Caribbean University

Department of Engineering and Informatics

Technology

Electrical Circuit Analysis II

Section: 22/2U

Assignment #1

Héctor M. Rodríguez Feliciano-cu243945

Ponce-Campus
October 31, 2022
Problem 7.11
In the circuit shown in Fig. P7.11, the switch has been in position a for a long time. At t=0, it
moves instantaneously from a to b.
a) Find 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0.
b) What is the total energy delivered to the 8Ω resistor?
c) How much many time constant does it takes to deliver 95% of the energy found in (b)?
Figure P7.11

Solution
a)
We can se that when t is minor to zero the switch was closed for a long time and the
inductor acts as a short circuit, this is because the inductor doesn’t allow sudden changes
in the current.

𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿(0− )

Applying current division

150Ω 150Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙(0−) = ∙ 12𝐴𝐴 = ∙ 12𝐴𝐴 = 10𝐴𝐴
150Ω + 30Ω 180Ω
In the inductor

𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− ) = 𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0+ ) = 𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0) = 10𝐴𝐴

When t is greater than zero, the switch is closed at position b, Redraw the circuit
for 𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0+ ).

𝑖𝑖2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(0− )

We can see that the inductor of 8mH has stored current, the inductor of 2mH it will acts
as a short circuit because as the doesn’t allow sudden change in current.

𝑖𝑖2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (0− ) = 𝑖𝑖2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (0+ ) = 𝑖𝑖2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (0) = 0

Calculating the time constant of the circuit

𝐿𝐿
𝜏𝜏 =
𝑅𝑅

8×2
� � × 103 𝐻𝐻
𝜏𝜏 = 8 + 2
8Ω

1.6 × 103 𝐻𝐻
𝜏𝜏 =
8Ω

𝜏𝜏 = 200µ𝑠𝑠
The current through the 8 Ω resistor for greater or equal to t is,

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− )𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −10𝑒𝑒 200µ

Answer
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −10𝑒𝑒 −5000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴
b)
The total energy delivered to the 8 Ω resistor,

1
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 2
2

1
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1.6𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(10𝐴𝐴)2
2

1
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1.6𝑚𝑚100
2

0.16
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
2

Answer
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

c)
The expression for the energy delivered to the 8 Ω resistor,

𝑡𝑡0

𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 8[𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)]2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0

𝑡𝑡0

𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 8(10𝑒𝑒 −5000𝑡𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
𝑡𝑡0

𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 800 � 𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
Substitution

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = −10,000𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −10,000𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−10,000
800 𝑡𝑡0
𝑢𝑢
[𝑒𝑒 ] �
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
−10,000
0

800 𝑡𝑡0
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = [𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡 ] �
−10,000
0
 800
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡0 − 1)
−10,000

The energy delivered to the 8Ω resistor equal to 95% of the total energy delivered,

0.95𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (0.95)80𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 76𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Then we continue

76𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −80 × 10−3 (𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡0 − 1)

76𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −80 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡0 + 80 × 10−3

−80 × 10−3 + 76 × 10−3 = −80 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡0

−4 × 10−3 −80 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡0

=
−80 × 10−3 −80 × 10−3

0.05 = 𝑒𝑒 −10,000𝑡𝑡0

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(0.05) = −10,000𝑡𝑡0

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(0.05)
= 𝑡𝑡0
−10,000

𝑡𝑡0 = 300µ𝑠𝑠

𝑡𝑡0 = 1.5𝜏𝜏

One time constant is equal to 200µs.

Therefore, the number of time constants, 𝑡𝑡0 required to delivered 95% of the energy is 1.5
 Problem 7.16
The switch in the circuit in Fig. P7.16 has been closed for a long time before opening at t=0.
Find 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0+ .
Figure 7.16

When t is minor to zero, the switch was been closed for a long time. The inductor is in steady
state and acts as a short circuit. The voltage across the inductor is zero and the dependent current
source is deactivated.

𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿(0− )

The initial current flowing through the inductor is,

𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿(0− )= 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿�0+ � = 4𝐴𝐴

When t is greater

4𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor.

 +

4𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡

𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 = 4𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 4𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
=
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡
4𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
1=
4𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 1
= = 0.25Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡 4
The equivalent resistance seen by the inductor is,

𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ = 0.25Ω
Time constant
𝐿𝐿
𝜏𝜏 =
𝑅𝑅

5 × 10−3
𝜏𝜏 = = 20𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0.25

The current flowing through the inductor when t=0

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− )𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏
−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 4𝑒𝑒 0.02𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 4𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡
Voltage across the inductor for t=0.
 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

−3
𝑑𝑑(4𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡 )
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 5 × 10
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑(𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡 )
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 20 × 10−3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = 20 × 10−3 × −50𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = −1𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 = −𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡
The voltage across the inductor, 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 when t=0 is −𝑒𝑒 −50𝑡𝑡
Problem 7.18
The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P7.18 are synchronized. The switches have been
closed for a lontime before opening at t=0.
a) How many microseconds after the switches are open is the energy dissipated in the 4KΩ
resistor 10% of the initial energy stored in the 6H inductor?
b) At the time calculated in (a), what percentage of the total energy stored in the inductor
has been dissipated?

Figure P7.18

Solution
a)

For t minor zero both switches are closed, and the circuit is under steady state and
acts as a short circuit.

−
1 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (0 )

105𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1𝐾𝐾Ω 4𝐾𝐾Ω 20𝐾𝐾Ω 80𝐾𝐾Ω

Applying node voltage method at node1.

𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
+ + + − 105 × 10−3 = 0
1𝐾𝐾 4𝐾𝐾 20𝐾𝐾 80𝐾𝐾

1 1 1 1
𝑣𝑣 � + + + � = 105 × 10−3
1𝐾𝐾 4𝐾𝐾 20𝐾𝐾 80𝐾𝐾

𝑣𝑣(1.3125) = 105 × 10−3

105 × 10−3
𝑣𝑣 =
1.3125 × 103
 𝑣𝑣 = 80𝑣𝑣
Initial current flowing through the inductor.

𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− ) = 3
+
20 × 10 80 × 103

80 80
𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− ) = +
20 × 103 80 × 103

𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− ) = 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

When t is greater than zero both switches are open, disconnecting the 105ma current
source and the resistors of 1KΩ and 80KΩ from the circuit.

6𝐻𝐻

𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡)

4𝐾𝐾Ω
20𝐾𝐾Ω

Total equivalent resistance

𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡 = 4𝐾𝐾Ω + 20𝐾𝐾Ω = 24𝐾𝐾Ω

Time constant

𝐿𝐿 6𝐻𝐻
= 𝜏𝜏 = = 250µ𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝑅 24𝐾𝐾Ω
Expression for current through inductor 𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 is,

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0− )𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏
−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (𝑡𝑡) = 5 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 250µ𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴

𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (𝑡𝑡) = 5 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −4,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴

The initial energy stored in the inductor.
 1 2
𝑤𝑤(0) = 𝐿𝐿�𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (0)�
2
1
𝑤𝑤(0) = 6𝐻𝐻(5 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −4,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴)2
2
1
𝑤𝑤(0) = 6𝐻𝐻 × 25 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴
2
𝑤𝑤(0) = 75𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 µ𝑗𝑗
The power dissipated in the 4KΩ resistor

𝑃𝑃4KΩ = 𝑖𝑖 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑃𝑃4KΩ = (5 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −4,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴)2 4,000Ω
𝑃𝑃4KΩ = 25 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴 × 4,000Ω
𝑃𝑃4KΩ = 100𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑡0

𝑊𝑊4KΩ = � 𝑃𝑃4𝐾𝐾Ω 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0

𝑡𝑡0

𝑊𝑊4KΩ = � 0.1𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
𝑡𝑡0

𝑊𝑊4KΩ = 0.1 � 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
Substitution

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = −8,000𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −8,000𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−8,000
0.1 𝑡𝑡0
𝑢𝑢
[𝑒𝑒 ] �
𝑊𝑊4KΩ =
−8,000
0

𝑡𝑡0
𝑊𝑊4KΩ = −12.5 × 10−6 [𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 ] �
0

𝑊𝑊4KΩ = −12.5 × 10−6 (𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡0 − 1)

The time at which the energy dissipated to the 4KΩ resistor equal to 10% of the initial
energy stored in the inductor.

𝑊𝑊4KΩ = (0.1)75 × 10−6

−12.5 × 10−6 (𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡0 − 1) = (0.1)75 × 10−6

−12.5 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡0 + 12.5 × 10−6 = (0.1)75 × 10−6

−12.5 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡0 = 7.5 × 10−6 − 12.5 × 10−6

−12.5 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡0 = −5 × 10−6

−12.5 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡0 −5 × 10−6

=
−12.5 × 10−6 −12.5 × 10−6
−8,000𝑡𝑡0
𝑒𝑒 = 0.4

−8,000𝑡𝑡0 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(0.4)

−8,000𝑡𝑡0 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(0.4)
=
−8,000 −8,000

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿(0.4)
𝑡𝑡0 =
−8,000

𝑡𝑡0 = 114.53µ𝑠𝑠
Time required to dissipate energy in the 4KΩ resistor to 10% of the initial energy stored
in 6H inductor is
𝑡𝑡0 = 114.53µ𝑠𝑠

b) Only in the resistors the energy is dissipated.

Expression of the energy dissipated in the resistor.

𝑡𝑡

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = � 𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0
 𝑡𝑡

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = �(5 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −4,000𝑡𝑡 )2 𝐴𝐴 × 24 × 103 Ω𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
𝑡𝑡

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = � 25 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 × 24 × 103 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
𝑡𝑡

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = 25 × 10−6 × 24 × 103 � 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0

𝑡𝑡

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = 0.6 � 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = −8,000𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −8,000𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−8,000

0.6 𝑡𝑡
𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = [𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 ] �
−8,000
0

0.6 𝑡𝑡
[𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 ]�
𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) =
−8,000
0

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = −75 × 10−6 (𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 − 1)

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = −75 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000𝑡𝑡 + 75 × 10−6

The energy dissipated at 𝑡𝑡 = 114.54µ𝑠𝑠

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = −75 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000(114.54µ𝑠𝑠) + 75 × 10−6

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = −75 × 10−6 𝑒𝑒 −8,000(114.54µ𝑠𝑠) + 75 × 10−6

𝑤𝑤𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡) = 45µ𝑗𝑗
The percent of the total energy stored in the inductor has been dissipated.

𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
%𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � (100%)
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

45µ𝑗𝑗
%𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � (100%)
75µ𝑗𝑗
 %𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 60%

The percentage dissipation energy is 60%.

Space left intentionally

Problem 7.26

Both switches in the circuit in Fig. P7.26 have been closed for a long time. At t=0, both switches
open simultaneously.
a) Find 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0+
b) Find 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0
c) Calculate the energy (in microjoules) trapped in the circuit.
Figure P7.26

a)
When t is minor to zero both switches have been closed for along time, The two capacitor are in
steady state and act as a open circuit.

The value of the current 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0− ) is,

6,000
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0− ) = × 40 × 10−3 = 24𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
6,000 + 4,000
The value of the voltage 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (0− ) is,

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (0− ) = 3,000 × 24 × 10−3 = 72𝑉𝑉

The value of the current 𝑖𝑖2 (0− ) is,

 𝑖𝑖2 (0− ) = 40mA − 24𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The value of the voltage 𝑉𝑉2 (0− ) is,

𝑉𝑉2 (0− ) = 6,000 × 16 × 10−3 = 96𝑉𝑉

When t is greater or equal, both switches are opened.

Equivalent capacitor
(0.3µ𝐹𝐹)(0.6µ𝐹𝐹)
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
(0.3µ𝐹𝐹 + 0.6µ𝐹𝐹)

𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 200𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛

Time constant

𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝜏𝜏 = (1,000Ω)(200𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛)
𝜏𝜏 = 200µ𝑠𝑠

The initial voltage is 96-72=24V.

The voltage across the capacitor is.
−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣(0)𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏 𝑉𝑉

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 24𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 24𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉

The current is
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) =
𝑅𝑅

24𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) =
1,000

𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 24𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

b)
Voltage across 600nF capacitor when t is greater or equal to zero is

𝑡𝑡
1
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = � 24 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −5000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣(0+ )
𝐶𝐶
0

𝑡𝑡
1
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = � 24 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −5000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 72
600nF
0

𝑡𝑡
24 × 10−3
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = � 𝑒𝑒 −5000𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 72
600nF
0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑢𝑢 = −5,000𝑡𝑡, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −5,000𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−5,000
 40 × 103 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = [𝑒𝑒 ] � + 72
−5000
0

40 × 103 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = [𝑒𝑒 ] � + 72
−5000
0
𝑡𝑡
−5,000𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −8[𝑒𝑒 ] � + 72
0
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −8(𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 − 1) + 72

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −8𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 + 8 + 72

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −8𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 + 80

The voltage across 600nF capacitor is

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −8𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 + 80
c)
The energy trapped in the circuit is,

1
𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 2
2

1 1
𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 300𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(80)2 + 600𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(80)2
2 2

𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2880µ𝑗𝑗

The energy trapped in the circuit is

𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2880µ𝑗𝑗
Problem 7.30
The switch in the circuit in Fig P7.30 has been in position 1 for a long time before moving to
position 2 at t=0. Find 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0+
Figure P7.30

When t is minor to zero the switch has been connected to position 1. The capacitor is in steady
state condition and acts as a open circuit

+
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜(0− )=15𝑉𝑉

When t is greater than zero, the switch is closed to position 2. The thevinin equivalent resistance
seen from the capacitor terminals for the circuit

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
Kirchhoff’s voltage law equivalent.
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 = −5𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 − 15𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 = −20𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
= −20𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 = 20Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡
Thevenin equivalent circuit after connecting the load capacitor is, 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ = 20Ω

+
15𝑣𝑣

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 20Ω × 2µ𝐹𝐹
𝜏𝜏 = 40µ𝑠𝑠
The voltage across the capacitor for any time then t is greater or equal to zero
−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣(0)𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏 𝑉𝑉

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 15𝑒𝑒 40µ𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 15𝑒𝑒 −25,000𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉

The current flowing though the capacitor is,

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) =
20
 15𝑒𝑒 −25,000𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) =
20
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0.75𝑒𝑒 −25,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴
The current through the capacitor is,
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −0.75𝑒𝑒 −25,000𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴

Space left intentionally

Problem 7.35
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig P7.35 has been closed for a long time before opening at
t=0.
a) Find the numerical expressions for 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0.
b) Find the numerical value of 𝑣𝑣𝐿𝐿 (0+ ) and 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0+ ).

Figure 7.35

When t is minor to zero the switch has been closed for a long time, The inductor is in
steady state condition and acts as a short circuit.

The current through the inductor when t is minor to zero

𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (0− ) = 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (0+ ) = −5𝐴𝐴

When t is greater than zero the switch is opened.

We can see that we make a source transformation

Source transformation to replace the current source with the voltage source.
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑣𝑣 = 16Ω × 5𝐴𝐴
𝑣𝑣 = 80𝑉𝑉
 + 𝑣𝑣𝐿𝐿 (0+ ) −
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0+ )

Current flow in the inductor at steady state

40 − 80
𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙 (∞) = = −2𝐴𝐴
4 + 16

Time constant

𝐿𝐿 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝜏 = = = 200µ𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝑅 20Ω

Write the expression for current flow in the inductor.

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (∞) + [𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (0+ ) − 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) = −2 + [−5 + 2]𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) = −2 + [−3]𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠
The expression for 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) at 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0 is,

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) = −2 − 3𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴

Write the expression for voltage across the resistor 16Ω

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑅𝑅 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑉𝑉

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 16Ω �−2 + [−3]𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 � + 80

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 48 + −48𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉
The expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) at 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0 is
 −𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 48 + −48𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉
b)

Expression for the voltage in the inductor

𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑 �−2 − 3𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴�
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑 �0 − 3𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 �
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑 �−3𝑒𝑒 200µ𝑠𝑠 �
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑(𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 )
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = −3 × 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = −3 × 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 5,000 × 𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡

𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 60 × 𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉
The value of 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 (0+ )is 60V

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 48 + −48𝑒𝑒 −5,000𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0) = 48 + −48𝑒𝑒 −5,000(0) 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0) = 48 + −48𝑒𝑒 0 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0) = 48 + −48(1) 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0) = 48 − 48 𝑉𝑉

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0) = 0 𝑉𝑉
Problem 7.50
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P7.5 has been closed a long time before opening at t=0.
a) What is the initial value of 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)?
b) What is the final value of 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)?
c) What is the time constant of the circuit for 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0?
d) What is the numerical expression for 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) when 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0+ ?
e) What is the numerical expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) when 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0+ ?
Figure 7.50

When t is greater or equal to zero the switch is opened.

𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

Equivalent Thevenin resistance across the output terminals

2𝐾𝐾Ω × 18𝐾𝐾Ω
𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ = = 1.8𝐾𝐾Ω
2𝐾𝐾Ω + 18𝐾𝐾Ω
Thevenin Voltage, that, is voltage across 18 𝐾𝐾Ω resistor
40
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡ℎ = × 18𝐾𝐾Ω
(2 + 18)𝐾𝐾Ω

𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡ℎ = 36𝑉𝑉
 1.8KΩ

+
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

a)
The initial value of current in 3.2 𝐾𝐾Ω. The capacitor will be short circuited soon after opening
the switch
−36
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0) =
(1.8 + 3.2)𝐾𝐾Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0) = −7.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The initial value of the current in the circuit is
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0) = −7.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
b)
The final value of the current in the circuit.
−36
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (∞) =
(1.8 + 3.2)𝐾𝐾Ω + ∞
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (∞) = 0
The final value of the current in the circuit is
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (∞) = 0

c)
Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝜏𝜏 = 5𝐾𝐾Ω × 0.8µ𝐹𝐹
Time constant is
𝜏𝜏 = 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
d)
Write the expression for 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡).
−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0) − 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0 + [𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (0) − 0]𝑒𝑒 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0 + [−7.2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 0]𝑒𝑒 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −7.2𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The expression for 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 7.2𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

e)
Write the expression 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 + 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 36𝑉𝑉 + 1.8𝐾𝐾Ω(−7.2𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 36𝑉𝑉 − 12.96𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉

The expression for 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 36𝑉𝑉 − 12.96𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉
Problem 7.60
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig P7.60 opens at t=0 after being closed for along time. How
many milliseconds after the switch opens is the energy stored in the capacitor 36% of its final
value?
Figure P7.60

When t is minor to zero the switch has been closed for a long time.

The initial value of the capacitor voltage. Since there is no active source in the capacitor circuit,
the initial value is zero. Capacitor doesn’t allow sudden change in voltage.
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 (0− ) = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 (0+ ) = 0𝑉𝑉

When t is greater or equal to zero the switch open.

Write the expression for 𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 using the current division rule.
33𝐾𝐾Ω
𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏 = × 120 × 10−6 𝐴𝐴 = 49.5 × 10−6 𝐴𝐴
33𝐾𝐾Ω+47𝐾𝐾Ω

Write the expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝑣𝑣16𝐾𝐾Ω
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ = 16𝐾𝐾Ω × 25𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ = −[16𝐾𝐾Ω × 25(49.5 × 10−6 𝐴𝐴 )]

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ = −19.8

𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

The Short-circuiting current (Norton’s current)

𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −25𝑖𝑖𝑏𝑏
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −25(49.5 × 10−6 𝐴𝐴)

𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −1.2375 × 10−3 𝐴𝐴

The Thevenin resistance across output capacitor terminals
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ =
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡ℎ

−19.8𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ = = 16𝐾𝐾Ω
−1.2375 × 10−3 𝐴𝐴
 19.8𝑉𝑉

The time constant of the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝐶
𝜏𝜏 = 16𝐾𝐾Ω × 0.25µ𝐹𝐹
𝜏𝜏 = 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The final steady state value of the capacitor voltage. The capacitor is open circuited because the
switch is in position for a long time at 𝑡𝑡 > 0. Voltage across the capacitor is same as the
Thevenin voltage source.
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡ℎ = −19.8𝑉𝑉
−𝑡𝑡
Expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0) − 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

Expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −19.8𝑉𝑉 + [0 − −19.8𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −19.8𝑉𝑉 + 19.8𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉
Then

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −19.8𝑉𝑉(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )

The final energy stored in the capacitor

 1
𝑤𝑤(∞) = 𝐶𝐶[𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]2
2
The energy stored in the capacitor.
1
𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐶𝐶[𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)]2
2

1
𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐶𝐶[𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )]2
2

1
𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐶𝐶[𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]2 (1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )2
2
𝑤𝑤(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑤𝑤(∞)(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )2

0.36𝑤𝑤(∞) = 𝑤𝑤(∞)(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )2

0.36𝑤𝑤(∞) 𝑤𝑤(∞)(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )2
=
𝑤𝑤(∞) 𝑤𝑤(∞)

√0.36 = �(1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )2

0.6 = (1 − 𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡 )
0.4 = −𝑒𝑒 −250𝑡𝑡
−250𝑡𝑡 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(0.4)
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(0.4)
𝑡𝑡 = = 3.67𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−250
The time taken to reach 36% of final energy stored is 3.67ms
Problem 7.79
The voltage waveform shown in Fig P7.79 (a) is applied to the circuit of Fig P7.79(b). The initial
current in the inductor is zero.
a) Calculate 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡).
b) Make a sketch of 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) versus t.
c) Find 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 at t=5ms.

a) Consider the circuit behavior for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The inductor is short circuited at steady state.
The equation for input voltage,
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 < 0
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 80𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2.5 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞
Initial value of the voltage across the output, that is, across the inductor.
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) = 0𝑉𝑉
Time constant
𝐿𝐿 40𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝜏 = = = 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅 20Ω
Expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡), for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 2.5 × 10−3 𝑠𝑠
−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0+ ) − 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0 + [80𝑉𝑉 − 0]𝑒𝑒 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 80𝑒𝑒 −500𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉
Evaluating at t = 2.5ms
−3 �
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 80𝑒𝑒 −500�2.5×10 𝑉𝑉
 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 22.92𝑉𝑉
The current 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 at t = 2.5− ms

(80 − 22.92)𝑉𝑉 57.08𝑉𝑉

𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 = = = 2.854𝐴𝐴
20Ω 20Ω
When the circuit is in 2.5ms ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

0= 2.854𝐴𝐴

The current in through the inductor is,

𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (2.5− ) = 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (2.5+ ) = 2.854𝐴𝐴

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law to calculate 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 at t = 2.5+ ms

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (2.5+ ) = 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 − 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (2.5+ ) = 0 − (2.854)(20)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (2.5+ ) = −57.08𝑉𝑉
The initial value voltage that is across the inductor
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) = 0𝑉𝑉
Expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡), for 2.5 × 10−3 𝑠𝑠 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞
−�𝑡𝑡−2.5×10−3 �
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0+ ) − 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−�𝑡𝑡−2.5×10−3 �
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0 + [−57.08𝑉𝑉 − 0]𝑒𝑒 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −57.08𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −500(𝑡𝑡−0.0025) 𝑉𝑉

Evaluating at t = 5ms
−3 −0.0025�
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −57.08𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −500�5×10 𝑉𝑉
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −16.35𝑉𝑉
b)
Values for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

t(s) 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 v(t)

0 80
0.0025 22.9
0.003 17.8
0.0035 13.9
0.004 10.8
0.0045 8.4
0.005 6.6

Values for 2.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

t(s) V(v)
0.0025 -57.08
0.003 -44.44692686
0.0035 -34.60983369
0.004 -26.94990797
0.0045 -20.98529412
0.005 -16.34078193

Space left intentionally

 Sketch of the waveform.

c)
Expression for 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 at t = 5ms using Kirchoff’s current law

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 − 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (5)

𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
𝑅𝑅

0 − (−16.35𝑉𝑉)
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
20Ω

0 + 16.35𝑉𝑉
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
20Ω

16.35𝑉𝑉
𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 (5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = = 817.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
20Ω
The value of the current 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 at t=5ms is 817.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Problem 7.82
The voltage signal source in the circuit in Fig. P7.82(a) is generating the signal shown in Fig.
P7.82(b). There is no stored energy at t=0.
a) Derive the expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) that apply in the intervals 𝑡𝑡 < 0; 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤
𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚; and 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞.
b) Sketch 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 and 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 on the same coordinate axes.
c) Repeat (a) and (b) with R reduced to 50KΩ

Figure P7.82

0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

+
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 100𝑉𝑉

The initial energy is zero because the capacitor act as a open circuit at steady state condition.

Equation for input voltage

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉 for 𝑡𝑡 < 0
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 100𝑉𝑉 for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = −100𝑉𝑉 for 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉 for 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞
The initial value of the voltage across the capacitor.
𝑣𝑣0 (0+ ) = 𝑣𝑣0 (0− ) = 0𝑉𝑉

The final value of the voltage across the capacitor

𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 100𝑉𝑉

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 200𝐾𝐾Ω × 25nF = 5ms

The expression for 𝑣𝑣0 (𝑡𝑡), for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0+ )−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏
−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 + [0𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 + [0𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200𝑡𝑡
Evaluating at 𝑡𝑡 = 4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−3 �
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200�4×10
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 44.93
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 55.07𝑉𝑉

4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

+
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = −100𝑉𝑉

The initial energy is zero because the capacitor act as open circuit at steady state condition.
The initial value of the voltage across the capacitor.
𝑣𝑣0 (4+ ) = 𝑣𝑣0 (4− ) = 55.07𝑉𝑉

The final value of the voltage across the capacitor

𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = −100𝑉𝑉

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 200𝐾𝐾Ω × 25nF = 5ms

The expression for 𝑣𝑣0 (𝑡𝑡), for 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4+ )−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + [55.07𝑉𝑉 − (−100𝑉𝑉)]𝑒𝑒 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + [55.07𝑉𝑉 + 100𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 155.07𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Evaluating at 𝑡𝑡 = 8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 155.07𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200(8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 69.67𝑉𝑉
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −30.32𝑉𝑉

8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞
 +
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉

The capacitor maintains same voltage as sudden changes are not allowed in it.

The initial value of the voltage across the capacitor.

𝑣𝑣0 (8+ ) = 𝑣𝑣0 (8− ) = −30.32𝑉𝑉

The final value of the voltage across the capacitor

𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 0𝑉𝑉

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 200𝐾𝐾Ω × 25nF = 5ms

The expression for 𝑣𝑣0 (𝑡𝑡), for 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

−(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8+ )−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −0𝑉𝑉 + [−30.32 − (0𝑉𝑉)]𝑒𝑒 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0𝑉𝑉 + [−30.32𝑉𝑉 + 0𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −30.32𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

The expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡), for different intervals.
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0𝑉𝑉 for 𝑡𝑡 < 0
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200𝑡𝑡 for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 155.07𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) for 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −30.32𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −200(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) for 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

b) Tabulate and sketch the values for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡).

t(s) Vo(v)
0 0
0.001 18.137
0.0015 25.932
0.002 32.985
0.0025 39.366
0.003 45.140
0.0035 50.363
0.004 55.090
0.0045 40.304
0.005 26.945
0.0055 14.857
0.006 3.920
0.0065 -5.975
0.007 -14.928
0.0075 -23.029
0.008 -30.320
0.0085 -27.433
0.009 -24.821
0.0095 -22.457
0.01 -20.319
0.0105 -18.384
0.011 -16.634

Space left intentionally

 t(s) Vs(v)
0 0
0.001 100.000
0.0015 100.000
0.002 100.000
0.0025 100.000
0.003 100.000
0.0035 100.000
0.004 100.000
0.004 -100.000
0.0045 -100.000
0.005 -100.000
0.0055 -100.000
0.006 -100.000
0.0065 -100.000
0.007 -100.000
0.0075 -100.000
0.008 -100.000
0.008 0.000
0.0085 0.000
0.009 0.000
0.0095 0.000
0.01 0.000
0.0105 0.000
0.011 0.000

150

100

50

0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008

-50

-100

-150

Vo(v) Vs(v)
c)
0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

+
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 100𝑉𝑉

The initial energy is zero because the capacitor act as a open circuit at steady state condition.

Equation for input voltage

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉 for 𝑡𝑡 < 0
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 100𝑉𝑉 for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = −100𝑉𝑉 for 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉 for 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞
The initial value of the voltage across the capacitor.
𝑣𝑣0 (0+ ) = 𝑣𝑣0 (0− ) = 0𝑉𝑉

The final value of the voltage across the capacitor

𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 100𝑉𝑉

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 50𝐾𝐾Ω × 25nF = 1.25ms

The expression for 𝑣𝑣0 (𝑡𝑡), for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (0+ )−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏
−𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 + [0𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 1.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 −𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 + [0𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 1.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800𝑡𝑡
Evaluating at 𝑡𝑡 = 4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
−3 �
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800�4×10
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 4.07𝑉𝑉
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = 95.93𝑉𝑉

4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

+
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = −100𝑉𝑉

The initial energy is zero because the capacitor act as open circuit at steady state condition.

The initial value of the voltage across the capacitor.

𝑣𝑣0 (4+ ) = 𝑣𝑣0 (4− ) = 95.93𝑉𝑉

The final value of the voltage across the capacitor

𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = −100𝑉𝑉

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 50𝐾𝐾Ω × 25nF = 1.25ms

The expression for 𝑣𝑣0 (𝑡𝑡), for 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (4+ )−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏
 −(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + [95.93𝑉𝑉 − (−100𝑉𝑉)]𝑒𝑒 1.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + [95.93𝑉𝑉 + 100𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 1.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 195.93𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

Evaluating at 𝑡𝑡 = 8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 195.93𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800(8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 7.98𝑉𝑉
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8− 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = −92.01𝑉𝑉

8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

+
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 0𝑉𝑉

The capacitor maintains same voltage as sudden changes are not allowed in it.
The initial value of the voltage across the capacitor.
𝑣𝑣0 (8+ ) = 𝑣𝑣0 (8− ) = −92.01𝑉𝑉

The final value of the voltage across the capacitor

𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 𝑣𝑣0 (∞) = 0𝑉𝑉

Time constant
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝜏𝜏 = 50𝐾𝐾Ω × 25nF = 1.25ms

The expression for 𝑣𝑣0 (𝑡𝑡), for 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

 −(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞) + [𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (8+ )−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (∞)]𝑒𝑒 𝜏𝜏

−(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −0𝑉𝑉 + [−92.01𝑉𝑉 − (0𝑉𝑉)]𝑒𝑒 1.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

−(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0𝑉𝑉 + [−92.01𝑉𝑉 + 0𝑉𝑉]𝑒𝑒 1.25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −92.01𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

The expression for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡), for different intervals.
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 0𝑉𝑉 for 𝑡𝑡 < 0
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = 100𝑉𝑉 − 100𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800𝑡𝑡 for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −100𝑉𝑉 + 195.93𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800(𝑡𝑡−4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) for 4𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) = −92.01𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 −800(𝑡𝑡−8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) for 8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ ∞

Tabulate and sketch the values for 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡) and 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡).
t(s) Vo(v)
0 0
0.001 55.09
0.0015 69.90
0.002 79.83
0.0025 86.48
0.003 90.94
0.0035 93.93
0.004 95.93
0.0045 31.303
0.005 -12.01
0.0055 -41.03
0.006 -60.48
0.0065 -73.52
0.007 -82.25
0.0075 -88.11
0.008 -92.03
0.0085 -61.66
0.009 -41.32
0.0095 -27.69
0.01 -18.56
0.0105 -12.44
0.011 -8.33
 t(s) Vs(v)
0 0
0.001 100.000
0.0015 100.000
0.002 100.000
0.0025 100.000
0.003 100.000
0.0035 100.000
0.004 100.000
0.004 -100.000
0.0045 -100.000
0.005 -100.000
0.0055 -100.000
0.006 -100.000
0.0065 -100.000
0.007 -100.000
0.0075 -100.000
0.008 -100.000
0.008 0.000
0.0085 0.000
0.009 0.000
0.0095 0.000
0.01 0.000
0.0105 0.000
0.011 0.000

150

100

50

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
-50

-100

-150

Vo(v) Vs(v)