XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с.

1/19

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE THEORETICAL

COMPETITION
Attention. Points in grading are not divided!
Problem 1 (10.0 points)
Problem 1.1 (3.0 points)
It follows from the first law of thermodynamics that
 Q = dU + dA , (1)
where  Q is the amount of heat supplied, dU is the change in internal energy, dA is the work done by the
gas.
For one mole of an ideal gas, these quantities can be written in terms of a change in volume dV and
temperature dT at a known pressure p in the following form
 A = pdV , (2)
dU = CV dT . (3)
By definition of heat capacity, we have
Q
C= , (4)
dT
then from relations (1)-(4) one obtains
dV
p = C − CV , (5)
dT
at the molar heat capacity of a monatomic gas at a constant volume equal to
3
CV = R . (6)
2
From the graph given in the problem statement, it can be seen that at a temperature
T1* = 350 К (7)
dV
the heat capacity is C = CV and, accordingly, = 0 . When passing through this temperature, the
dT
derivative sign changes from plus to minus. This means that at this temperature the gas volume reaches a
local maximum: Tmax = T1* = 350 К .
At a temperature
T2* = 500 К (8)
dV
the derivative also equals zero, and when
dT
passing through this point, the sign of the
derivative changes from minus to plus. This
means that T2* is the point of the local minimum
of the volume: Tmin = T2* = 500 К .
In the section from T1* = 350 К to
T2* = 500 К , the gas receives heat Q , numerically
equal to the area under the dependence C (T ) , i.e.
the area of the figure ABCDE. The change in
internal energy U = CV (T2* − T1* ) is numerically
equal to the area of the rectangle ABDE.
According to the first law of thermodynamics, therefore, the work on the gas from T1* to T2* is numerically
equal to the difference in the areas of the rectangle ABDE and the figure ABCDE, i.e. area of the shaded
figure BDC:
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 2/19

1
A= R(Tmax − Tmin ) = 312 J . (9)
4

Note: Exact dependence V (T ) :

7/2
V T   T − T1 
=  exp  −  , at T1 = 300 К  T  T0 = 400 K and T1 = 100 K ;
V1  T1   T1 
−5/2
V T   T − T0 
=   exp   , at T0 = 400 К  T  T2 = 600 K and T2 = 200 K .
V0  T0   T2 
Dependences V (T ) and P(V ) in the process of gas heating are shown in the figures below.
V(T) P(V)

1,10 2,5
1,08
1,06 2,0
1,04
1,02 1,5

P/Po
V/Vo

1,00
0,98 1,0
0,96
0,94 0,5
0,92
0,90 0,0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06

T, K V/Vo

Content Points
Formula (1):  Q = dU + dA 0.2
Formula (2):  A = pdV 0.2
Formula (3): dU = CV dT 0.2
Q 0.2
Formula (4): C =
dT
dV 0.4
Formula (5): p = C − CV
dT
3 0.2
Formula (6): CV = R
2
Formula (7): T1 = 350 К
* 0.4
Formula (8): T2* = 500 К 0.4
1
Formula (9): A = R(Tmax − Tmin ) 0.4
4
Numerical value in formula (9): A = 312 J 0.4
Total 3.0

Problem 1.2 (3.0 points)

The equivalent circuit of the bridge is shown in the figure below, which takes into account that the
non-ideal inductance circuit is equivalent to an ideal coil L and resistor rL connected in series, whereas the
equivalent circuit of a leaky capacitor is a resistor rC connected in parallel to an ideal capacitor C .
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 3/19

Solution 1. The bridge balance condition in complex numbers is written as

Z L ZC = R1 R2 , (1)
where the impedances are respectively
Z L = rL + i L (2)
and
rC
ZC = . (3)
1 + iCrC
After some transformation we get from expressions (1)-(3):
RR
i ( L − R1 R2C ) = rL − 1 2 . (4)
rC
While varying the frequency, this equality is not violated if both sides of the equation are equal to
zero, therefore
L
C= = 0.5  F , (5)
R1 R2
RR
rC = 1 2 = 2 М . (6)
rL
Solution 2. Let the voltage across the capacitor be
U C = U 0 cos t , (1)
then current through it is found as
I C = −C sin t , (2)
and the current through its leakage resistance is
U cos t
I rC = 0 . (3)
rC
The total current through the upper arm containing the capacitor is
I1 = IC + I rC , (4)
and since the bridge is balanced, the same current flows through the resistance R1 , therefore
U R1 = I1R1 . (5)
On the other hand, this voltage is equal to the voltage drop across the arm with the inductance
U L = U R1 , (6)
for which the voltage drop is given by
dI
U L = L 2 + I 2 rL , (7)
dt
in which the current is determined by the balance equation
U
I 2 = I R2 = C . (8)
R2
since
U R2 = UC . (9)
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 4/19

Collecting equations (1)-(9) together, we obtain

 L  R r 
− + C R1  U 0 sin t =  1 − L  U 0 cos t . (10)
 R2   rC R2 
It can be seen from this equality that the frequency-independent balance condition is satisfied if both
sides of the equation are equal to zero, that is, one obtains the final answer
L
C= = 0.5  F , (11)
R1 R2
RR
rC = 1 2 = 2 М . (12)
rL

Content Points
Solution 1
Equivalent circuit: All elements are correctly connected 0.5
Formula (1): Z L ZC = R1 R2 0.3
Formula (2): Z L = rL + i L 0.3
rC 0.3
Formula (3): Z C =
1 + iCrC
R1 R2 0.4
Formula (4): i ( L − R1 R2C ) = rL −
rC
L 0.4
Formula (5): C =
R1 R2
Numerical value in formula (5): C = 0.5  F 0.2
RR 0.4
Formula (6): rC = 1 2
rL
Numerical value in formula (6): rC = 2 М 0.2
Total 3.0
Solution 2
Equivalent circuit: All elements are correctly connected 0.5
Formula (1): U C = U 0 cos t 0.1
Formula (2): I C = −C sin t 0.1
U cos t 0.1
Formula (3): I rC = 0
rC
Formula (4): I1 = IC + I rC 0.1
Formula (5): U R1 = I1R1 0.1
Formula (6): U L = U R1 0.1
dI 2 0.1
Formula (7): U L = + I 2 rL
dt
U 0.1
Formula (8): I 2 = I R2 = C
R2
Formula (9): U R2 = UC 0.1
 L  R r  0.4
Formula (10):  − + C R1  U 0 sin t =  1 − L  U 0 cos t
 R2   rC R2 
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 5/19

L 0.4
Formula (11): C =
R1 R2
Numerical value in formula (11): C = 0.5  F 0.2
RR 0.4
Formula (12): rC = 1 2
rL
Numerical value in formula (12): rC = 2 М 0.2
Total 3.0

Problem 1.3 (4.0 points)

Let a planet of mass m move around the Sun in a circular orbit of radius R with a speed v , then the
equation of motion of the planet in the projection onto the radial direction is written as
mv 2 mM
=G 2S , (1)
R R
which results in
MS
v= G , (2)
R
with G being the gravitational constant.
Writing formula (2) for Jupiter with the index J and Earth with the index E, we get after dividing
vJ RE
= , (3)
vE RJ
and, on the other hand, we have according to Kepler's third law for the ratio of rotation periods
TE2 RE3
= . (4)
TJ2 RJ3
The motion of Jupiter cannot be detected with a spectrometer, but it can be done for the Sun, since it
also moves around the center of mass of the Sun-Jupiter system. The speed of the Sun is easy to find from
the expression
M
vS = vJ J . (5)
MS
Since the Sun moves around the common center of mass of the system, and the observer is located in
the same plane, according to the Doppler effect formula, the following condition is satisfied for detection
 2vS
= . (6)
 c
Putting together equations (3)-(6), we get the final answer
1/3
M S  TJ  c
Rmin =   = 1.20 107 . (7)
M J  TE  2vE
Such resolution is achievable for many modern spectrometers manufactured in different countries of
the world.

Content Points
2
mv mM
Formula (1): =G 2S 0.2
R R
MS
Formula (2): v = G 0.2
R
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 6/19

vJ RE
Formula (3): = 0.2
vE RJ
TE2 RE3
Formula (4): = 0.4
TJ2 RJ3
M 1.0
Formula (5): vS = vJ J
MS
 2vS 1.0
Formula (6): =
 c
1/3
M T  c 0.5
Formula (7): Rmin = S  J 
M J  TE  2vE
Numerical value in formula (7): Rmin = 1.20 107 0.5
Total 4.0

Problem 2. Fermi acceleration (10.0 points)

Why are there more oncoming cars than overtaking cars?
2.1 Within the time period t , a car in lane B overtakes only those cars that are located at the distance no
longer than
l = (v − (v − v ))t = v t . (1)
Therefore, the number of those cars is
N1 = nl = nvt  0.83 . (2)
The time between overtakes is found as
1
1 = = 0.02 h = 72 s . (3)
nv
2.2 Similar reasoning leads to the conclusion that the number of overtakes and the time between overtakes
remain the same, i.e.
N 2 = nl = nvt  0.83 , (4)
1
2 = = 0.02 h = 72 s . (5)
nv
2.3 When driving towards oncoming cars, the number of cars and the time between two consecutive
meetings are calculated by the formulas
N 3, 4 = n(v + (v  v ))t = n(2v  v )t
1 , (6)
 3,4 =
n(2v  v )
and numerical calculations give the following values
N 3 = 14.2;  3 = 4.2 s;
. (7)
N 3 = 15.8;  3 = 3.8 s.
Elastic collision
2.4 Let us write down the momentum conservation law as
m1v1 + m2 v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 (8)
together with the conservation of kinetic energy
m1v12 m2v22 m1u12 m2u22
+ = + . (9)
2 2 2 2
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 7/19

Rewriiting these equations in the following form

m1v1 − m1u1 = m2 u2 − m2 v 2
(10)
m1v12 − m1u12 = m2 u22 − m2 v 22
and dividing then, yields the relation
v1 + u1 = u2 + v2 . (11)
From this equality, we express u2 = v1 + u1 − v2 and substitute it into the equation of conservation of
momentum
(m1 + m2 )u1 = (m1 − m2 )v1 + 2m2v2 , (12)
from which it follows that
m − m2 2m2
u1 = 1 v1 + v2 . (13)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
The speed of the second ball can be easily obtained by changing the indices "1" and "2" in formula
(13)
2m1 m − m1
u2 = v1 + 2 v2 . (14)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
2.5 Using formula (13), we obtain an explicit form of the dependence between the required parameters
m m
1− 2 2 2
u1 m1 − m2 2m2 v2 m1 m1 v2
= + = + 
v1 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 v1 1 − m2 1 + m2 v1
. (15)
m1 m1
1 −  2
1 = + 2
1+  1+ 
As follows from the resulting expression, for any values of the mass ratio  , the dependence is
linear, i.e. its graph is a straight line. It is also not difficult to see that all these lines pass through the point
1 = 1; 2 = 1 . When  → 0 , the slope coefficient tends to zero, that is, the dependence graph tends to a
horizontal straight line 1 = 1 . At  →  , the desired dependence tends to
1 = −1 + 22 . (16)
The set of graphs of function (15) is shown in the figure below.
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 8/19

2.6 Кинетическая энергия шарика увеличится, если модуль скорости шарика после удара станет
больше модуля скорости до удара, то есть при выполнении неравенств The kinetic energy of the ball
increases if the modulus of its velocity after the collision becomes greater than the modulus of its velocity
before the collision, that is, if the following inequalities are fulfilled
  1
1  1   1 . (17)
1  −1
Substituting expression (15) for the quantity 1 , we obtain the following two inequalities
1 −  2
1 +  + 1 +   2  1
 . (18)
 1 −  2 
+   −1
1 +  1 +  2
The solutions of these inequalities are the following relations:
a)
2  1 ,
(19)
that is, to fulfill this condition, the second ball must catch up with the first one;;
b)
1
2  − , (20)

in this case, the second ball must move towards the first one and the modulus of its velocity must exceed the
above specified value.
2.7 In the limiting case m2 m1 , the speed of the first ball after the collision is
1u~ = −v + 2v ,
1 2 (21)
that is, the speed of the first ball changes sign (the ball is reflected) and its modulus changes to twice the
speed of the second, heavy ball.
The light ball increases its speed, and, consequently, its kinetic energy, if:
а) the heavy ball catches up with the light ball (hit from behind) v2  1 ;
б) the heavy ball moves towards the light ball v2  0 .
The simplest Fermi acceleration model
2.8 We write the law of motion of the plate in the traditional form
x(t ) = A cos(t ) , (22)
then the dependence of the velocity on time is described by the function
v(t ) = − A sin (t ) , (23)
thus, the maximum speed of the platform is
A
V0 = A = 2 . (24)
T
2.9 To answer the question posted, it is enough to consider one period of plate oscillations. Let us plot the
dependence of the plate coordinates on time (22) and plot on the same graph the dependences of the
incoming particle coordinates on time, which are straight lines x = x0 − ut .
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 9/19

The figure shows the case u  V0 . As a result of the collision, balls that collide with the plate
increase their speed at those time moments when the plate moves towards the positive direction of the axis ,
T
while collisions must occur in the time interval from to T . However, the collision times are not
2
randomly and uniformly distributed, but the times of approach to the plate itself are uniformly distributed, so
we consider a plane x = A , the times of approach to which are equally probable. Let us draw a straight line
T
that describes the law of motion of a ball colliding with the plate at the moment of time t = (the thick line
2
in the figure). Let us denote t1 as the moment of time when this ball crosses the plane x = A . Balls that
collide with the plate after this moment of time increase their speed and energy. But these balls cross the
plane in the time interval from t1 to T , so the fraction of these particles is obtained as
T − t1
= . (25)
T
The moment of time t1 is easy to find from the law of the ball motion
T 2A
t1 = − , (26)
2 u
then the fraction of accelerated particles is equal to
T − t1 1 2 A 1 V0
= = + = + . (27)
T 2 uT 2 u
2 A V0
Here we use the relation that follows from formula (24): = . Substituting the specified
T 
numerical value u = 1.5V0 , we get:
1 1
= +  0.71 . (28)
2 1.5
A somewhat different situation is realized at u  V0 , which is shown in the figure below.
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 10/19

In this case, the "border time" t1 between accelerated and decelerated balls is determined by a
straight line, which is tangent to the graph of the plate law of motion, as shown in the figure below.

When the graphs of two functions touch at the moment of time t 2 , the values of both functions
themselves and their derivatives, that is, the speeds of the plate and the ball, coincide, therefore
− A sin (t2 ) = −u , (29)
which gives rise to
1 u T u
t 2 = arcsin = arcsin . (30)
 A 2 V0
u2
x2 = A cos t2 = A 1 − sin 2 t2 = A 1 − . (31)
V02
These expressions allow us to determine the time of approach to the plane x = A
A − x2 T  u V  u2 
t1 = t2 − = arcsin − 0 1 − 1 − 2   . (32)
u 2  V0 u  V0  
 
The ratio of this time to the oscillation period determines the fraction of particles that collide with the
plate, catching it up, such that their energy decreases:
1  u V  u2  
1 − =  arcsin − 0 1 − 1 − 2    0.04 , (33)
2  V0 u  V0  
 
therefore, the fraction of balls whose energy increases after the collision is equal to
  0.96 . (34)
2.10 In one period of oscillation, the plate travels a path 4 A , so the modulus of its speed is equal to
4A
V = . (35)
T
2.11 When the ball speed is greater than the platform speed, the proportion of balls that increase their energy
as a result of the collision is calculated by a formula similar to formula (27):
T − t1 1 2 A 1 V
= = + = + , (36)
T 2 uT 2 2u
and the corresponding figure is shown below.
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 11/19

Since the modulus of the plate velocity is assumed to be constant, the ball velocity modulus after the
impact becomes equal to
u+ = u + 2V . (37)
The velocities of balls that collide with the plate in the time interval from 0 to t1 , are equal to
u− = u − 2V . (38)
Thus, the average ball energy after the collision becomes equal to
mu +2 mu −2 m   1 V  1 V  2
E = + (1 −  ) =   + (u + 2V ) +  − (u − 2V )  =
2

2 2 2   2 2u   2 2u  
, (39)
mu 2   V  V   mu 2   V  
2 2 2
V   V 
=  1 +  1 + 2  +  1 −  1 − 2   = 1 + 8 
4   u  u  u  u  2   u  
and, consequently, the increase in the average energy is equal to
2
V 
 = 1 + 8    4.6 . (40)
u
If the speed of the balls is less than the speed of the plate, then all the balls collide with the plate
when it moves in the opposite direction, so all the balls increase their speed and energy. After the collision,
the particle velocities become equal u+ = u + 2V , and their energy
2
m mu 2  V
E= ( + ) = 1 + 2  ,
2
u 2V (41)
2 2  u
and, consequently, the ratio of the ball energies after and before the collision is equal to
2
 V
 = 1 + 2  = 25.0 . (42)
 u

Content Points
Formula (2): N1 = nvt 0.1
Numerical value in formula (2): N1  0.83 0.1
2.1 1 0.1 0.4
Formula (3):  1 =
nv
Numerical value in formula (3):  1 = 0.02 h = 72 s 0.1
Formula (4): N 2 = nvt 0.1
Numerical value in formula (4): N 2  0.83 0.1
2.2 1 0.1 0.4
Formula (5):  2 =
nv
Numerical value in formula (5):  2 = 0.02 h = 72 s 0.1
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 12/19

N3,4 = n ( 2v  v ) t 0.4
Formulas (6): 1
 3,4 =
2.3 n ( 2v  v ) 0.8
N 3 = 14.2;  3 = 4.2 s; 0.4
Numerical values in formula (7):
N 3 = 15.8;  3 = 3.8 s.
Formula (8): m1v1 + m2 v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 0.1
m1v12 m2v22 m1u12 m2u22 0.1
Formula (9): + = +
2 2 2 2
2.4 m1 − m2 2m2 0,2 0.6
Formula (13): u1 = v1 + v2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
2m1 m − m1 0,2
Formula (14): u2 = v1 + 2 v2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
1 −  2 0.2
Formula (15): 1 = + 2
1+  1+ 
There are only straight lines on the graph, otherwise the graph is not 0.2
graded
2.5 All lines pass through the point 1 = 1; 2 = 1 0.4 1.6
There is a straight line 1 = 1 0.2
There is a straight line 1 = −1 + 22 0.4
All lines are located in between 1 = 1 and 1 = −1 + 22 0,2
1  1 0.2
Inequalities (7): 1  1  
1  −1
2.6 Inequality (19): 2  1 0.1 0.4
1 0.1
Inequality (20):  2  −

Formula (21): u~1 = −v1 + 2v2 0.1
2.7 Inequality a): v2  1 0.1 0.3
Inequality b): v2  0 0.1
Formula (22): x(t ) = A cos(t ) 0.1
Formula (23): v(t ) = − A sin (t ) 0.1
2.8 0.4
A 0,2
Formula (24): V0 = A = 2
T
T − t1 0.3
Formula (25):  =
T
T 2A 0.3
Formula (26): t1 = −
2 u
1 V 0.3
2.9 Formula (27):  = + 0 2.7
2 u
Numerical value in formula (28):   0.71 0.3
Formula (29): − A sin (t2 ) = −u 0.2
T u 0.2
Formula (30): t2 = arcsin
2 V0
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 13/19

u2 0.3
Formula (31): x2 = A 1 −
V02

T  u V  u2  
0.3
Formula (32): t1 =  arcsin − 0 1 − 1 − 2  
2  V0 u  V0  
 
1  u V0   0.3
u2
Formula (33): 1 −  =  arcsin − 1 − 1 − 2 
2  V0 u  V0 


Numerical value in formula (34):   0.96 0.2
4A 0.2
2.10 Formula (35): V = 0.2
T
1 V 0.3
Formula (36):  = +
2 2u
Formula (37): u+ = u + 2V 0.2
Formula (38): u− = u − 2V 0.2
mu+2 mu 2 0.3
Formula (39): E =  + (1 −  ) −
2 2
V 
2 0.3
2.11 Formula (40):  = 1 + 8   2.2
u
Numerical value in formula (40):   4.6 0.2
m 0.2
Formula (41): E = ( u + 2V )
2

2
 V
2 0.3
Formula (42):  = 1 + 2 
 u
Numerical value in formula (42):  = 25.0 0.2
Total 10.0

Problem 3. Magnetron
Electron motion in electric and magnetic fields
3.1 Under the action of a uniform electric field, an electron moves with a constant acceleration
eE
a= , (1)
m
which is directed in the negative direction of the x axis, so the maximum value of the achieved coordinate
is determined by the expression
u02 mu02
xmax = = . (2)
2a 2eE
3.2 When moving in a uniform magnetic field, the Lorentz force acts on an electron, equal to
FL = eu0 B . (3)
and it moves in a circle whose radius R is determined from Newton's second law
u2
m 0 = FL , (4)
R
which yeilds
mu0
R= . (5)
eB
It is obvious that the maximum value of the coordinate in this case is equal to
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 14/19

mu0
xmax = R = . (6)
eB
3.3 The problem is most easily solved in the laboratory reference frame, in which the electron moves along
the circle with the frequency determined by formula (5) in the form
u eB
= 0 = . (7)
R m
When an electron is given a small additional speed, it begins to move along a circle that is close to
the original one and intersects with it at two diametrically opposite points, which can be considered as
motion along a closed two-dimensional trajectory with the period
2 2 m
T= = . (8)
 eB
3.4 В момент, когда координата x максимальна, скорость частицы u направлена вдоль оси z и по
закону сохранения энергии равна At the moment when the coordinate x is maximum, the particle
velocity u is directed along the z axis and, according to the law of conservation of energy, is equal to
mu 2
eExmax = . (9)
2
In the projection onto the z axis, the equation of motion is written in finite differences in the form
u
m z = eBu x , (10)
t
which, with account of x = u x t , leads to the relation
mu z = eBx , (11)
which for the time moment sought takes the form
mu = eBxmax . (12)
Solving equations (9) and (12) simultaneously, we finally obtain
2mE
xmax = , (13)
eB 2
3.5 Since the magnetic field does not perform any work, the electron velocity remains constant in absolute
value and equal to its initial value
u = u0 = const . (14)
Let us divide the total velocity into radial ur = dr / dt and u = rd / dt azimuthal components. The
angular momentum of the electron relative to the origin is obviously equal to
L = mru , (15)
and the torque of the Lorentz force about the same point is
M = eBur r . (16)
According to the moment equation, we have
dL
=M , (17)
dt
which together with the use of ur = dr / dt provides to the relation
d (mru ) = e r 2 dr . (18)
At the moment of time when the distance to the z axis is maximum, the radial velocity vanishes, and
the azimuthal velocity is equal to the initial one in accordance with formula (14), so the integration of
relation (18) leads to the equation
3
rmax
mrmax u0 = e , (19)
3
which finally gives rise to
3mu0
rmax = . (20)
e
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 15/19

3.6 Since the electron moves all the time along a circle, then, according to equation (5), with an increase in
the magnetic field B0 at its orbit, the derivative of the momentum changes according to the law
dp dB
= er 0 . (21)
dt dt
The electron is set in motion due to the vortex electric field, whose strength E is determined by the
relation
1 d
E= , (22)
2 r dt
which, according to the Faraday law, includes the flux of magnetic induction through the electron orbit,
equal to
r
 =  B(r )2 rdr . (23)
0

The equation of Newton's second law for the acceleration of an electron in orbit has the form
dp
= eE . (24)
dt
The joint solution of equations (21)-(24) leads to the following equality for the magnetic field, which
is called the cyclotron condition
r

 B(r )2 rdr = 2 r B .

2
0 (25)
0

From formula (25) we conclude that its satisfaction is possible only in the case when the electron
moves in the region of a magnetic field with induction B0 = B2 , therefore, integrating the magnetic
induction given in the formulation as a function of distance, we obtain the relation
B1 r12 + B2 (r 2 − r12 ) = 2 r 2 B2 , (26)
whose solution has the following form
B1 r2
= 1+ 2 . (27)
B2 r1
The motion of an electron in a circle is possible only in the area in which the induction is equal B2 ,
that is, at r1  r  r2 , which means that the ratio sought must lie in the interval
B1 r2
2  1 + 22 . (28)
B2 r1
Cylindrical magnetron
3.7 Let the unit length of the cylindrical cathode and anode have a charge equal to  , and the total length of
the electrodes is l . Then, according to the Gauss theorem, the electric field strength in the space between the
cathode and anode is determined by the equation
l ,
E 2 rl = (29)
0
which immediately yields

E= . (30)
2 0 r
Here r stands for the distance to the magnetron axes.
The dependence of the potential difference on the distance r , by definition, is written as an integral
r
 r
V =  Edr = ln , (31)
a
2 0 a
which in particularly for r = b gives rise to
 b
V0 = ln . (32)
2 0 a
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 16/19

Solving equations (31) and (32) together, we obtain

ln(r / a)
V = V0 = 57.6 V . (33)
ln(b / a)
3.8 Рассмотрим тонкое кольцо радиуса R , по которому протекает ток j , и рассчитаем величину
магнитной индукции в точке на оси кольца, отстоящей то его центра на расстоянии z . Разобьем
кольцо на малые элементы dl , тогда магнитная индукция определяется следующим законом Био-
Саварра Consider a thin ring of radius R , through which the current j flows, and calculate the magnitude
of the magnetic induction at a point on the axis of the ring, which is located at a distance z from its center.
Let us divide the ring into small elements dl , then the magnetic induction is determined by the following
Biot-Savart law
 j dl  r
dB = 0 , (34)
4 r 3
in which the vector r is drawn from the location of the current element dl to the point O where the
magnetic induction is sought.
It follows from geometric relations that
dl  r = dl  r , (35)
and since the resulting magnetic induction is directed along the axis of the ring
dBz = dB sin  , (36)
then, using the geometric relation R = r sin  , we finally obtain
 j Rdl
dBz = 0 . (37)
4 r 3

Considering that the distances included in formula (37) are constant and
r 2 = R2 + z 2 , (38)
then after summing over all elements of the ring one finds
 j R2
Bz = 0 . (39)
2 ( R 2 + z 2 )3/2
Let us now calculate the magnetic field induction at the center of the solenoid, since this is where the
magnetron lamp is located. To do this, consider the turns located at a distance from the center from z to
z + dz , through which the current flows
NI
dj = dz . (40)
L
These turns can be considered as a ring, whose magnetic induction is determined by formula (39),
such that
 NI R2
dB = 0 dz , (41)
2 L ( R 2 + z 2 )3/2
which after integration gives the final expression
 NIR 2 L /2 dz 0 NI
B= 0 
2 L − L /2 ( R + z )
2 2 3/2
=
L 1 + D 2 / L2
, (42)
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 17/19

where the expression D = 2R is used for the diameter.

For the motion of electrons in a magnetron, a formula is valid that is similar to formula (18) and has
the form
d (mru ) = eBrdr , (43)
whose integration under the conditions of constant magnetic induction and a  b gives
1
mru = eBr 2 . (44)
2
On the other hand, it follows from the law of conservation of energy that
m 2
(ur + u2 ) = eV . (45)
2
At the moment when the critical value of the current is reached, the magnetic induction near the
anode becomes such that the radial velocity of the electrons vanishes, which leads to the conditions
ur = 0, r = b, V = V0 , (46)
which, using expressions (44) and (45), results in the critical value of the magnetic field
8mV0
B= . (47)
eb 2
Using formula (42), we find the corresponding current in the solenoid
8mV0 L
I min = (1 + D 2 / L2 ) = 0, 701 А . (48)
e 0 Nb
3.9 The initial energy of electrons in a lamp near the cathode is determined by the temperature of the
cathode itself and is on the order of
ET = k BT . (49)
This energy is obviously must be much less than the energy of electrons near the anode, i.e.
ET E0 , (50)
where E0 = eV0 , whence we obtain the desired estimate
eE0
T = 8.70 105 К , (51)
kB
which actually means the applicability of the approximation used, since the cathode temperature is usually at
least two orders of magnitude lower.

Content Points
eE
Formula (1): a = 0.1
m
3.1 0.2
mu02
Formula (2): xmax = 0.1
2eE
Formula (3): FL = eu0 B 0.1
2
u
Formula (4): m = FL
0
0.1
R
3.2 mu0 0.4
Formula (5): R = 0.1
eB
mu0
Formula (6): xmax = R = 0.1
eB
u0 eB
Formula (7):  = = 0.2
R m
3.3 0.4
2 2 m
Formula (8): T = = 0.2
 eB
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 18/19

mu 2
Formula (9): eExmax = 0.2
2
u z
Formula (10): m = eBu x 0.2
t
3.4 1.0
Formula (11): mu z = eBx 0.2
Formula (12): mu = eBxmax 0.2
2mE
Formula (13): xmax = 0.2
eB 2
Formula (14): u = u0 = const 0.2
Formula (15): L = mru 0.2
Formula (16): M = eBur r 0.2
dL
Formula (17): =M 0.2
dt
3.5 1.4
Formula (18): d (mru ) = e r 2 dr 0.2
3
rmax
Formula (19): mrmax u0 = e 0.2
3
3mu0
Formula (20): rmax = 0.2
e
dp dB0
Formula (21): = er 0.2
dt dt
1 d
Formula (22): E = 0.2
2 r dt
r
Formula (23):  =  B(r )2 rdr 0.2
0

dp
Formula (24): = eE 0.2
3.6 dt 1.6
r

 B(r )2 rdr = 2 r B

2
Formula (25): 0 0.2
0

Formula (26): B1 r12 + B2 (r 2 − r12 ) = 2 r 2 B2 0.2

B1 r2
Formula (27): = 1+ 2 0.2
B2 r1
B1 r2
Formula (28): 2   1 + 22 0.2
B2 r1
Formula (29): E 2 rl =  l 0.1
0

Formula (30): E = 0.1
2 0 r
3.7  r 1.0
Formula (31): V = ln 0.2
2 0 a
 b
Formula (32): V0 = ln 0.2
2 0 a
XIX International Zhautykov Olympiad/Theoretical Competition с. 19/19

ln(r / a)
Formula (33): V = V0 0.2
ln(b / a)
Numerical value in formula (33): V = 57.6 V 0.2
 j dl  r
Formula (34): dB = 0 0.2
4 r 3
Formula (35): dl  r = dl  r 0.2
Formula (36): dBz = dB sin  0.2
 j Rdl
Formula (37): dBz = 0 0.2
4 r 3
Formula (38): r 2 = R2 + z 2 0.2
 j R2
Formula (39): Bz = 0 0.2
2 ( R 2 + z 2 )3/2
NI
Formula (40): dj = dz 0.2
L
 NI R2
Formula (41): dB = 0 dz 0.2
2 L ( R 2 + z 2 )3/2
3.8 0 NI 3.2
Formula (42): B = 0.2
L 1 + D 2 / L2
Formula (43): d (mru ) = eBrdr 0.2
1
Formula (44): mru = eBr 2 0.2
2
m 2
Formula (45): (ur + u2 ) = eV 0.2
2
Formula (46): r = 0, r = b, V = V0
u 0.2
8mV0
Formula (47): B = 0.2
eb 2
8mV0 L
Formula (48): I min = (1 + D 2 / L2 ) 0.2
e 0 Nb
Numerical value in formula (48): I min = 0, 701 А 0.2
Formula (49): ET = k BT 0.2
Formula (50): ET E0 0.2
3.9 eE0 0.8
Formula (51): T 0.2
kB
Numerical value in formula (51): T 8.70 105 К 0.2
Total 10.0