Before we discuss the American Colonial Period and Japanese Occupation kindly

search about the (theater, literature, artist, music, visual arts, national artist, and the
architecture) during these periods. Please include the names and definition of it.

American Colonial Period

 Theater

- The enforcement of the Sedition law by the Americans which

basically banned the Filipinos from advocating independence,
inspired Filipino playwrights to use their plays as medium in
protesting against the Americans colonizers. A certain kind of play,
drama simbolico , are one-act plays represent a deep and profound
yearning for freedom. Examples of such plays are:

a. Tanikalang Guinto (Golden Chain) by Juan Abad

(1902)
b. Hindi ako Patay (I am Not Dead) by Juan Matapang
Cruz (1903)
c. Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (Yesterday, Today and
Tomorrow) by Aurelio Tolentino (1903)

- Furthermore, with the zealous teaching of the Americans of their

language, English, through an efficient public, playwright had begun
to write their plays in English. An example of this is the play
entitled A Modern Filipina (1915) by Lino Castillejo and Jesus
Araullo. This is the first Filipino play written in English.

- Vaudeville
- also known as bodabil is a form of theater which
originated from France and became popular in the
Philippines during the 1920s after the Americans
introduced it.
 - it is a collection of slapstick, songs, dances,
aerobatics, comedy skits, chorus girls, magic acts, and
stand-up comic acts.

 Literature

From the article of Dr. Lilia Quindoza-Santiago entitled : Philippine

Literature during the American Period (retrieved from
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-
arts-sca/literary-arts/philippine-literature-during-the-american-period/)

- The Literary production in the Philippines was caused by changes in

the development in Education and culture: first is the
establishment of free public education for all children of school age,
and the second is the use of English as the medium of teaching in
public schools at all levels.

- Popular Literary work during this time:

A. Short story:
1. Dead Stars (1925) by Paz Marquez Benitez.

o It was made as the landmark of the maturity of the Filipino

writers in the language English. Following this many short
story writers rose and were no longer writing imitative of
American models.

B. Novels:

1. Filipino Rebel by Maximo Kalaw

2. His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya
3. Children of the Ash Covered Loam by N.V. M. Gonzales
- it presents the panorama of Mindoro in all its customs
and traditions while configuring its characters in the human
dilemma of nostalgia and poverty.
4. Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa (1909) by Ishmael Amado 
- “was one of the earliest novels that dealt with the theme
of American imperialism in the Philippines”
 5. Nena at Neneng by Valeriano Hernandez Peñ a
- “narrates the story of two women who happened to be
best of friends as they cope with their relationships with the
men in their lives.”

6. Pinaglahuan by Faustino Aguilar

- “a love triangle set in the early years of the century when
the worker’s movement was being formed”

7. Banaag at Sikat by Lope K. Santos  

-“has almost the same theme and motif as the hero of the
novel, Delfin, also falls in love with a rich woman, daughter of a
wealthy landlord.”

C. Poetry:

1. Ang Panggingera  by Lope K. Santos

- “proof of how poets of the period have come to master the

language to be able to translate it into effective poetry.”

2. Ako ang Daigdig by Alejandro G. Abadilla

D. Essays:
1. How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel
Arguilla

-“portrays scenery as well as folkways of the Ilocandia.”

 Artist
During the American occupation, there were various Filipino artists
which rose to fame. Such includes:

1. Fabian de la Rosa

- Succeeded Rafael Enriquez a the director of the University of the

Philippines College of Fine Arts
- Known for his naturalist paintings characterized by restraint ad
formality in brushwork, choice of somber colors and subject matter
as seen in his works such as: Planting rice (1921) and El Kundiman
(1930)

2. Fernando Amorsolo

- Known for his romantic paintings that captured the warm glow of
the Philippine sunlight

- Being a prolific artist, he also had produced numerous portraits of

prominent individuals; genre scenes highlighting the beauty of the
dalagang Pilipina, idyllic landscapes; and historical paintings.

- He was also a graphic artist who rendered drawings for the

textbook series The Philippine Readers as well as illustrations for
The Independent

- He was also the designer of the infamous logo of Ginebra San

Miguel.

- He was declared as National Artist in 1972

3. Guillermo Tolentino

- He was Fernando Amorsolo’s counterpart in sculpture

- He studied Fine Arts in Rome and was influenced by its classical

tradition

- He is credited for the iconic Oblation (1935, original/ 1958, bronze

cast found at the UP Oblation plaza) of the University of the
Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument (1933) in Caloocan.

- He was proclaimed as National Artist in 1973

4. Victorio Edades
 - He challenged the conservative style popularized by Amorsolo and
Tolentino since he was influenced greatly by the modern style
movement in the United States.

- His painting, The Builders (1928) showed distorted figure of toiling

workers using dull colors; a shift in the treatment of form and
subject matter.

5. Napoleon Abueva

- A National Artist and a student of Guillermo Tolentino

- He is the proponent of Modern Art in Sculpture and has worked

with wide variety of mediums, from hardwood to precious
alabaster.

Japanese Occupation

- During the Japanese Occupation, the everything was pro-Japanese.

They even formed the Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere which
sought to create a Pan-Asian identity that rejected Western
traditions.

- During this time, the production of images, texts and music

underwent scrutiny. Any anti-Japanese expressions led to torture
or even death.

 Literature

- In terms of literature, slogans such as “Asians for Asians” made its

way to the public rough posters, posters, ephemera, comics and
Japanese sponsored publications such as Shin-Seiki, and in
newspapers and magazines such as Liwayway and Tribune.

 Music

- In music, there was an instance where National Artist Felipe P. de

Leon was threatened to into writing the Awit sa Paglikha ng
 Bagong Pilipinas which is declared anthem to convey allegiance to
the nation reared in Eats Asia specifically to Japan.

- Sylvia La Torre’s song, Sa Kabukiran, which was written in

Tagalog by National Artist Levi Celerio, portrayed a mood depicting
a semblance of peace, idealized work in the countryside and
promoted values of docile industriousness. This kind of mood was
favored at this time due to restrictions by the Japanese. La Torre’s
singing along with energetic tempo also offered an escape form the
troubles of war.

 Visual Arts

- In this time, Amorsolo’s paintings which showed little to no

indication of war atrocities was continued to be favored. Examples
of this includes:
1. Harvest Scene (1942)
2. Rice Planting (1942)

- These paintings evoke a semblance of peace , idealized work in the

countryside and promoted values of docile industriousness.

- Commissioned Portraits that were produced at that time was:

1. His Excellency, Jorge B. Vargas, Chairman of the Philippine
Executive Commission (1943)
2. “Independence this year”, said His Excellency, Premier Tojo
(1943)

 National Artist

- During this time, individuals which will be recognized as National

Artists made contributions. These are:

1. Felipe P. de Leon

- National Artist for Music and was inducted in 1997

 2. Levi Celerio
- National Artist for Music and Literature and was inducted in 1997

 Architecture
- “The Japanese invasion during World War II lasted only for three
years and did not bring any significant architectural change in the
Philippines.” (retrieved from:
https://www.hoppler.com.ph/magazine/lifestyle/history-of-
philippine-architecture)

Criteria 10-9 8-6 5-4 3-1

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