparents more often and they will be happy.
If you """"""""":,,""""""""""""""""".............

!I ! 7 Stop driving so dfngerously or you will have an accident.

If you ........................................................................................................................
8 Try harder and you will succeed in your exams.
III :
If you """"""""""""""""""""""""""" .....................................
II
I

..
Correct the following sentences where necessary. Put a tick (.I) below those which do not need correcting.

If you boil water, it will turn to steam.

11Y.9.Lf. ~9.i!. ~f/;~~r,. ~~.~Lf!.'!~. .r.C!.!?f~.~!1J:...................................................................................
2 Everyone will find out about it if you will tell Maggie.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 If you climb to the top of the hill, you'll be able to see the sea.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II
"
4 I'll wear my summer dress later on unless it doesn't get too cold.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..

5 If Wendy rings, don't tell her about my promotion.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

6 I won't put her in the team unless she will train harder.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II
Iii

~ , ",.," ,..."

If + Past Simple, If I had a car, I would drive to school.

would + bare infinitive (I don't have a car. I won't drive to
school.)

I
! . To express ability could + bare infinitive If I had a car, I could drive to school.

. To express uncertainty might + bare infinitive If he saw a mouse, he might faint.

. Togive advice If I were you, ... I would... If I were you,I wouldseea dentist.
 Use the second conditional to complete these sentences.

I If I g?-Xt? (give)her a lot of money, she Y'!9.If.l~

J?p.,?:,:c;l (spend) it all at once.
2
Ifshe (win) the lottery, she (give) all the money to her children.
3
If I (wake up) to find the house on fire, I (call) the fire
brigade at once.
4 He (not stay) at the Sheraton if he (be) a poor man.
S If I (have) a car, I (drive) to work.
6 If I (find) a wallet on the street, I (take) it to the nearest
police station.
7 Sally (be) very happy if she (be) offered the job.
8 If I (be) you, I .. (consult) a lawyer.
9 If I (have) a university degree, I (find) a better job.
10 If you (see) a tiger on the street, what (you I do)?

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

/ don't have a car, so / have to take the bus to work every day.
/f/ l!fIA a car,I ...~.c?!1;Zc!:,::t.f1:?:1;'~..
to take the bus to work everyday.

Sally doesn't work very hard; that's why she doesn't earn much money.
If she harder, she more money.
2 He smokes a lot; that's why he is coughing so much.
If he a lot, he so much.
3 She doesn't speak any foreign languages; that's why she can't find a job.
If she a foreign language, she a job.
4 I get up late every morning, so I am always late for work.
If I every morning, I late for work.
S He doesn't have much free time, so he doesn't see his friends very often.
If he more free time, he his friends more often.
6 I live near my work, so 1don't spend much time driving.
If I near my work, I more time driving.
7 I don't help him often because he rarely asks for help.
If he for help, I him more often.
8 I don't know her address, so I can't write to her.
If I her addre~s, I to her.
9 The house isn't big enough, so I can't put you up for the night.
If the house bigger, I you up for the night.
10 You won't pass your exams because you don't study hard.
If you harder, you your exams.
II She doesn'. travel by plane because she is afraid of heights.
If she of heights, she by plane.
12 I can't afford to buy that house because I don't have much money.
If I more money, I to buy that house.
13 They play loud music every night; that's why we can't sleep.
Ifthey loud music every night, we .
14 The food is very salty and I can't eat it.
Ifthe food .. ........ .. so salty,I it.
15 You can't take any photos because the camera is broken.
If the camera broken, you some photos.
1111.' Correct the following sentences where necessary. Put a tick (.I) below those which do not need correcting.
" '."\,
"

If we had more money, we would be able to rent a bigger house.

. . ..
.I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .

2 She wouldn't shout so much if you would behave yourself.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .

3 If I was you, I would apologise immediately.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 If you live on a desert island, you would have to learn how to fish.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 I'd buy the coat if I thought it suited me.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

6 There wouldn't be so much unemployment if people are willing to share their jobs.
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..
,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IUse Form Examples

. Refersto an imaginary If + Past Perfect, would If I had studied more, I would have passed the exam.
situationin the past ,I + have + past participle (I didn't study much, so I didn't pass the exam.)
4
----- " - -- -- -~ -
I

-- - - - ---

Variations in the main clause

--- . - --- - - -- -
. To express ability could + have + past If I had known you were coming, I could have
participle collected you from the airport.
. To express uncertainty might + have + past If I had been invited to the wedding, I might
participle have bought them a present.

Use the third conditionalto complete the sentences.

I If you had paid . wouldn't ha ve been .

(pay ) t he fme, you (not be ) sent to prison.
2 If I (know) that dogs were allowed in this hotel, I (bring) mine.
3 Sorry! I (not drop by) if you (tell) me you would be busy.
4 If I (see) you at the bus stop, I (stop).
5 We (go) by air if we (have) enough money.
6 I (call) you if I (not lose) your telephone number.
7 We (not take) a taxi ifthe buses (not be) on strike.
8 I (take) the children to the beach if it (not rain).
9 If I (know) that it would spoil my appetite, I (not eat) it.
10 He (not make) so many mistakes if he (be) more careful.
II If he (not be) driving so fast, he (not run) over the cat.
I2 He. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. (not get) the promotion if (work) so hard.

~
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
----
Emily didn't wake up early, so she missed the train.
If Emily J'!~~. ."Y.C?!<.f?I}; up early, she .'Y.C!.lf?c;l.,,!.'~
.lJ,.~y.c:.~T!.i!'.~'?9:.the train.
--- --
Sarah wasn't careful a~d that's why she broke her arm.
If Sarah. .. .. ... . . ... more careful, she her arm.
2 I didn't have much time; that's why I didn't do my homework.
If I more time, I .. ... my homework.
3 She was worried because her son didn't call to say he would be late.
If her son to say he would be late, she worried.
4 I didn't go to the supermarket yesterday, so we have run out of sugar.
If I to the supermarket yesterday, we out of sugar.
5 We got lost because we didn't have a map.
If we a map, we lost.
6 I didn't ask you to come to the party because I thought that you were sick.
If I you weren't sick, I to come to the party.
7 She didn't remember my birthday; that's why she didn't buy me a present.
If she .. my birthday, she me a present.
8 They missed the flight so they had to wait for the next one.
Ifthey .... .. ......... .. ... the flight, they to wait for the next one.

J
I
Completeeach01the followingsentence~~t
The wall fell down because you didn't build it properly.
;t meansthe ,,:e as the sen~ce beforei~

If you ..~~4. ?lfH~.~~.~.,:,:C}.l!.

P.~?P.e::!Y.'.
H. ~.~1f.I.q:z:'!.
J::C}.':e:.fa.~z.~'!.
.q~~'!...............................................
2 We don't go shopping in town because the bus service is poor. ,
If the .......................................
3 She won't take you with her unless you promise to be good.
If you ........................................................................................................................
4 We won't finish the job on time without Bob's help.
If Bob ........................................................................................................................
5 We didn't have enough money to.,buy a new carpet because we spent so much on holiday.
Ifwe '.....................................................................................
6 I didn't hear the telephone ring because I was listeningto my stereo.
If I ..............................................................................................................................

Choose the correct word or phrase.

I If she studies hard, she would /~ass the exam.

2 Sheila didn't damage / wouldn't have damaged the car if she had been more careful.
3 If she hadn't quarrelled with him, he wouldn't throw / wouldn't have thrown her flowers away.
4 Unless she stops / doesn't stop eating now, she will feel sick.
5 If I didn't park / hadn't parked there, I wouldn't have got a fine.
6 If you hadn't told her, she couldn't / wouldn't have been so angry with us.
7 If you came / had come with us to the cinema, you had enjoyed / would have enjoyed yourself.
8 If you took / had taken more exercise, you would feel much better.
111!1 'Id"".',.
"l
'tv
'. 'I
Wish is used to talk about a situation or an action we are sorry about.
" '4t
--'-____a
Wse il!IiI
---- """'-------1"""'- !J.qlillg - I
. Present/Future wish + past tense I wish I knew the answer to this question.
Reference He wishes he was lying on a beach.
I, Past Reference wish + past perfect tense I wish I hadn't told so many lies.
She wishes she hadn't been looking so awful when
he called! .'

II Annoyance wish + would I wish you would be quiet.

I wish my neighbours would stop having so many parties.
.1 Ability wish + could They wish they could afford to live in a nicer area.
I wish I could have gone to her wedding.
I
Note: We cannot use would when we talk about our own behaviour.
If only has the same meaning as wish. It emphasises our desire for a different situation. It cannot
be used in the question form.
If only I couldgo somewhere exotic on holiday.
If only I had passed the exam.
Variations

regret + gerund He regrets arguing withhis father.

..
Sheregrets not going to the party.
It's a pity... It's a pity I don't have an older sister.
It's a pity he didn't win the competition.

Choose the correct word or phrase.

","!Ii"

I My mother wishes she can /@type faster.

2 I wish I spoke/ had spoken French.
3 She wishes she learnt / had learnt Spanish when she was much younger.
4 I have put on a lot of weight. I wish I didn't eat / hadn't eaten so much at Christmas.
S If only I couldgo / went on holiday next summer.
6 I wish I bought/ had boughtthat car a year ago.
1 James wishes he didn't sleep/ hadn't slept on the beach. Now he is sunburnt.
8 I wish Mary doesn't drive/ didn't drive so fast.
9 They wish I came/ had come home earlier last night.
10 I wish I could come/ camewith you tomorrow.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets,
-E
I I wish I F:.8:lj., (have) more money. I would like to buy that camera.
2 She wishes she (study) medicine when she had the chance.
3 My father wishes he (buy) that house last year. Now it's much more expensive.
4 I wish I (study). I can't concentrate.
S I wish you (turn) the volume down a little. I am trying to work.
6 Martin wishes I (not tell) everybody his secret.
1 I wish I """""""""""""" .. (do) my homework yesterday. Now I'll have to stay up late.
8 He wishes he . (come) to the party on Saturday.
I 9 Jack regrets .. (eat) so much. Now he feels awful.
10 I wish I .. (eat) more for breakfast. I'm very hungry now.
II My friend Sally wishes she (be) a singer and not a secretary.
12 I wish our neighbours . (stop) shouting. I can't sleep.
 e ~~ - ~ :1 '" t ~ :; . IS °t / :1 '.

rl
I Youwere rude. Youinsultedyour teacher.Youaren't aI/owedto go on the schooltrip.
I wish!.~<;t.q!1::t.
~~~':.:.~~~:!.~~~~ /.~.8;~'::~.~':.S.Zf.l!~q.~.y.
~~C!~~.e.~: ....
.~.1.Y.~~~.~
.~~:~ .C!ff?~~~.~C!.$.C!.
?':. !~~.!j.c.~.C!?~
.~~~J?:.......................................................................

You didn't take the train. You took the bus instead. Now you are stuck in traffic.
I wish ................................................................................................
. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

2 You didn't go to the school dance. You stayed at home instead.

I wish °....... . .... ..... ..
.................................................................................................................................
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 You fell asleep on the sofa and you didn't see the match.
I wish ........................................................................................................................
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .

.................................................................................................................................
4 You fought with your best friend. You didn't apologise.
I wish ................................................................................................
.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

... .... .... ... ... .... . . ...

5 You bought some trousers. They are too short for you.
I wish ........................................................................................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

...
-ire '2;r;t~n{ 'S 'Or :he 011(' NiOQ '"It'J:(lor IJ~e li!"h.
-I.
..
I Sally doesn't have enough money to go on holiday.
.~~~~;:.~~?~~~. ~~~. ~t;t~.~!1:?Zf[{~..'?1:?'!~;:.~? [{? .C!!1:
.~.C!~~1.8;{,:.
... .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . ... . .. . .. ... . .... . .. .. .. .... . .. . .
2 I don't have much free time, which is a pity.
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

3 Mrs Carter doesn't have a good job.

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Thieves broke into our neighbour's house last night.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

5 Ian spent all his money gambling.

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

6 We bought a house in this area but it's very noisy.

. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . .

7 He can't control his temper which is very bad for him.

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..

8 He tore up all the letters she had sent him. Now he regrets it.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..

9 Their car broke down on their way home.

.. .. ..... .... . . . . .... .... ... ... ..... ... . .... .. . .... .... .... ... ... ....
10 She didn't help me and now she feels sorry.
.................................................................................................................................
II
I!!III!~ Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to tbe first sentence.
M,,4

It's a pity she can't speak a foreign language.

':~,.
'1 She wishes . .~':.~.C!?l!.l.c!.
fjP'c?~/(.
~ t?:.e.~fJ!1:.
~<:.l1:$.Zf~fJ~:...............................................................
2 It's a pity they quarrel so often.
They wish...............................................................................................................
3 I regret calling him.
I wish .....................................................................................................................
4 It's a pity you don't work harder.
i I wish .....................................................................................................................

II
5 It's a pity you can't take a vacation this year.
If only you ....................
'I
6 I am sorry I insulted you.
II i I wish .....................................................................................................................
II ,
7
!II I regret selling my house.
I wish .....................................................................................................................
8 They are sorry they lost the match.

. 9
They wish ... ...
She regrets speaking to him like that.
... ......... ... ...............

She wishes she.........................................................................................................

10 It's a pity you can't come to the theatre tonight.
I wish .....................................................................................................................
II I am sorry I lost my car keys.
I wish .....................................................................................................................
12 It's a pity you are busy on Saturday.
I
i ~ I If only .....................................................................................................................
I 13
1 I It's a pity he didn't manageto pass.
.1
i I I wish .....................................................................................................................
II ,
II I 14 It's a pity I don't play tennis.
If only .....................................................................................................................
15 I am sorry you missed the plane.
I wish .....................................................................................................................
iI 16 I am sorry I forgot to buy a present for your birthday.
If only .....................................................................................................................
;1
17 What a pity my dog got lost.
I wish .....................................................................................................................
Iii 18 I am sorry Julie moved to Spain.
I wish .....................................................................................................................

~
 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . ( men t Ion) th e t rip t 0 C ar Ia. N ow sh e wan t s t 0 come. ,

. ' .
I I WISh you. .. .. .. .. .hadn't mentioned

2 I wish you (come) into the house in your muddy boots all the time.
Take them off outside.
3 We wish we (live) in a faraway place without the pressures of
everyday life.
4 Alec regrets (accept) the job. The pay and conditions are poor.
S I wish I (see) the look on his face when he discovered the truth.
6 I regret (not go) to the party. I hear it was great.
7 Graham wishes he (pay) attention during the lesson. Now he can't
do his homework.
8 I wish you (stop) showing off in front of guests. It's so embarrassing.

Suppose/What if ...?
~
- Use
-.- I - . - ".",;-.-
Examples - I
Suppose/Supposing (that) Suppose/Supposing (that) you are offered the job, will you take it?
means what if. The structure Suppose/Supposing (that) someone found out? You would be in trouble.
and usage are the same as Suppose/Supposing (that) your wallet had been stolen, how would you
those of the conditionals. have got home?

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

I Suppose she ~~~ (see) you two together, how would she react?
2 Suppose they hadn't won the championship, the manager ...........................
(lose) his job?
3 Suppose there aren't any applicants for the job, how you...........................
(fill) the vacancy?
4 Suppose she (apologise), will you two be friends again?
5 Supposing he hadn't been willing to lie for you, how you...........................
(explain) the situation?
6 Suppose there (be) a storm, where would they have found shelter?

/
 mple & Continuous

--
Regular verbs in the Past Simple are formed by adding -(e)d to the infinitive. Irregular verbs in the Past
Simple Affirmative have to be learnt. See page 192 for a list of irregular verbs.
. ---1~!$Jit!!j
. --- - - ... -- - - - I

Regular Verbs --
I/you looked I/you didn't look Did I/you look?
he/she/it looked he/she/it didn't look Did he/she/it look?
we/youlthey looked we/you/they didn't look Did we/youlthey look?

Irregular Verbs

I/you ate I/you didn't eat Did I/you eat?

.. he/she/it ate he/she/it didn't eat Did he/she/it eat?
we/you/they ate we/you/they didn't eat Did we/youlthey eat?

---IW'se
. For actionscompletedin I cancelled the tickets yesterday.
the past at a definite time
. When the actionclearly I bought this cor in London.
took place at a definite He didn't say anything about it.
time in the past although
this time is not mentioned
. For a past habit He went for a walk every morning.
. For an action which The telephone rang while we were having a meeting.
interrupted another I was writing a letter when the parcel arrived.
action that was in
progress in the past
. For a series of completed She sat down, opened her book and started reading.
actions in the past

Write answers to the questions, as in the example.

Did he say sorry to her? (him)

!'!.~1.l}.~
.C!.iP:'.L.'U!?l:Y. h~!:.f!~ .t!?iP:J?~~~Y
~.l?J:TY..~C!. .t.~J}.i.'!?: .......
2 Did your mother know about it? (father)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

3 Did Mr Cox forget to send the letter? (Emma)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

4 Did she move here three years ago? (four years ago)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ..

5 Did George accuse you of stealing? (lying)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .
-I
I steal
Write the past form of the verbs.

stole
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 6 feed ........................ II support
~'
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

2 burn . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 know ........................ 12 play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..

3 belong ...,.................... 8 speak ........................ 13 study .
4 catch ,............ 9 grow ........................ 14 cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

5 buy . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 build ........................ IS watch . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

-I Correct the sentences.

I didn't went to school today because I was sick. 12 I didn't felt very well last night; that's why
!. ~~c!~:~ g9. .tp .1?~.r!.f!9.Z .t.q~E!Y. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . I didn't go to the cinema.
because
. . .. . . . . . . . I
.. .was
.. . .. .sick.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .

2 When I got home, Mum didn't be there. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 13 When I see the thieves in my house last night, I

. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . was scared.
3 I arrive at the station two hours ago, and I am . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .

still here. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .

. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . 14 At that moment, I really don't know what to do.

. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . .

4 Mary didn't came to the party yesterday. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . IS I let them take what they want and then I called

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . the police.
5 No, I didn't told him about it. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .

. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 16 When the police arrived, there is nobody in the

6 Did you followed my advice? house. ..
. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

. .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

7 Of course I told him the truth, but he not

believed me.
. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

8 He had all the qualifications for the job, but he

doesn't get it.
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

9 When I see him last night, I invited him to dinner.

. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

10 My father didn't letted me go out last night.

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

II The cat drunk all the milk. We had to buy

some more.
. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .
 ,- - -------
/11
Past uous
---
I was looking I wasn't looking Was I looking?
you were looking you weren't looking Were you looking?
he/she/it was looking he/she/it wasn't looking Was he/she/it looking?
we/youlthey were looking we/youlthey weren't looking Were we/you/they looking?

. For actionswhich were I was living in Belgium at that time.

in progress at a certain She was preparing lunch at 12 pm.
time in the past
. For actions in progress He was doing the washing-up when Sue telephoned.
in the past which were They were driving on the mo~oway when they had an accident.
interrupted by another
action
. For two or more actions While I was waiting for her at the restaurant, she was washing her hair.
that were in progress at While John was visiting his grandma, I was shopping.
the same time in the past

..
Constructions uous
1i?ast @8I11til1l:tlel!i$

An action in progress in the past Another action interrupted it

I was doing my homework when the phone rang.
Shewas cooking dinner when the lights went out.
'I'ast E:eiIJ~ilJ1l!ioll!.~

Two actions in progress at the same time

I was listening to music while my sister was reading a book.
We were watching TV while my parents were sleeping.

Study the table at the bottom of page 18 and use the prompts to write sentences.
-
My father / read a newspaper / my mother / cook 5 I / read my book / she / open the door
My.!Ef~~c::.~~~. :~~~f~~.~. .~~~~p.~p.c::..~0({~..... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . ..

.~.y. '!!.?t!!~~ .~~~ .c.??~~':!r.. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .

2 My sister / do her homework / I / phone her 6 A lot of people dance / Kate and I / eat snacks
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .

. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

3 He / talk on the phone / she / read a magazine 7 The doctor / examine him / the earthquakehappen
. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .
4 Pam / paint her room / her friend / arrive 8 It rain / we walk through the park
. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. ... ... . . ... . . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . ..

. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
 Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in either the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

I I ... rI:~q.rn
.J:,~.c!r (not hear) the alarm clock this morning because I :"Y~~ (be) so tired.
2 When I (see) Mary last night, I (not realise) that something was wrong.
3 I (study) in my room when the doorbell (ring).
4 My mother (read) a book while my father (watch) TV.
5 The robber .. (enter) the bank, . (order) everybody to lie down and
(take) all the money from the safe.
6 We (plan) to have a barbeque party when it suddenly (start) to rain.
7 The children (dance) at the party when the lights (go out).
8 How (you break) your arm?
9 I (ski) last weekend when I (fall) and (break) my leg.
10 I (not feel) very well this morning, so I (ask) my boss for permission
to leave early.
II Why (you / not tell) me the truth in the first place?
12 He (sit) on the bank of the river when he (see) a rare bird.
13 It (rain) heavily when I (wake) up this morning.
14 Everyone in the library (read) quietly when suddenly the door . (open).
15 I (go) to Paul's house yesterday but I (not find) him there.
16 While I (wonder) whether to buy the suit or not, a man . (come) in
and bought it.
17 'What.. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . (you / do) from lOam to 2 pm yesterday?' asked the detective.
18 My dog (attack) the postman while he (try) to deliver a letter.
19 We (not sleep) all night because our next door neighbours (have) a
noisy party which went on till early in the morning.
20 'What (you / do) when the burglars (get) in?'
'I (watch) TV and my children (study) in their room.'
21 (you / work) when your boss (arrive) unexpectedly?
22 Why (you / not report) the burglary at once? ..

Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

I (I) .'Y.C!~.
:y,C!f~.i!,:g (walk)along Regent Street when I (2) (realise)
that a man (3) (follow) me. I (4) (turn) right and
he (5) (follow). Whenever I (6) (stop), he
(7) .. (do) 'too. I (8) .. (decide) to take the 717 bus
from the bus stop just behind m~. Just as the bus (9) (move) off, I
(10) (jump) on. The man (II) (miss) the bus but
he (12) (get) on another 717. He (13) (seem)
rather angry. I (14) (get) off at Leicester Square with lots of other people.
He (15) (not notice) me getting off the bus. I immediately
(16) (head) for the nearest police station to report him.
~-
Study the box and write two of your own sentences.

I was walking home when it started to rain. (action in progress + action interrupting)
We were watching the film while Andrea was preparing dinner. (two actions in progress at the same time)

I .
2 .
 -- - ~-- ,-~
/11
~

-- -- ]
- 1!Ci)~1i! -....
Past Simple - --- -- --------
Past Continuous

Didn't I/you win? Wasn't I listening?

Didn't he/she/it win? Weren't you listening?
Didn't we/youlthey win? Wasn't he/she/it listening?
Weren't we/you/they listening?
iJjI"e 1
. To confirmsomething Didn't you enjoy the party?
. To express surprise or admiration Didn't they know how to get to the airport?
. To express annoyance Didn't she look beautiful?
Why weren:t you paying attention in class?

Note: The negative interrogative can also be used in other tenses.

Don't you like your haircut?
Can't he come to our party?

..
Use the words in brackets to write negative questions.
-
I talked to Mum about it. (Dad)
J?!~1!.'~y'~~
.~~~~.t.~.J?'!.~.'!.~?y~ .i.tX....................................
2 I helped Jillwith her homework. Uohn)
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 She gave her daughter ten pounds. (son)

. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 I bought Penny a nice present. (Mary)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

5 I warned Henry. Uames)

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 I invited Carol to my party. (Alice)

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 I sent a letter to my aunt. (your uncle)

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 I saw Jim yesterday. (Mary with him)

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

9 I spoke Italian when I was younger. (German)

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

10 Dad bought a sandwich for you. (for Jane)

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II I visited lots of museums in Vienna. (any galleries)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

12 I played the piano when I was much younger. (violin)

.
 Find the mistake and correct the sentence.

When I saw my friend yesterday, he was cry.

W~.~~ ! .5.?'Y. my.fr.i~J!p: .y.~!?ty.r:4fIY.:. ~.c:. w?:~. Qry.(IJg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. ..

2 I try to cut down on smoking last year but it was impossible.

.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

3 Myparents never letted me go out at night when I was younger.

.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

4 Two burglars broken into my house yesterday.

.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 They were have a good time at the party when the police came.
.. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

6 I spoked to Sarah about it and she seemed quite interested.

.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

7 The teacher was writing on the board while Jim fainted.

.. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 When did you saw him in the supermarket?

.. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.

threeyears / go to the cinema

!(~ .~~:~t?Y.e.~!.~
.~~1!P~.!. ~~.~~
.~c:'!:~.t.f? ~J:.e. .c:~~~c:~1!.Ef:...

two days / see Tom 5 seven months / catch a cold

.. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .

. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .

2 a long time / eat in a Chinese restaurant 6 three years / leave the country
. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . ..

.. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

3 two years / buy something expensive 7 four hours / have something to eat
.. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .............................................................
. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

4 five months / go on holiday 8 a year / ride a horse

.. .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

............................................................ . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

Study the example and rewrite the sentences from the previous exercise.

It's three years since Jlast went to the cinema.

!. ~~.~~.~c:'!:~ .t.~. ~~.C: . C:!'!:c:1!!.8:. ~~.r:c:<?y.c:~C~. f!f!/!:. .. .. . .. . .

. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 5 . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

.. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .

2 . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 6 . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .

. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .
) . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

3 .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

.. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ..

4 . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 8 . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .

.. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .
III Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.

eat spaghetti / a month

!.~~ !~~~.t.i!1!.c:
/ .<:~f!.~P'<:~/:.~~~i. ~~~. <:. !1!.?~~~. ~W~'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 go abroad / three years

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 visit my grandparents / two months

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

4 take an exam / a year

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 redecorate my room / five years

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 eat in an Italian restaurant / a month

.

-II
Find the mistakes and correct them.

She didn't did the ironing yesterday because she was tired.
~
~.~~.~~~:z:'~.~.~.
~~.~.i:.~:z:i.11:¥.
Y.~~!~~~~l..~~~<:.~~~
.~~~.~~~.~~~~~'.................................................
..
2 He wasn't at work yesterday when I call him.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

3 The teacher catched a student cheating in the exam.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 My father not letted me go out with my friends last Sunday.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

5 Sarah were writing her composition when I saw her yesterday.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 Our neighbour was always complained about the loud music.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .

7 Why did you brought me flowers? You are very kind.

..
8 Jane walking home when I met her.
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
 Present Perfect
For a fullexplanation of the Present Perfect Simple, see Unit I (page 8).
Here is a reminder of how it is formed.

--- -- -
Present Perfect Simple Past Simple
have/has + past participle infinitive+ -ed
I have just finished my project. I finished my project yesterday.

Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

. For actions which started in the past and . For actions which began and ended in the past
haven't stopped I worked there until last year.
I have worked here for two years.
. For actions which occurred in the past and . For actions completed at a definitetime in the past
have an effect on the present I saw John yesterday.
He has worked in a laboratory,so he knows
what it's like.
. Often used with already, before, ever, just,
lately, never, recently, since, up to now, yet
I have never worked here before.
He hasn't been to France since 1998.

Note: The Present Perfect Simple has a connection with the present. The Past Simple always relates
to the past.

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Present Perfect Simple.

I ..
I .~~':'~.~'!~~1Y: (know) Jane for a long time and we are good friends.
2 'Sorry, Mum. I (already eat). I am not hungry'.
3 Since J (leave) school, I (not see) Jenny.
4 I (never eat) this kind oHood before.
5 James (not start) working yet. He is still studying at university.
6 Anna (not go) to a concert since she (be) twenty.
7 'I hear that Barry (buy) a Ferrari.'
'Yes, he .1... (buy) it last week.'
8 , (you / ever fly) a plane?'
'Yes, I (fly)a plane when I was in the airforce.'
9 Jonathan . (oversleep) this morning and (miss)
his maths examination. He (not do) that before.
10 Last week, Jim (finish) painting one of the best paintings he
(ever paint).
,II 'No more thanks. I (already eat) too much.'
12 I (buy) a new car last year, but I (not sell)
myoid one yet.
13 Bill usually gets up at 6 am. Yesterday, he (get) up at I I am.
14 It's three years since I last (visit) Susan.
il5 I (not see) Carol for a long time.
16 Anna .. (go) to live in the country six months ago and
(not be) back since then.
III Study the example and rewrite the sentences.
".

It's three years since I last saw Susan.

".
I f.1:?X~.'?:~
.s.~~.'?~/!;~?'?fo.~ .~Z1.':c:t? y.~?1:~I'!:.................

It's three weeks since I last saw a film on TV. 7 It's three months since Carol last earned any money.
I 00. 00. . . . 00. 00. 00. 00. . . . .. . 00. 00. 00. . . . 00. 00. 00. . . . . Carol .........................................................
2 It's five hours since I had something to eat. 8 It's three weeks since my parents last went out.
I 00.. . .. . 00.. . .. . . 0000. 0000. 0000. 0000. .. .. . My parents .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 It's two years since he bought a car. 9 We five years since we last went on holiday.
He ...................................................... It's.. ........
4 It's two weeks since she last ate meat. 10 It's three days since we last watched TV.
She ...................................................... We .. 00 . . . . 00'" 00 . 00 . 00 . . . . 00 . . . . 00 . 00 . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 00 . 00 . . . . .

5 It's years since James last spoke English. II It's ten years since they moved house.
James . They .........................................................
6 It's six months since Mary last visited a doctor. 12 It's a month since I last wrote to my parents.
Mary ................................................... I .. 00 . 00 . . . . . . . .. . 00 . 00 . 00 . 00 . .. . .. . 00 . 00 . .. . . . . . . . 00 . . . . . .. . . . .

..

Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

The last time I spoke to George was three weeks ago.

I . ~<!.':~!1::~.~T?~~.~~ .~~. C?~?:.8;~.!~~. e:.~~~.~c:~!~~:.......................................................-
--
The last time I saw James was two days ago.
I .. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 00. . . . . . . .. . 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00. 00. . . . 00. . . . .. . 00. .

2 The last time Sheila ate a pizza was three years ago.
Sheila .................................................
3 The last time my sister sang in a choir was six years ago.
My sister.....................................................................................................................
4 The last time I bought something expensive was five weeks ago.
I .. 00. 00. 00. .. . 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . .. . 00. 00. .. . . . . . . . .. . 00. 00. . . . . . . .. . 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00. 00. 00. . . . . . . .. . 00. .. . .. . . . . . . . 00. .

5 The last time she had a party was six months ago.
She 00 00.00"'.00.00.00"'.00.00""""""""".00 00.00.00.00. 00.00 00.00.00.00..""""""""""""

6 The last time he earned any money was three moths ago.
He ...........................................................................................................................
7 The last time I left my keys in the car was two years ago.
I 00. .. . .. . .. ... . 00.. . .. .. .. . .. . 00. .. . 00. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .00. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 00. .
8 The last time I fed the cat was six hours ago.
I 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. 00. . . . 00. . . . 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . 00. 00. . . . 00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 00. . . . . . . . . . 00. . . . . . . 00. . . . .

9 The last time I flew a plane was three years ago.

I 00. .. . .. . . . . . . . 00. 00. .. . 00. 00. 00. 00. . . . .. . . . . .. . 00. . . . . . . . . . .. . 00. . . . 00. . . . 00. . . . . . . 00. . . . 00. 00. . . . 00. 00. . . . 00. . . . 00. . . . .

10 The last time I had the flu was a year ago.

I .. 00. 00. .. . 00. 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 00. 00. . . . . . . . . . .. . 00. . . . . . . . . . . . . 00. . . . 00. 00. 00. 00. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . 00. .. . . . . 00. . . . 00. . . . .
 Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

I haven't played tennis since I was at university.

I J.~?t. P.~CfY.~~ .~~':.,!.i~ .~.'!.~':. ! .~~? ~~. z:.~~~~:~.i.tl.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

We haven't travelled abroad since we went to the Caribbean.

We last.....................................................................................................................
2 She hasn't seen her cousin since she went to visit her.
She last ... . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. ..
3 They haven't swum in the Mediterranean since they were on holiday in Greece.
1
They last...................................................................................................................
\:. 1
4 The Prime Minister hasn't given a speech since he was elected.
The Prime Minister last................................................................................................ I!'
5 My son hasn't sent me a postcard since he was in Egypt. II
My son last...............................................................................................................
6 Emily hasn't taken the bus to work since her car broke down last year.
11,1
Emilylast..................................................................................................................
7 Peter hasn't run in a marathon since he was twenty-eight years old.
Peter last. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

8 I haven't driven my car since I took Dad to the airport.

I last ........................................................................................................................

Study the examples and rewrite the questions.

How long is it since you last met James?

When .c;l.i.4.Y9.z+.~?S.~
.r!?~c;~/?'!?i?S ?
How long ago.. c;l.i.4. Y9.z+. ~?S.~ .'!?i?C;~ .JA'!l:i?s. ........................ ................................?
. ,~
II

When did you last see your grandma?

How long is it ?
2 How long is it since you last visited your uncle?
When .?
ii
3 How long is it since your mother last cooked Italian food?
When. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 'j . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .?

4 When did your father last give yo~ pocket money?

How long ago ?
5 When did you last take an exam?
How long ago ?
6 How long is it since you last heard from her? "
I"
When. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

7 When did you last earn any money?

How long is it ?
8 How long is it since your father last played golf?
How long ago , . ?
ull
9 When did you last get a good mark? Ii

How long is it ?
10 How long is it since Jane had a haircut? ~
II
When .?
~

t
II Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.
,.
He / smoke cigarette / the doctor tell him to stop
" !!.~.~.8;~!1::t. .~~?l?:..................................................
.~~'}.~~.~~~. cj?~~?:. !?~~. !I:~1!:.!?
.~'?!?~~~.~ .C:~¥.8;~~.t!~

Mum / cook meal for us / she break her arm

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
I / speak to Paul/last year
. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

.. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .
3 She / travel by plane / she be a child
. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Susan / see her friends / she leave town

. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. ..
5 Myfather / smoke cigarette / he give up ten years ago
,...................................................
6 The prisoner / see his family / he go to jail ten years ago
. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

7 Paul/send flowers to his wife / they get married

. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ..
8 My parents / go on holiday / they buy their house
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.

A

He / have an accident last year / not drive his car since then
!!.~. ~.Cf~ .Cf.~.<;t.~C:!~~!1:~.~Cf~~1.~.8;:. ~'!?:. ~.~. ~.Cf~'!:~ .~:.i.,:~.~. ~~~. c:~~. ~!~~~ .t.~~'!: ... .. . ... ... . ... .. ... .. . . ... .. ... . .

She / break her arm last month / not cook since then
. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .
2 He / have an argument ,with his boss last year / be out of work since then
. . .. . .. ... . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . ... . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. ..
3 They / cancel his interview two months ago / not call him since then
. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .
4 He / move abroad two years ago / not see his friends since then
. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. ... . .
5 He / have operation last month / be in pain since then
. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

I Use either since or for to answer the questions as in the example.

Can you drive a lorry? (two years)

y.C?~:.
~.lf?J.~.E!Y.C?1!.'?~r.i.':~'!.
~ .z~~~y.fC?:.
~~~ X~~:~:......................................................................
2 Can you type? (six years)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

3 Can you play the piano? (I was a child)

. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. ..

4 Can you ride a bicycle?(1998)

.. .. ... .. . . .. ... ... .. ... . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ..
5 Can you dance? (April)
. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .

6 Can you fly a plane? (many years)

.. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .
 Choose the correct word or phrase.
~ ..-,.

I Martin~sn't s~ didn't see his daughter since Christmas. ~~

2 I have looked / looked for my cat for days but I never found her.
3 It's three years since I have last gone / I last went to a rock concert.
4 My mother didn't find / hasn't found her purse yet.
5 Mrs Black has taught / taught French last year.
6 She hasn't acted in a film for / since two years.
7 She hasn't finished writing her novel recently / yet.
8 Einstein developed / has developed the theory of relativity many years ago.

Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences.

. . . . . . . . . . . . P.~c:Y.f?~ ............
We haven'tB football for a long time.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .
2 It is been three years since I last went on holiday.
3 Nobody has ever spoke to me like that. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .
4 How long ago did you took up this position in the company?
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. ..
5 We have finish tidying up our room, Mum. Can we go out now?
6 I have lost my wallet last week. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

7 We haven't heard from Tom since a long time. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . . . . .. . .
8 My mother has leaved her books at home again.
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .
9 When have you sent the letter? I haven't received it yet.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
10 Sheila has written a letter to me two months ago. "
II I know Betty for ten years. She is my best friend. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .

12 Maria has done her homework last night. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.

since for
0 already recently just always ago still ever

I haven't finished decorating the house .!:~.t .

2 I have bought a new car. In fact, I have only had it for two weeks.
3 I haven't seen John a while.
4 She started to learn the piano three years .
5 She hasn't finished cooking. The guests have already arrived.
6 We'll have to choose another film. I have seen this one.
7 Have you visited an old castle?
8 My mother has wanted to visit Hawaii.
9 It's ages I last saw you.
10 I have been having terrible headaches .
'1,,'1'

~" " f

Phrasal verbs: mixed

~ use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
--
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

sell out send for send off

---
send off for send on send out show off

r - slow do~n - sort out - ~peak~ - ~tay o~ -

~tick out -
stop off st~ver
I '
0 n t h e way to Munlc h we sto pped over ' . '
(spent t he nlght ) In Vlenna.
II I 2 I can't stand the way he (behaves in a boastful m'~nner) in his new car.
3 We're running out of petrol so we'll have to (make a short stop) at the next service station.
4 As soon as he realised that her temperature had risen, he """""""""'" (asked) a doctor (to come).
S You can buy a key ring that (emits) a loud noise when you whistle.
!I
6 These papers are in such a mess that it'll take ages to them (get them
back in order).
I .
7 Could you please (forward) any mail from myoid address to my new one?
! 8 (Reduce speed) before you reach the crossroads.
4
9 Could you (talk more loudly), please? They can't hear you at the back of the hall.
10 My parents let me (remain away from home) until midnight but no later.
II I went to get a copy of the new magazine but my local newsagent told me he'd (not got
any left because they'd all been bought).
12 On seeing the jewellery offer in the newspaper, I (posted a letter asking for) it.
13 The letter shou Id arrive by Friday if you.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. it (post) today.
14 Harriet (appeared clearly) in the photograph because she was the only one wearing a
bright pink blouse.

Phrasal verbs: set, stand

II ~se the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
~lIowing sentences. The first one has been done for you.
" set baCk-" --;::- set off (2) set out set up stand by (2) stand for (2)

l stan~ .
for stand out stand up stand up for
---
I don t usua IIy wor I< .In t h .IS0 ffIce. I' m.. standinrr
' ' in For ' "
I .. . .. .. ..~. .. ..J,'... (rep IaCing) Mr Jac I<son w h0 ISSICI<.
2 I'm determined not to (tolerate) her insulting behaviour any longer.
3 What do the letters NATO (represent)?
4 By (leaving) early, we avoided most of the heavy traffic.
S Someone must have touched the glass and the alarm .. (caused the alarm
to start ringing).
6 At night, cyclists should wear clothing that (can be easily seen) in the dark.
7 They (act in support of) anyone they believe is being unfairly treated.
8 He's (sticking to) what he said and he refuses to apologise.
9 As far as I know, the company was (established) about fifty years ago.
10 The recent fire at the factory is likely to (delay) production by at least a month.
II You know I'll (support) any decision you make.
12 When winter (becomes established) the whole area cis covered with snow.
13 The scientists didn't (begin the work) to find a cure for this illness but they found one.
14 The young scientist's controversial theory (proved to be correct) when it was checked by
I I
the world's leading mathematicians.
1

Phrasal verbs: take (I)

1

Use the verb take in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

part in back after in ~ down up to

I Although she was very busy, she didn't hesitate to }?:~.t?.~.'!: (accept) even more responsibilities.
2 If Ron hadn't broken his arm, he would have (participated in) the squash tournament.
3 The professor's lecture was so complicated that I couldn't (understand) it all .
4 Did you (write down) everything the lecturer said?
5 Young ducks instinctively (like) water.
6 Jane (is similar in character and appearance to) her mother; both of them are shy and
attractive.
7 She insulted me by making that remark and unless she (withdraws) it , I'll
never speak to her again.
8 As this desk (occupies) so much space, I suggest you should buy a smaller one.

Words easily confused

Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.

certificate a History was the one ..t?!1;Qj~.C.L...I was never good at.
diploma b I seem to have lost my birth .
subject c She has a in architecture from Birmingham University.
degree d This driving is not valid in Canada.
licence e George hasn't been to university but he has a which allows
him to work as a physiotherapist.

2 own a If it doesn't to you, why is it in your bag?

possess b
c
His one ambition is to a genuine Picasso. .
belong For a person who such skill, his performances are rather poor.

3 pat a Wait until the dog calms down before you it.
stroke b The person behind me me on my shoulder and asked me what
tap the time was.
slap c She always her son on his head when she is pleased with him.
d In the film, she him on the face and he her
back.
'I

4 understand a Although I hadn't seen her for thirty years, I her immediately.
realise b I don't what his name is.
recognise c It wasn't until I saw the photograph that I who she was.
know d In order to the theory, you need to have considerable
mathematical ability.

5 advantage a You shouldn't take.. of her good nature.

benefit b We expect to make a large on the deal.
exploitation c The of developing countries by the West is nothing new.
profit d Free life insurance is just one of the offered by the company.
 ----
,- 6 lively a My oldest relative is eighty-eight.
live b The match will be shown at ten o'clock.
'IivilJg c When the rescue team found her, she was still .
alive d Having... . ... . ... . ... .. children around the house is exhausting but fun.
-------

7 spoil a They the whole evening by insulting everyone they spoke to.
stain b I'm afraid the drink you spilt has the carpet.
rot c As the wooden window frames had we replaced them.
poll ute d If we go on ... the rivers all living things in them will die.

- -- - ---
8 match a I'm not in the mood for a of cards.
game b After winning a talent... .... .. .. ... .. ... .. , she appeared on national television.
contest c The flower show is the village's most popular annual . .. .. .
event d Several football had to be postponed due to heavy snow.
- -- -- - --

9 beat a Try and the ball a little harder.

hit b I on the door three times but there was no answer.
I<nock c The ceiling was so low I kept on my head on it.
bang d Their supporters drums at every match they play.

.. I 10 top a There was a crow's nest at the of the tree.

peal< b The surfer stayed on the of a wave for a few seconds before
crest falling into the water.
lid c At the of her career, she earned vast sums of money.
d He couldn't get the. ... .. ... . off the biscuit tin.

II straight a They were in contact with the president.

direct b There are no flights to Washington from this airport.
instant c She was so tired that she went to bed.
immediate d The residents cut off by the floods are in no danger.
e I haven't got enough coffee to make us all a cup.

12 exchange a We're one ofthe bedrooms into a study.

convert b I'd like to these jeans for a larger size.
switch c Peter is going to his printer for my scanner.
swap d This painting is a fake. Someone must have it with the original.

-- - - - ---
13 chop a Could you some cheese to put on the spaghetti, please?
slice b I can never a potato without wasting half of it.
grate c the parsley on this board, will you?
peel d They'll ... the ham for you at the supermarket.
--

~
 I r

I
Word formation
I Complete the following table. Use prefixes where possible.

Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective

blood/bleeding
................ I bleed . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . day ..................
resistance .................. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .................. cook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
""""""""" .................. opposing/opposite . . . ... . .. . .. .. effect ..................
.. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. I breathe .................. .................. (dis)organised
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. I confide .. . . ... . . ... .. .................. major
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................. reserved hardness .................. ..................
... ..... . . . .. .. . . . ... . wrecked obligation .. .. .. .... . .. . . . .. . . ... .. . . .
............. represent .................. .................. .................. entertaining
... ....... .. . inspire .., .... .................. .................. broad
.................. .................. . . .. . . .. . . . . . ... . . (mis)understand ..................
I

personalise .................. .................. correspond ,..................

I ~.i~~~~~.~~~~....
..,............... love .... wealth .. .. . ...
loneliness .................. thanks """"""""" .........
. . ... ... .................. offensive .................. partner
.. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . contribute ..................

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

rudeness. . , .
I Jeremy ' s """""""""'" IS samet hmg I m not prepare d to put up Wit.h RUDE
2 Several people fainted at the concert and regained outside the stadium. CONSCIOUS
3 It came as a shock to hear that Samantha was a . THEFT
4 We live in a rapidly world. CHANGE
5 After being given a final. ......... ......... .. , Belinda was never late for work again. WARN
6 I'm not but I'd rather not fly on Friday 13th. SUPERSTITION
7 Margaret. refused my offer. POLITE ..
8 The effects of losing one's job can be catastrophic. PSYCHOLOGY
9 Gareth made a mistake only because he your instructions. UNDERSTAND
10 Jemima is used to travelling long . DISTANT

Preposition practice
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

about as on with at by of to in

I I could only describe my meal .CfF the hotel ?~ awful.

2 By the time his lawyer reached the police station, he had already confessed the crime.
,I 3 If you're bored your life, do something it.
.r 4 Sam always gets excited :... going long journeys car.
5 Only Nigel would be capable doing the job properly.
6 We're not used going home so late.
7 Please write your answers pen.
8 I'm not ashamed what I have done.
9 What's the answer question three?
10 Don't go in without knocking the door.
,.-"
.,'.1-.

.,t -
Time Clauses,
Too/Enough

Relative clauses give more information about the subject or object of a sentence.
They are introduced by the following relative pronouns:

who for people: The book is about a bqy who is homeless.

which for things: That's the book which I read last week.
whose for possessions: The film is about a woman whose child runs away.
when for time: It was six o'clock when we arrived.
where for place: That's the hotel where we were staying.
why for reason: The reason why I can't help you is that I'm not well.

..
-.- . - -- - - - - - -- ------ - ---
I This type of relative clause gives us necessary Themanwhotold us about the hotel was
information. We do not use commas to separate veryhelpful.
it from the rest of the sentence.

. We can use the word that instead of who and This is the boy who/that I told you about.
which in this type of clause. We stayed in a hotel which/that had an indoor
swimming pool.

. We do not need to use the relative pronouns She married the man (who/that) she had met
who, which andthat when they are the object on holiday.
of a defining relative clause. I saw the film (which/that) my sister had
recommended.

'ttE!;III..1jt)'E!Ul1'il\\g.
'Rt!Jaf!ve t<blam.ses
I I
!I
I
'I . This type of relative clause gives us extra My father, who travels a lot on business,
:1
il I information. We use commas to separate it from has visited many countries.
I
the rest of the sentence.
iI]I
N
" '
I Note: We cannot use the word that instead of who and which in this type of clause.
I, We cannot omit the relative pronouns who and which in non-defining relative clauses
I I
~

~
,--~

!II
I I
I
I
"
 Complete the sentenceswith the correct relative pronoun. If the pronoun can be omitted, use -.
~D
I Did you answer the man Wh9 offered you the job?

2 My mother was born at a time my grandparents were very poor.

3 Mrs Jenkins, you see sitting over there, is our new manager.

4 That's the man I spoke to the other day.

5 The car I bought was a real bargai n.

6 What is the name of that famous film star we saw the other day?

7 The watch I bought last week from your store isn't working.

8 Mrs Black, husband died two years ago, took over the company.

9 He didn't tell us the reason he resigned.

10 The restaurant we usually eat is the best in town.

II The gift my friend gave me for my birthday was really great.

12 The film is about a woman son suddenly disappears.

13 The supermarket I usually go shopping has a great variety of goods.

14 Daniel, has been working for us for ten years, resigned yesterday.

15 Where is the parcel I gave you last night?

16 Please return the book I lent you.

~ Study the example and rewrite the sentences. Remember to add commas if the clause is non-defining.

Tom is very happy. His sister won the tennis championship.

19.%. w!w.~~. $.i.s.~t;r.
W9.1J.
.tflf:. .t~1Jnt$.~!J.8:1JJP.f9.r!i'.!J.ip',
.i.~.Y~I:Y.h?p.p'y:...........................

Mrs Evans resigned yesterday. Her husband is the mayor.

. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

2 I met a woman last week. Her father is a famous novelist.

. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

3 I have to buy a present for my fath,er. His birthday is tomorrow.

. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

4 The woman gave you some money. Her father left her a fortune.
. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

5 Brian came with me to the video club. His girlfriend has lovely hair.

. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

6 We saw the film yesterday. It's reviews were very good.

. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

7 That's the director. His film was a great success.

. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 They have elected a Prime Minister. His goal is to help the poor.
. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III 1111 Find the mistake and correct the sentences.
,'".
She married a man her parents didn't approve of him.
~f:l.t;.l}Y!rrj~4.~ .f!1:~1J.
f1:~.r. !1:PRr~Y.~
R~(t;r:Wi.~i.4!1::t. .QI , ,.., " ,..
2 I really like the car I bought it last year.
, .. .. .. .. . .. . , , .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . , . . .. . .. . . . , .. . , . . . . . .. , .. . .. , , . , .. . .. .. . . .. . . , , , , . . . . . , , .. . . . . . , . .. . .. . .. , . . . .. . .. . .

3 Mr Fowler who you met him yesterday is a famous author.

. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. ..

4 The singer you admire her so much is only sixteen years old,
. , , , , , , , , , , .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. , .. . . . . . , . .. . . . . , , . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. , .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . , , . . .. .. . .. . .

5 The vacuum cleaner that you bought it is faulty.

.. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ... . .. .. .. .. . .

6 The story that I told you it is untrue.

, , , , .

7 That's the place when I grew up.

, , "" ,., ,.., ",...".,., "., " ,., "..,.

8 Jane often remembers the time which she met her husband.
.
9 Those children who they are playing football go to my school.
. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. , .. .. .. .. . .. . .. , .. , .. . .. . .. , .. . .. , .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .

10 The kidnapper who he escaped from prison last week was arrested today.
. . .. . . .. .. , .. , .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. , .. . .. . .. . , .. .. . .. ... . .. .. .. .
 Join the sentences using a relative clause, as in the examples.
Remember to add commas if the clause is non-defining. ---
The box is very heavy. It contains photo albums.
r~~. ~??C..~~~~~!..t.~~~.~?f!~~~r:.~l!~?~? ~~~'!.'!!~ .i.~.~~~.y.~~~~l.: ..........................
Jenny is a successful lawyer. Her husband is unemployed.
Jenny, whose husband
. . . . . ..
is unemployed,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
is a successful
. . . . ..
lawyer.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Samantha has passed her driving test. She doesn't like taking the bus.
. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Many people earn a lot of money. They work overtime.

. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 Martha is her only daughter. She is only ten years old.

.
4 Daniel gave me the money. I lent it to Peter.
. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 The Four Seasons Hotel is closing down. I stayed there for a week.
.. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

6 That's the policeman. I trusted him with my problem.

.. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
7 The book is on the table. I have been looking for it.
.. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 John's father arranged our honeymoon. He owns a travel agency.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

9 Jane is my cousin. You met her last night.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .

10 I will inform the police about the woman. She stole my bike.
. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .

II Last summer was a wonderful time for me. The weather was hot then.
. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

12 She avoided telling me the truth. I really can't explain it.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 The hotel is very big. We stayed there last year.

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

14 The offices of Go Travel are next to the town hall. Their holidays are really good.
""""""""""""""""""""",""""'"............................................................................

Time Clauses
Time clauses are introduced with the following time expressions: when, as soon as, after, by the time,
until/till,before, the moment, while, once.
Use Examples - I

. Inorder to express future time after a time I I'llsend you a postcardas soon as I arrive.
expression, a present tense must be used.
. When it is necessary to emphasise the completion I won't be able to tell you the amount until I've
of an action, the present perfect tense is used. added up allthese bills.
. Afterwhile the present continuous can be used.
-- 1 I'llbe lying in the sun while you are working.
Note: Never use will in a time clause.
r
~
I,ll' II I Implf t' thf followmj' <iE"ntl'ncp by DL.ttm, tho 'I' :i"t b, :H~ « In ~ It'F Jn ~
~,,""-.
I We'll confirm your booking after we '!~Y.e..J:.e.Cf:.c! (hear) from head office.
~, 'I, 2 I'll tell you when I (be) ready.
3 By the time we (get) there, the match will be over.
4 While you (enjoy) yourself at the party, I'll be studying.
5 I'll give her the medicine before she .. (go) to bed.
6 You'll feel better once you . (have) a rest.

(:.1 r
Jwdy thl exam pi! and rE"wntE'thl ;entpnC" .. r.;
J...
~

You will finish writing this composition. Then you can go out (when)
.~~~.~.y.?~l~r:.i.~~!.~~~~l~r:.i.~~.~~..~C~~~'!~.~~!~.~?1!1:T??~i.t.i.?,:,:,.
Y.~l!..~~~.¥.? ?l!f:...................................

We will find Denise. Then we will call you. (as soon as)
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

2 John will resign. Then he will look for another job. (after)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

3 I will wash the dishes, but first I will eat a sandwich. (after)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 I will get back late. It will be 8 pm. (by the time)

..
. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

5 I will do my homework. Then I will go out. (until)

. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. ..
6 I will arrive in Paris this evening. Then I will send you a postcard of the Eiffel Tower. (when)
.
7 He will graduate from university. Then he will find a job. (after)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .

8 I will be studying hard. You will be out enjoying yourself. (while)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

Result Clauses
So and such + that are used to show how one action or state leads to another action or state.

F,2!1J11 ----- - - ---- --- -.,.. 'E~i:'I:f1i!pl~.S

- --- -
- so-- -- --- "----
T It was hot, so I opened the window.
so + adjective/adverb + that He speaks so fast that nobody understands him.

such + adjective + noun + that He is such a good boy that everybody loves him.
They were such efficient workers that we gave
them a pay rise.

so + many/few + that There were so many people that we couldn't

find a seat.

so + much/little + uncountable noun + that He earns so much money that he spends it

without thinking.

Note: Such is never used with much/many. We say: such + a lot of + plural/uncountable noun + that.
There was such a lot of trafficthat I was late.
 Yl Complete the sentences with so, such, or such aln).
...0 ,. ...
I Mary is .~9... . .. reliable that you can always trust her with a secret.
2 It was bad weather that our holiday was a disaster.
3 My father has much money that he doesn't need to work any more.
4 The film was boring that we left in the middle.
5 There were many people at the concert that we couldn't find a seat.
6 My son was ill that we took him to hospital.
7 He is famous actor that he earns a lot of money.
8 Mr Brown is strict boss that nobody likes him.
9 The food was salty that I couldn't eat it.
10 Dorothy drives dangerously that she is likely to have an accident.
II Emily has got little time that she is always in a hurry.
12 It was warm day that everybody went swimming.
13 It was interesting book that I couldn't put it down.
14 Paula has got beautiful eyes that John fell for her the moment he saw her.
15 It was awful food that nobody ate it.
16 I didn't expect it to be long way to the airport.

~I ~tL.dy the example and rewr'te the sentences

Mary is very sensitive. She often gets upset.

I:!.c:!T .~~~.?f~~'!.l[~.t.~
~~.~.~.~~r:.~~~i.,:~..t.~~~ .lfP.~.~~'........................................................................

Mrs Jones is a very good teacher. Everybody likes her.

. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

2 This neighbourhood is very noisy. I think we should move house.

. .
3 This is a very expensive car. We can't afford to buy it.
.................................................................................................................................
4 The weather was really awful. We didn't go camping.
...............................................
5 The sea was very cold. We couldn't swim in it.
.. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .

6 Jim is an excellent employee. He should be promoted.

.. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. ... . .. .. . . .. . .
7 It was a really crowded beach. We couldn't find a place to sunbathe.
. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 The journey was very long. We all got very tired.

.. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .
9 The meal was delicious. We ate everything.
. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .

10 The exercise was very difficult.Nobody could do it.

.. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... ... .. .. .. . .

II It was a very funny joke. Everybody laughed.

. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .

12 I ate a lot of chocolate. I felt sick.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 II
II
l,i!I~II~'1
.il!H,~ -.
Study the example and rewrite the sentences.
-
The film was so boring that we left before the end.
!~. ~~~. ~.lf~~.~ .~?~~r:.~/~~l!!.~~c:.t..~~ .~t>:f~.
?~t?~~. ~J:.~.~~~'...............................................................
~r\"~-.
I
The food was so hot that we couldn't eat it.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

2 The train was so slow that it took us longer than we expected to get to Paris.
. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

IIi j
3 The party was so good that we left at four in the morning.
II
Iii . 4
. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

The man is so rich that he can spend as much money as he wants.

!I! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

II I 5 She drives so carelessly that she always has accidents.

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
III
6 She runs so fast that I can't keep up with her.
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

7 The weather was so hot that we all went swimming.

, I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .
II' ..
8 Her performance was so good that the actress held the audience spellbound.
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . .

9 The scenery was so beautiful that I couldn't help looking out of the window.
. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

10 The pain was so bad that he couldn't move.

I
" I .................................................................................................................................
II The instructions were so confusing that all the students complained.

II
I
I I
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

12 The ship was so old that we didn't want to go on the cruise.

. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .

:1 .
l.
"id c

-~se-- - - -- -, -- -----
Per,m - - - T""""----'-
!&xammle$
'~","
-- -"'" -- --
. Too is usedto indicate
more than is necessary
too + adjective/adverb
+ (for sb) + full infinitive
. The meat was too tough for me to eat.
She was drivingtoo fast to be able to stop at
'I or wanted. the trafficlights.
II i Too can also be . There were too few people at the meeting.
'I followed by a quantifier.
L I

Iii I
, . Enough is usedto adjective/adverb + enough The meat wasn't tender enough for me to eat.
iI ~ indicate as much/many + (for sb) + full infinitive She wasn't drivingslowly enough to be able to
as is necessary or stop at the trafficlights.
wanted. Enough can also be followed There weren't enough people at the meeting.
III
by a noun.
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

The nightclub was overcrowded.

There were .~?? ~.~~-Y.P.~?/!!~
.i.f!.~':.~.~~f[':.~~~l!:~:..................................................................
2 The book is too long for me to translate in just three months.
The book isn't ... ... ....
3 That shelf is too high for me to reach.
That shelf isn't............................................................................................................
4 If he had had more time, he would have finished the job.
There was too . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 The plane couldn't land because the runway was too short.
The runway wasn't ..........
6 His reflexes are too slow for him to become a top class player.
This reflexes..................................................................................................................

Study the examples and rewrite the sentences.

.~ .-, "'"
Thetea wasso hot that we couldn't drink it.
.~~~.~??':.?t.t?:.~~.~~.~:!~~:.....................................................................................
!.':.~.~~f1:
Thecar wasso big that we could all get in it.
!.':.~.~.~:.~~~.?ifr~~?l!~~.t?:. ~~.~l.l.!~.f!~~.i.f!:...........................................................................

The concert was so long that we couldn't stay till the end.
. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..

2 The car was so expensive that we couldn't buy it.

.. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

3 Laura was so tired that she couldn't come with us to the cinema.
. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

4 The coffee was so sweet that she couldn't drink it.

.
. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .

5 My father was so angry with me that he wouldn't talk about it.

. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .

6 The man is so rich that he can buy anything he wants.

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .

7 The sofa is so comfortable that I can sleep on it all night.

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .

8 The film has so many violent scenes that little children shouldn't watch it.
. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

9 Betty was so lazy that she wouldn't find a job.

. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .

10 The house was so big that all ten of us could live there.
. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .
(,ii, I. "
PRACTICE
I I
I I l
I
I
I Ph
ill I
Ii, I
r' I Use the word take in the correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases
- in brackets in the following~ sentences. The--first
- ---one---has been- done for you.

~
ill in off (4) on over up
)1 I
II
!I
I
Sales of this computer game have .t.C1;~.c;'::
.C!ff... (suddenly i~creased) recently.
III 2 Our plane (left) on time.
III 3 How could you have been .. (deceived) by such a ridiculous story?
il I 4
jl i Martin decided to (have a break of) a few days and go to his country
cottage.
'I1I 5
il I We're not (employing) any new workers at the moment.
11 J
6 You can't (start playing) football at your age! Why not try golf?
..
" I 7
II Edwina expects to (assume control of) her father's company when he retires.
"I 8
! Roger can (imitate) the headmaster so well that he's even made a phone call and
I pretended to be him.

!
I ..

tell off
Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

thi~ver throw out try on tryout watch out wear off

I wear out work out (2) work up wrap up

.
I' ll give you my answer to t h e proposa I w h en I,ve.. .. .thought ' ' over
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ( consl d ere d) It.. .. .. .. . .. . .. ...
carefully.
2
Mr White (scolded) his son for coming into the house with muddy
boots.
3
I tried to find an answer to the problem but I just couldn't (solve) it .
4 ! (Be careful!) There are a lot of pickpockets around here.
5 Could I (put on) this jacket (to see if it fits), please?
6 I hope everything (proves successful) for you in your new career.
7
Don't buy the motorbike before you've had a chance to (test) it .
8
As long as the drug doesn't (stop being effective), the patient won't be in pain.
9
~ For the first few days my new job really (made) me (very tired).
10 Make sure you . (dress warmly) before you go out in this cold weather.
II
It wasn't a tough training session. I didn't even (produce) a sweat (through physical
exercise).
12 You haven't (got rid of) myoid comics, have you?
 Phrasal verbs: turn

I I Use the verb turn in the correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
Eh!:.as.=s~n ~r~ket~~t~:.!o!I~~i_n!..

down (2) off

s:nt:.nces. T~e Jir~ ~n~ h~s be~n do~e lor you.
.

1- -- - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -out- (2)- - - - - - -

on up (2) away

I The factory .t.~::':~.C?J!.t (produces) only one hundred cars a year; that's why they are so expensive.
2 Please (switch off) the lights when you leave.
3 Why does he always (arrive) ten minutes late?
4 The radio is on too loud. (Reduce) the volume a little.
5 It would be foolish to (refuse) such a generous offer.
6 Don't (increase the volume on) the stereo . You'll wake the baby.
7 I'm responsible for ... (starting up) the ovens at the bakery.
8 All the fans who didn't have tickets were (refused admission) at the gates.

Words easily confused

I
- ~I
use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
-
correct form. Use each word at least once.

protection
..

a
.. --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
They're members ofthe Royal Society for the .. ..f.r:9.t.~(*~If of Birds.
conservation b As the house is both old and large, the costs are extremely high.
I preservation c The WWF is concerned with the of endangered species.
maintenance d Without , oil will run out within a hundred years.
L -- = 00 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2 end a Apparently, there is a lot of treasure lying on the sea .

bottom b There must be several unknown species living at the.. ... .. . ... . of the ocean.
I
bed c The statue stands on a marble .
base d Many people have predicted the of the world.
I
e We climbed until we reached the ofthe tunnel.
I

r
3 past a As a(n) prime minister, she has many important contacts.
previous b We should have caught a(n) flight.
former c How much experience have you had?
earlier d
She'~ not been well for the few days.

4 shut a Talks are going smoothly and we hope to the deal this evening.
turn off b the radio for a moment.
close c Please. ... .. .. .. .. the door on the way out.
draw d When it gets dark, the curtains.
e I was asked why I wanted to my bank account.
J

! 5 total a It took three weeks to repair the robot.

whole b They won't stop until the work is .
! complete c The... .. . .. . . .. number of students present is ninety-one.
d I'll give you £50 for the .. .. .. .. lot.
I e These volumes contain the works of Shakespeare.
f You must tell the truth.
J

-
r
 III
II1I

I'
I
~I'I~II~
III
."
!1,1~,1 a The. .. .... ......... ..... on the bottle state that you must wear gloves when

r
6 -;'ir.~.,eGt!'ie".A'
I si!iggestH0A' handling the contents.
" IlDliQtasoil
b She never gives any of her true feelings.
imEikatieA c His was that I should consult a lawyer.
d She's received three of marriage.
I II l
I II
7 average a Under circumstances, a loan would be easy to get.
" II
standard b The salary for managers in this company is £25,000 a year.
; II' regl!.llar c Being a politician, she doesn't have a(n) routine.
II
normal d Both screwdrivers and spanners come in sizes.

I II
--
1I1I I 8 worry a Ministers have expressed their about the economy.
I b
, concern Don't panic! There's no cause for .
i II
alarr;n c She wanders around as if she didn't have a(n) in the world.
II anxiety d Now that I've saved enough money for the holiday, I've one less.....................
care on my mind.
e
---
II
He suffers from attacks before important examinations.
I'

] 9 locatien a This looks like a great for a picnic.

" site b The film was shot on , not in a studio.
I,I I
~
point c I think we've reached the of no return.
I" d
I spot Take a hard hat if you're going to the building .
e You can't go in there because it's an archaeological .
f Nobody knows the exact ofthe buried treasure.
III -- -- .- ---

10 bowl a We heard the wolves further up the mountainside.

bon b I'm sure I heard a mouse downstairs.
roar c The lion as the trainer cracked his whip.
grunt d When he laughs, he like a pig.
l1Iiss e It was so quiet that we could hear the bees around the flowers
sq,ueak f Ian's pet snake as I approached its cage.
baf;k g My dog only ......... ....... when the doorbell rings.

II between a If I had to choose these two songs, I'd choose the first one.
among b They'd finished their work a week.
within c How are we going to spot her all these people?

r -. ------.
II
'I

I I2 Ihat!ch a Owls at night.

migrate b Many birds to Africa when the weather gets cold.
nest c The eggs should any day now.
hunt d Woodpeckers ....... ......... in holes.
,

13 *a~1II a Being bored, she couldn't help .

sigh b Archie.. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... with relief when he heard he'd passed the exam.
Ilill
yell c Don't at me just because you lost.
1'1 '
I Sljleeze d I'm allergic to cats and start whenever I'm in a room with one.
1/
I I

I i
w.....
Word formation
Complete the followingtable. Use prefixes where possible.

Noun Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective

record/recording
record
.................. .................. .................. .................. (in)attentive
............ romanticise ........... .................. .................. (non )existent
.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . long .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . signify . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . .
... . heighten . interference .................. ....
............ humour .. ...... .... .................. refreshing
........ .................. moving .................. advertise . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
. sense .. ...... ....... .................. permissible
energy energise .................. .............. .................. preventive
.. .................. performing value .................. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
.......... fool .................. .................. ....... equipped
.................. inconvenience .................. .................. reti re . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
........... .................. (over)populated .................. deliver undelivered
... (un)important .................. .. ........... astonished/-ing
.................. brighten .................. product/-ivity/ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .
producer/
production

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

I What is the c;.~I!,H:Ef? theme in her new book? CENTRE

2 The high cost of .. put me off buying such a large house. MAINTAIN
3 With all your skills, you should find a job quite easily. SECRETARY
4 Please don't eat so . NOISE
5 Robert opened the door and... ... .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. walked into the room. CAUTION
6 A new travel has opened in town. AGENT
7 Blond hair and blue eyes are two of Finnish people. CHARACTER
8 Should you require any , ring the bell. ASSIST ..
9 As we live in an world, there is bound to be injustice. PERFECTION
10 There's a pan in the cupboard next to the cooker. FRY

Preposition practice
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

of on by to 'out of in against for with at into

I As our production methods are .. ~lf.t..oJ.. date we must decide C?r! a more modern process.
2 The course consists lectures, educational visits and practical work.
3 The ones we have stock are similar those but they weren't made Japan.
4 How can we protect our house flooding?
5 This method is not familiar him so don't be angry him making a mistake.
6 A gallon is equal about four and a half litres.
7 She's been work for five years. fact, she hasn't had a job since leaving school.
8 I'm surprised you. I thought you knew better.
9 the one hand, it is exciting, but the other hand, it is dangerous.
10 present, she is doing some research artificial intelligence.
II last Saturday, our team played the league champions and we only lost ............
three points.
12 How far can you run five minutes?

-~~
 /

" " , CLAUSES (2)

r
Reason Clauses,
Participle Clauses,
Only... But Also
II

ii I
i
Purpose ~
! Purpose clauses explain why someone does something. We use the following words and expressions to
introduce them.
I
,
--- Form
1/
" ..i-
Examples
,
]
for + noun/gerund , went to the bakery {or some bread. - -- - . ---
.
full infinitive
. - ---- -- , ---
went to the supermarket to buy some things. .
/ in order to + bare infinitive , studied hard in order to pass the exams.
!.
/
so as to + bare infinitive
'ill , calledhim so as to invite him to my party.
so that + subject + can/will , willcallyou so that you won't forgetour appointment.
If I (present/future reference)
II so that + subject + could/would 'left the door open so that he could get in.
II
I (past reference)

Join the sentences using the words in brackets.

II I
I Martha has gone to the USA. She intends to study Chemistry. (to)
':.<:f~
¥<:.~~~.8;. $?Tf~.~? ~J:t.c:.
~~~.~? .~~1f.cJy.
.9.~.e.~.i.~~~J!: ...................................
2 Mum has prepared a large meal. We can all have enough to eat. (so that)
I
. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . .

d 4 Ben took a taxi. He didn't want to be late for the meeting. (in order not to)
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .

3 Our teacher spoke loudly. He wanted all of us to hear. (so that)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

5 Jane has had her hair dyed. She wanted to be in fashion. (so as to)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

6 Mum gave me some money. I wanted to buy a CD. (for)

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

I In ~~
ltIse
i r - - ~!~a:~'I~~- -- ._-
j~
In case is used to express the idea that ! I'llmention the meeting in case he has forgotten about it.
one action is carried out because another (because he might have forgotten about it)
I might occur.

In case is followed by a verb in a present Give me a key in case I get home first.
I took some warm clothesin case the weatherturned bad.
l or past tense.
~. Complete the follo~ing sentences by using the ~orr~ct fo:m ." tho verb In b'dr. .,
I I'll buy some extra food in case there ~~ (be) a strike.
2 I'll give you my address now in case I (not see) you before you leave.
3 I bought some suntan lotion in case I """""""""""" (get) the chance to do some sunbathing.
4 Take a torch in case you (need) to go down into the cellar.
S I showed her how the photocopier works in case she (want) to use it.

~ Rewrite ~e sentences, using in <.rs~

I'm taking a map with me. I might get lost.
I'm taking a map with me .(lJ..c:?s.c:.
J.ge.LL.q~~ . .. .. ~ .. ... .......
2 Sallyalways takes her umbrella because it may rain.
Sally always takes """""""""""""""""""""""""""'" """ ...........
3 It might be cold there, so take some warm clothes with you.
Take some warm clothes...................................................................................................
4 The hotel might have a swimming pool, so take your swimming costume.
Take your swimming costume.............................................................................................
S Alice bought a torch. It might have been dark at the camp.
Alice bought a torch ...........
6 She thought there might be a lot of traffic, so she left early.
She left early.........................................................................................................
.~
Reason Clauses ..

Clauses of reason are used to express why something happens or has happened. We use the following
words and expressions to introduce them.
Form Examples - .
because/as/since + clause The defendant was not conviaed because/as/since the
prosecution had no conclusive evidence.
because of/due to + noun We couldn't reach our destination because of/due to thick fog.
the reason for + noun The reason for his absence was unclear.

the reason (why) + clause The reason (why) he was absent was unclear.

B Join the sentences uSIng the words In bracke"

I We took a short cut. We wanted to get home early. (because)
.We. .~9.~1f..C!.~~~~~ .q~~ .l?~c;?lf~f? ~~. .~C!n~l?~.~9.gf?Lf:z;9!?~l?~C!r!y......................................................
2 She couldn't buy the shoes. She didn't have enough money. (as)
.. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .
3 The traffic was heavy. She was late for her meeting. (because of)
.................................................................................................................................
4 She was tired. She had to go home. (since)
. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S An accident happened. Her carelessness caused it. (due to)

"""""""""'"

6 The reason for her bad behaviour was obvious (why).

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
IIID IIII
- -
I.'~.. - Clauses of Contrast & Concession
I."" '- Clauses of contrast and concession are used to express a contrast in a sentence. We use the following
words and expressions to introduce them.
IFc,u1m E_xam'PI I
but I bought some trousers,but I didn't ffnd a top to go with them.
however He eats a lot However, he isn't fat
while/whereas This book is interestingwhile/whereas that book is boring.
although + clause Although she studied hard, she didn't pass the exam.
even though + clause Even though she studied hard, she didn't pass the exam.
despite + noun/gerund Despite his illness/being ill, he went to work.
in spite of + noun/gerund In spite of his wealth/hisbeing rich,he is very mean with money.

Note: When despite or in spite of are followed directly by a gerund, the subject must be the same in
both clauses.
They misbehaved but the teacher didn't punish them.
Despite misbehaving, they were not punished by the teacher.
The subject does not have to be the same, however, when there is a possessive adjective or object
pronoun before the gerund.
Despite their/them misbehaving, the teacher didn't punish them.
.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use the word given.

Although it was snowing, we went out. SNOW

Despite thy. ~l1QW..w~.w~.rJ.t out.
2 Despite hating football, she watched the match. BUT
She hates the match.
3 Although it was very hot, he wore a coat. OF
In spite , he wore a coat.
4 He lost his job. However, he wasn't upset. LOSS
Despite , he wasn't upset.
S Even though Ruth is a very good student, her brother is lazy. WHEREAS
Ruth is a very good student, lazy.
6 In spite of our leaving early, we missed the train. WE
Although , we missed the train.
7 Even though she was insensitive, she had a lot of friends. HER
In spite , she had a lot of friends.
8 Though he was well qualified for the job, they decided not to employ him. BEING
Despite : for the job, they decided not to employ him.

Participle Clauses
Fonm
Participle clauses are formed with:
. a present participle. Looking through the window, I thought I saw something move.
. a past participle. Seen from a distance, the insect looked just like a leaf
. a perfect participle. Having used all the paint, we went to get some more.

Note: The subject of the participle clause and the main clause must be the same.

L
 t----- Use -- - -_~X~h1ples- --- - 1

. To replacea relative The man who is speaking at the moment is my uncle.

pronoun + verb The man speaking at the moment is my uncle.
. To replacea clauseof Because I can't speak German, I ask Rudi to translate for me.
reason (BecauseI/helwe ...) Not being able to speak German, I ask Rudi to translate for me.
. To replace while+ past While I was digging in the garden, I came across some old coins.
continuous Digging in the garden, I came across some old coins.
. To replace After she has chosen the colour scheme for her room, she willbuy the paint
after/becauselsinceletc + Having chosen the colour scheme for her room, she will buy the paint
present/past perfect
As he had had a long holiday, Gerry felt quite refreshed.
Having had a long holiday, Gerry felt quite refreshed.

Rewrite each of the following sentences with a participle clause.

'A Christmas Carol', which was written in 1843, is one of Charles Dickens' most famous novels.
.in.!.?:1:;1.,.i.~ .Qnf:.
'A. r;h[t~.tln?~ .9.?!.Q{~.Yf[.i.t.t.CZfJ. .oJ. C;;!J.?[.l.CZfj.l)t~I~~n~:.IJJ.Q$.t.fa,~1J.QI}/iJJ.Q.Y~J~..................

2 While Christine was walking through the park, she imagined what she would do if she won the lottery.
.................................................................................................................................
3 The woman who is talking to the headmaster is my wife.
.
I
4 Because I knew the traffic would be heavy, I decided to go by train.
I . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

II 5 After we had made the arrangements for the party, we had lunch.
. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . ... .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ..

, 6 Since I hadn't seen the film, I couldn't comment on it.

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not Only... But Also

-- Use --- --.....- -- ---E~a.!11"pI~- - _J

Not only... but also is used to introduce Carrie has a full time job. She also does voluntary work.
additional information. When it is used at Not only does Carrie have a full time job but she also
the beginningof the sentence it is followed does voluntary work.
by a verb in the question form.'

Join the following pairs of sentences using Not only... but also.

They spent a month in Bali. They also spent a month in the Bahamas.
!'!. ~~. 9.1!!'y' .C!!~ .~l'f.e'y" ~p.~n9: .£!. !1}.C?r!~~ .Z/'!. !!?J:~Z .~I}~ .~l'f.e.y.. ?J:~~~ .~T?e.1!.~.C!.I}}.~I};~':. .i.I!. f':t.c:.1J?l'f~I}}.c!~:. . .. . ... .. . .. . .

2 She owns a large flat in the city. She has a villa in the country too.
. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

3 She had been spying on the foreign diplomat. She had also given him false information.
. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

4 The car is very fast. It is safe too.

. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

5 It was very cold. There was also a strong wind.

. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

--
 --~

/
EXAMINATION PRACTICE
Use of English Practice Tests 9 & 10
Practice Test 9

rI
For questions 1-15, read the te xt below a nd decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
There is an example at the beginning (0). . .

.. - -"""- ~ --- - - - - - ~ - -- - - - -
A young contender
(0) , bowls is described (I) being a (2) which is played by senior citizens, so the announcement that
a ten-year-old will be taking part (3) the National Bowls Championship has come as a shock to many players.
I

At the age of five, Ean Morton (4) his football boots for a set of bowls which once (5) to his great-grand-
mother. He (6) to bowls at once but it (7) have been easy for Ean because he had to play against people
who could take (8) of his inexperience. (9) of the fact that Ean did not achieve (10) success at bowls,
I he refused to allow it to (II) his enjoyment of it.

Now, five years later, Ean is more than a match for most of his opponents. He is very excited (12) playing in the
tournament but admits that he doesn't really (13) what to expect. His father, who will also be playing in the
Championship, is more optimistic. He believes that Ean will reach the (14) and is prepared to (15) by him
I
every step of the way.
- --- - --
..
0 a Conservatively <b> Traditionally c Customarily d Practically
I a from b with c as d for
2 a match b contest c game d tournament
3 a to b on c for d in
4 a swapped b converted c switched d bartered
5 a owned b belonged c possessed d effected
6 a liked b stood c set d took
7 a mustn't b can't c oughtn't d shouldn't
8 a benefit b advantage c profit d gain
9 a Despite b Though c However d In spite
10 a sudden b straight c direct d instant
II a spoil b rot c stain d damage
12 a for b from c about d with
13 a know b realise c recognise d understand
14 a peak b top c summit d crest
15 a support b set c stand d back

II For qUestio
.
ns 16-30, read the text below and think of the word WhiCh best fits each space.
.

rII~s~IY on: ~rd ~

in each space. T_~..re an e~~mp~e at :he begjnni~g (O~. -- - -
Bamboo
Bamboos are the (0) .. fEf.~~f!.s.~...
growing plants in the world. Even in countries like England, (16) the
.
I plant does not grow naturally, (17) is known to be capable (18) increasing in height by fifteen
centimetres in just twenty-four hours.

I Such rapidgrowth is necessarybecausethe plant has onlyeightto twelve weeks before the dry weather sets (19) ...............
I to go (20) ground levelto its maximumheightwhich may (21) as much as fifteenmetres.
Bamboos are quite demanding. Not (22) do they need a great deal of water in (23) to grow
so quickly (24) they also need deep soil so that their roots can stay warm at colder times of the year. This
I means the gardener (25) make sure the ground is not (26) stony for the plant to grow on.
I
(27) bamboos used to be quite rare in British gardens, they have recently gained popularity with British
gardeners. This is because they are green all the year round, (28) are no insects in Britain which destroy
them and they can grow (29) close together that not even a cat is thin (30) to squeeze
through.
I
--- ---- ------ -- --
I For questions 31-40, complete the se c O nd s entence has a similar meaning to the first
So that it

sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
....
words, includin¥.the word give~.:~hes: i~:.n-exa_~ple
.. .. . .
Mat .
t~e ..begin~ning.

ExamPle: We can't put all the luggage into one caf.

too

-- ~ef~~ ~~? .':LY.~~..1.Lf!f.f!/:f!/?

~~ P.Lf~ into one ~._-
31 Carolyn doesn't remind me of her mother at all.
take

Carolyn her mother at all.

32 Eddie is still too weak to get out of bed.
not
Eddie to get out of bed yet.
33 Although he was very wealthy, he lived in a small cottage.
spite
In , he lived in a small cottage.
34 It was a mistake to go out in summer clothes.
should
I warm clothes when I went out.
35 Studying hard will improve your chances of passing the exam.
unless
Your chances of passing the exam will hard.
36 Since I don't know him, I can't tell you what he's like.
met
Not , I can't tell you what he's like. ..

37 He both acts and sings.

only
Not he also sings.
38 It's not a good idea to buy such a big car.
you
IfI ' buy such a big car.
39 They only stayed because you apologised immediately.
if

They would not apologised immediately.

40 Despite feeling tired, we decided to leave early.
although
We decided to set ' tired.

L =-
III~I For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
, '-" and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (V') in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
, '-" on the right. There are two example~ ,,~tth~~~,~in~,i~~(O andOO).

0 ,/
The BBC has just announced that it will be showing ...........................
00 a new series called Neighbours from hell from by the . . .. . . . . . . . . by
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

41 beginning of next month. Since it is being thought that . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

42 many citizens have to stand up for their neighbours' rude . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

43 behaviour either because they do not have enough of . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

44 evidence for the police to act or they are too much frightened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

45 of their neighbours, the show is likely to be popular. """"""""""""" .

46 Although the first episode shows the case of two elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

47 men who have had an argument about a water supply ...........................

48 last year. As a result of this, one of the men threatened .
49 the other. Despite of the fact that threats had been ...........................
50 made, the police could not do nothing until they . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

51 had proof that the law had been broken. The man ...........................
52 who had been threatened decided that he should to get . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
..
53 the evidence required so he went to home, got out his ...........................
54 video camera and waited for his neighbour to carry out . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

55 his threat. When his neighbour reached to his garden .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .

and started to destroy his vegetables he secured the

evidence the police needed.

For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in the in the same line.

No ~ .
In these days of (0) ~~f?~~'!!~~ hardship it is very difficult for ECONOMY
charities to raise money as ordinary appeals are (56) """""""""""" . EFFECT
In order to help, (57) """""""""""" newspapers regularly organise DAY
expeditions in the hope that (58) """ ~ readers will make WEALTH
large (59) """""""""""" to the cause. On one such expedition, CONTRIBUTE
journalists acting as a well-known newspaper's (60) """""""""""" REPRESENT
climbed Everest. Detailed reports of how (61) became BREATH
more difficult during the climb appeared in the newspaper together with
(62) """""""""""" accounts of how each member of the team was PERSON
coping (63) """""""""""" with the experience. As the climb PSYCHOLOGY
progressed, readers found the (64) """""""""""" to donate money. It INSPIRE
appeared that they felt a greater (65) """""""""""" to give money to OBLIGE
the appeal as the climbers' suffering increased.

~
 Practice Test I0
For questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A, S, C or D best fits each space.
There is an examJ;>leat the beginning(O}:

I
Flora and fauna at risk
(0) many leading zoologists and botanists have expressed their (I) about the (2) of endangered species,
the current (3) are that most ofthe measures taken to (4) these species against extinction have had only a
I limited effect.

From the (5) of the sea to mountain slopes, tens of thousands of species have become extinct in the (6) ......
300 years. (7) these species thousands have died out even before they have been (8) . It is no wonder then
that many experts believe that mankind has reached the (9) of no return.
, I
As well as hunting, the greatest threat to plants and animals is the destruction of rainforests. On (10) , an area
of forest the size of Switzerland is destroyed every two and a half to three years. Consequently, (I I) regions are
cleared every month which means that animals have nothing to eat, birds have nowhere to (12) and plants
I I
nowhere to grow.

Now CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) has (13) on the responsibility of getting
800 species of animals and plants (14) from international trade and another 23,000 placed under strict controls.
This is a step in the right direction, but should CITES and other organisations fail, the (IS) of the wolf and noises made
by other animals may only be heard on tape or CD in future.

0 a Nevertheless b However c Despite Gi> Although

I a concern b worry c care d bother
2 a maintenance b preservation c upkeep d support
3 a directions b indications c recommendations d proposals
4 a maintain b shield c conserve d protect
s a bed b foot c base d bottom
6 a earlier b former c past d previous
7 a From b Between c Within d Among
8 a found out b discovered c determined d invented
9 a site b location c spot d point
10 a average b normal c standard d typical
" a total b full c entire d complete
12
13
a fly
a seen
b grow
b turned
c nest
c worked
d flock
d taken .
14 a avoided b banned c stopped d prevented
IS a grunt b roar c squeak d howl

For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each space. There is an e)(am,p"le~~th~ begil1l1il1g()~.

The Ozone Layer

The ozone layer, (0) ~~~~':... consists (16) a thin band of ozone gas high above the Earth's surface, is
extremely important to life on our planet. (17) is this thin layer of gas that protects life on Earth
(18) the harmful, ultra-violet light which comes from the sun.

Since the I960s, scientists have observed 'holes' in the ozone layer and done research (19) the phenomenon.
(20) has caused these 'holes' is chemicals called CFCs being released into the atmosphere. These chemicals,
which (21) destroy huge amounts of ozone, enter the atmosphere when refrigerators are destroyed and
when aerosol sprays are used.

The results ofthe damage which has been (22) to the ozone layer have been known (23) a
number of years. Ultra-violet light kills plant life so neither animals (24) humans will have anything to eat.
There will also be less oxygen and skin cancer will become more common. Nowadays, fridges and sprays are not
normally made with harmful CFCs in them, but, because (25) are so many old fridges being thrown
(26) all the time, scientists have not been (27) to stop the destruction.

If the prediction (28) most of the ozone layer (29) have been destroyed in fifty years' time
comes true, humans will (30) they had never heard of CFCs.

--- .
Illtl For questions 31-4 0, cO mplet e th e seco nd sentence sO t hatit has a similar meaning to the first
..
,.'
I sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words,inclu~~ng
Example:
the ~ , "

What made her refuse my offer?

", given~ere is an example~~eginning.
, " ", " , , " , ,
- -- -

turn

~~.. =. '=-:':""
~~~.~~.~
.~Z::.'!.
~?~': myoffer~ - ~:-
r- 31 His headache was so bad that he had to lie down.
had
He that he had to lie down.
32 She thinks it's a pity she didn't complain to the management.
regrets
She. . . ... .... .... .... ..... ... complaint to the management.
33 You really should be doing some form of exercise.
about
It's.. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. up some form of exercise.
34 In my opinion, worrying about it won't do any good.

point
.. I don't think worrying about it.
35 Peter is still trying to contact the landlady.
able

Peter. .... .... ..... ..... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ..... . contact the landlady yet.
36 He's a professional footballer, isn't he?
professionally
He he?
37 I'm sorry I didn't accept her offer of a job.
only
If down her offer of a job.
38 How did she manage to get Julia to come to the party?
succeeded

I wonder Julia to come to the party.

39 I'd like to see if they fit me.
try
May.. ... please?
40 It's a shame you went to the opening ceremony without your camera.
wish

I. ... some photographs of the opening ceremony.

I
t

L.- '", --------

-~;~
 I
For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some ofthe lines are correct
and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (V') in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on
-- the right.
-- There- are-- two examples
- at the
--- beginning (0 and"..00). --
Walt Disney World
./
0 There are few places in the world that children would ...........................
00 like to visit them more than Walt Disney World in Orlando. ~~~!~~..........
41 With this in mind, I have decided that it is about one ...........................
42 time I have planned a holiday there. I have already read ...........................
43 about the park and it sounds like fascinating. It contains . . . . .. .
44 four theme parks, includingthe newly-built Animal Kingdom, ...........................
45 three more water parks, a nature reserve, a sports complex, five ...........................
46 golf courses and a large shopping complex. Though Disney is huge ...........................
47 by any standards, visiting it is neither tiring and nor ...........................
48 difficult if you hire a car. You can normally have hire an ...........................
49 air-conditioned car through the travel agency, which will save .... .. . . ..
50 time. The park may be enormous, but queues at the ....... ..
51 Easter and other holiday periods can still be very long. This .......
52 means you will only be then able to sample about .. ..
53 half of that what is availableif you spend a week , . ..
54 there. Disney seems to consist out of a wonderful mix of ......
55 everything for the whole family so it may turn surely ...........................

o~' ~be_'he-ho~ayof~fetj,: -- ~ - -----

,.

I
-
For qUestions 56-65 , read the text below. Use the wor d giVen in caPita Is at the end of each line to
form~ ~r~ha~fit.:..in-0e~,:c::
.

The sound of music

. i~h~ame line. There is an example at the beginni~g(~).
. . .. . . .

. grassy GRASS
There ISa new sound to be heard on the (0) """""""""""" slopes of
(56) Europe. Early in the morning inhabitants ofthe CENTRE

sparsely (57) agricultural regions of Austria and POPULATION

Southern Germany wake up to (58) melodies being ROMANCE

played to cows. The farmers who use both live and (59) ........................ RECORD

music to calm the cattle emphasise the (60) """""""""""" of keeping IMPORTANT
these sensitive animals free from stress. They claim that the music
(61) up the animals' day by allowing them BRIGHT

to relax. This (62) increases milk SIGNIFICANT

(63) and helps the cows give milk much more easily. PRODUCE

To their (64) ,farmers have also found that the quality ASTONISH
of milk is better.
!

Now they are experimenting to see how (65) music is VALUE

,
in getting other farm animals to become more productive.
- -- - - - - - -- - -
1
~~
--L
-
,-

II
.'

.' IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
be was/were been lie lay lain
beat beat beaten lose lost lost
become became become make made made
begin began begun mean meant meant
bite bit bitten meet met met
bleed bled bled mistake mistook mistaken
blow blew blown pay paid paid
break broke broken put put put
bring brought brought read read read
build built built ride rode ridden
burn burnt burnt ring rang rung
buy bought bought run ran run
catch caught caught say said said
choose chose chosen see saw seen
come came come sell sold sold
cost cost cost send sent sent
cut cut cut shake shook shaken
dig dug dug shine shone shone
do did done shoot shot shot
draw drew drawn show showed shown
drink drank drunk shut shut shut
drive drove driven sing sang sung
eat ate eaten sink sank sunk
fall fell fallen sit sat sat
feed fed fed sleep slept slept
feel felt felt smell smelt smelt
find found found speak spoke spoken
fly flew flown spend spent spent
forget forgot forgotten spring sprang sprung
get got got stand stood stood
give gave given steal stole stolen
go went gone stick stuck stuck
grow grew grown strike struck struck
have had had swim swam swum
hear heard heard take took taken
hide hid hidden teach taught taught
hit hit hit tear tore torn
hold held held tell told told
keep kept kept think thought thought
know knew known throw threw thrown
lead led led understand understood understood
learn learnt learnt wake woke woken
leave left left wear wore worn
lend lent lent win won won
let let let write wrote written
 ,)'l., ,~;,
VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

ask after back out of back up burst in

care for care about carry out (2)
c~ on (2)

I You're old enough to know better, so stop P.<!ffY.flJg9/!." (behaving) like a child.
2 When I saw John this morning, he . (enquired about) you.
3 Although some protesters started shouting, the politician . (continued) speaking.
4 Who's going to " (look after) Gran while I'm in the States?
5 You can't (withdraw from) the agreement after you've signed the papers.
6 It's the duty of every police officer to (support) his or her colleagues.
.. 7 Soldiers must . (obey) orders without question.
8 I was in the queue at the bank when two men . (entered suddenly) and told
everyone to lie down.
9 It's easy for him to say he (isn't worried about) money because he's filthy rich.
10 Despite her inexperience, she (performs) all her secretarial duties to perfection.

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

catch on (2) catch out catch up with check in (2)

check out (2) clear off close down
checJ>AP on clear up (2)

I have to go to the factory to C:!1~p'I~.!1:P..RIJ (make sure that everything is all right with) the
work being done there.
2 You only have to explain it once for Alan to (understand).
3 When you (present your tickets) at the airport you must have your passport
with you.
4 Why don't you just (go away) and leave me in peace.
5 Roller blading has (become fashionable) recently.
6 If the weather (improves), we'll go out this afternoon.
7 The hotel receptionist will give you the room key after you have (registered).
8 Since he has missed so much school he'll have to work hard to " (reach the
same level as) the rest of the class.
9 Let's go and (have a look at) the new amusement arcade, shall we?
10 They have (stopped using) the old cinema because the new one has opened.
II You'll get your passport back from reception when you (leave).
12 He said he didn't have any money but he was (proved a liar) when he
accepted our invitation to go to the casino.
13 You can't go out to play until you have (tidied) the mess in your bedroom.
 Words easily
Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.

a rr..lfe a Jackets made of .i.'!1:f~Ef.t.i.C!'!:leather are much cheaper than those made of I
Ja:Jse
~~HiijGial
IiRfitatliet.\
b
c
genuine leather.
Put your teeth in so I can understand what you're saying.
t
'II
There was no fire. It was a(n) alarm.
d
I:'
He lost his job when it was discovered that his diploma was a .
e If a runner is responsible for two starts, he or she is disqualified. III
I
f Those flowers aren't real. They're .
g Old Mr Williams has a(n) leg. II
'I
.\
2 succeed a II
She success very early in her career.
manage b We to complete the project in one week. I
achieve c Robert never the promise he showed as a young pianist.
fulfil d 1'11
He'd most of his ambitions by middle age. ii'
able e William in discovering the truth. .,11
capable f I'I
Will you be to take a day off work?
g I'm quite of doing it myself. .\

Iii

---.. --- III

3 chance a The offer of a job abroad was a golden for me to make a ill

possibility fresh start.

III
occasior;l b The scarf was a at £ IO. "
opportunity c What are the of you getting a promotion?
bargain d It was a(n) on which you could speak to your boss on equal
terms.
e We've got a problem to solve so let's look at the , shall we?
--- 0'_- - --------
- -------
Ii
-----
I4 gain a I think ~e can his team in the final.
~I
win b . She some money on the horses.
earn c The chairman is said to about £25,000 a month. I

beat d Who the match?

II
e Sally's mother says she's not losing a daughter but a son.
. - -- - ---.-----
I -- .- - --
15 miss a We'll be late if we the early train.
lose b Have you your book at home again?
forget c I think I to lock the door.
leave d Could I borrow a pencil. I've mine. It's in my other pencil case.
. e I can't find my sunglasses anywhere. I suppose I must have them.
!.... - -----
III' 6 a How can he losing the ring when he had it last.
HI, '"
I Ci1.el'i!fM b Would visitors please from smoking.
4
115~.tls~ . c I to help people who won't help themselves.
Illeslsti d
I .lieff1a:i1~ .I e
All my job applications have been
Although the cakes looked delicious, I
.
the temptation to eat c
L-

7 way a Do you know the.. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... to the cathedral?

path b If we go by the shortest ,we'll get there by midday.
route c I enjoy walking along the in Sherwood Forest.
manner d She has such a charming .
e I suppose that's one t~ save money.

-- -.--
8 origin a Nobody knows the.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ofthe word.
supply b I'll check to see if we have the CD in .
..
source c A journalist should never reveal his .
stocl< d The country's oil were cut off during the war.
e Explorers couldn't find the of the river.
- - - -"- -

-..--
9 ,interval a The dog must have escaped through a(n) in the fence.
g~p b If you're tired, we can have a(n) .
r,est c The film was so bad that we left during the .
{pause d There are in the cassette which give you time to practise
your pronunciation.
. - --- - ~ ----

10 borrow a Harold denied that I had him the money.

hire b We've a villa for the whole summer.
rent c IfI were you, I wouldn't """""""""'" money from anyone.
lend d A surprisingly large number of people private detectives.
----

II number a You can choose from a wide of books at this shop.

amount b It's quality not that is important.
range c He has a large offoreign stamps in his collection.
quantity d I agree with you to some but we differ on a few points.
extent
e They have a large of money in a Swiss bank account.
 Make and
Ingeneral, make is concerned with creating and do is concerned with performing actions.

The tables below provide lists of common expressions with make and do.

. .~}e + --...-- ----- .- . . - -. -.. -- -- -- --

an attempt a mess one's best
(an) arrangement(s) a mistake business (with)
certain/sure money damage
a complaint a noise one's duty
a decision a profit an/some exercise(s)
a difference progress homework
an effort up one's mind a favour
an excuse one's way to good "
{riends (with) somebody feel better/younger harm .1
(un o{ work 'I
a Journey wrong
Id
I
!
"I
Complete the following sentences by using make or do in the correct tense and form.
.11'1

are doing " . I

I Th ey busmess With a Japanese company at t he moment.
2 If you your best from now on, you.......................................... I
'III
good progress. II
3 Thanks for me that favour.
4 That's the third mistake you today!
5 The high winds a lot of damage to houses last night. . II
6 Why don't you a complaint to the hotel manager?
7 you friends with the children next '"I
door yet?
8 I all the arrangements for the party. .,
9 He couldn't up his mind about the job offer.
10 Don't a mess while you your art
"11
homework.

I~

"I
I!i

Iii

'II
'I
II
II

The table below shows the most commonly used prefixes together with their meanings.

d;s- opposite/not dislike, disappear

iI- opposite/not illegal, illegible
;m- opposite/not impossible, immodest
;n- opposite/not incorrect, insensitive
;r- opposite/not irrelevant, irresponsible
;nter- between international, intercity
m;s- wrongly mistake, misunderstand
non- not non-alcoholic, non-smoker
over- too much overdo, overweight
re- again rePlqy, reuse
un- opposite/not unfair, unkind
un- reverse action untie, unload
under- too little undercook, underweight

Complete the following table. Use prefixes where possible.

(dis)comfort
................................. (un)comfortable
reason .................................
(im)maturity .................................
health . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. (dis)loyal
(in)accuracy . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

logic .................................
................................. (ir)regular
continent . . . . '. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
stop
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . silent
................................. (un)true
safety .................................
................................. (un)certain
................................. (in)efficient
................................. cruel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
spectacle
importance .................................
necessity .................................
................................. (dis)honest
popularity . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

................................. anxious
science/scientist .................................
luxury . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. ..

emotion(s) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. secret/secretive
If

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.
...

m Thesenew light bulbs are much more than the old ones.
c:.~?'1]?0.~E.Ef.f ECONOMY

2 With the of Janet, we all enjoyed the concert. EXCEPT

3 The minister's was quite unexpected. ARRIVE

4' Despite the poor visibility, the pilot made a perfect . LAND

15 we won't be able to go on holiday this summer. FORTUNE

'6 What a performance that was. MARVEL

'7 Takethis scarf with you in case it gets cold. WOOL

'8 Sincethe wall is not strong enough it will have to be . BUILD

'9 litwasa wonderful holiday- simply . FORGET

~O Hewon't tolerate any kind of . INTERFERE

Preposition practice
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

,from on in of to at with for

ij .C?'! behalf of the senior partners, I would like to congratulate you .C:':: the way you
handled the case.
2 Her pronunciation, particular, has improved but I am still disappointed her
attendance record.
3 Bernard never gets tired listening classical music.
4 theory, the more advanced our technology becomes, the more likely we are to contact
alien life forms.
15 There has been an increase the number of students leaving school
.. .. the age of eighteen. d
.6 How can we prevent the cat jumping off the balcony?
7 She's tears all the time because you are so cruel her. One of these days she'll illl
attack. .. .. . .. .. .. ... you.
III~
1.1
8 We must find a solution this problem all costs.
9 Harold insisted staying bed despite the fact that he only had a
slight cold.
110 You're not going to blame me your being debt.
r
I
I.
I!

11:1

!II

, ~; 1!lf

k Iii
.~

,"
,"
PAST TENSES (2) & PRONOUNS
Continuous, Used To/Would,
Pronouns, Possession

Past Perfect ~.
We form the Past Perfect Simple with had + past participle.

. For an action that happened I had already finished cooking when the guests arrived.
before another action in the By the time we arrived, the match had already started.
past or before a certain time
in the past.

. Note: The Past Perfect Simple is used with when, after, by the time, as soon as, till, until, before, by, already
and with phrases such as It was the first time.
When I got home, she had already left.
By the time we reached the station, the train had left.
It was the first time she had been to Sweden.

Past Perfect Continuous

We form the Past Perfect Continuous with had + been + -ing.
Form
I/you/welthey had been working I/you/we/they hadn't been working Had lIyou/welthey been working?
he/she/it had been working he/she/it hadn't been working Had he/she/it been working?
Use Examples
. For an action which began before He had been waiting for Sally for an hour before she
another action or time in the past finally arrived.
and continued up to that time
. For an action that had just finished They had been running for hours and they were exhausted.
at a certain time in the past but
was still relevant at that time

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Past Perfect Simple or Continuous.

I When her parents arrived, she r:fl:c!.~~.~'!.~?~'!!5 (do) her homework for three hours.
2 As soon as she got home, she realised she (leave) her glasses at work.
3 My brother (try) to repair the TV for two hours before I called him.
4 Lisa (never see) such a beautiful painting until she went to the Museum of
Modern Art.
5 Amanda , (work) as a waitress for three years before she became a singer.
6 By the time the film ended, she (fall asleep) on the sofa.
 8 Complete the sentences with one of the time expressions from the box.
L
for already since ~r by the time until
-
I I started taking driving lessons only ~r~~: I had bought a new car.
2 The train had already left we reached the station.
3 Sheilahad been waiting for me four 0' clock.
4 They had been trying to solve the problem three hours when they finally
found the solution.
5 She had done her homework by the time her friend came to see her.
6 He didn't leave he had paid the bill'.

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Past Perfect Simple.

I When I ~~~ (see) Bill yesterday, he ~~.q!1::t.!'.?!~ (not sell) his car.
2 The airplane (already take off) when we (arrive) at
the airport.
3 Assoon as she (enter) the house, she (realise) that
somebody (break in) and (steal) all her furniture.
4 When I (arrive) at the cinema, my friend Alice..........................................
(already buy) the tickets.
5 After I (tidy) my room, I (ask) my mother to let me go
out with my friends.
6 Bythe time I (phone) her, she (already arrange) to
go out.
7 That was the first time I (ever sing) on stage.
8 The moment the plane took off, I realised that I (leave) my glasses at home.

':El Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Past. Simple or me Past Perfect Simp!e or
COl1tiIlUOUS.
~
I (study) for ten hours before she went to bed.
.~~.e.r:..S.~lf~Y.i.r!t!
Mary. ./!.8:c;l.
2 How long (you / clean) your room when your mother..............................
(arrive)yesterday?
3 I (drive) for three hours when the accident (happen).
4 When she (see) the doctor, she (tell) him that she
(not sleep) for three days. 11,1

5 The teacher.
.... ........... (tell)us that he (teach) for ten years before
he (come) to our school.
6 Until I (find) this job, I (search) for almost ten months
without success.
7 Untilyesterday, he (never ride) a motorbike before.
8 She (try) to explain why she (lie) to her parents when a
policeman (call) to say that they should go to the police station.
9 Bythe time I (get) to the theatre, the play . (start).
10 I (not start) tidying up until all the guests (leave).
I I,
Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

Mary didn't start eating until all the family had sat down.
Mary waited . .l;l.~~?f.?l( ~!z:I?f8;'!!-!fy. .h:?t.cf.!'.E!F.c.I.?"Y.fJ.!J.l?f~~~. !'.~~ .s.~?r.~~c.I..~?t.i!1:g.. .. . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . ..

I didn't start reading until all the students had stopped talking.
I waited......................................................................................................................
2 My father didn't go to bed until both my brother and I had come home.
My father waited ....................
3 I didn't invite my friends to the party until my mother had given me permission.
I waited .................................
4 My teacher didn't start explaining the exercise until all the students had arrived.
My teacher waited ....................
5 Emma didn't find a job until her children had started school.
Emma waited . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . .. . .

Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

It was the first time that she had lied to her parents.
.~?!z:1?:.p.?!.~1J.t.s.
She .!z:?~.1J.~Y.~~.~~~c.I. .?f?f?::e.................................................................................

.. It was the first time that I had eaten Indian food.

I ...............................................................................................................................
2 It was the first time that Samantha had driven a fast car.
Samantha .........
3 It was the first time that Lucy had taken exams.
Lucy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 It was the first time that my parents had visited a foreign country.
My parents...................................................................................................................
5 It was the first time our teacher had shouted at us like that.
Our teacher................................................................................................................

Use the prompts to write sentences as in the example.

,,-.
My mother already eat / when / I come home
My. .'!?~~~.~~.IJ.E!~ .E!!r~?4y. .~?t.~1J. ."Y.~.e.1J.! p.E!!I:1:I?!z:?r!1:~:. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . ... . .. . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .... .. .. . . ..

Sally not finish painting the room / when / I call her

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .
2 as soon as / I enter the house / I realise somebody break in
. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. ..

3 we / not start eating / until/all our guests arrive

. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .
4 by the time / the police arrive / the thieves get away
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

5 after / the famous actress win an Oscar / she retire

. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .

6 she not serve dinner / until/all the family come home

. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. ..
7 Natalie not graduate from university / when / they offer her a job
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

8 I finish my homework / by the time / I go to bed

. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .
 Used to/would
---- - -- - --
. Used to + infinitive and would + The wholefamily used to go for a walk on Sunday.
infinitiveare used to describe past Grandpa would sit and stare at the fireplace for hours.
habits which no longer exist.
. The negative and question forms of We didn't use to spend so much money in those days.
used to are didn't use to and Didn't she use to go sailing with Margaret?
Did(n't)... use to... ?
. Usedto + infinitiveis also used to Harry used to be a journalist.
describe past states which no longer Nancy used to have her own business.
exist. Would cannot be used in this
case.

Be used to! get

Examples

. Be used to + -ing/noun/pronoun I am used to giving speeches so I'm not nervous.

means 'be accustomed to'.
. Get used to + -ing/noun/pronoun Don't worry. You'llsoonget used to working with Mike.
means 'become accustomed to'. It took me a while to get used to his strange manner.

Choose the correct alternative in each sentence.

I He€~ §)I would have long hair.

2 I'm not used to tell / telling other people what to do.
3 Have you got / been used to living in the city yet?
9
4 Myfather would to take / take us out for a meal on his birthday.
5 He isn't used to / didn't use to driving such a big car.
6 Graham wasn't used to / didn't use to the routine when he first arrived.
7 I could never get used to staying / stay out so late.
8 Did you use to get / getting a lot of pocket money?
9 They would/ were used to send us a card every Christmas.
10 I would/ used to understand GerlT!anwhen I was a child.

Complete the sentences with used to, would or be/get used to in the correct form.

. . ' ot used to
Wh en I IIved WIth my paren t s, I ..used at 9 pm, b ut now I ve .. . g .. ... .. .. .. .. . ..
to/would I
.. ... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. go t 0 seep
staying up late.
2 I find it difficult to , driving on the left. I think it will take me some time.
3 She never go out at night.
4 Mark will never learning history by heart. He finds it difficult.
5 When Sally worked for an advertising agency, she (not) leave work until 6 pm Iii
every evening.
6 The students studying hard as their teacher is very demanding.
7 Mary and her sister study together when they were students.
8 I having orange juice and eggs for breakfast.
9 His parents (not) eating out every night.
110 My father smoke, but he gave up when his doctor told him to stop.

[I
I,I
II I~ Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
'-
I When I lived alone, I used (cook) Y? .~?C!~ for myself.
2 Simon has great difficulty in getting used (live) alone.
3 She is used (buy) expensive clothes.
4 He will soon get used (tidy) his own room.
5 My daughter is not used (drink) milk in the morning.
6 Mary used (invite) all her friends to her parties.
7 His mother is used (work) , so it will be difficult for her to retire.
8 She used (train) for five hours a day when she was in the team.
9 Your father will soon get used (eat) healthily if you help him.
10 Molly used (eat) fast food but she doesn't any longer.

s
ns III Complete the entences with the appropriate subject or
--II object pronoun
. ..

I I met John yesterday. .Jf.e told me about the accident!

IF was really terrible.
I me
2 Sally didn't like her dress. We told that it was
you you
he him fine but she didn't believe .
she her 3 Sam didn't invite Mel and Simon to the party. He didn't want
it it
to come.
..
we us 4 We asked Tom to give a lift.
you you 5
they them They are expecting your answer. Why don't you phone
?
6 Mum gave a wonderful present for my birthday.
Reflexive

myself I painted my room myself

yourself
himself
Martha hurt herself In Complete the sentences the appropriate

herself --II reflexive pronoun.

itself Sheila looked at in the
ourselves Are you enjoying yourselves? mirror.
yourselves They built the house themselves. 2 He wrote it by .
themselves
3 Let me introduce .
Note: We use by + reflexive pronoun to emphasise
4 We cooked the food .
that we did something without help or that we
were alone when we did something. 5 They are really enjoying .
I made the cake by myself.
He went to America by himself.

--I Complete the sentences with the appropriate reflexivepronoun.

I You should really be ashamed of .. Y.9,lf!.S.c:1J(Yf?!1:~f?e.l.'!'?L
. How could you do such a thing?
2 The dog is looking at in the pond.
3 The students couldn't do the exercise by .
4 Sheila says she doesn't need any help. She can do it by .
5 My mother cut with a knife while she was cooking.
6 You haven't introduced . What's your name?
7 The guests enjoyed at the party yesterday.
8 We redecorated our house by .
 Possessive Pronouns
JJ,tS~.e~~jj.~
-I I
Choose the correct word or phrase.
I havea wonderful cat. Their@ name is Kitty.
Sf''~j.Gli~e
t.!I"-",, 2 Our / ours house is really big. It has six bedrooms.
fmy mine 3 This is not yours/ your book. It is my / mine.
your you rs 4 Oh! I am sorry. I left my / mine purse at home.
(fuis his S I have lost my / mine calculator. Can I use yours/
Aer hers your, please?
its 6 Don't use this pen! It's my / mine. Why don't you
our ours use your / yours pen?
7 'Is this John's bike?'
your yours
their theirs 'No, I don't think it's his/ him.'
8 I didn't know Susanwas your / yourscousin.

Possessive Form (
11:-_- --- --- - I
tom owns this dog. This is Tom's dog.
Wamesowns this cat. This is James' cat.

(/"heboy owns this kite. This is the boy's kite.

Thegirls own these dolls. These are the girls' dolls.
Thechildren own these horses. These are the children's horses.

Bettyand Jim own this house. This is Betty and Jim's house.
Johnowns this bike and Kate owns this bike. These are John's and Kate's bikes.
Susan'scousin owns this car. This is Susan's cousin's car.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

III This car belongs to my father.

This is .r!1:y.f4~lJ.e/? .c.?!:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.~ Emmahas a brother called John and a sister called Sue.

Emmais ................................................................................................
Mr Wallis owns this apartment.
This is ........
.4 This necklace belonged to Peter's atmt.
This was '...............................................................
IS These two ski jackets belong to David and Patrick.
These are .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . ..
16 This boat belongs to Jennifer's father.
This is ,. ....

Write the possessive form, as in the example.

rbook- the boy .f~.~.l?~if?~p~~.................

I.

'I dresses - the sisters................................. 6 sons - Tim and Molly . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 bike- the friend................................. 7 room - the teachers .................................
3 toys - the children................................. 8 food - the baby .................................
4 bag - the woman . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . 9 video - James .................................
~ test - Sally ................................. 10 house - Alice .................................
.
EXAMINATION PRACTICE
Tests I & 2

I .,
For questions I-I s, rea d the tex t below and decide which answe r A, B, C or D best fits each space.
There
~ ~-is an example
~~-- atthe
. beginning
. . "0'" .. (0).
... . . .
- ._- - , ~~-
.

Imagine the following (0) . A (I) of bank (2) do not have time to escape because the police have the
building surrounded. Automatically the (3) become hostages while the criminals (4) time deciding what to
do. Outside the bank a crowd has gathered together with TV crews who provide (5) with live coverage of the
incident. Experts appear and (6) what should be done in order to avoid a disaster. Back inside the building a
relationship is developing between the hostages and their captors. They start (7) each other about themselves
and the hostages begin to put the (8) on the police and authorities for the incident.
You may think that this could only be a scene from a Hollywood movie, but you would be (9) . The phenomenon
is (10) as the 'Stockholm Syndrome' because it was first observed in Stockholm, Sweden. The hostages helped their
captors solve any problems they (II) up against and had no intention (12) letting the police harm them. They
even stopped the police (13) down a door and shielded their captors when they all left the building together.
Nobody knows quite what (14) about this behaviour but it seems that the (15) of communication cannot

. 0
be underestimated.

a
u, .,
condition
" !.A,..,.

@ situation c circumstances d state

I a group b set c gang d team
2 a burglars b thieves c shoplifters d robbers
3 a guests b customers c patrons d clients
4 a pass b spare c do d spend
5 a viewers b spectators c listeners d congregations
6 a suggest b insist c persuade d convince
7 a talking b telling c speaking d saying
8 a accusation b error c fault d blame
9 a false b wrong c mistake d inaccurate
10 a called b described c known d named
II a came b went c stayed d moved
12 a to b from c with d of
13 a breaking b pushing c taking d destroying
14 a caused b brought c resulted d set
15 a cost b worth c value d price

-
I
.
For questions 16-3 0, read the text beloW and thin k of the wO rd Which best fits each space.
Use only one word
- in each
. There
--,' is an '1""""~
. .. example
.
.. at the. beginning (0).""
.. . . .

Spare time activities basically fall (0) J.'!.t.? two categories: traditional and modern. Traditional activities include
pastimes such (16) collectingand reading while modern activities involve playing computer games, surfing
the Internet and (17) television.

Children often become interested (18) collecting when they come (19) something their
parents or grandparents have collected. Although they are keen (20) collecting when they first start,
they very (21) become fed up (22) it as (23) as they reach their late teens.
Reading is normally a leisure activity that develops with parental encouragement. Unlike collecting, reading is a
pastime that people hardly (24) abandon.
Nowadays (25) are many modern activities which are based on modern technology and
(26) is not unusual to find a teenager's bedroom full (27) computer games. While computer
games are considered to be mainly a teenage pastime, surfing the Internet (28) always popular with both
teenagers and adults. Another pastime which teenagers have (29) common with adults is sitting in front
of the television. It is interesting to note that none of these activities involve having a discussion
(30) important issues - something which was popular in the past.
- ..
I For questions 31-40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five

Example:
~ - - --
words, including
~ -
the word There is an

This is my first fishing trip.

at the w~~

Inever
............................................................
have never been on a
. . +;
fishing tnp be/ore.
~-
31 I met Sue at university.
since j

I we were at university. III

32 I don't remember Mary being such a difficult person in the past. 111

use
II
Mary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. such a difficult person.

33 Barbara was raised in a small village by her grandmother. I"

brought
iil
Barbara's grandmother in a small village.
34 It takes three hours by car to reach the nearest hospital.
111

drive
It to the nearest hospital. I
II

35 It is very unusual for Jack to be late for a meeting.

arrives

Jack for a meeting.

[I

36 We got planning permission and then we started building.

soon III
I

We started building as planning permission. .. I

37 The growth of these plants was very slow in my back garden.
grow
These plants in my back garden.
38 I think what she said at the press conference was true.
II
truth
!I
I think at the press conference.
Ii

39 She talks nonsense all the time and I can't stand it.
fed
I'm nonsense all the time.
40 What caused the machine to stop working this morning?
break

Why ,""""'" this morning?

---

I
1',1 For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line Some of the lines are correct
'

. ',' and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (v) in the margin on

. ',' I
~, '
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on the right. There are

a
~ two examples
~ at the ~beginning
- (0 and 00). -- --- _1 ,,
.-

.I
0 Although many of my friends have a mobile phone and .
too .
00 look at me too strangely because I don't put one down
41 on the table when we go for a cup of coffee, I still refuse ...........................
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
42 to buy one. Whenever we discuss about the advantages
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
43 of having a mobile phone, I tell to them the story of
44 a relative of mine who he was in Portugal on business. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... ........

45 He was driving along the motorway on his way to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .'..

46 airport when his car broke it down. He had been ...........................

47 given a number to ring in an emergency, so he used ...........................
48 his mobile phone. He speaks fluently German and Italian, ...........................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..
49 but no Portuguese and they could to speak no English.
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
50 Unfortunately, he was spent a long time stuck on the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .......
51 motorway and he missed finally his flight. I am sure
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... ..........
'" 52 this has happened to others people so I will not buy
53 a mobile phone until the manufacturers will organise ...........................
54 a translation service for people travelling abroad. .
55 My friends say I always am too fussy but I only ...........................
want the best.
.~~ ' ,>
- -. -
L'~-
,

,
I For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form ~ word ~hat fits in th~ space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

A recent survey has (0) ... ..s.lf.~p.r!~.i.11:gly' revealed that home computers SURPRISE,
WEA~
do not (56) relationships within families but do,
GROW
in fact, bring children and parents together. A (57) ........................
number of parents have now become involved in their children's
(58) activities through the computer, which appears to EDUCATIONI

(59) bonds between family members. STRONG!

One further (60) reached in a report based on the CONCLUDE

COMPETE
survey is that children's (61) needs are satisfied when
they consistently beat their parents at computer games.

The survey must come as a great (62) to those parents

RELIEVE
who were (63) about the wisdom of having a computer at
DOUBT
home. Furthermore, parents who have so far shown no (64) ..................... WllLlNG1
to buy a computer due to the strong (65) they have of SUSPECl'
them may now do so.
~'
 AracticeTest 2

,
~r .
t1
I
.' Forquestions 1-1

Recyclingin the office

5, rea d the text below and decide which answ er A, B, Cor D best fits each space.
There is an example at the
- - - - ~-- - ~.-~-- . beginning (0).
. ..

...- ...--~ H"

..

~~

I
I rProbably
one of the most exciting new (0) in the field of recycling is a machine that can clean used photocopier
il '~a~er.The device, (I) a decopier, uses a mixture of chemicals to loosen the ink from the paper. A brush then
I
. .(2)
.1 the ink, (3) the paper clean and ready to be re-used. (4) the manufacturers, nothing like this has
C\~~earedon the market (5) . They claim that the machine is (6) of cleaning a single sheet of paper at least
,fivetimes. This is because the damage (7) to the paper by the cleaning chemicals is compensated for by a special
'chemicalwhich causes an increase (8) the strength of the paper.

:Itis predicted that the machine will (9) on despite the high (10) . The initial price of £30,000 will probably
Ibetoo high for small companies but they will either be able to (II) one for a reasonable monthly sum or wait

, fora(12) smaller, cheaper version to be launched. Multinational companies will have a golden (13) to do
I their bit for the environment and will save £30,000 within \ 8 months, assuming they use \000 sheets of paper a day.
il
. In addition to saving money and the environment, the machine will, to a great (14) , provide a (15) to I
I
improve security as it offers an alternative to shredding highly confidential documents.
l - - ----.....................-------.---
.0 a revelations @ inventions c discoveries d concoctions II

II a called b named c know d described I

2 a b resists c removes d refrains

rejects
3 a letting b leaving c losing d resulting I

4 a On behalf of b As regards c By reason of d According to

IS a again b since c before d yet
6 a b able c possible d competent
capable'
7 a made b exposed c inflicted d done
8 a to b in c for d through
9 a catch b get c carry d bring
!10 a amount b cost c value d worth
IT!I a take b lend c borrow d rent
112 a slightly b sparingly c virtually d fully
13 a chance b opportunity c occasion d possibility
lfi4 a length b extent c range d amount
US a route b manner c method d way

I : For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each sp~ce. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Staying attractive
For those people who (0) ... .fJf1:9: it diffl,cult to stay slim or are disappointed (16) their looks, there
may be a solution (17) their problems on its way into their lives. Instead of going on diets or working
out in the gym, (18) will be possible to take tablets to lose weight or stay young. These tablets which
(19) be as easy to take (20) vitamin pills should be available in the next decade.

Researchers have discovered a gene responsible for producing a previously unknown protein, UCP2, in animals.
This protein is the (21) important substance in determining whether excess calories are stored as fat
or burned off as body heat. Recently, UCP2 has been found in human tissue and drugs which increase the
(22) of this protein are being tested (23) the moment. (24) is also an exercise
pill which acts as a hormone and increases metabolism. This pill will allow the user to lose about one kilo a month
without (25) .." any exercise at all.

It is believed that the pituitary gland, where the growth hormone (HGH) is manufactured, is the key to youthful
looks. HGH prevents skin (26) becoming 'loose' and stops arteries 'hardening'. Tests show that an

'I increasedlevelof HGH (27) , peoplefeel and look (28) " younger. Pharmaceutical companies

. are going (29) develop special drugs called secretagogues to cause the pituitary gland to release more
. HGH (30) normal to help people hold on to their youth.
II
-- - - - .-- - --
--

III
"

"
I -
Example:
For questions 31-40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
- - ~--- -
words, the word There is an at the

It is a soldier's duty to obey his superior.

-
carry
A solder must ~,::':X.?lf~.~~~.~~T?~~~?~'~ orders.

31 The rent was lower than I had expected.

as

The rent I had expected.

32 This is her first chess tournament.
never
She chess tournament before.
33 I've never looked after a dog before.
used

I after a dog.
34 Harry didn't turn off his stereo when we came in.
carried
..
When we came in, Harry his stereo.
35 His answer to the first question is wrong.
mistake

He the first question.

36 How can 1 reach the airport in the shortest time?
quickest
What's the airport?
37 She tried as hard as she could, but she failed.
did
She , but she failed.
38 Charles Dickens wrote his first novel when he was twenty-five years old.
age
Charles Dickens wrote his first novel twenty-five.
39 Karen will never let you pay her share of the bill.
insists
Karen her share of the bill.
40 There has been another increase in the price of petrol.
gone
The price of petrol again.

-".,.
 For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (V') in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on the right: There are two examples at the beginning (0 and~O).
I,\I
I',
School
.I
0 The idea of school reunions has always been popular in ...........................
00 the United States, where people see their former classmates every .. .. . .. .. ..every
. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .

41 once a year. Apparently, the idea has also caught it on in ...........................

42 England since there are several them announced in the ...........................
. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .
43 newspapers every day. From many people's point of view, school "
44 reunions are for those who like to show off or cannot .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . I:
I
,I
45 make their friends easily. When a person leaves ...........................
46 from school, a new chapter in their life is about to ........................... 'II'
47 begin. It is much more better to keep a few school friends .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..

48 that you really like rather than it is to contact ...........................

49 with those that you did not really care about ........................... :I
50 them. Of course, it is only natural to wonder what ........................... ,I'
II
5/ your old schoolmates have achieved and how they have ........................... I
52 changed but, in most cases, they are not just the same ........................... I
I
,II
53 as thjey were at school. They are probably still ........................... il
I
54 tell the same awful jokes and stories. I have not . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . ..

55 seen most of my schoolmates again since I was at ...........................

school and I do not really want to.
"

..

,
,I

For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in in the same line. There is an exal11pleat th~lJl:!ginning(O). "
.

A better place II

success . .. . . SUCCEED
The recent (0) 0 f an anima I canty
h In moving f Ive II
COMFORT
tigers from an extremely (56) "';,"""""""""" cage in Italy to much III
LUXURY il
more (57) " surroundings in England is another
NATION I'
I
encouraging example of (58) cooperation between
animal welfare organisations. I

ARRIVE
The tigers' (59) at a new home in Kent has brought '!I
I
CRUEL I
I
hope to people who fight to prevent (60) .." to animals I
FORTUNE II
on a daily basis. (61) , , not all animals can be liberated
HEALTH II
I
from the (62) conditions in which they are discovered.
REASON
This is usually because of (63) , delays in legal procedures II
SENSE II
and the fact that many courts are (64) to the needs of "
NECESSITY
animals in captivity. In order to end this (65) suffering,
II
there must be greater understanding of the problem.
..,

'.'

.. ,.',

re Be Going To,
& Continuous,
& Continuous

re

I will (shall) leave I won't leave Shall I leave?

you/he/she/it will leave you/he/she/it won't leave Will you/he/she/it leave?
we will (shall) leave we won't leave Shall we leave?
youlthey will leave you/they won't leave Will you/they leave?

. Predictions He will probably be late.

. Instant decisions The telephone's ringing.I will answer it.
.. . Requests Will you help me with my homework?
. Promises I will do my best.
. Offers I will pick you up after work.
. Threats If you tell anyone, I'll kill you!
. Opinions about the future, I suppose he will be here in a minute.
introduced by verbs such as: I think you will like the new CD.
assume, believe, think, expect,
suppose, be sure, know, hope

Note: We say Shall I ... ? or Shallwe ... ? when we want to offer or suggest something.
Sholl I bring you a drink?Sholl we go home now?

re uous
Form
I/you/he/she/it will be leaving I/you/he/she/it won't be leaving Will I/you/he/she/it be leaving?
we/youlthey will be leaving we/you/they won't be leaving Will we/youlthey be leaving?

Examples
. An action in progress at Don't call at 6 pm because I will be studying then.
a specific time in the future
. An arrangementfor the He will be going to France for his holiday this year.
future
. To find out about Will you be wearing your leather jacket tomorrow? If not, can I
somebody's plans when we borrowit?
want to ask them a favour

~~
 l
I
11,1

Complete the sentences usingthe verbs in brackets in the Future Simpleor the Future Continuous.
' ' ' I II

I I will help (h e Ip) you carry t h ISarmc hair. Don t worry.

2 I think he (be) here soon.
3 Don't call me at 10 pm. I (have) a bath at that time.
4 'We don't have any more bread.' 'Don't worry. I " (buy) some.'
5 This time tomorrow I (lie) on a beach in Miami.
6 I really don't know where I " (work) this time next year.
7 This time next month I , (ski) in the Alps.
8 It's a beautiful island. I am sure you . (enjoy) your holiday there.
9 At 9 pm tonight, we , (eat) dinner. You can join us if you want.
10 Don't visit your grandparents this afternoon. They (watch) a
filmat the cinema.

Be Going :111
,i
I

I am going to leave I'm not going to leave Am I going to leave? :1

he/she/it is going to leave he/she/it isn't going to leave Is he/she/it going to leave? !
you/we/they aren't going to leave Are you/welthey going to leave? II,I ,
you/we/they are going to leave

d!\
. To express intention I am going to fly to Paristonight. II
. To makepredictionsbased Look at the clouds! It's going to rain.
on present facts

,I

I/you/welthey don't start Do I/you/welthey start?

.
I/you/welthey start
he/she/it starts he/she/it doesn't start Does he/she/it start?

Use Examples

. For programmedevents The concert starts at 8.30 am.

"
. Fortimetables The airplane takes off at 9.45 pm.

I,
Il
I
Present a I

-- - -- 1'1

I'm not leaving Am I leaving? +I

i

he/she/it isn't leaving Is he/she/it leaving?

you/we/they aren't leaving Are you/we/they leaving?

. Fora definitearrangement I am having a party on Saturday night. Will you come?

in the near future Are you coming with us tomorrow?
I can't come with you on Tuesday. I am seeing the doctor. 'II'
,I
Note: There must be a word or phrase that talks about future time unless this can be understood
from the context.
--:

I!I~ Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the appropriate tense: Future Simple,
,,'. be going to, Present Simple or Continuous. There may be more than one possible answer in some sentences.

am meeting/am going to meet " " ". .

..,~
9
I I (meet ) J1m at. 9 30 tOnlght. You can JOin us If you want.
2 I . (go) to Rome tomorrow.
3 (you / pass) the salt, please?
4 I (probably come) to see you some time next month.
5 The phone is ringing. I (answer) it.
6 The buses are on strike. I (give) you a lift.
7 We have to hurry. The plane (take off) at 9 am.
8 I (tell) her about it. I promise.
9 No one .. (ever know) the truth.
10 Where.. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. (we / meet)? What about Victoria station?
II We (go) to a rock concert on Sunday. Would you like to come?
I

12 You didn't keep my secret. I (never tell) you anything again.

13 I suppose the teacher (explain) it to us.
14 Oohn / come) to the cinema with us?
15 It looks like it (rain). Look at those dark clouds!

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the appropriate tense: Future
..
Simple or be going to. - , ,.
I !Y~{~ .J:'~1f..C?p.~~ (you / open) the door for me, please?
2 I (look after) the children for you.
3 Where (put) your new stereo?
4 I (resign) from my job next month.
5 Isn't your television working properly? I (have) a look at it for you.
6 Look at that red sky. It (be) a nice day tomorrow.
7 I (not say) a word to anyone and that's a promise.
8 Don't worry. I (be) on time for the meeting.
9 We (play) tennis this evening.
10 I suppose he (be) on his way to London soon.

re
The Future Perfect Simple is formed using will + have + past participle.
---
I/you/he/she/itwillhaveleft I/you/he/she/it won't have left Will I/you/he/she/it have left?
we/you/theywillhave left we/youlthey won't have left Will we/youlthey have left?

. For an action that will have By the time they come home, I will have eaten my dinner.
happened before a certain
time in the future
. Normallyusedwith a time By Mondoy, I will have finished writing the report.
expression beginning with By:
By then, By the end of..,
By Mondoy...

.1
Future Perfect Continuous
TheFuture Perfect Continuous is formed using will + have + been + -ing.
Form

I/you will have been waiting I/you won't have been waiting Will I/you have been waiting?
he/she/it will have been waiting he/she/it won't have been waiting Will he/she/it have been waiting?
we/you/they will have been waiting we/you/they won't have been waiting Will we/you/they have been waiting?

Use Examples

. Totalk about how long By the time they come home, I will have been cooking for two hours.
something will have been in
progress at a certain time in
the future.
. Normally used with a time By Monday, I will have been writing my novel for three months.
expression beginning with By:
Bythen, By the end of...,
ByMonday...

Time Clauses
Form --- Exam21es ---
. Futuretenses cannot be As soon as I get home, I'llcallhim.
used in a time clause after When we are arriving at the airport, their plane will be landing.
words such as when, as soon I will have finished decorating her room by the time she gets back from
as, after, before, by the time, holiday.
until,etc. A present tense is I won't tell her about it until you say it's OK.
alwaysused.

Note: We use the Present Perfect Simple when we want to emphasise that one action is finished
before the next one begins.
.
By the time I have finished cleaning my room, lunch will be ready.

Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect Simple or the Future
Perfect Continuous.

' will have . .

I By ten 0 cIoc,k I ... ..,... finished ... .. . (fiIniSh) dolng my homewor.k
2 When I arrive at 10 pm, Sarah . (cook) for three hours.
3 By next year, he (save) enough money to buy a house.
4 By the time you get to the airport, your aunt (check in).
5 By the end ofthis month, my father .. (work) for forty years.
6 Bythe end of this .school year, Mrs Thomas (teach) for fifteen years.
7 In May,my grandmother (be) married to my grandfather for fifty years.
8 By the time you get home, I (finish) tidying up.
9 By the end of this year, Sue (drive) a car for twenty years.
10 Bythe time Peter comes back, our friends (leave).
II By April, Polly (work) as a doctor for seven years.
12 They (repair) this road by the time you visit this area again.
13 They.. .. .. .. ... (build) the new hospital by the year 2006.
14 By nine o'clock tonight, I (write) invitations for five hours.
Illj Use the prompts to write sentences as in the examples.
'."

By the time / you / arrive / I / eat / dinner By 8 pm / I / work / five hours

.."
By
. . . .. the
. . . ..time
. . . . ..you
. .. . .arrive,
. . . . .. . . I.. will
. . . . .. have
. . . . . . eaten
. . . , . . . ,dinner.
. . . . . .. . . .By
. , . .8
. . .pm,
. . . .. I. .will
. . .. . have
. . .. , . .been
. . . . . ..workingfor
. . . . . .. . . . . . . .five
. . . . . hours.
..........

By next month / my mother / lose / a lot of weight

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. , . . . , . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . , , . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 By noon / I / paint / room / blue

. . . . , . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . , . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .

3 By May / Sam / learn / how to drive

. .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , . .. . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Jill / do / her maths homework / by the time / you / arrive

" " "..." " " " " "" .

5 By 9 pm / she / get ready / for the party / three hours

. . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. , . .. , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . .. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .

6 My parents / drive / a day / by the time / they / reach / the village

. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. , . . . , . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. , . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . .. . . . . . , . . . . , , . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . , , , , , , , , . . . . . . .

7 Our teacher / teach / twenty years / by the time / he / retire

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. , . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , , . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . ..

8 Bythis evening / I / make / all the preparations / for the party

. . . . . , , . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. , . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . , , . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*'
9 The Prime Minister / be / in office / four years / by the next election
. . , , . . .. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. , . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . , . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . .. . . . . , . . . . . , . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . ..

10 Bythe time / he / be / fifteen years old / he / learn / English/ seven years

. . . . . . . . . . , . . .. . . .. . . . . , . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect Simple,
the Future Perfect Continuous or the Future Continuous.

I will ha ve been singing . . .

By the end of next month, I (smg) m the church choir for ten years.
2 If Gerry is with them, they (talk) about politics.
3 I (work) late this evening so don't wait up for me.
4 Bythe year 2050, mankind (destroy) all the rainforests.
5 We (stay) with my aunt until we find another flat.
6 At the end of the academic year, Mr White (teach) geography at this
school for thirty years.

Choose the correct word or phrase

.~ ~."'. ~
1>' ~ "i'
PC
I I promise 1Q}lnever Jji)' won't be lying to you again. ~
2 I will work / will be working at 9 pm. You can't come at that time.
3 Wait a minute. I will get / will be getting dressed very quickly.
4 Sue willhave been working/ willwork here for ten years by the end of the month.
5 Mary won't eat / won't have eaten, so let's take her a sandwich.
6 Mum will be finishing/ will have finished cooking by the time we arrive.
7 When I get home in the afternoon, my brother will be watching / will watch his favourite TV programme.
8 Don't forget. The plane lands / will land at 7 pm.
9 By the year 2008, John will be / will have been thirty years old.
10 By our next anniversary, we will have been married / will be married for fifteen years.
 Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple, Future Continuous or
the Present Simple.
will ha ve been warkinV' t: . ' '
Mrs Thomson 9 (wor k) In t hISfiIrm lor twenty years by t he t Ime she
~~ (be) forty-six years old.
I
2 By the time he (graduate), he (study) 1'1

economics for five years.

3 When my father (sell) the old car, he .......................................
(buy) a new one.
4 When I (get) home, I . (call) you right away.
5 You (not be able) to complete this exercise until I
(show) you how.
6 I (turn off) the lights before I ..: (leave). II
7 As soon as I (finish) the washing-up, I .......................................
(take) you to the station.
8 We (have) lunch when John (arrive).
J
Find the mistake and correct the sentences.

When he will arrive, he will explain everything to me. II~

o/!7:~~.F:.e.
.?!!.iXtl.s"..l'!~.ty,~l!.~~p.L.C!fl};
.e.Y.e.~Y.~l'!j~g,
t~ J!?tl:...............................................................
2 He will have cook for all of us by the time we get home.
.. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

3 She will never invited him to a party again.

.................................................................................................................................
4 Jane will be receiving my letter by now.
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. .

5 Jill will see a client from 9 am to II am. Don't call her then.
.. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .
6 We are late for the train. It will leave by now.
ill
..... ... ... ... . . .. ... . . ........

Choose the correct sentence, A or B.

Can you come shopping with us tomorrow morning?

A Sorry, but I'll see my dentist tomorrow morning.
@ Sorry, but I am seeing my dentist tomorrow morning. : ~

2 I'd really like to meet you on Sa~urday.

A Great! I'm not doing anything then. "II
B Great! I don't do anything then. I
I
I
3 What are you thinking about?
A This time tomorrow, I will lie on a beach.
B This time tomorrow, I will be lying on a beach.
:111
4 This is the second time you've lied to me.
A Sorry, Mum. I'll never lie to you again.
B Sorry, Mum. I won't be lying to you again.
'I
5 Can you give Tom this parcel for me, please?
A Of course, I can. I will have seen Tom today.
B Of course, I can. I am seeing Tom today.
6 Are you reading another book? II

A Yes, I will be finishing it by this evening.

B Yes, I will have finished it by this evening.
.
.
'" "~'I

'" 'd,'
VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Phrasal verbs: mixed

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.
call back call for (2) call off call out call on call up
count on count in co~ut count up cross out

Ifthe match is on 20th April, you'll have to P?zf~~ (~xclude) me ?~~ because my
best friend is getting married.
2 Tonight's meeting has been . (cancelled) because some of the committee are ill.
3 She had such a high temperature that we decided to (send for) a doctor last night.
4 Being a primary school teacher (requires) a great deal of patience.
5 You'll have to (put a line through) your mistakes because you can't erase them.
~ 6 He said he'd (come to our house to fetch) us so we don't need to use our car.
7 I told her she could (visit) me whenever she liked.
8 We can (rely on) Jane because she never breaks a promise.
9 When I mentioned the job to Jack, he said we shouldn't (include) him.....................
unless he was going to be well paid for it.
10 If anyone phones while I'm in the meeting, tell them I'll (return their phone call) later.
" In the event of war, men aged between 18 and 25 are (taken into the army) first.
12 At the end ofthe day we (add up) the money in the till and put it into the safe.

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.
cut across cut down cut down on cut out (2)
c~ (2)
die down do away with do out of do up do without

I Several small villages have been ~.~~.?It (isolated) as a result of heavy snowstorms.
2 Unless you pay the bill within the next three days, your phone will be (disconnected).
3 Wait until the noise .. (comes to an end) before you begin your speech.
4 By (reducing the amount of) waste, a company can increase its profit.
5 The old cottage will have to be (redecorated and repaired) before we move in.
6 Henry me (stopped from having) my share ofthe profits.
7 We had to (bring to the ground) the old tree because the trunk was rotten.
8 I don't think he's (suited) to be a teacher because he's not patient enough.
9 'If you don't (stop) this childish behaviour, you won't be in the team,' said the manager.
10 They (got rid of) the one-pound note in Britain and replaced it with a coin.
II How can we (manage if we haven't go any) money when we have bills to pay?
12 You can save time by (taking a shorter route through) the park.
 Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

dra~ut draw up drop in drop off drop out

eat out fallfor (2) fallin with fallout fallthrough

I I. ... .~~~~.?LfF... .. (withdrew) some money from the bank this morning so I can lend you £20 until tomorrow.
2 Her plans to open a shop (failed) because the bank refused to give her a loan.
3 The young actor.. ... ... ... . .. oo. oooo(took an immediate liking to) the world-famous actress.
4 A car (stopped) outside the bank and two armed men got out.
5 It'lltake a long time for him to "OO'OOOO"OO"'OO'" (agree to) the changes we want to make.
6 I don't fancy cooking this evening so let's (go to a restaurant) instead.
7 Graham and Belinda (had an argument) last night so they're not speaking to each other.
8 You can (visit without making an arrangement) at any time you like.
9 I'm surprised that she (was deceived by) an old trick like that.
,1:0 Only ten members took part. The rest (failed to take part) because of a flu epidemic.
'I I've got the car this morning so I can (take) you wherever you want.

Words easily confused

Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.
"
.
He ' d ch ange d so muc h t hat I d Id n' t reco!Ynise
'

remind a q h 1m.
remem~bet:' b oo oo oo .. oo oo oo oo .. oo. to switch off the lights when you leave.
recall c She.. .. .. . .. .. ... .. . me of my cousin.
recognise d The spy the code and burnt the paper on which it was written.
"1emorise e ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... me to phone Jack this evening. .
f Do you seeing her at the exhibition?

2 leak a I rode over a nail and got a in my front tyre. oooooo

puncture b There's a in the sleeve so I can't wear this shirt.

crack c If the engine is losing oil there must be a . somewhere.
tear d There was a in the wall after the earthquake.

3 deck a The cake had a thin ..oo. of cream on top.

floor b She lives in a three house.
storey c They work in an office on the fiftieth of a New York skyscraper.
layer d The ozone ... is getting thinner and thinner.
e There was a swimming pool on nearly every of the ship.
- -- --- - - -- - --
-- - - - - - -----
14 prescription a You can't exchange goods without a ...oo oo...oo. .
recipe b The play received excellent .
review c I found the for this meal in a magazine.
receipt d You need a """'OO""""'OO' to get this medicine.
e Driving at such high speeds is a for disaster.
- - -
- I

r-
1111!jl
work a I think you should apply for the of sales manager.
"'1'
I' 5 ijob b He's been offered a in the local factory.
.. .,:,0' ca~eer c The journey to can take up to two hours.
!postt d A in journalism can be quite rewarding.
e All he talks about is .

6 '~i' a I won't leave a if I'm not satisfied with the service.

I'",I!~ b A has been offered for information leading to the arrest of
Ii.~""",.m
IJ.""',Y'~.U!I the kidnappers.
c We deliver and install the system at no extra .
, i! d
IP~Ii1IiJ~!mYJi The are so high at that school that few parents can afford to
send their children there.
e Unless we receive within a week, your order will be cancelled,

7 bite a Bei ng hungry, the dog the bowl clean.

sip b this sweet and your sore throat will feel better.
swallow c Snakes can eggs that are several times larger than their head.
lick d Stand still or the dog will you.
suck e We gave the rabbit a carrot to .
~
nibble f Instead of the champagne, he drank it in one gulp.

M- ~._-
8 .fir:Jl1! a She works for a law in the capital.
compal!1l¥ b There was a large explosion at the.. ..... ...... ..... ... this morning.
il!ldu~t!iy, c All the managershere havea car.
,faGtotY d This country depends heavily on the tourist .

9 ljIeI;7VOuS a I used to be of spiders.

aJl\1gry b For a few moments I thought the plane would crash.
I wort;iedj c Despite being an experienced actor, he still gets before a
scare" performance.
aii1lxioi1ls d Where have you been? I have been about you.
e He's with me because I made fun of him.

---
10 triali a During the. ......... ... ........ , several witnesses made false statements.
court b The consisted of seven men and five women.
jury c If we can't agree on a solution, the matter will have to be settled in ,.,
sentence d The blackmailer received a three-year prison .
--
II object a It doesn't what you wear to the party.
mind b What really me is the way she acts when she can't get her own way.
annoy c I don't want to be . Pleaseleavemealone.
matter d Don. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. to anyone using his tools.
disturb e Theflowers outside the murder victim's kitchen window had been .
f Would you helping me with the washing-up?
 l,
Word formation 'I ~

Complete the following table. Use prefixes where possible.

N6un Mer;b 4djee~ive INeUh Verb Adjective

1'1
sympathy . .~y.,!!p.f!!!7:f~~. .................. ... ... ... . .... ... ... . ... (un)discovered
...... expect . .................. (non)violent
.................. persuade .................. .................. empower ..................
........... shame .................. legality . . . . .. ... . . ... . ... ..................
........... . .. .. deep .................. (dis)appear disappearing
(dis)qualification I .................. .... . . .................. blind ... ..... .. ....
. .. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . short/shortish (un)reliability . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .

. (dis)encourage ... ...... .................. . ........... special

danger ... .... .................. .. .. ..... . generous
.................. enable .................. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . apply . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .

.... beautify .................. ..... revolutionise ... . .

.................. ........ deaf/deafening .................. satisfy ... .....
.................. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . closed creation/creativity................... .................. ,
'II
.. .. .. .... .. .. attentive ... . ... ... . ... .... .................. (un)familiar

,
,I
Use the word in capitalsat the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence. 'I

machiner y" . . "

I All t he new IS b emg d e IIvere d t h IS aft ernoon. MACHINE
2 Has the bill arrived yet? ELECTRIC
3 What kind of do you have with your sisters? RELATE
4 Their decision to stop helping the handicapped can only be described as . HEART
5 are advised to avoid unnecessary overtaking. MOTOR
6 He has dark hair. CURL
..
7 I enjoy sitting on the balcony in summer, when I am in good company. SPECIAL
8 Would you like to come to an meeting next weekend. ATHLETE
9 This soup is far too for me. SALT
10 I find it hard to long passages for homework. MEMORY

Preposition practice
,
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

out of to in with at on by as for

I I telephoned ~ the police station and spoke .(9 the officer 9.'1 duty.
2 Your reaction his promotion took me surprise.
3 This uniform is exactly the same the one I wore when I was school.
4 He's not a good mood because he's a strict diet.
5 Several people were injured when the coach collided a lorry.
6 We arrived the cinema time to have a cup of coffee before the film started.
7 What was Marie Curie famous ?
8 Your working a taxi driver is the question.
9 Please concentrate what you're doing.
10 I went .. holiday myself for the first time last year.
 T

". "',' t.?~,

". ".'
NOUNS, QUANTIFIERS & ARTICLES
u ncountable Nouns,
Indefinite Articles

The plural is formed dog - dogs

by adding -so song - songs
table - tables

Nouns ending in brush - brushes BUT:

-sh, -ch, -ss, -x, -0 church - churches kilo - kilos
take -es to form the plural. kiss - kisses radio - radios
box - boxes piano - pianos
tomato - tomatoes (wordsof foreignorigin)

Nouns ending in -y following baby - babies BUT: toy - toys

. a consonant take -ies to form lady - ladies (-y after a vowel)
the plural.

Nouns ending in -f or -fe take knife-knives wolf - wolves BUT:

-ves to form the plural. life - lives loaf - loaves belief - beliefs
thief - thieves shelf - shelves roof - roofs
wife - wives

Some nouns have tooth - teeth goose - geese sheep-sheep

irregular plural forms. foot - feet mouse - mice ox - oxen
man-men child - children deer - deer
woman - women person - people fish - fish

Some nouns have the same a means - two means a sheep - two sheep
form in the plural. a series - two series a deer - two deer
a species - two species a fish - two fish

Collective nouns can take a Our team is the best. Our team are the best.
singular or plural verb. (We consider the team a singlegroup.) (A number of individuals)

Certain words are always clothes pyjamas scissors

plural and take a plural verb. police binoculars spectacles
trousers glasses scales

boy - girl nephew - niece husband- wife baby

bachelor - spinster wido_wer - widow man - woman child
bridegroom - bride father - mother son-daughter parent
duke - duchess king - queen uncle - aunt relative
prince - princess teenager
cousin
 Complete the sentences using the plural form of the nouns in brackets.

I There were some intelligent .r!!~.rJ at the meeting. (man)

2 Scientific are made every day. (discovery)
3 We went to an island with many beautiful . (beach)
4 James couldn't reach the top three ofthe bookcase. (shelf)
5 She saw two under the bed and started screaming. (mouse)
6 She went on a diet because she had put on ten . (kilo)
7 Many animal are becoming extinct. (species)
8 Sarah didn't like any of her wedding . (photo)
9 We saw some , some and some
.. ..oooo.oooo. (fox, deer, sheep)
10 I broke two when I fell over. (tooth)

Write the masculine or feminine form

JI child
Write the plural form of the nouns.

. . .. . . . .. .. . ..children
.. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . I
of the nouns.

bachelor . . . . . . . . . . . . .~p.!!!~?~~ .............

2 knife . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 duchess . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 foot . . .. oo. .. oo. . oo. . .. oo. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 3 nephew .. .. . .. .. oo. . . oo. oo oo. oo. . .. oo. oo. . .

4 series .. . .. oo.. oo. . .. . . . .. . oo.. . .. .. . . .. . . 4 man .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .

5 country .. . .. oo. .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . 5 bride . . . .. .. .. . oo.. .. . oo. oo.. oo . . oo. oooo.

6 donkey . . . . . oo . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 wife ....................................

7 wolf .. . . oo. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . 7 uncle . . . .. . . .. . oo.. . .. oo. oo.. . . . . . oooooo.

8 roof oo .. oo. . .. oo . . .. .. . oooo oo. . oooo. .. . . 8 son . oooo.. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .

9 man .. oooo. .. . oo oo.. .. . . . oo. oo oo.. .. . oo. 9 widow oo . oooo oooo. oo.. . oooo. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .

10 fish .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . 10 prince . . . . oo . . oo . . . oo. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. ..

Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.

---r --".. =
I met two boyes last night and we became friends.
Jr?~n9:fi:.................................................................
!J!!~~ l.lY.Q.9.9Y.§.(?/i{ .!JIg/y. fJ:IJ.4.yy~.l~yF.?mt?
2 Sarah doesn't like potatos.
. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. oo. . .. .. . oo .. .. . oo oo.. oo. . oooo oooo. oo. . . oooo . . oo. . oooo oo.. . oo. . .. .. . oo. . . .. .,. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. oo

3 My parents had the time of their lifes when they went to Brazil.
\..............................................................................................
4 Some peoples believe that Mr Smith is a thief.
. .. .. .. oo. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. . oo.. .. . . oooo. .. . . oooo.. .. . oo.. . .. . . oo.. . . . oo. . oo. . oooo.. .. . oo.. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .

5 He bought some peachs and bananas at the supermarket.

. .. . oo.. .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . oo. . . .. . . oo. . . oo. . . oo. . .. . . . . .. oo. . . . . .. oo

6 I broke two tooths in yesterday's match.

.................................................................................................................................
7 Three babys were crying in the nursery.
.. .. . .. .. . oo . . . . . .. . . . . oo . . . . oo . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo . . oo . . . . . . oo . . . . . . . . . . oo . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

8 He mustn't play with knifes. He should play with his toys.

.................................................................................................................................
9 'The prison is full of mouse,' said the convict.
.. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ..

10 Two thiefs were arrested by the police yesterday.

.. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. oo.. .. . oo.. . .. oo. oooooooo. oooo. .. oo. oooo. oooo.. .. .
 ~
I!UII

"""
Cou
"F

We can count countable nouns. a fox - two foxes

a child - three children

They have singular and plural forms and can The dog is under the table.
take both singular and plural verb types. The dogs are under the table.

We can use a, an, the, my, etc. I sold my car.

I bought a car.

In the plural we can use some, any, many, few. I found some books in the attic.
Few people came to the party.

Uncou
Examples
We cannot count uncountable nouns. accommodation fun news
advice furniture rubbish
"i bread hair water
chocolate information weather
coffee litter wine
damage luggage work
equiPment money

They are always singular and do not take a I need (Jf(advice. I need some advice.
or an. They can take some. I gave him M information. I gave him some information.
/ boughtxnew furniture. I bought some new furniture.

To show the amount of an uncountable I gave him a piece of advice.

noun, we can use expressions such as a She bought two loaves of bread.
piece of, a bar of, a glass/cup/bowl of, a bottle He opened one bottle of red wine and two bottles of
of, a loaf of, a tin of, etc. white wine.

Correct the sentences where necessary. If a sentence is correct, put a tick (.I) on the right.
Otherwise, underline the incorrect word(s) and write the correct word(s) on the right.

rubbish
I Take the rubbishes outside, please. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

2 There are some good news for you in this letter. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

3 He gave me a useful advice. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

4 The police were asking questions about Carol. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

5 There was a marvellous scenery near our hotel. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ..

6 The party was a great fun. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. ..

7 Your money has been transferred to our branch in York. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . ..

8 I've got a work to do so don't interrupt me again. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..

9 We're still waiting for some new equipments. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..

10 Meg's hair is naturally curly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

 Complete the sentences with a, an or some.
~I

2
I would like
your hotel.
I'd like
~.9IJ:L.c: . information about the rooms in

soup, please.
~
3 Mum, I need money to buy........................ II
new notebook.
4 I watched unusual film at the cinema yesterday.
5 I bought new furniture when I was in Thailand.
6 Ij
Could you give me advice, please?
7 Could you buy loaf of bread, Tom?
8 I need equipment for my camping holiday.
9 Would you like cup of coffee?
10 He did damage to his car when he reversed '1
into a building.
=---.
Quantifiers
Qual\ifiers Use Exal11ples _.J
much With uncountable nouns I don't have much money.
(only in negative sentences Is there much soup left?
and questions)

many With countable nouns She has many friends.

He didn't invite many people to his party.

little With uncountable nouns She has little money. She can't come with us.
(= not much) She has little experience. She didn't get the job.

a little With uncountable nouns There is a little rice left. Help yourself.
(= some)

few With countable nouns He has few friends that he can trust
(= not many) Few people go to the theatre nowadays.

a few With countabl nouns There are a few boys playing in the yard.
(= some) I saw a few people running down the street

Complete the sentences with few, a few, little or a little.

I ..f.c::~ people applied for the job, so they put another advertisement in the newspaper.
2 I have time to watch TV. I have too much work.
3 Jack has friends in this town. It seems that nobody likes him.
4 I gave my teacher ideas for the class project. He liked them a lot.
5 In ... years, people will be using the Internet to do their shopping. ..
6 I have free time today. How about going to the cinema?
./
7 'Mum, I need advice,' said Sheila.
8 My father has patience with people who are rude to him.
111~liI Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.
. ...,.'
You mustn't carry many luggage when you travel. 5 There weren't much people at the concert.
rQU J!H(!?{1J.'t.c;?rry.JJ!uc;h .l.ltgg?g~ .wJ;.GJ:L.XQ.Lf .((?XC;1. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

2 I gave the police the informations they needed. 6 I gave you £50 last week. What did you do with them!
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 I would like you to give me an advice. 7 John, don't forget to buy a bread, please.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ..

4 Yesterday's news were really shocking. 8 'The police is coming in a few minutes,' said the boy.
. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use one word.

I went on a school trip last weekend, but not many students came.
I went on a school trip last weekend, but .fc;,W students came.
2 He told the visitors that he could only talk for a short time.
He told the visitors that he didn't have time to talk.
3 I've only got a little luggage so I can carry it myself.
I don't have luggageso I can carry it myself.
4 You didn't include enough information in your letter.
There was information in your letter. I need more.
5 I really don't spend much money on clothes.
I spend money on clothes.
. 6 Martha doesn't know many people in this town.
Martha knows people in this town.
7

8
There weren't many guests at her party.
There were . .. .. . ... guests at her party.
There isn't much water in that part of the world.
~
There is water in that part of the world.
~ -
Definite

. When the noun referred to There were two men and a woman in the carriage. The woman
has already been mentioned was friendly but the men were not.
. When it is obvious what is being Don't forget to lock the door when you leave.
referred to
. When referringto people of the The Japanese respect tradition.
same nationalityand animalsor The black rhinoceros has become very rare.
thingsof the same kind
. When referringto something Everyone knows what the Mona Lisa looks like.
unique The sky is beautiful this evening.
. With superlatives It was the most incredible film I'd ever seen.
. With oceans,seas,rivers,deserts, I would love to swim in the Indian Ocean, float on the Dead Sea,
islandgroupsand mountainranges sail down the Nile, cross the Sahara, have a house in the
Seychelles and float over the Alps in a hot air balloon.
. With the names of hotels, theatres, The Hilton hotel is near the Globe treatre.
cimenas, ships, newspapers and He's sailing on the Admiral today.
organisations I get the Daily Telegraph every day.
She works for the Red Cross.
. When referring to something The ice cream you can buy in Rome is quite different from the
belonging to a specific person, ice cream we have here.
place or time
. With certainadjectives I donated some money to a charity called 'Guide Dogs for the Blind'.
(Other adjectives commonly used in this way are: deaf, elderly,
old, poor, rich, unemployed and young)
Indefinite Articles - a or an
Use Exarr.ples
. With singularcountablenouns mentionedfor Have you got a pen you can lend me?
the first time ,-I

. To meanper/eachin expressionsof frequency I go to the gym twice a week.

. To show job, nationality,politicalpersuasion,etc His wife is a dentist.
He is an American.
She is a Conservative.

Note: The indefinite article an is used before nouns (or adjective + noun) beginning with a vowel
a, e, i, 0, u and a few words beginning with h when the his not pronounced.
There is an apple on the table.
It was an obvious solution.
I'llsee you in an hour.
.1
When u is pronounced 'you', it is preceded by the indefinite article a.
Do you have to wear a uniform to school?
This is a useless pen! Have you got another one?

ExaJ[!~s 1
Articles are not used
. with countable nouns in the plural when we are Lions are hunters.
referring to something in a general way.
. with abstract nouns. Life can be so unfair at times.
. with names of sports, games, colours, days, Tennis is Rachel's favourite sport
months, drinks, holidays, meals and languages (not Chinese is very hard to learn.
followed by the word language). I'm getting married in August.
. with the names of countries (but the Argentine,the Nigeria is in Africa.
USA),cities, streets (but the MS, the High Street), Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in Europe.
squares, bridges (but the GoldenGate Bridge), Lake Windermere isn't far from Liverpool.
parks, stations, individualmountains, islands, lakes,
continents.
. bed, church, hospital, school, prison, university, college, She was taken to hospital by ambulance.
court when referring to the reason they exist. I've put your clothes on the bed.

Complete the following sentences with the, a or an where necessary.

I Many people believe that .. Hl;~...life of ~ doctor is €f.... glamorous one.

2 When I was at school, my favourite subject was geography because I enjoyed learning
about continents like Asia.
3 There was strange light in sky last night.
4 peace is always preferable to war.
5 Being engineer, he doesn't have time to play tennis.
6 Where is book I lent you?
7 How can you study in Germany if you can't speak German?
8 George is making progress in all subjects. .~
9 Only Mark made useful contribution to discussion.
10 golf is not easy sport to master.
,,"'.'

" "*'
~VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Ph
Use the word get in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

across down (2) away with by out of down to on~h out away

. . .
I It ' s .Important to get on with (h ave a goo d re Iatlons h Ip With) your co IIeagues.
2 All this talk of unemployment (makes) me .................................
(depressed).
3 I don't know who's been stealing from us but they're not going to (avoid bein
punished for) it.
4 No matter how difficult the theory is, our physics teacher can .. (explain) it
.
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .
".
5 We haven't got much money but I'm sure we'll (manage).
6 Ruth hasn't done the washing-up all week but she's not going to , (avoid) it today.
7 If you want to make new friends, you'll have to , (spend) more (time outside
the home).
8 I thought I'd caught a big fish but somehow it managed to (escape).
9 How can I (make a written record of) what you say when you speak so fast?
10 I've got a lot of homework to do so I suppose I should (start doing) it right now

Use the word get in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

over round together through to round to bad

through (2) up uyG

Don't leave the children alone for too long or they'll ~~~.~l? ~~ (start doing) something
(naughty).
2 We should (meet) for a cup of coffee some time.
3 Since the wind is : (becoming stronger) I'd rather not go sailing today.
4 There must be something wrong with her phone because I can't (make contact
with) her.
5 It didn't take him long to (spend) the money he won on the pools.
6 As soon as I've (recovered from) the operation, I'll be ready to go back to
work.
7 Despite not revising very much, James (succeeded in) all his exams.
8 Sue can usually (persuade) her father (to do what she wants).
9 We must (recover) the CDs before Jane finds
out they're missing.
10 There's a lot of cleaning to be done but I haven't been able to (find the time
to do) it yet.

~ ,
 Phrasalverbs: give
Use the word give in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrasesin brackets in the followingsentences.The first one has been done for you.
away (2) o~o out back off up (2) in (2)

I ThISroom IS ... g iven over to /: 0 oJ:' . .

' 0

.00.. . (use d lor ) entertaining lorelgn VIsitors.

2 We have to (submit) our compositions by Friday at the latest.
3 Once the robber realised there was no escape, he 0"'00'" 0""""" (surrendered)
0 0" himself
.........................
4 I lent him some books last month but he hasn't (returned) them........................
to me yet.
5 Mydoctor advised me to (stop) eating junk food.
6 I .. . . (donated) many of myoid books to the local orphanage.
7 Burning tyres """""""""".0.. (produce) thick, foul-smelling clouds of smoke. .1 I
S I'm determined not to """""""'0"""" (surrender) to her this time. She can't always have what she
wants.
9 The way he spoke to his wife (showed) his true feelings towards her.
10 As the teacher was .. (distributing) the examination papers, my mind went blank.

Words easily confused

Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.
., s attention 0 .
a JIII attracte d t he walter by C1ICk Ing h er fjIngers.
O

at!enti,on
cane b The students took no 0 ' of the 'No swimming' signs and dived
notice into the lake.
attendance, c Please pay to what I'm saying.
I"' ~

d These boxes must be handled with 0.

e Your record in this class is very poor.

2 bruise a Your ankle is not broken. It's just a """"""""""0 .

sprain b He's had a on his cheek since he was a child.
cut c The boxer's face was black and blue from the he received 0 0

scratch during the fight.

scar d It's a deep, so it will probably need stitches.
e She survived the crash with not so much as a on her body.
---
evidence a There was no of a break-in at the scene ofthe crime.
~ 3 fact b All the 0 ... points to suicide. . I
proof c Without hard 0"'" he won't be found guilty.
sign d The in this case speak for themselves.
e If you can provide 0"'0'" 00.. that you were somewhere else, you won't
be convicted.

L - - -- _f - Articlescann~t~e exc~angedwithou~=
- - -- - - - - -----
of purchase.

4 attitude a From my point of it's a waste oftime.

view b What provoked their hostile 0"""""0'" towards you?
opinion c My boss expressed her ofthe way I ran the office.
approval d What's your ofthe new process?
l .. - - - -- - - -
III~III
.','1".
5 a Eagles are not very in this area.
b Photographing everything in sight is behaviour for a Japanese tourist,
. ,,~". c I am familiar with office procedure.
d Having seen nothing out of the , the security guard went back to
his office.
e For some reason, she didn't follow her routine.
f After speaking to her, I realised we had nothing in .

6 alike a The fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are to yours.
same You're under arrest.
similar b He drives the make of car as my father.
identical c They get on well together because they're so much .
d Your watch is to the one I have but mine has a leather strap.

st;.bal a We saw several of fish while snorkelling in the sea.

priGle: b Suddenly a of bees started chasing them.
IpaoR c There used to be of wolves roaming these forests.
:'swa~~ d He has two sheepdogs to look after his of sheep.
. Il'Ief!a~
tfeclt
e
f
As there was a of cattle in the field we decided not to cross it.
One of the park's major attractions is a of lions.

.--
.
8 .:lie' a The demonstrators when the riot police appeared.
Ila¥! b On average our hens one egg a day.
:spread' c The detectives out and searched the field for the murder weapon.
SGaf!1!et!' d Could you help me the table, please?
e down if you feel unwell.
f A package unopened on the table.

9 age a Her uncle spent two brief working in Asia.

:pelfi(!)a~ b In this day and up-to-date information is vital.
ter.~ C We get our school reports at the end of .
time d Do you remember the when we went to Brands Hatch?
e We have history first on Monday morning.

10 state a We've bought a second-hand car in excellent .

condition b Finding herself in a of power has changed her completely.
situation c The got worse and worse until war broke out a year later.
!position d Your children are in an excellent of health.

II a He still bears the scars of a gunshot on his right leg.

11i""1W b A serious back forced him to miss most of last season.
I

c Brenda was in quite a lot of after the operation.

d Fortunately, the storm did little to our property.
I
. ~:r~
t"~!!!
e A little exercise won't do you any !
Wordformation
~/
Complete the following table. Use prefixes where possible.

-boredom
1'Q9UIj1 AcJ,ective
. bore .................. .................. .................. threatening
.................. mystify .................. .................. encircle ..................
............ neighbourly profit .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

............ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . excited/exciting kindness ..................

prediction .................. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .................. refuse
,.. .................. (un)prepared ,.. .................. endless
invitation . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .................. .................. . (un )communicative

.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . preventive fluency ..................

.................. detect .................. .................. isolate .................. I'
.................. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . explanatory completion .................. ..................
. risk .................. .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . defensive "ll
II
. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . surviving .................. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . visiting I'
.................. \
.................. accept .................. hide
"! 1

protection .................. .................. .................. (dis)please .................. I'

.it
Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence. ! 111

III

.. . I1
1 U nd er j avourable I d' In two hours.
con dItlons we can reac h t he nearest ISan FAVOUR
2 His ambition is to become a concert . PIANO i ~

3 She studied at university. ECONOMY

I
4 They are so good at doubles that they are virtually . BEAT i

S You'd better not drive if it is . FOG

I

6 Neither of us have any to your going on holiday with your friends. OBJECT .
7 Without our racing team will face financial difficulties. SPONSOR II
8 The of students were in favour ofthe proposal. MAJOR
9 If it's : , throw it away. USE
10 Have you ever met a film star? FAME

Ii
Preposition I
I
I[
I
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.
: !.
I . [
with under of by to for on in at
1\11

illl
I My parents went...:: shopping and we stayed... ?~... home.
2 He's annoyed you for not getting in contact him.
3 all means bring your dog but keep it control.
4 You must believe yourself if you want to succeed.. .. ... .. reaching the top. . .. .. ... your chosen career.
S Margaret is a great deal of pressure the moment.
6 My father gave me a clock which once belonged his grandfather.
II
7 my mind, everyone is responsible the problems caused by pollution.
8 times you remind me your grandmother.
9 If it happened accident, why would they put the blame you?
1;0 People are quite prepared to spend large slims money their children's education. II

I !
,.."I".
I
Can, Could & Able To, Must & Have Tc
May/Might, Should, Needn'

Can, Cou & Be Able

--- Wse
. We use can + bare infinitive
- to talk about ability in the present or future. He can play the piano.
- to talk about or ask for permission. Can I 'go to the cinema tonight, Mum?
- to make requests. Can you buy some milk on your way home, please?

. We use could + bare infinitive

- to talk about a general ability in the past. I could play chess when I was young.
- to ask for permission in the present or future. Could I use your telephone, please?
- to make a polite request in the present. Could I have another cup of tea, please?
.
. We use be able to in a variety of simple tenses
- to talk about ability. I won't be able to come to your party.
- to talk about one specific occasion when we He was able to save the boy from drowning.
managed (or didn't manage) to do something. They weren't able to find tickets for the concert.

Note: With verbs of senses, we use could and not be able to.
We could hear the sea from our hotel room.
She could see that Laura had had her hair cut.
,- "f"'",

Complete the following sentences by using can('t), could(n't) or the correct form of be able to.
Some sentences can be completed in more than one way.

Fortunate Iy, we were able to . .. '

reac h t he airport In time lor our flIght.

/:

2 They find a solution to the problem yet.

3 """""""""""""""'" I have some more chocolate, please?
4 Although I tried hard, I ~ beat the club champion.
5 She.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. type as well as anyone I know.
6 I'd like choose my own working hours.
7 you hear the teacher clearly from the back of the room?
8 Both his sisters playa reasonably good game of chess at the age of five.
9 We """""""""""""""'" see most of the city from the top of the hill.
10 Yes, you borrow my dress at the weekend.
II He """""""""""""""'" persuade his parents to let him go on holiday with his friends.
12 Sally come to lunch tomorrow; she's working.
Must& Have To ...~ ""'"

Use Examples
. Must + bare infinitiveand have to + bare All visitorsmust provide Proof of identity.
infinitiveexpress obligation. Youhave to read chapter six tonight because we're
discussing it in class tomorrow.
. Must not (mustn't) expresses prohibition. Students must not eat in the classroom.

. Do not (don't) have to talks about something You don't have to go to the party if you don't want to.
that is not a necessity.

Note: Must is not often used in the interrogative form.

Study the examples and rewrite the sentences. - ~\

.~~"It.~ ~"',
~ rt77~ '
It is necessary for her to study more. She . .h:~f!. ~9. .s.~~:r. .TI!.9!.':: . . .. . . . .. .
It isn't necessary for her to work. She . ~?t?~~:t. .h:~~~ .t.C?~?~~:.......

It is necessary for Mary to ask her parents first.

Mary........................................................................................................................
2 It isn't necessary for my mother to cook for my party. \1
I
Mymother ............. I I
3 It is unnecessary for my father to pay for my bike.
My father. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 It isn'tnecessaryfor Mrs Brownto water the flowersevery day..

MrsBrown ... ... ......
5 It isn't necessary for him to wait in the queue.
He ........................................................................................................................... .

6 It is unnecessary for you to worry about the exams.

You ,........................

Complete the sentences with must or have to in the appropriate form. Some sentences can be
completed in more than one w,ay.
I
mustn't .
I You (not ) IIe to your parents. I I
2 This year, I (not) get up early every day, but last year I
'I
.. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. get up early each morning. I
3 Sheila (not) bring so much food to the party yesterday. It wasn't
necessary.
4 You (not) come to tomorrow's meeting if you don't want to.
5 Since his wife's death, he take care of his two children all by himself.
6 Jim . .. .. . finish the report by next month.
7 Myteacher told me that I study more if I wanted to pass.
8 You.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. . . .. (not) play music very loudly at night.
9 She will be rich when she reaches the age ofthirty. She (not) work.
,10 I stop playing tennis when I broke my leg last year.
 I,
il! 11~1111 Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to.
""""'"
------..
I You J:L.Efxt??~
.cf.C!1!:'? come with me if you don't want to.
," "~'"
2 Children disobey their parents.
3 He rush. He's got plenty oftime.
4 Peter write to his friend, John, as he is seeing him next weekend.
5 Children touch electrical wires.
6 You play your music loud at night when people are sleeping.
7 I go to bed early tonight.
8 Drivers throw litter out of car windows.

Can't & Must

Examples
. We use can't for negative deductions He can't be at work. He's ill.
about the present. He can't be working. I can hear music.

. We use must for positive deductions He must be at work. It's Monday morning.
about the present. He must be working. The light in his office is on.
..

Study the examples and then rewrite the sentences.

' - --".,,...--
I am sure he isn't at home now. He . f:<!!1:t.!J.c:.
?~ .l!~~~ .r~~~ .
I am sure he isn't working now. He . .c.<!!1:t.
p.c:.~~~~.ing !19.l:t: .

I am sure Susan isn't at work now. She left the office an hour ago.

Susan .

3 I am sure my mother isn't cooking again. I saw her cooking at noon.

My mother ...
4 I am sure Mary doesn't study for three hours a day. She isn't a good student.
Mary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . ...

5 I am sure that your son isn't doing his homework in his room. I saw him in the garden.
You r son.....................................................................................................................

6 I am sure she doesn't spend much money. She is poor.

She ...........................................................................................................................

,--~
 Studythe examples and rewrite the sentences.
---
She. ... ... ... .. .1!!.lf~~~l??~.~?'!!~.'!?~:. .. ....
I I am sure she is at home now.
I am sure she works very hard. She. . .. ... . .. . .. .r!~~~f.~~~~. X~ry. .fJ,f1:~cf... . ... .. . .
I think she is doing her homework now. She .1JJ.l!t'.t.P.tf.9.Qt{1,g,ntfr. n9J!w.'Y.Qrk /J.QW:....
--- -
II I am sure she is at the office now. , just spoke to her on the phone.
She ......
2 I think my mother is on her way home. She isn't answering the phone at work.
Mymother . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . ..
3 I am sure Wendy is in Rome now. She got on the plane hours ago.
Wendy .............................................
4 I think my teacher exercises everyday. He's very fit.
My teacher. . . . . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 I amsure my sister is talkingon the phonenow. The line is busy.

Mysister .................

Complete the sentences with must or can't.

j
I The line is busy. That !~~I.f.s.~ be Jane.She's always talking on the phone.
2 That.. .. .. be Mary over there. She went to Paris on Monday.
3 She looks very young. She be over thirty.
4 He has three expensive cars. He be a rich man.
5 That.. ................ ......... ...... ...... be Sue; if it is, she has changed a lot.

Can't Have & Must Have

- 'l!J-se- --- - - - Examples

. We use can't have + past participle for She can't have been away last week.
negative deductions about the past. She can't have left yesterday.
She can't have been travelling last night.
---
. We use must have + past pahiciple for He must have been angry last night.
positive deductions about the past. He must have argued with his wife.
They must have been fighting about money.
jllll!11111 Rewrite the sentences using can't have. ~ .
It" ;,;J ~ d """C
I", "'/" > .',
'I'" d ft'"

I am sure she didn't know the answer."

", "~"'"
She.. ~C!~:t.!I:~Y~
~r:.?~Tf. ~!I:~.~Tf~~~r: ".

2 I am sure we didn't leave the car keys at home.

We ,............................................................................................
3 I am sure she didn't come home early last night.
She ...........................................................................................................................
4 I am sure this man didn't steal my wallet.
This man.....................................................................................................................
5 I am sure he wasn't lying to you about last night.
He ,................................................
6 I am sure they weren't happy in that house.
They ,.......
7 I am sure she hasn't been sleeping well lately.
She ...........................................................................................................................
8 I am sure you didn't see Helen at the cinema yesterday.
You ...........................................................................................................................

I .
Rewrite the sentences using must have.

I am sure she arrived late for the interview.

She. . '!:.~~!. !7:~Y~. f1.~~~ l!.e.~. !f1.~~.f?C .~~~ .i.Tf~~.~':~~.1tY.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...

2 I am sure she has told him everything.

She , ,.........
3 I am sure she was eating when I called.
She ,.............................................................
4 I am sure she had invited him before' told her to.
She .................................................................................
5 I am sure she got up late this morning.
She. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

6 I am certain my sister was talking on the phone all morning.

My sister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ....

7 1am sure she was feeling tired; that's why she went home.
She : ...................................................................
8 I am sure James forgot to invite Alice to the party.
James. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

9 , am sure he had studied a lot before the exam.

He ...........................................................................................................................
10 I am sure they were on holiday because the house looked empty.
They ...........................................................................................................................
'I I am sure our neighbour called the police.
Our neighbour ...
12 1am sure you left your bag on the bus.
You ...........................................................................................................................

I'
 Use must have or can't have with the past participle of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences.

'Did they go to the cinema yesterday?'

'They '!J.lf!!'.t.
h? 'It;.g9.'!t; (go) because there was no one at home when I called.' 1'1
2 Kate is exhausted. She (work) hard in the garden today.
3 Susan's telephone was out of order yesterday. She (phone) you.
4 She hadn't seen him before, so she (recognise) him.
5 I called her twice but she didn't answer the phone. She (sleep).
\1
6 'John translated the letter for me.' I
1 I
'He doesn't speak French, so he (translate) it.'
7 Emma has been at home all day. You (see) her at the restaurant.
8 She asked me for money again. She (spend) all the money' gave her.
9 He (work) for more than ten hours yesterday. That's why he is so tired
today.
110 It only takes two hours to fly from London to Rome. She (fly) for four hours.

I
I
May/Might & May Have/Might Have
Use Ex~rpJ?'es
. We use may/m~;(n~:) + ba~ei~~init:-e - We may be at home this afternoon.
for possibility about the present. , We might not go to the park. I :
We may be watching TV.
. - . I
I I
. We use may/might(not) have + past He might have been at home yesterday.
participlefor possibilityabout the past. He may not have gone to school.
He may have been feeling ill.

Study the examples and rewrite the sentences.

I
,I "
Perhaps she is at home now. She J:!~.~~J!.?!1!:C;.l},?"Y
.1!:.~J.'!.'?1:~8~~ .
Perhaps she works a lot She ..1!!~Y('!!:if!/!~
.~?!'k .f!.!?~ . I
I
It is possible that she is working now. She. . .. . ... '!!.~J.'!.'?1:~8~~ .l?~ .~c:!.~~r:.l{. r:.f!~. . .. . ... .
~, I
It is possible that she is coming home, but I am not sure.
She ... .... I

2 Perhaps she is much older than she says. I I

She ....
3 Perhaps he is studying in his room.
1 I
I
He ...........................................................................................................................
4 It is possible that he will pass his exams.
He ...........................................................................................................................
: I
5 It is possible that the Browns are moving house, but I am not sure.
The Browns..................................................................................................................
III!~IIII Rewrite the sentences using may/might have or may/might not have.
'.

Perhaps she hasn't arrived yet.

" "f '.
She .,!:.a)!(n::~¥.~~.':.?~.
~~.":~.~~~~:'.~c.t.l.~.t: ......
2 Perhaps my sister took my pen without asking.
My sister ................
3 Perhaps my parents have gone out.
My parents . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. ... .
4 I think they were sleeping when I came in, but I am not sure.
They ........................................................................................................................
5 Perhaps John was listening to music.
John ... ... ... ..,... ... ... ......
6 Perhaps there were a lot of people at the theatre.
There .
7 Perhaps the robbers left fingerprints all over the house.
The robbers...............................................................................................................
8 Perhaps she wasn't listening and that's why she didn't answer.
She .....................................................
9 Perhaps our son didn't know anything about it.
1

Our son.....................................................................................................................
10 Perhaps you haven't heard about the bank robbery.
You ...........................................................................................................................

-- - i*a;~It'~s ---
. We use shou1d (not)/ought (not) to You shouldn't spend so much time playing computer games.
+ bare infinitive for advice or obligation. We ought to be on time for the wedding.
We should be sunbathing tomorrow afternoon.

. We use should (not) have/ought You ought to have told the truth.
(not) to have + past participle for He should have been at the meeting.
criticism or regret. I shouldn't have stayed up to watch the film last night.

Complete the sentences by using should or ought to and the verbs in brackets in the correct form.

I'm ready to burst. I ..~':t.?u:~c;l,l!}!.?Lf$.~F.

~?t. F? .~.8;:'.C?~~~~!1:.. (eat) so much.
2 You (use) your car so often. More exercise will do you good.
3 Henry (wash) his car. He nearly always does it on Sunday afternoon.
4 You (follow) the instructions on the box. Now you've ruined everything.
5 We (have) the party at the weekend. Then more people would have come
6 I suppose I (revise) for my exams right now but I just don't feel like it.
 Complete the sentences using should have or shouldn't have.
~ ""--ir 1'1

d Tom was supposed to be sleeping. ' 1

Tom .~~f?lf!~.~f1Y.~
.'!~c:r:..~~c:e:p.fr:.f!:....................................................................................
.1 !
I
2 Jim was supposed to bring all the documents.
" II
Jim. . . .. . . . . . . . '. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
3 Mybrother didn't buy any food for the party.
II
My brother..................................................................................................................
4 He didn't arrive on time for the rehearsal.
He , ,..................................................
'5 She waited for me.
She .......
6 Mollywent out yesterday. I
I
Molly ........................................................................................................................ 11

7 Ben lied to his parents.

'i
i
Ben ......................................... I ,I
,
8 My brother didn't mention the accident.
My brother..................................................................................................................
9 Our neighbour was playing music loudly last night. 'I, "
Our neighbour ....................................................................................................... II
10 She was watching TV until late last night.
She ... .......
ill My sister didn't phone to say that she would be late.
My sister.....................................................................................................................
12 My father wasn't driving carefully.
My father. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

13 Our teacher didn't tell us about the test.

Our teacher..................................................................................................................
14 Emma was shouting at the children.
Emma ........................................................................................................................
I I '

15 He didn't finish his homework. .1

I ,
He : , .......................... I \

:,'111

II

I
I
I

II

I i

I,
IIIII!)IIII
",'8"

""",,0'"

. We use needn't have + past participle You needn't have brought flowers, but thank;;
when somebody has done something that anyway.
was not necessary.

. We use didn't have to + bare infinitive I didn't have to go to school today because it
when somebody hasn't done something was a holiday.
because it wasn't necessary.

Write sentences using needn't have or didn't have to.

It was unnecessary for you to bring all this food. You're very kind.
You .!1;t?~.4!1/.t.
h?x~. ~':9JfglJ-.t.
?J:(l.
.tht?.fC!9.4:.............................................................................

2 It wasn't necessary for me to get up early this morning; that's why I slept till late.
I ,.................................................................................................

3 I didn't go shopping today. It wasn't necessary.

I ..............................................................................................................................
4 She watered the flowers this morning but it rained later.
She ,.......

5 My mother didn't cook today. It wasn't necessary.

My mother..................................................................................................................
6 I studied for the test, but it WaS unnecessary.
I ..............................................................................................................................
 Circle the correct word or phrase.
- "'~'"
I We shall19stay in and watch a film if you like.
2
3
Little children mustn't I needn't lie to their parents.
If you feel ill, you may I should see a doctor.
~'
4 I must not I may not be able to come to the meeting on time. I am not sure.
5 You mustn't I don't have to drive if you have been drinking alcohol.
6 Susan needn't I mustn't cook for us. We have already eaten a lot.
7 Must I Willi tidy my room now, Mum?
8 She can't I mustn't be listening to music. The CD player doesn't work.
I I
9 Must I May I sit here, please? I '
10 Tom can't I must be on his way to Rome. The plane took off an hour ago.
I I

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
I,I
,
I am sure he is working overtime again. I
I
He .. !'!Y.~~.~t?.~C?~~i.rT:$.
.C?~c:~~~'!:.~
.~$.~!~' , ,.................. I I
2 I'm sure he doesn't get good marks. He never does any work. . I
He ...........................................................................................................................
3 It isn't necessary for you to come with me. I can manage on my own.
You ........................................................................................................................... I,
4 Perhaps he will be travelling to Paris this time tomorrow.
He ........................................................................................................................... I
Ii
5 I am sure she is writing a letter to her cousin.
She ~..............................................................................................
r
6 Perhaps he doesn't know how to swim. I
He ........................................................................................................................... ,
7 It isn't necessary to drive to the concert. You can take the bus. I '
You ,...................................................... , ,I
8 I am sure he doesn't know how to drive a car. He's only fifteen. 1I

He ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word
given. Do not change the word.

II Pam knows how to play the piano.', 6 You are not allowed to go out tonight.
CAN NOT

Pam .. .~l!:r:.p.~c:~.. .. .. .. ... the piano. You.. ........................... out tonight. I

2 It isn't necessary for her to finish the report today. 7 It is possible that we will win the game. I
HAVE MAY
!'I"
She the report today. We the game. II
3 I am sure Molly is at the dentist's. 8 I am sure she is typing the letter now. Ii
I I
BE BE
I I If
She .. now. '1
Molly the dentist's.
9 1 ,:
4 It is forbidden to smoke here. I am sure he is trying his best.
NOT MUST I',!
You here. He his best.
:5 Iam sure this isn't the place we are looking for. 10 Your doctor advisesyou to stop smoking. I'
BE OUGHT
I
This we are looking for. You smoking. I
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word
""/" given. Do not change the word.

"'C" Sheila managed to finish her report in one day.

Sheila ~~~. '!:~~t?!~
.fZr:.i.s/;,. her report in one day. WAS
2 It was not necessary for you to buy a present for me.
You a present for me. HAVE
3 Perhaps your son took your car.
Your son your car. HAVE
4 I'm sure that you didn't see Mary in the city centre.
You Mary in the city centre. SEEN
5 I am sure my mother cooked this delicious meal.
My mother this delicious meal. COOKED
6 Thank you very much for the sweets. It wasn't necessary.
You ... sweets with you. BROUGHT
7 You didn't ask your parents first.
You first. HAVE
8 You didn't pass because you didn't study enough.
You. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... more in order to pass. SHOULD
t
9 I am sure that isn't Ben because he is in Atlanta.
That Ben. He is in Atlanta. BE
10 You ought to see a doctor about that cold.
You a doctor about that cold. SHOULD
II It wasn't necessary for Jim to work late last night, so he came home.
Jim late last night, so he came home. HAVE
12 It is forbidden to park your car on the pavement.
You. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... car on the pavement. NOT
13 I am sure that man didn't participate in the robbery.
That man the robbery. HAVE
14 Perhaps he left his car keys at home.
He car keys at home. HAVE
15 Perhaps Jane is at the supermarket.
Jane at the supermarket. BE
16 It is forbidden to smoke in here.
You in here. NOT
17 I am sure he was eating when I called.
He . when I called. BEEN
18 Perhaps Mary didn't see you.
Mary... you. MIGHT

~--~
 Modal Verbs
,-
- ---
iModal Use Examples
Can ..,...T-. General ability ~present or fu~ur~) 1 -;;ec:: d~ive
-: lo~~.-
. Permission You can go out after you have studied.

J . Request I Canyouhelp withthissuitcase,

pleas=-- -. . i !
Can't . Inability I can't understand this exercise. I
. Impossibility That can't be his mother. She's too young.
I \
Could . General ability(past form of can) He could play chess when he was six. , I
. Askingfor permission Could I borrow your pen, please?
. Polite request Could you post this letter for me, please? I i

Be able To . General ability(in place of can) She will be able to come to dinner next week.
. Specificpast ability(couldis not Ian was able to collect her from school. I 1
possible here)

Must . Obligation You must wear a seat belt when driving. I I

. Certainty He must be out There aren't any lights on.

Have To . Obligation/necessity He has to visit his grandfather.

We don't ha,ve to water the plants.
I !

May . Possibility It may rain tonight.

. Permission You may go ?ut now if you want. I !

Might . Possibility Call him now because he might be out later.

I i
Shoulcl/Ought To . Advice You should see a dentist.
. Obligation I ought to stay in tonight and do some revision.
I I
.
Needn't . Lackof necessity You needn't worry about the test It's easy.

I!
 ~~1
EXAMINATION PRACTICE
"'.[""

Practice Tests 3 & 4

J

For questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A,B, C or D best fits each space.
There is an example a~the beginning (0).

Although most people become famous because of their involvement in politics, sport or acting, there are some who
become household names through professions that were once (0) of as simply respectable. Take lawyers, for
example. Getting a (I) with a top law (2) may not only ensure financial security due to the astronomical
(3) lawyers can command but it may also bring the same superstar status (4) that of a screen idol. Indeed,
there can be very few Americans who would not (5) the name of the independent public prosecutor, Kenneth
Starr, in connection with the case involving President Clinton's relationship with Monica Lewinsky.
Like politicians, sports stars and actors, a person must be (6) out to be a lawyer in order to be successful. Firstly,
a persuasive character is essential as getting every (7) of the jury to (8) in with your line of argument is of
prime importance. Secondly, the (9) to judge character is vital since a witness's reaction (10) a question may
be more significant than the answer given. Thirdly, calmness under pressure is extremely important. A good lawyer
must never get (II) with an uncooperative witness who (12) to answering questions directly. This would
be a (13) for disaster. Finally, leadership qualities are fundamental. Top lawyers do not have the time to (14) ......
-I
all the research necessary in a case by themselves. As a result, they have to set an example for the team of lawyers
under their command so that they can (15) on the team to work conscientiously.
0 a looked b regarded c considered thought
I a work b profession c career job
2 a company b firm c industry d business
3 a tips b charges c rewards d fees
4 a like b with c as d from
5 a recognise b remind c memorise d retain
6 a suited b cut c stood d made
7 a onlooker b partner c member d associate
8 a go b call c get d fall
9 a certainty b capability c willingness d ability
10 a in b to c from d of
II a nervous b anxious c angry d worried
IZ a minds b objects c dislikes d refuses
13 a recipe b prescription c review d receipt
14 a take b do c make d carry
15 a trust b believe c count d confide

For questions 16-30, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one wordineachs,pac~~ThE!re .is.an example at thebeginning (0).

Robert Burns, Scotland's greatest poet, (0) ... ..~~-?' born (16) 25th January, 1759. (17) ...............
an early age he had to help his father on his farm as well as attend lessons given by a teacher who was employed by
his father and a (18) neighbours.
When he was twenty-two, he (19) to Irvine, where he began to learn about making cloth. Shortly after
(20) arrival, the factory in which he was training was destroyed by fire so he started a farm with his
younger brother Gilbert.
While he (21) living on the farm, he concentrated (22) writing poems and fell
(23) a local girl, Jean Armour. Robert wanted to marry her but her father (24) not allow him
to do so, probably because he thought Burns was not wealthy enough. Her father's refusal took Robert
(25) surprise and since he could not (26) used to the idea of being unable to marry her,
he decided to leave the country. (27) very little money, Robert had to obtain the fare for the voyage
by selling some poems. Just as he was about to leave he was given (28) advice - to publish a new edition
of the poems he (29) written. He received a large sum of money for the poetry and was able to get
married to Jean Armour. During his marriage he continued to write the expressive poetry he became famous
(30) . Robert Burns died in 1796 from rheumatic fever.
 --- -- --- - - -

For questions 31-40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first

- I sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
words,~ncl,:ding~he
Example:
word given.There is an exampleat the beginning.
Have you been invited to John's party?
-- - - -

invitation
HasJohn ¥.i.~~.~y'c?~
.~~. ~I?:,:~~<:.~i.C?,!:.~C?

31 We can be sure that Jane will help at the party.

his party?
~
count

We can ... help at the party.

32 He doesn't intend to stay for very long.
going
He very soon.
33 The house was completely empty.
furniture
There. the house.

34 I'm sure they were asleep during the burglary.

must

They during the burglary.

35 I don't remember him behaving violently in the past.
use

He a violent person.
36 My dentist advised me to reduce the amount of chocolate I ate.
advice

My down on chocolate.
.
37 When we got to Dover, the ferry wasn't there.
already
The ferry the time we got to Dover.
38 Whenever he visited us he brought flowers.
would
He bringing flowers.
39 Ingrid and Astrid have had many arguments in the past.
fallen

It's not the first time Ingrid Astrid.

40 You need to be courageous and determined in order to be a good soldier.
calls

Being a good soldier and determination.

----- ~-- --
 1!lllill For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
"j'" . and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (V') in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin
on the riE:ht.There are two examples at the beE:inninE:(0 and
""',

saves

0
.I
Sometimes, just as human beings do, animals reject their . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

00 the
...........................
young at the birth. This recently occurred at Dudley Zoo
41 in England. The animal involved was an Asiatic lion cub which ...........................
42 called Sam. Sam's mother, Gir, would have to nothing . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 to do with the cub so its future looked black. When staff ...........................
44 at the zoo saw what had been happened, they decided to ...........................
45 telephone to the director's wife, whose dog had given .
46 birth to four Japanese Akita puppies about six weeks ...........................
47 earlier. While realising how important it was for her to act ...........................
48 quickly, she took the one of the puppies, Koneka, to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

49 zoo. Fortunately, the two animals took on to each other ...........................

50 immediately. Sam and Koneka are now used to be sharing food . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51 and a bed. The cub has made a very good progress. It .

.. 52 will stay with Koneka for another four months. Then ...........................
53 Sam will be moved to a bigger zoo as part of a . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

54 programme to preserve his species. Asiatic lions were used to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

55 be quite common but now there are existing only four . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .....

hundred worldwide.

For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the

In the past few years, extreme sports have (0) ..gCf??L.~ly" increased GREAT

in popularity. The people who have taken up (56) ........................ DANGER

activities like bungee jumping say they get no (57) from SATISFY
traditional sports or (58) """",""""""'" and their boring daily routine ATHLETE
does not (59) them to live life to the full. ABLE

Nowadays, (60) in America, there are competitions in SPECIAL

which those people (61) enough to face the challenge of COURAGE,

these (62) new activities can win large cash prizes. This REVOLUTIONI
has resulted in the (63) of a whole new industry which CREATE
(64) in making equipment and clothing for extreme SPECIAL
games. Often the (65) that certain games have become DISCOVER

commercial causes other people to come up with even more extreme

sports and the cycle is repeated.
I

~~
IIIIIII For questions 31-40, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
,'~"" '
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five
word5,..,i,~.=!~~n,~".~b,:".,!!,?~~,=~i,'!,~E:"I~~.~~,~~...~!1::=~a!!"EI~~,~~,...~~.~..."9~,~!~!'1i,~,~:,,

,Ii"~
.
Example: You mustn't use a calculator in the test.
allowed
You ~.~~r:.'!.
~l.l.~~~~.!?.l!'.~~ a calculatorin the test.

31 I'm still waiting for her decision.

decided

She to do yet.
32 You are not allowed to take these documents out of the library.
remain

These documents ., the library.

33 There weren't many apples on the tree.
few

There on the tree.

34 I've only got a little luggage so I don't need a trolley.

much
.. I luggage, so I don't need a trolley.
35 They are going to demolish the old shoe factory next month.

pulled
The old shoe factory is next month.
36 I am sure he has told her my secret.

He ................................................
must my secret.
37 There were only a few people at the party.

many
There. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. at the party.

38 Some of the paintings are still for sale.

been
Some of the paintings yet.
39 He bought me a computer because I wanted to work at home.
so
I .

He bought me a computer work at home.

40 The goods cannot leave the factory unless there is a signature on these papers.

signed

These papers the goods can leave the factory.

I !

, I

! I
 --

For questions 41-55, read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (II') in the margin on
the right. If a line has a word which should not be there, underline the word and write it in the margin ., j
on the right. There are two examples at the beginning (0 and 00).

Teenagers' spending habits

./
...........................
0 It is a well-known fact that teenagers today have
got.............
00 greater spending power than they ~ used to have.
41 It is also known that they have more things to .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .

42 spend their money on so they get out through it . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

43 faster. Parents normally give to their children pocket .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .

44 money at the weekend so most of them go for .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .

45 shopping on Saturday. Among the things that they do ...................

46 usually buy are CDs, computer games and clothes. If . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

47 they have any of money left, they go to the cinema or ...................

48 a cafeteria. By the time they go back to school or college on . ......................
49 Monday, very few of them have anything left. This . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .

50 obviously means that the teenagers who they save . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51 money are in the minority. It seems the more the money they . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .

52 get, the faster they spend it. Nowadays another one common .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .

53 trend is teenagers with credit cards. It is not being unusual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

54 to see them to spend large sums of money on clothes .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .

55 which they are then paid for by their parents. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .

For questions 56-65, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in thli!~pace in the same line. There is an example at the b~~~nning(0).

A holiday on Mauritius
With holiday resorts getting more and more (0) ..<;:~~t!.t?t! , the CROWD

idea of spending a holiday in an ,(56) luxury hotel next ISOLATE

to (57) sandy beaches is becoming more and more END
attractive.

Mauritius, an almost (58) island about 600 miles CIRCLE

from the East African coast, can provide a very (59) ........................ PLEASE
location for just such a holiday. The island, probably most (60) .................. FAME

for its rare stamps, has little tourism, so (61) today can VISIT
enjoy its unspoilt scenery. There are few sights on the island but
(62) is never a problem since local tourist organisations BORE
offer (63) fishing and sailing trips to EXCITE
(64) areas of breathtaking natural beauty. Mauritius is HIDE

guaranteed to leave the holidaymaker (65) relaxed. COMPLETE

 /

,0,',1'"
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
, I & Superlatives,
of Time & Place

Adjectives
,Fo.!'mi'I - --. . - -- -- S~a!it.u~les
-
. Adjectives describe nouns. Adjectives in clever boy
rich man
clever boys
rich men
English have the same form for singular "
and plural.

. We ad -Iy to an adjective to form the adverb. He is a slow reader. He reads slowly.

. Some adverbs such as deep, early, fast, hard, He is a fast learner. He learns fast.
high, late, much, near, short, wrong, etc have the
same form as adjectives.

. Some of these adverbs also have an -Iy form, Have you seen your grandmother lately?
but the meaning is different. I'm coming; I'm nearly ready.
lately = recently I was deeply moved by the film.
nearly = almost Mike hardly ever goes out.
deeply = very
hardly = scarcely, almost not

Complete the table with the Complete the table with the comparative and superlative
correct adverbs. form of the adjectives.
..
Adjectives AGLve~bs .gj~~~il~
I quick . . . . . . 9.Lf~~!~~~. . .... fast . . . . . . . . . .f~~~'?!. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. ~':.c; .f?-.s.~f??t. . . ....

2 fortunate . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
wonderful . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ..

3 hard .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .
happy . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. ..
4 noisy . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

5 ..................... silly . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..
happy
6 busy . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . good ........................... . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

7 scientific . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... .... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..

8 comfortable .....................
attractive . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. ..
9 extreme .....................
wide . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .
10 fast .....................

II
, I

,,--~
I
Comparatives & Superlatives
orm Examples

. We add -erl-estto adjectives and adverbs tall taller tallest

with one or two syllables. clever cleverer cleverest

. The lastconsonant is doubledfor one syllable hot hotter hottest tl

adjectives/adverbs with consonant - vowel -

consonant.

. For one or two syllable adjectives/adverbs happy happier haPPiest

that end in -y, the y changes to i and then we
add -erl-est

. We use more/most or lessl/east with expensive more expensive most expensive

adjectives/adverbs of more than two syllables. demanding less demanding least demanding

. Some adjectives/adverbs are irregular and the a lot of more most

comparative and superlative forms must be badlbadly worse worst
learnt. far farther/further fa rthest/fu rthest
good/well better best
ill worse worst
little smaller/less smallest/least
many/much more most
old older/elder oldest/eldest

. We use than with the comparative when My brother is taller than me.
two people, groups, places or things are Your cor was more expensive than mine.
compared.

Choose the correct word. .

I You should be more carefully /@~f"0:>with your work.

2 His foot sank deeply / deep into the mud.
3 I haven't been to the cinema late / lately. ~;
4 Our teacher was in a very bad / badly mood today.
S Sallytypes very fastly/ fast.
 ,
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
!1111~1111 ~'
""'j",'
, 1 I successful heavy carefully good prettily careful
heavily
",',ii,,'!

angry fluently rarely dif~t hardly hard fluent angrily

.
I Sara h cou Idn 'totd h e exercise b ecause .It was very .. .. ... ..difficult
. .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .
2 The little girls are always dressed.
3 She ever goes out at night.
4 John is such a """""""""""""""""" student.
5 Dad works so that we see him.
6 Mum drives . She is a driver.
7 I speak English . I am """""""""""""""""" in English.
8 John is a smoker. He smokes .
,
9 Our boss was very today. He shouted at us """""""""""""""""" .
10 My father is a lawyer.

Fill in the gaps with the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets.

I Last night, I went to a rock concert. It was one of the. . . .. .. . .~r:!'.~ . .. . ... (good) concerts I have ever been to.
I 2 Living in the country is
1 i (healthy) than living in a city.
I
3 Economy Class is .. (comfortable) than Business Class.
4 Learning Chinese is (difficult) than learning English.
5 Mrs Hamilton is (strict) teacher in our school.
6 John is much (naughty) than Peter.
7 This is (delicious) food that I've ever eaten.
8 Tom is .. (careful) than John. John always makes mistakes.
9 Another person got the job because he was much (experienced) than me.
10 That was (bad) film I've ever watched.
II It's (silly) thing I've ever heard. How could you say something like that?
12 Today is (warm) than yesterday, but tomorrow will be . (cold) than today.

Use the prompts to write sentences as in the examples.

~. "","'::>

Tom / be / tall / Mary Jim / be / tall / boy / the class

!.?'?1:.~~.~l!H~!.
.t!1:lf.Tf.J:!.l!!X............................. .1.f'!:. ~~. F!1:~. Flf.l.z.~~~. ?C?r. .i!1:. ~~.~ .~f<;t.~~: .............

I I / run / fast / you 6 Tony / be / naughty / boy / our class

II 2
. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . ..

7
.. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .

Gold / be / expensive / silver This / be / good / restaurant / the city.

II . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .

3 James / drive / carefully / his brother 8 Jerry / be / clever / Tom

. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .

4 The North Pole / cold / place / the world 9 Tim / like / me / much / John
......................................................... .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .

r, 5 She / be / bad / singer / the school 10 The Olympics / be / important sports event
, . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .
I,
 Other Comparative Structures
Form Examples ---
(not) as + adjective + as The Indian elephant is not as big as the African elephant.
(not) as + adverb + as He doesn't work as hard as I do.
Jane plays tennis as well as I do.
the + comparative, the + comparative The more you practise, the better you willget.
The longer she waited, the angrier she became.

Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

I study more than my brother.
~ ----
My brother . C/;?e.~r:z::t.
~~lfC/;:r.
.~~.!1!.lf.C:':.
.~~.1. C/;?:............................................................................

Jill can walk faster than Mary.

Mary can't .....
2 My mother works harder than my father.
My father doesn't. ....
3 Flying to New York takes more time than flying to Madrid.
Flying to Madrid doesn't ... ... ..........
4 You have visited more places in England than I have.
I haven't..................................................................................................................
s Shopping centres are more convenient than small shops.
Small shops aren't ....
6 James can drive faster than Timothy can.
Timothy... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... . .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. . .. . .. .. .. ... ... .. . .. .. . .. ... . .. . . . .... .... . .. ... . ... . .... ..
7 This film is more interesting than the last one we saw.
The last film we saw......................................................................................................
8 We expected the match to be better.
The match wasn't ... ... .... .
Rewrite the sentences practising the + comparative, the + comparative.

As she grew older, she became less patient.

Jh~. ~~cj.e.':.f$l:zt;.gr.e.W:
.~IJ.e..l.e.f?ii.R?t.i.e.lJ.t. ii.lJy:,.~~f:J!f1:L.~;..................................................................
2 You are more likely to have an accident when you drive fast.
.. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 If you work quickly, you'll be able to leave sooner.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. ..

4 As he went further into the forest, he became more frightened.

.. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . II
s As I learnt more about the subject, it seemed to be more interesting.
.. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

Choose the correct word or phrase.

I This is the most easy 4a~e"iPtest I've ever done.

2 In fact, the test wasn't as harder/ hard as I expected.
3 AI Pacino is one of the more talented / most talented actors of his generation.
4 Antonio can't speak English as good / well as Philip.
S Our flight to Madrid took the longest / longer than we expected.
6 'How are you today?' 'Well, I feel more bad / worse than yesterday.'
7 The Empire State Building was once the taller / tallest building in the world.
8 He didn't answer the questions as quickly/ quick as I did.
 Complete the sentences by writing one word in each space.
t
II! 1111111\

," 'l'"
I I
, I My sister doesn't cook .~.;; well as I do. In other words, I am much better .~~.~l}: her.
""'11,,'1
2 You can't walk fast I can.
3 John is youngest boy in the class.
4 Jane thinks she is cleverer me.
5 The bigger your house is, the more furniture you need.
6 The test was less difficult I expected.
7 He was best pianist of his generation.
8 The film 'The Beach' wasn't successful 'Titanic'.

Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative,form of the words in brackets.

I He is H~~."Y.?!.~~
. .. .. .. .. ... (bad) student in the class.
2 Our trip to Paris took (long) we expected.
3 This suit is . (expensive) one of all.
I 4 Myoid bed was (comfortable) my new one.
5 Jonathan is """""""""""""""""" (intelligent) student that I've ever had.
: ~ 6 He is """"""""""""""""'" . (dangerous) criminal in the world.
7 Driving in a village isn't (dangerous) driving in a city.
8 Tom isn't (well-prepared) for the exam I ~m.

Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

I've never eaten such a delicious meal before.

It's the . .n::c:.s.~
.«~Z.i.c.~?1l;';;.
'!!.'?'!t.l. ~~~~l}::
!'Y.e..t?Y.t?':. """"""""""""""""""""""

Martha has never been to a more beautiful place before.

It's the.....................................................................................................................
2 I've never read a more interesting book before.
It's the.....................................................................................................................
3 We've never seen such a good film before.
It's the.....................................................................................................................
4 I've never tasted such delicious soup before.
It's the .......................................................................................
5 I've never had such a terrible experience before.
It's the.....................................................................................................................

~-~
 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

Philip and Ray are the same height.

Philip... ~!?.?:~Y1;!.~.
f!.~ Ray. TALL
2 Sirius is the brightest star of all.
Sirius "... any other star. SHINES
3 This carpet cost a lot more than the other one.
This carpet , the other one. EXPENSIVE
4 Men usually die at a younger age than women. ,1\
LIVE Ii
Women usually : men. !
5 Hank plays better than anyone I know.
I don't know anyone Hank. AS
6 It doesn't rain as much in Greece as it does in England.
It rains it does in Greece. OFTEN
7 Amsterdam is not nearly as far away as Tokyo. I'j
I
Tokyo is , Amsterdam. MUCH
I'
8 She weighs a bit less than she did as a teenager. I1
When she was a teenager, she was she is now. SLIGHTLY
" I'

". ,y

Adverbs of
1,1
I'
Adverbsof frequency(never, seldom, rarely, They never help me in the kitchen.
hardlyever,occasionally,sometimes,(very)often, Tom is sometimes bad-tempered in the morning. ..
usually,frequently, always) come before the
main verb except when the main verb is to be.

They come after the first auxiliary verb. often wonderedwhat life was like in the distant past.
I have
Swanshave never been seen here before in such large
numbers.
,,'
, ' iI
'1
! Il
Rewrite the sentences with the adverb of frequency in the correct position.

,I II
She has done her best. (always)
.~~~.~~.~.<:!~!1:r~.~?1!.~
J!.~~.l?~~~ ... II ,.
2 They are on time for work. (hardly ever) I ij
.. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .
.1:1
3 Brian has seen a polar bear. (never)
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,I
4 Does she shout at you like that? (usually)
I
I
.................................................................................................................................
5 I could have done it without your help. (never)
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r"""

I'

I~i:tll ~

"",I"", Prepositions of time show when something has happened, is happening or will happen.
, I' .ltdJj:'g~
. exact time The programme storts at three o'c/ock.
at . times of the day We eat lunch at noon.
. celebrations We give presents at Christmas.
. the weekend We relax at the weekend.

. daysof the week I go to the cinema on Fridays.

on . dates It's his birthday on 21 st August.
. celebrations with We eat turkey on Christmas day.
the word 'day'.
,
. months The exam is in July."
in
. years They met in 1992.
. centuries TV was invented in the twentieth century.
. seasons She goes swimming in summer.
. certain time periods I go swimming in the morning and to the gym in the afternoon.

I I
I
I", Use the prompts to write sentences as in
Complete the sentences with in, at or on.
the example.

I The exam will finish ?L two o'clock. Tany I wash I the car I Sundays
!?r!Y. .~Ef.S.~.t?f!.
~~C?~~:. ?'!. ~~'!4~Wf!:...................
2 My birthday is March.
3 It's Jennifer's birthday 28th July.
David / not go / to the gym / Mondays
4 What do you do New Year's day?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ..
5 Do you go skiing winter?
2 Peter / play / tennis / the weekend
6 I'll see you the morning.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. ...
7 I'm having a party Sunday.
3 he / go / the beach / the holidays
8 The party finished midnight.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. ...
9 I'm going swimming the weekend.
10 4 she / visit / her friends / Christmas
I passed my driving test 200 I.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. ..

5 I / go / to bed / late / night.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ..

I! 6 Harold and I / play cards / 10 o'clock / every day

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ..
II
I,

I!
II
I'I
 -I

Prepositions of Place
We use prepositions of place to show where someone or something is.

-
at He is at his sister's house.
behind Don't hide behind that sofa.
between The office is between the bank and the post office.
in There's a fly in my soup.
in front of The teacher is in front of the students.
near Our house is near the supermarket.
next to Stand next to me and hold my hand.
on The plates are on the table. .

opposite He sat opposite her at dinner so that he could see her face.
under Your slippers are under the bed.

Note: For countries and cities we use the preposition in.

I live in France.
Do you live in London?
For smaller locations, we use the preposition at.
They are at the cinema.
I live at 24 Upper Road.
He is at work now.

Here are some useful expressions with prepositions of place:

on in at

on the train/bus/plane in bed at school

on the right/left in hospital at work
on the wall in a car at home
in the middle at the top
at the bottom
.
Complete the sentences with prepositions of place.

I I don't like it when a tall person sits ..f/};fr:Q.f1:L9f.. me at the cinema because I can't see anything.
2 The sun went a cloud and suddenly it felt cold.
3 I was squashed two large ladies in the lift.
4 You have so many flowers ",,"""" your garden!
5 My parents live us but I'd prefer it ifthey moved even closer.
6 She's still the office at the moment. She usually leaves at 5 pm.
7 Chess players sit each other.
8 Sit . . .. . me. I want to talk to you about something important.
9 She sat the umbrella to protect her skin from the sun.
10 There's too much cheese this pizza.

Complete the following sentences by writing a preposition in each space.

I There is a painting ~1J the wall.

2 My grandmother's hospital at the moment.
3 She lived Paris for four years when she was much younger.
4 There are many beautiful shells the bottom of the sea.
STurn left and you'll see our house the right.
7 She stood the middle of the room wondering if anyone would talk to her.
8 He's the office. You can call him there.
 Correct the following sentences where necessary. Put a tick (.I) below those which do not need correcting.

Someone has been smoking in here. I can smell 5 It's the first time she is playing golf with us.
cigarette smoke. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . ..
./'
. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . ..
. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . 6 We've been checking the records but we haven't
2 The house has belonged to the family from 1920. finished yet.
. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .

3 She just left her office. 7 Tom has been missing the bus so he'll be late.
. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "............................................................
. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .

4 I've been typing three letters so far this morning. 8 Her eyes are red because she has cried.
.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

.. . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .

Study the example and rewrite the sentences in the same way.

He has never eaten Chinese food before.

This is the first time . . .he
. . . .has
. . . . . (ever)
. . . . . . . . .eaten
. . . . . . . Chinese
. . . . . . . . . .. food.
.....................................................................
- -- ---
Jane has never played the guitar before.
This is the first time....................................................................................................
2 They have never visited a museum before.
This is the first time....................................................................................................
3 My brother has never had an accident before.
This is the first time....................................................................................................
..
4 I have never been to a rock concert before.
It's the first time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. ... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .

5 I have never sung in front of an audience before.

It's the first time.......................................................................................................
6 He has never listened to this kind of music before.
It's the first time :'..................................................................................................

-I
I We
Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous.
ha ve missed . ' .
(miss ) t he bus, so we re wa II(mg to sc h00.I
~
2 They (swim) all morning. That's why they're exhausted.
3 He (buy) the book you wanted.
4 Anna . (catch) a cold three times this year.
5 How long (learn) English?
6 They .. (go) to Italy for their holidays for ten years.
7 Sue (look) for a new job since last year and still hasn't found one.
8 They.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. (forget) where they parked their car.
9 She (try) to repair the TV for two hours. I think she should give up now.
10 The teacher .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . (lose) some of her books.
 1

, I

Use the word go in its correct form together with the particles below to replace the words and
phrases in brackets in the following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

alo~ith off (2) on with after through (2)

in for down with out up down
I
I I '
. .
I I' ll a Iways go along with (agree to support ) an emp Ioyee w h0 comes up With a goo d Idea.
2 The alarm (started ringing) when somebody moved too close to the priceless painting.
3 Two students (continued) talking after they'd been asked to be quiet.
4 Mrs Jackson (suffered) a great deal of pain before her hip operation.
5 Almost halfthe staff has (become ill with) 'flu this week.
6 Since prices have (increased) fewer people have been able to afford a new car.
7 The lights (stopped shining) while I was reading.
, 8 Don't sign the papers until you've .. (examined) them carefully.
I
9 I only . (entered) the competition because my cousin suggested it.
10 Those shoes (match) your dress perfectly.
II It's no wonder the fish has (turned bad). You forgot to switch the fridge on after

I. defrosting it.
..
I
12 One of the security guards (chased) a pickpocket who'd stolen a wallet from an
elderly man.
13 I won't buy a new computer until prices (fall).

Use the phrasal verbs below in the correct form to replace the words and phrases in brackets in the
following sentences. The first one has been done for you.

feel like feel up to fill in find out

fac~ to
grow on grow up hand in hand out hand over

I Now that he's living on his own, he'll have to .fc:~E:YT?Y? . (confront) his problems by himself.
2 We were asked to (complete) an application form before we could attend an interview.
3 She's still weak after her illness and doesn't (have the strength to manage) a long walk.
4 How did you . (discover) who sent the note?
5 I (am in the mood for) a good workout in the gym. How about you?
:I 6 I couldn't (submit) my homework on time because I'd hurt my wrist in a basketball match.,
7 The thief was made to (give back) most of the things he'd stolen.
8 You may not like the village at first but I'm sure it will (become more likeable to) you
in time.
9 Sheila was born in Kent but (spent her childhood and adolescence) in Wales.
10 Someone was (distributing) free samples of a new type of biscuit outside the supermarket.'
 Words easily confused
Use the words on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Make sure the words are in the
correct form. Use each word at least once.

bring a I think I'll !?1:~~.. . the children on a picnic tomorrow.

fetch
take
. b
c
We ordered fish and you've
Could someone help me
us Iamb.
my luggage?
go d There's a first-aid kit in the car. Please it for me.
carry e Paul's not here. He's to a doctor.

2 forbid a This device the engine from overheating.

avoid b How can I . speaking to her when we work in the same office.
prevent c The headmaster accepted the pupil's explanation and she.....................
block punishment. ,I
escape d They've been from the club for fighting.
ban e Taking photographs in this area is strictly .
f The defender the shot and saved his team from defeat.

- ----
3 occur a What.. ... .. to your car?
happen b You've already enough trouble so stop it!
resu It c Don't speak about her like that. She to be a friend of mine.
cause d The heavy rain in floods.
lead e It was your attitude towards Jack that to his decision to resign.
f It suddenly ..... .... .... to me that I had forgotten my passport.
-- --- -- ---- ,I

9 j
4 increase a Several shopkeepers have their prices.
rise b His land well beyond the river.
expand c Fertilizers are used to crop yields.
extend d They're thinking of ... their business.
e Ifthe temperature any higher, turn on the air conditioning.
f Gases.. .. .. .. .. .. when heated.
. I
- -- ----
5 reach a She at the party in a satin dress.
arrive b After an hour's walk, we the bridge.
get c The plane is due to in twenty minutes. II
d This train to Glasgow at three o'clock. I,
- - -- - -- ---

6 angle a Leave the bag in the next to the lamp.

corner b Let's look at the problem from a different .
edge c Why does your point of always differ from mine?
margin d Don't write in the because that's where the teacher makes her
view comments.
e They stood at the water's and gazed at the sunset.

.a.J
11!11!llllil 7 ~iljety a Don't worry. They're on their way here.
,,1-1,
,'r,ebcil9lt' b that Johnson will win the race.
I " ',,'
It's. 00.. 00.. 00 00 00 00 00 00

"Iii 'si\l1r-e{1 c I'm not going to lend him any more CDs! He can buy his own.
," . d
Gentia~.~» The longer you wait, the more she is to change her mind.
. mQssii!;;l1i\,
I'" ~ e That's the worst song I've ever heard.
I
f . 00.00.. 00 00 00 00 00... , you can't be serious!

8 absolutely a Prices are cheap at that store.

really b It was a(n) 00... 00000000.. 00" 00 brilliant film.
highly c Being a(n) 00"'" 00.000000"'" successful businessman, he is very wealthy.
greatly d We were relieved to hear that the children had been found
safe and sound.
~

-~ --- ~---...--
9 iinvent a It was Hen ri Becquerel who.. 00... 00000000.. . ... radioactivity.
find Gmt b The police managed to most of the stolen property.

I -~
driscGver

set 1:\9
c
d
e
Can you 0000"""'"
One type of telescope was
His grandfather
00...00. when
00...
the
00
bus leaves, please?
by Sir William Herschel.
00.00.

the company sixty years ago.

I.
l --""'-----
,- ------
a
II 0 sensible She wears sunglasses because her eyes are to light.
I reasonable b He's so 00""""00" 00"", that he gets upset when you criticise him.
. Ilogicall c Being so , Julie is in great demand as a babysitter.
sensitive d I'm trying to be but they refuse to cooperate.
I
e There's no explanation for this event.
I
f The jury must return a 'not guilty' verdict if there is any doubt.
1__-

II 6!~sappeaf;7 a The weather was so bad that the navy had to the search for
val1ishl the missing sailors.
deseri b The soldier 00.. 00""'" 0000.. 00 his post during the battle.
,abaQclJCi>1iI c As the fog descended, the block of flats opposite slowly from
mislay view.
I d My glasses can't have 0000'00" into thin air!
e
I I I seem to have 00 00 00 00 00 .. . 00 my pen. Have you seen it?
II
, "
!
12 accurate a This watch is to within five seconds a decade.
precise b I had the printer make a(n) . 00.. 00"""""" 00 copy of an old poster which had
I
!
exact been torn.
I I c
I You said you left at about midnight. Can you be more 00" 0000.000000"" 00' please?

I j

I , '~
 -'
Complete the following table. Use prefixes where possible. ~;
Verb Adjective Noun Verb Adjective
appreciate .................. .............. .... industrialise ... ...............

(dis)like/liking . ............ ....... influence .................. ..................

.................. .................. large . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. - shy
.................. .................. modern ....... .... ....... secure ..................
.................. (over)simplify ... .......... infection .................. ..................
(im)purity .................. ..... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. required
.................. . ....... symbolic ....... ..... ...... respond ............. .....
.................. .................. (un) identifiable atmosphere - . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .
..................destroy .................. .................. .................. (un)confirmed
.................................... punishable .................. - (in)sincere
..................theorise . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .~ . . .................. notice ..................
(un)suitability . ....... .............. .................. .................. embarrassed/-ing
..... imagine .................. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . memorise/remember............ ......
hesitation . ................. .. .................. .................. payable

Use the word in capitals at the end of each sentence to form a word that fits in the space in the sentence.

consumption . .
I 0 ur 0 f natura I resources has risen to a dangerous Iy hIgh Ieve.I CONSUME
2 That was a very decision. Well done. SENSE
3 warming is causing ecologists great concern. GLOBE
4 Givingthe job to such an person was a recipe for disaster. RESPONSIBLE
S How are we going to the flower show? PUBLIC
6 How Sally is! WIT
7 She plays tennis . PROFESSION
8 You cannot order items worth more than £500 without the manager's . APPROVE .
9 Don't your sister to do anything naughty. COURAGE
I0 Take your and get out now! BELONG

Preposition practice
Use the prepositions below only where necessary to complete the sentences which follow.

from(2) in of to 'with out in out of as at against

. . in with . ,
I She wrote... .. .. h1m a Ietter saYing t hat s he was no Ionger Iove her f lance.
2 He regarded this her way .. telling him that she was fond him.
3 He quickly replied her letter and invited her his house.
4 Realising he had misunderstood her letter, she made him aware the fact that she was going
with someone else.
S He never got over the shock of this and now suffers . . a lack of self-confidence.
6 He is still hospital but least his condition has improved and he is danger.
7 It's the first time she's been seen public since her divorce.
8 They are sale half price in my local supermarket.
9 You can never depend Oliver.
10 I warned them surfing in this area but they took no notice me.
" How dare you shout your mother!
12 There were cars every type at the exhibition.
"",j",,'"

Passive Voice,
Impersonal Construction,
Make/let/Be Allowed To
I
Ii
, I

I
The Passive is formed using the verb to be + the past participle of the main verb.
The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the p~~sive sentence.
I I Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

. We use the passive to put My house was burgled yesterday.

emphasis on the action itself
rather than the person who did it.
~
. In a passive sentence, we use the Our proposal for another school excursion was rejected by the
I, school headmaster.
word by to introduce the person
who did the action (the agent).
. It is necessaryto mentionthe Two football fans were arrested yesterday.
agent when the person who did it My wallet was stolen yesterday.
is obvious or the person who did it
is not known or important in the
sentence.

Tense Active Voice '..'......">..",i'

......'......'..."'...'.."'»
...'.."""'.""PassiveVoice

Present Simple He supports me. I am supported.

!
I I Present Continuous He is supporting me. I am being supported.
I

Past Simple He supported me. I was supported.

Past Continuous He was supporting me. I was being supported.
Present Perfect Simple He has supported me. I have been supported.
Past Perfect Simple He had supported me. I had been supported.
Future Simple He will support me. I will be supported.
Going to He is going to support me. I am going to be supported.
Future Perfect Simple He will have supported me. I will have been supported.

Note: We don't use the passive with the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past Perfect Continuous,
the Future Continuous or the Future Perfect Continuous.

I
 .

0 II
Put the sentences into the passive.
Passi'le ¥oice
- -"',k
.. I'finse .hye Mi€.

Present Simple They build a house. I A house .i.s..1!:(I............................

( - I.
Present Continuous They are building a house. 2 A house....................................
Past Simple They built a house. 3 A house .................................... i
'.
Past Continuous They were building a house. 4 A house .................................... ,
Present Perfect Simple They have built a house. 5 A house....................................
Past Perfect Simple They had built a house. 6 A house. ..... ..... ..... .............. ...... I
Future Simple They will build a house. 7 A house....................................
8 A house....................................
I
Going to They are going to build a house. "I
Future Perfect Simple They will have built a house. 9 A house....................................

Choose the correct word or phrase.

I Mycar is been 18serviced at the moment.

2 Two young men were killingI killed yesterday in a car accident.
3 My father is going to be promoted I promote next week.
4 He has never be I been suspected of theft before.
5 Our teacher will be taught I have been teaching for twenty-five years when she retires.
6 Two football fans were arrested / arresting yesterday.
II
7 A window was broke / broken at school yesterday and I was accusing / accused of doing it.
,I
a Our mail is delivering/ delivered to our doorstep every day. ,I
9 Smoking doesn't / isn't allowed in hospitals.
II
10 The boy was took I taken to the hospital immediately after the accident.
.
II My house is decorating / being decorated at the moment. 1;
12 Our new car was stolen / stealing yesterday.
13 She gave / was given permission to take a day off by her boss.
14 Samantha brought I was brought her friend to our house yesterday.
15 The police haven't arrested / haven't been arrested the criminal yet. ~/

I,

I.
I
I
III
11I1111I11
Find the mistakes and correct the sentences.

r
,I,' 'I"

7 He didn't introduced to her mother.

He hasn't be told the truth yet.
!!. ~. '!.Ef~~:~ .~~~'!: .~C?!c!: .~0~ .~~l;l.t.0 y.~~: . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. "

1"')" . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ,
2 Samantha wasn't inviting to the party. 8 The meal is been prepared at the moment.
. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. ."

. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . "
;
3 The snacks were all ate yesterday. 9 The dog will been fed tomorrow.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ....
i
. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. "
I
j
4 This book was wrote by a famous author. 10 Our house was build ten years ago.
,i . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. ."
I . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . ,... .................................................
5 The invitations will delivered to you on time. II He had be lent some money by his father.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . ..

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . "

6 These cameras are make by a Dutch firm. 12 The tests haven't corrected yet.
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. . ..

.
Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, active or passive voice.

I A postcar d was sent

................. ....... ( sen d) to me yester d ay.
2 Sam (not invite) me to his party last Saturday.
3 A gift ... (deliver) to him by post.
4 'He (paint) his bedroom at the moment. He can't speak to you.'
5 This dress can't (wash) by hand. It should (take) to the dry cleaner's.
6 They (bring) their children up in France, but now they live in Italy.
7 Your watch can't (repair). You should (buy) a new one.
8 Your letter (not post) yet.
9 Our cat (run over) by a lorry yesterday.
10 The book has to (return) next week.
II He (not introduce) to her mother yet.
12 These documents shouldn't (read) by anyone else.
13 The thief (arrest) very soon.
14 He (already pay) a lot of money by the Browns to repair the roof.
I
15 Bythe time you come back, dinner .. (cook).
16
I 17
The parcel
Germany is an industrial country. A lot of cars
(not deliver) until next Tuesday.
(manufacture) there.
18
I 19
She (not return) my keys to me yet.
Passengers (require) to fasten their seatbelts.
Ii
I I 20 Their house (search) by the police yesterday.
I' 21 People (not permit) to park here.
!
22 My car (service) by the mechanic at the moment.
23 Last night's plane crash . (come about) due to poor visibility.
24 The fire (extinguish) by the residents before the fire brigade arrived.
25 When he fell offthe slide, he (catch) by his mother.

, j
 I
~
Study the example and rewrite the sentences.
Ii
'f:~
'Belindapainted the room white last week.
!~~. r~?~. ~~~ J?f1:~,:.t.~~. .~~!~~ !f1:~~. ~~~~. .~~ !!~l.i.11:~c::. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Myfather has just bought a new car. iI

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.1.,
I
2 They are building a new sports centre in the city.
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
"I
3 They are going to publish John's poems.
. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II R
4 Somebody has taken the money from the safe. .jI
.. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

5 The postman hasn't delivered the parcel yet. I ,

II ,
I
.. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
! II
6 The postman isn't going to deliver the mail tomorrow. I
.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 !I
She gave him a birthday present. .,
.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
8 The police are investigating the murder of an old man. I,
.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~
I
9 Someone has taken my calculator without my permission.
.. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II
110 He had eaten all the cake by the time we arrived. I
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

III They have already reported the theft to the police. I~

.. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . I'
12 They postponed the meeting until next Friday.
. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 They will express their views in the next meeting.

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. II
14 He took over the company when his father died.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II
15 I will never forgive you for your dishonest behaviour. "I
. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

!16 The company employed 3,000 new workers last year.

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'
.;'t
r--' ' j'l
I 'H!
I' ~
I~
I, ,I
I
 Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

The milkman brings the milk to my door every day.

",/,'J.
The milk . ~~.~C?~¥.~!. ~~ .~r: .~~?~ .~Y.~~.r.~c:l.:............................................................................
I
I
Someone left this schoolbag in the classroom yesterday.
This schoolbag............................................................................................................
2 They are constructing a new motorway in our city at the moment.
A new motorway .........................................................................................................
3 No one has ever accused me of lying before.
I ..............................................................................................................................
4 Jason had already eaten all the food when I arrived.
All the food ...
5 She will never invite Tom to her party again.
Tom '.'.............................................................................................
6 An ambulance took the injured man to hospital.
The injured man.........................................................................................................
7 We will provide the homeless with a place to live.
The homeless............................................................................................................
I 8 They had never signed a contract before.
t A contract : ............................................................
II
I 9 The mayor is going to announce the results of the contest.
The results of ............................................................................................................
10 They are building a new hospital in this area.
A new hospital ... ....

Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense in the passive.

I Bythe time the truth came out, the scandal ..~.c:~.?~.C:~.!?:$.?t.t~r: (forget).
2 The examination papers (mark) at the moment.
3 The original film (make) in black and white.
4 Four people (injure) in the crash.
5 The votes (count) when I left the meeting so I can't tell you the result.
6 The animals' cages (clean) every morning.
7 The winner (announce) when the votes have been counted.
8 Murphy (not give) many chances to play in the first team recently.

I
II
I

I I

I:
 Study the example and rewrite the sentences.
'~"","'""'ii -I

Theytold you to be here at ten.

You ~~1.'~.!9.~c!.!9.J?~ .f?,~~~ at ten. BE

They are investigating the case at the moment.

.,
The case at the moment. IS
2 They have just redecorated their room.
Their room. redecorated. BEEN
3 They are pulling down that old cinema.
That old cinema down. IS
4 They brought their children up in Italy.
Their children in Italy. WERE
5 Our teacher has never shouted at anybody.
Nobody by our teacher. HAS
6 The examiner will read the instructions before the test.
The instructions .. ... examiner before the test. BE
7 They grow rice in China.
Rice in China. GROWN
8 He gave her a ring for her birthday.
She.. ... .. for her birthday. WAS
9 Two men robbed our house yesterday.
Our .. two men yesterday. BY
10 The rain spoilt our picnic yesterday. "
Our picnic the rain yesterday. BY

Study the example and rewrite the sentences in the passive. At the same time replace part of the
sentence with a phrasal verb.

Thepoliceare investigatingthe murder "of John Black at present. 'I

I
The murder of John Black... ?~.P.t??!l:K
!9.Q.~~~.(r;.t.C?... at present. INTO

Penny took care of our child last night.

Our child by Penny last night. AFTER 11

2 His charming manner deceived me.

I his charming manner. TAKEN
3 They extinguished the fire with great effort.
The fire with great effort. OUT
4 They won't tolerate this noise any longer.
This noise won't any longer. PUT
5 They have cancelled our trip to Paris twice.
Our trip to Paris twice. CALLED
 !

IIIIII!II
i
' t In
i
, "I
I

can
should
I<eep . be I<ept

ought to beI<eeping
may,
might haveI<ept 'JI have been I<ept
must
have to have been I<eeping
I
I

'JI
He must post this letter. This letter must be posted.
They have to clean their house.
.. Their house has to be cleaned.
I
I
I You should have told me about it. .. I should have been told about it.

Study the example and rewrite the sentences.

,.. "', ..-
You shouldn't invite Peter to yourparty.
Peter. .fih9.lf!c;1.1J} .Y~(1;(R?(t)!:
.Elf). .i!1y.i.t.e.c!.?~ ...
,.
Pupils mustn't chew gum in the classroom.
Gum ........................................................................................................................
2 He must deliver this parcel right away.
This ........................................................................................................................
3 He can't have broken the vase.
The ........................................................................................................................
4 We must wear formal clothes to the reception.
Formal clothes............................................................................................................
I

I
,
I 5 She has to make all the preparations for the party.
All the preparations......................................................................................................
6 We don't have to clean the bedroom now.
The bedroom............................................................................................................
I 7
I We should take the child to his parents' house.
I I
I The child ...
8 People can bring their pets to the hotel.
Pets. ... ... ................
9 They ought to build a new school in our town.
11 A new school............................................................................................................
I: !
10 He might have taken the book by mistake.
II
The book ... ... ... ...
I
I

~~~

II
 ,~

Perhaps the letter wasn't sent. The letter may not have been sent.
I am sure she was dismissed She must have been dismissed.
I am sure the documents haven't been copied. The documents can't have been copied.
He didn't complete the report. The report should have been completed.

Study the table and rewrite the sentences.

I am sure she didn't give Frank his money back.

Frank . ~Ef!1:'!.!7:/!lX~.~c:~.~.giX~!1: .~.i.~ .'!l:f?r:~Y..~.Ef~.~:........................................................................

I am sure he was arrested.

He ...........................................................................................................................
2 She didn't hand in her homework on time.

-
Her homework ..........
3 Perhaps he took it by mistake.
It .....
4 I am sure our neighbour was disturbed by the loud music.
---...
Our neighbour ............................................................................................................
5 I am certain Carol didn't reveal your secret.
Your secret...............................................................................................................
6 I am sure your guests admired your new kitchen.
Your new kitchen.........................................................................................................
7 Joan didn't complete her application on time.
Joan's application.............................................................................................................
8 Perhaps the money wasn't stolen after all.
The money..................................................................................................................

;I
I

I
II
'I

,
r

..I
!!!'\"]
I

",,'

Hope, consider, say, think, believe, report, expect, claim, know, etc can be used in the following
passivestructures:
Form I;J<~~1bles
.Ii .. -- ....--
Personal Structure He is said to be an excellent pianist.
subject + passive verb + full infinitive She is thought to be living in America.

Impersonal Structure It is said that he is an excellent pianist.

It + passive verb + that + clause It has been reported that she is living in America.

~tUdY the examples and rewrite the sentences.

--
I They believe that smoking causes cancer.
,I .t.h:~~
a It. ~f?9."*C:Y.c:cj .~,!!.q~.i.,,?g
.c.?u:f?~f? ~.E!1};C:~!: :................................................
b Smoking. ~~. ~.e.z.i.c:y.~4. !~ .C:~Lf.S.c;.q~r:.c;t?::. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

They say that Emma plays the violin very well.

a It ... ......................
b Emma.....................................................................................................................
.. 2 They expect that Jude Law will win the Oscar for Best Actor.
a It ... ... ......................
b Jude Law..................................................................................................................
3 People know that he trains very hard.
a It ...........................
b He ........................................................................................................................

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

They say she was responsible for the politician's resignation.

She. .i.5;. tj~i.c!. f~ ./y,.E! Y.c:.?~t?~ .Ct?f?P.~r:.s.~~!~..fq~. f?I.c:. P.?!?ffq!~Z1.'~. :.~tj?g"?~~~C?n: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ..

2 People think that pirates hid a lot of treasure in the Caribbean.

I, Pirates .
3 Experts think that the Japanese are interested in buying the company.
I
I I The Japanese...............................................................................................................
5 People say that the miners are ready to accept the new pay offer.
The miners..................................................................................................................
I 6 Historians know that they stole art treasures during the war.
II They :.....................................................................................

II
I Active Voice !.ass!v~~~jGe --- --- - -
make somebody do something be made to do something
II
I My parents made me stay in yesterday. I was made to stay in yesterday (by my parents).
I
J let somebody do something be allowed to do something
My parents didn't let me go out. I wasn't allowed to go out yesterday.

Note: Let cannot be used in the passive voice.

II
 Use the prompts to write sentences as in the examples.

James / make / brother / cry / aI/ the time !8;'!!.f::~.'!!.8;~,?~. ~f~.i?r.?t~£?!.

.c;~rf1A~
.t.I!~H.n::C?:..................
Peter / make / go / bed / early / last night ?£?t.c;~.~~.~. '!!~Ae. .~? $.? ~~ .~£?~.£?~~fr !~~~. r:.if{':.~.. . . . . . . ... . . . .

My mother / not let / me / go / party / yesterday Mr .n::?~'!~~.~!~1!:~.~'?~.

'!:~ lIC?.~f!.~J:l.c?P'8;:?y'
X~~~C?:~~y.:......
I / not / aI/owed / go / party / yesterday ! .~~~.r~:~
.~~~?~'?1.t.f!.s'f!.~?.t!~£?p.~.~~Y.rf::~?~~c!f1:J!:.............

my mother / make / me / study / a lot / last night

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . ..

2 last year, Mrs Smith / make / retire / because / she / be / sixty years old
. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 our teacher / always make / us / stand / when / he / enter / classroom

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .

\
4 the robbers / make / confess / yesterday
.. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .

~ 5 she / make / my sister / laugh / all the time

I .................................................................................................................................
I
6 I / make / give up / smoking / last year
. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. ..

7 Penny / not / allowed / visit / friends / last weekend

. . .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .

8 our teacher / not let / us / go on / school trip / last Thursday I

.
.. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .

Study the example and rewrite the sentences. ,.

Mum doesn't let me watchTVafter 10pm. -
I ..?m .rJ-Rf.?!!9.l;t:~~.~Q.)f~~qh.r.Y.?f.t~~).Q.p.'n:.........................................................................
~
Mrs Johnson didn't let her daughter come home late.
MrsJohnson's ... ... ....
2 My parents didn't let us go climbing last month.
We. . . . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . . .'.'. .. ..... .... .... .. .. '" . . . .... ....
3 The police didn't let the fans bring anything into the stadium.
The fans .... .... .... ... .... ..... .... .. ... . .... .... . . . .....
4 Mr Brown made his son do his homework.
Mr Brown's ......................
5 The police made him confess the truth.
He ...........................................................................................................................
6 They let us swim in the sea on our school trip.
We ...........................................................................................................................
7 Parents make their children eat healthy food.
Children ..

-L
 CONTENTS
,~
[JJnit I Present Tenses page 4
Present Simple & Continuous, Stative Verbs,
Present Perfect Simple & Continuous

CUnit 2 Vocabulary Practice page I0

-
LUnit 3 Past Tenses (I) page 16
Past Simple & Continuous

C.Unit 4 Vocabulary Practice page 28

L!Unit5 Past Tenses (2) & Pronouns page 34

. Past Perfect Simple & Continuous, Used To/Would,

Personal Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Possession

Ulnit 6 Examination Practice page 40

Use of English Practice Tests I & 2

L--Unit 7 The Future page 46

Future Simple & Continuous, Be Going To,
Present Simple & Continuous, Future Perfect Simple & Continuous

C.Unit 8 Vocabulary Practice page 52

l Unit 9 Nouns, Quantifiers & Articles page 56

Plural Nouns, Countable & Uncountable Nouns,
Quantifiers, Definite & Indefinite Articles

C.Unit 10 Vocabulary Practice page 62

1-
Unit II Modals page 66
Can, Could & Be Able To, Must & Have To, May/Might, Should, Needn't

Unit 12 Examination Practice page 78

Use of English Practice Tests 3 & 4

r Unit 13 Adjectives & Adverbs page 84

Comparatives & Superlatives, Adverbs of Frequency,
Prepositions of Time & Place

L Unit 14 Vocabulary Practice page 92

Unit 15 The Passive page 96

Passive Voice, Personal & Impersonal Construction, Make/Let/Be Allowed To
I l:Jnit 16 Vocabulary Practice page I06

[]"nit 17 The Causative Form page I I0

E!iiii 18 Examination Practice page I 12

Use of English Practice Tests 5 & 6

[9nit 19 Infinitive & Gerund page I 18

Full Infinitive, Bare Infinitive, Gerund, Too/Enough

I Il.Init 20 Vocabulary Practice page I30

IJ:Jnit 2 I Indirect Speech page I34

Indirect Statements, Indirect Questions,
Indirect Commands & Requests, Reporting Verbs

l&nit 22 Vocabulary Practice page 144

[}Jnit 23 Question Tags & So/Neither page 148

~.24 Examination Practice page I50 .

Use of English Practice Tests 7 & 8

[JLnit 25 Conditionals & Wishes page 156

Zero Conditional, First Conditional, Second Conditional,
Third Conditional, Wishes, Suppose/What if ...?

t 'Unit26 Vocabulary Practice page 166

[1Jnit 27 Clauses (I) page 170

Relative Clauses, Time Clauses, Result Clauses, Too/Enough

[}Jrnit 28 Vocabulary Practice page I78

[Unit 29 Clauses (2) page I82

Purpose Clauses, In Case, Reason Clauses, Clauses of Contrast &
Concession, Participle Clauses, Not Only... But Also

~30 Examination Practice page 186

Use of English Practice Tests 9 & 10

[ Irregular Verbs page 192

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II'~

PRESENT TENSES
Stative Verbs,
& Continuous

- --- -- --Form---- -,;

I/you/welthey work
he/she/it works
l?Jse
I
I/you/welthey don't work
he/she/it doesn't work

!t;)(a~,pleJ -
li - - -- -- ---
Do I/you/we/they world
Does he/she/it world

:-]
I

;
. Habitualactions George always brushes his teet~ in the morning.
. Lawsof scienceand nature Water boils at 100°e.
. Permanentsituations He lives near the airport. / She doesn't work here.
. Timetablesand programmed The train leaves at 19.25.
events
l

.. Form

I am working I'm not working Am I working?

you/we/they are working you/welthey aren't working Are you/we/they working?
he/she/it is working he/she/it isn't working Is he/she/it working?
l?J~ ~am~~

To describe a temporary Jane is preparing a meal now.

action taking place now or Tony is working in the library this summer.
around the time of speaking
For arrangements that will Peter is having a party on Saturday.
take place in the near future
For a repeated action My sister is always borrowing my clothes without asking.
indicating annoyance (used
with always, constantly, etc)

?r~
,.

Stative verbs are normally used in the Present Simple tense and not the Present Continuous.
Verbs - Exani~le~ -
Senses hear, feel, see, smell, taste dI I feel tired.

Feelings, emotions admire, appreciate, desire, like, f I reait; re;p~ct y;u.

She doesn't
--
want to come.
I dislike, detest, fear, hate, love,
i mind, need, respect, want, wish
Mental activity I don't agree with you.
i agree, believe, expect, forget, You don't mean that.
imagine, know, mean, realise,
1 recog~~s:.:~~ber, understand
Possession own, belong, owe, possess, have This hotel belongs to my father.

Other notice, appear, matter, seem, It doesn't matter whether you

sound, cost come or not.
~ --
Some stative verbs can be used in continuous forms, but there is a change in meaning.
-~ -- --- -
Instead of describing a state, they describe an activity.
\{etih State Activity
have I have two brothers. = She is having a holiday in France. (experiencing)
feel I feel tired. The doctor is feeling her arm. (touching)
expect I expect you're sorry now. I am expecting an answer. (waiting for)
taste This soup tastes fantastic. She is tasting the food. (tasting the flavour)
see I see that you have got a new car. I I am seeing the doctor today. (meeting by appointment)
smell This bread smells delicious. Why are you smelling the food? (sniffing at)
think (of) I think you're very clever. I am thinking of buying a new car. (forming a possible
I plan in one's mind)
J..- - - -- -.- - - - -- - u -
Note: Have can also be used in continuous forms when combined with a party, a baby, a drink, a bath, a
meal, ete.
She is having a baby in the summer.
He can't come to the phone; he is having a bath.
I am having lunch with my mother tomorrow.
--------

J Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in

. brackets into the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Mrs 0 wen receL ves .

( receive) a Ietter f rom her son
every month. He (study) abroad and
(never forget) to write to his mother.
2 When I (go) to the dentist, I
... .............. (feel) tense.
3 Kate (not remember) new words after
studying them. She (not seem) to be able
to learn them.
4 She (watch) TV at the moment. She
(watch) TV every night before she
(go) to bed.
S 'Hello, Sue! What ""'."."""."'" (you do) over there?'
6 'I (try) to fix this radio. I (listen) to the radio every day after work.'
7 Jane can't come to the phone because she (wash) her hair.
S She (wash) her hair every day.
9 """"""'.."""."""."".""" ..", (you / always / lock) your windows before you leave?
10 Look! It (snow). It (seldom snow) at this time of year.
II . Jane (see) a doctor about her headaches tomorrow morning.
12 Emma (have) a wonderful house.
13 I (think) Mr Brown is a very good teacher.
14 I (think) of buying a new house.
15 I can't afford to buy this house. It (cost) too much.
16 Look! It (rain). Unfortunately, I (not have) my umbrella with me.
17 During the week, I (sleep) until 8 am. Then, I (get up), .....................
(brush) my teeth, .".'."."".""'" (have) breakfast and (go) to school. I ""."""""
(never miss) school.
18 Sue (not want) to visit her grandmother because her friends..............................
(go) to the beach.
19 What time ."'."""""""'..'."""."".""""""". (the plane / take off)?
20 They (have)a party on Saturday.