CE G614 Prestressed Concrete Structures Basic Concept Dr. Bahurudeen A. Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, India What is stress?Prestressing “Prestressing is the application of an initial load on a structure, to enable it to counteract the stresses arising from subsequent loads during its service period” O structure lly is loaded before any external load is applied. CQ When the external load is applied, the initial stresses counteract the stresses due to the external loads. Examples of Prestressing Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels. Q Metal bands create a hoop compression around the barrel. When this barrel is filled with liquid, the liquid tries to push out; it creates a hoop tension. D Hoop compression created by the metal band counteracts the hoop tension that is created by the liquid while filling the barrelExamples of Prestressing WOODEN "" STAVES - ecg sa COMPRESSIVE = —| coM Pee PRESTRESS WOODEN STAVE A WOODEN BARREL AS A FREEBODY aS Examples of Prestressing Q Pre-tensioning of the spokes in a bicycle wheel. Spokes is pulled and tightened Due to the tensioning of the spokes, each of the spokes is under tension. When the rider rides on the cycle, the weight creates compression in the spoke C Compression is counteracted by tensionExamples of Prestressing Number of Books O Pressing on both sides by your hands ti - ie TA _— La NV TT Deo | WY WN Q Compression on both sides helps to hold more load EM ACT AN No Prestressing.... Still?Examples of Prestressing Similarly Concrete in which effective internal stresses are induced (usually, by means of tensioned steel) before the structure is loaded, to counteract the stresses resulting from the applied service loads. After prestressing when the structure is subjected to the external loads, the stresses due to prestressing counteracts the stresses due to the external loads. Why do we need prestressing for concrete? The main reason is the concrete'’s tensile strength is around 10% of its compressive strength O For flexural members, cracks develop at early stages of loading. (Ex: Beams and Slabs). To prevent such cracks, compressive forces can be suitably applied in the longitudinal direction. O Prestressing helps to counteracts these tensile stresses and reduces the chances of formation of cracks. 1 The prestressing that is applied in a flexural member called linear prestressing, because the axis of the prestressing is same as the axis of the flexural member.(2) Tendons stressed between abutments (©) Concrete cast and cured () Teodons released and presires transferred‘Concrete polled apart. Gl m4 “lacing a steel rd insde the beam hos the concrete together and stops the beam from cracking. “a Stretching the rod and then releasing i to squeeze the concrete makes the beam very strong. a = CIOLhitp//asied blogspot In/2035/04/orestressable-modeling-using-bim htm] Prestressed Student =) “BITSAT and GATE are the application of an initial load on a student, to enable them to counteract the stresses arising during BE/ME degree and also their service period”Advantage of Prestressing in this picture Development of Prestressing Concept Prestressing of structures was introduced in 19" century 1 Mid steel rods are stretched and concrete is poured around them. 1 After hardening of concrete, the tension in the rods is released. 1 The rods will try to regain their original length, but this is prevented by the surrounding concrete O Therefore, the concrete is now effectively in a state of pre-compression. It is capable of counteracting tensile stressDevelopment of Prestressing Concept 1824 Aspdin, J., (England) Obtained a patent for the manufacture of Portland cement 1857 Monier, J., (France) Introduced steel wires in concrete poSenaae =; 1886 Jackson, P. H., (USA) Introduced the concept of tightening steel tie rods in artificial stone and concrete arches. Development of Prestressing Concept 1888 Doehring, C. E. W., (Germany) ‘Manufactured concrete slabs and small beams with embedded tensioned steel. 1908 Stainer, C. R., (USA): Identified fosses due to shrinkage and creep 1923 Emperger, F., (Austria) Developed a method of using pre- tensioning high tensile steel wires around concrete pipes. 1924 Hewett, W. H., (USA): concrete tanks 1925 Dill, R. H., (USA): Used high strength unbonded stee! rods. 10Development of Prestressing Concept A 1926 Eugene Freyssinet (France) o Used high tensile stee! wires, with ultimate strength as high as 1725 MPa. In 1939, he developed conical wedges for end anchorages for post-ensioning Father of Prestressed concrete Freyssinet’s Early Anchorage Device Conical Wedges Development of Prestressing Concept 1938 Hoyer, E., (Germany) Developed ong line’ pre-tensioning method. 1940 Magnel, G., (Belgium) Developed an anchoring system using flat wedges. 1952 The International Federation for Prestressing (FIP) 1954 The Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PC!) 1