YISHUN INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE

2020 JC1 H1/H2 CHEMISTRY

TUTORIAL 2
CHEMICAL BONDING

A Metals and Metallic Bonding

(A1) Structure and bonding in metals
[Refer to lecture notes pages 4  8]

1 N13/P2/Q4(b)
Describe the structure and bonding in calcium with the aid of a labelled diagram.

Calcium has a giant metallic lattice structures consisting of calcium cations that are arranged
in a lattice and surrounded by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons.

The electrostatic attraction between the lattice of Ca2+ ions and the ‘sea’ of delocalised
electrons constitute the metallic bonds found in Ca.

e− e− e−
Ca2+ e− Ca2+ Ca2+ e− Ca2+
e− e−
− e−
e e−
e− e− e− e−
Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ e− Ca2+

e− e− e− e−
e−
e− Ca2+ Ca2+ e− Ca2+ Ca2+ e−
e− e−

(A2) Factors affecting metallic bonding and electrical conductivity

[Refer to lecture notes pages 4  8]

2 For each pair of metals, determine which has greater metallic bond strength and electrical
conductivity.

(a) Ca and K

(b) Na and Li

(a) Ca has greater metallic bond strength as there are more delocalised electrons in Ca / Ca
releases more valence electrons than K. Ca2+ has a higher charge and smaller ionic radius
than K+, thus Ca2+ has a higher charge density. As a result there is greater electrostatic
attraction between Ca2+ and the delocalised electrons in Ca and thus stronger metallic bond
strength.
JC1 H2 Chemistry Tutorial 2: Chemical Bonding

Ca also has greater electrical conductivity than K as Ca releases more valence electrons,
thus there are more mobile charge carriers.

(b) Li has greater metallic bond strength as Li+ has the same charge but a smaller ionic radius
than Na+, thus Li+ has a higher charge density. As a result there is greater electrostatic
attraction between Li+ and the delocalised electrons in Li and thus stronger metallic bond
strength.

Li & Na has the same electrical conductivity as they both release the same amount of
valence electrons, so there are the same amounts of mobile charge carriers in both
metals.

B Ionic Compounds and Ionic Bonds

[Refer to lecture notes pages 8  16]

3 (a) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram for the following:

(i) sodium bromide (ii) sodium oxide (iii) magnesium peroxide (MgO2)

(b) For the following pairs of ionic compounds, determine which one has a higher melting
point.
(i) sodium bromide and sodium fluoride (ii) sodium oxide and magnesium oxide

Give reason(s) for your chosen compound.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(b)
(i)  NaF has a higher melting point.
 Both NaF and NaBr have giant ionic structures.
 The charge and size of cation Na+ are the same.
 The Br − ion and F− ion have the same charge.
 The F− ion has a smaller ionic radius than the Br − ion, thus inter-ionic distance
between Na+ and F− is shorter than that between Na+ and Br−.
 Thus NaF has stronger electrostatic attractions between Na+ and F- ions,
requiring more energy to overcome.

(ii)  MgO has a higher melting point.

 Both MgO and Na2O have giant ionic structures.
 The charge and size of anion O2- are the same.
 The Mg2+ ion has a higher charge and smaller ionic radius than Na+
 Thus MgO has stronger electrostatic attractions between Mg2+ and O2- ions,
requiring more energy to overcome.

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4 Sodium conducts electricity both in solid and molten state but sodium chloride conducts
electricity only when in the molten state.

Explain the observation above in terms of structure and bonding.

Na has a giant metallic structure with electrostatic attraction between the lattice of Na+ and
sea of delocalised electrons. The sea of delocalised electrons which can act as mobile charge
carriers, in both solid and molten state.

NaCl has a giant ionic structure with electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged
ions. In solid state, Na+ and Cl− ions are held in fixed positions in the giant ionic lattice.
Therefore, there is the absence of mobile charge carriers, hence NaCl does not conduct
electricity in the solid state. In the molten state, the ionic lattice is broken down to form mobile
ions, which can then act as charge carriers.

C Covalent Substances and Covalent Bonds

C1 Giant Molecular and Simple Molecular Structure

[Refer to lecture notes pages 17  24]

5 Describe the structure and bonding present and show how they can be used to explain two
characteristic physical properties of each of the following substances.

(a) diamond,

(b) graphite,

(c) iodine.

(a) Diamond has a giant molecular structure with the C atoms held together by strong
electrostatic attraction between the 2 positive nuclei and shared pair of electrons
(covalent bonds).

Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 other carbon atoms arranged in a three-
dimensional tetrahedral arrangement.

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Physical Properties of Diamond (any two)

 Very high melting and boiling points

A large amount of energy is required to overcome the strong and extensive covalent
bonds between the C atoms throughout the whole structure.

 Non-conductor of electricity
All the valence electrons of carbon are used to form covalent bonds and are unable to
move freely in the presence of applied electric field, unable to function as mobile charge
carriers and therefore diamond does not conduct electricity.

 Very hard
The structure of diamond is mechanically strong and rigid due to strong C−C bonds forming
a three-dimensional network of interlocking hexagons.

 Insoluble in water
The interaction between diamond and water molecules does not release sufficient
energy to overcome the large number of strong C−C covalent bonds in diamond.

(b) Graphite has a giant molecular structure with the C atoms held together by strong
electrostatic attraction between the 2 positive nuclei and shared pair of electrons
(covalent bonds). The carbon atoms are arranged in layers of interconnected hexagonal
rings.

Within each layer, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms
using 3 of the 4 valence electrons. The 4th valence electron is available for  bonding
between the adjacent carbon atoms, resulting in delocalisation throughout the layer.

The layers are held together by intermolecular forces.

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Physical Properties of Graphite (Any two)

 High melting and boiling points
A large amount of energy is required to overcome the strong covalent bonds between
the C atoms throughout the whole structure.

 Good conductor of electricity

The presence of delocalised electrons between the layers act as mobile charge carriers
across when a potential difference is applied along the layer. It does not conduct across the
layer.

 Soft and Slippery

The weak attraction between the layers allows the layers to slide past one another when
rubbed, giving a greasy feeling.

 Insoluble in water
The interaction between graphite and water molecules does not release sufficient
energy to overcome the large number of strong C−C covalent bonds in graphite.

(c) Iodine has a simple molecular structure with the iodine atoms held together by strong
electrostatic attraction between the 2 positive nuclei and shared pair of electrons (covalent
bonds), with weak instantaneous dipole – induced dipole between the I2 molecules.

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covalent bonds
between iodine atoms instantaneous dipole-
induced dipole between
iodine molecules

Physical Properties of Iodine (Any two)

 Low melting and boiling points
A small amount of energy is needed to overcome the weak instantaneous dipole-induced
dipole between iodine molecules.

 Non-conductor of electricity
There are no mobile charge carriers as the valence electrons are used in the formation of
bonds.

 Insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents

The energy evolved when the iodine molecules form instantaneous dipole-induced
dipole interactions with the water molecules is insufficient to overcome the hydrogen
bonds between water molecules and the instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
interactions between iodine molecules.

The energy evolved when the iodine molecules form instantaneous dipole-induced
dipole interactions with the non-polar solvent molecules is sufficient to overcome the
instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions between the non-polar solvent
molecules and the instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interactions between iodine
molecules.

C2 Sigma and Pi Bonds

[Refer to lecture notes pages 27  29]

6 (a) The molecule of oxygen contains both -bonds (sigma) and -bonds (pi).

Describes the terms in italics and draw labelled diagrams to show how orbitals overlap
to form
 -bond
 -bond

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 A  bond is formed when two orbitals overlap head-on. In the case of oxygen molecule, the
head- on overlap is between two p-orbitals.


O 
O 
O 
O

  bond is formed when the p orbitals of the two atoms overlap sideways. In the case of
oxygen molecule, the sideway overlap is between two p-orbitals.

(b) Determine the number of -bonds and -bonds in the following compounds.
(i) ethane, C2H6 (ii) ethene, C2H4 (iii) propyne, HCCH (iv) carbon dioxide, CO2

compound number of -bonds number of -bonds

C2H6 7 0
C2H4 5 1
C2H2 3 2
CO2 2 2

C3 Co-ordinate (or Dative Covalent) Bonds

[Refer to lecture notes pages 30  32]

7 (a) N08/P3/Q4(a)
When dry chlorine is passed over heated aluminium foil in a hard glass tube, a vapour
is produced which condenses to a yellow-white solid in the cooler parts of the tube. At
low temperatures, the vapour has the empirical formula AlCl3, and a Mr of 267.

Suggest the molecular formula of the vapour, and draw a dot-and-cross diagram to
describe its bonding.

molecular formula: Al2Cl6

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(b) Beryllium chloride BeCl2 reacts with phosphine PH3 in a 1:2 ratio to yield a single
product.
Explain why this is so.
You may find both a written explanation and a sketch useful in your answer.

BeCl2 has two bond pairs and no lone pair of electrons. Hence, Be has four valence electrons and
is electron-deficient / has two empty 2p orbitals. Each PH3 has a lone pair of electron which
can then donate into the empty 2p orbitals of Be, and 2 PH3 molecules will donate a total of
4 electrons, allowing Be to form a stable octet structure.

H P H
H

Cl Be Cl + 2H P Cl Be Cl

H
H P H

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C4 Factors Affecting the Strength of Covalent Bonds

[Refer to lecture notes pages 32  34]

8 N11/P2/Q4(b)
Among the elements of Group 14, those towards the top, carbon to germanium, have very
different properties from these at the bottom, tin and lead.
For example, the melting points show a marked change after germanium,

element C Si Ge Sn Pb
mp / oC >3550 1410 937 232 327

Carbon, silicon and germanium each form a solid with the same type of structure

(a) What type of structure is present in solid carbon, silicon and germanium?

(b) Suggest why the melting points of these elements decrease from carbon to germanium.

(a) Giant molecular

(b) Down the group from carbon to germanium,

 Size of valence orbitals increase / become more diffused
 Less effective overlap of valence orbitals
 Strength of covalent bond between atoms decreases
 Less energy needed to overcome covalent bonds

C5 ‘Dot-and-Cross’ Diagrams and Shapes of Molecules

[Refer to lecture notes pages 34 – 49]

9 For each of the species below,

 draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram;
 determine the number of electron-pairs around the central atom;
 determine the basic shape;
 determine the number of bond-pairs and lone-pairs around the central atom;
 determine the final shape;
 state the bond angle (where applicable); and
 draw the structure, illustrating the shape.

(a) CS2 (b) SO3 (c) SnCl2 (d) CHCl3 (e) H3O+

(f) H2S (g) AsCl5 (h) SF4 (i) ClF3 (j) I3

(k) PCl6 (l) BrF5 (m) XeF4

You may wish to present your answers in a table.

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 number number of
molecule ‘dot-and-cross’ of basic bond
bond lone final shape structure
/ ion diagram electron shape angle
pairs pairs
pairs

CS2 S xx C xx S 2 linear 2 0 linear 180o

O xx S xx O
xx trigonal trigonal
SO3 3 3 0 120o
planar planar
O
xx trigonal Sn
SnCl2 Cl x Sn x Cl 3
planar
2 1 bent 118o
Cl Cl

Cl
x
CHCl3 Cl x C x H 4 tetrahedral 4 0 tetrahedral 109.5o
x
Cl

+
H +
x trigonal O
x
H3O+ Hx
xO x
4 tetrahedral 3 1
pyramidal
107o H
x H
H
H
xx
104.5o S
H2S Hx S xH 4 tetrahedral 2 2 bent
xx H H
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number number of
molecule ‘dot-and-cross’ of basic bond
bond lone final shape structure
/ ion diagram electron shape angle
pairs pairs
pairs
Cl
x Cl 120o
x trigonal trigonal
AsCl5 Cl x As 5 5 0 and
x x bipyramidal bipyramidal
Cl 90o
Cl

F F
x F
F trigonal
S x
x

SF4 5 4 1 see-saw NA S
xx x bipyramidal
F F
F
F
F F
x
xx x

Cl x F trigonal
x

ClF3 5 3 2 T-shaped NA Cl F
x bipyramidal

F F

- -
I I
x x
xx x

I trigonal
I3
x

x x 5 2 3 linear 180o I
bipyramidal
I
I

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number number of
molecule ‘dot-and-cross’ of basic bond
bond lone final shape structure
/ ion diagram electron shape angle
pairs pairs
pairs
-
Cl

Cl Cl
P x
PCl6
x
x xx 6 octahedral 6 0 octahedral 90o
Cl Cl
Cl

F
F
F x F square F F
BrF5 Br xx 6 octahedral 5 1 NA
x

x pyramidal Br
F xx F
F F

F xx F F F
Xe x square
x

XeF4 x x 6 octahedral 4 2 90o Xe

F xx planar
F
F F

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10 N16/P3/Q5(a)

(a) Outline the principles of the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.

(b) Although they have similar formulae, the following three compounds have differently
shaped molecules.

BF3 NF3 ClF3

Predict and explain their shapes, using diagrams where appropriate.

(a) Electron pairs in the valence shell around a central atom repel each other and orientate
themselves in space as far apart as possible so as to minimise the repulsion between them.
The repulsion between lone pair-lone pair of electrons is greater than those between lone
pair-bond pair of electrons which is in turn greater than bond pair-bond pair of electrons.

(b) F F

N
B Cl F
F F
F F
F
F
no. of electron pairs around no. of electron pairs around no. of electron pairs around
central atom = 3 central atom = 4 central atom = 5
basic shape = trigonal planar basic shape = tetrahedral basic shape = trigonal
no. of b.p. = 3 no. of b.p. = 3 bipyramidal
no. of l.p. = 0 no. of l.p. = 1 no. of b.p. = 3
final shape = trigonal planar final shape = trigonal no. of l.p. = 2
pyramidal final shape = T-shaped

D Intermediate Bond Types

D1 Covalent Character in Ionic Bonds

[Refer to lecture notes pages 49  51]

11 For the pairs of ionic compounds in Question 3b, predict which one has greater covalent
character.
Explain your answer.

(a) NaBr has a greater covalent character.

The Br− electron cloud is larger than the F− electron cloud. As a result, the Br− electron
cloud is more polarised by Na+, which could result in its orbitals overlapping with that of
Na+, causing NaBr to have some covalent character.

(b) MgO has a greater covalent character.

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Mg2+ has a higher charge and a smaller ionic radius than Na+. Hence, it has a higher
charge density and polarising power, which could polarise the O2− electron cloud to a
larger extent, causing some overlap between the Mg2+ and O2− orbitals. This gives MgO
covalent character.

D2 Ionic Character in Covalent Bonds

[Refer to lecture notes pages 51  54]

12 (a) Explain what is meant by the terms electronegativity and bond polarity.

(b) Certain covalent molecules are said to be polar (having ionic character). State the two
conditions for a covalent molecule to be polar.

(c) Determine if the following molecules are polar.

 H2O  I2  H2S  SO3

 HCl  S8  BF3  NH3
 AlCl3  CCl4  OF2  CO
 CH4  CHCl3  CS2  HCN
 CO2  SF6  SO2  XeF4

(d) Which of the following substances in each pair is more polar? Explain your choice.

(i) HCl and HI (ii) H2O and H2S (iii) CCl4 and SCl4 (iv) BF3 and NF3

(a)  Electronegativity refers to the ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract electrons
to itself. The greater the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its ability to attract
electrons to itself.

 Bond polarity occurs when the covalent bond formed between atoms of different
electronegativities (polar covalent bond).

(b) A covalent molecule is polar when

 there is a polar bond in the molecule; and
 there is a net dipole moment (dipole moments do not cancelled out)

(c) molecule polarity

H2O yes
HCl yes
AlCl3 no
CH4 no
CO2 no
I2 no
S8 no
CCl4 no
CHCl3 yes

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SF6 no
H2S yes
BF3 no
OF2 yes
CS2 no
SO2 yes
SO3 no
NH3 yes
CO yes
HCN yes
XeF4 no

(d) (i) HCl is more polar. Since chlorine is more electronegative than iodine, the difference
in electronegativity between hydrogen and Cl is greater than between hydrogen and
iodine, and hence the dipole moment is larger.

(ii) H2O is more polar. Since oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, the difference
in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen is greater than between hydrogen
and sulfur, and since both molecules are bent, the resultant dipole moment is larger for
H2O

(iii) SCl4 is more polar. Since CCl4 is tetrahedral in shape, the dipole moments of the
bonds cancel each other completely, and therefore it is non-polar. There are 4 bond
pairs and 1 lone pairs of electrons around the sulfur atom in SCl4, hence the molecular
geometry for SCl4 is see-saw. Hence the dipole moments of the bonds do not
cancel out, and therefore SCl4 is a polar molecule.

(iv) NF3 is more polar. Since BF3 is trigonal planar, the dipole moments of the bonds
cancel each other completely, and therefore it is non-polar. There are 3 bond pairs
and 1 lone pairs of electrons around the nitrogen in NF3, hence the molecular geometry
for NF3 is trigonal pyramidal. Hence the dipole moments of the bonds do not
cancel out, and therefore NF3 is a polar molecule.

E Additional Questions

13 Copper is widely used to make electrical wires due to its high electrical conductivity and its
ductility.

Explain why copper has high electrical conductivity and ductility.

Copper has a high electrical conductivity as the sea of delocalised electrons act as mobile
charge carriers.

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Copper is ductile because when one plane of the metal cations slips over another, the mobile
electrons can move easily between the planes to maintain the metallic bond in copper.

14 Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams for the following compounds.

(a) aluminium oxide, Al2O3 (b) magnesium nitride, Mg3N2 (c) sodium peroxide, Na2O2

2- 3- xx 2-
2 xNx xO x O
2[Al]3+ 3 x Ox 3[Mg]2+ x
2 [Na]+ x
xx

Al2O3 Mg3N2 Na2O2

15 Using the VSEPR Theory, suggest an explanation for each of the following observations.

Even though methane, ammonia and water have the same basic tetrahedral electronic
geometry, their bond angles vary.

compound CH4 NH3 H2O

H
x
‘dot-and-cross’ H x Nx H
Hx C x H
x
Hx O xH
diagram x
H
H
number of electron
4 4 4
pairs
basic shape tetrahedral tetrahedral tetrahedral
number of bond pairs 4 3 2
number of lone pairs 0 1 2
final shape tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal bent
bond angle 109.5 107 104.5
lone-pair – lone pair
no lone pair therefore lone-pair – bond pair repulsion > lone-pair
VSEPR Theory repulsion is only repulsion > bond pair – bond pair repulsion
between bond pairs. –bond pair repulsion > bond pair –bond
pair repulsion

16 N10/P3/Q4(c)(ii)

(a) Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the bonding in the molecules of NO2 and O3.
Each molecule contains a dative covalent bond, and in the NO2 molecule the central
atom is nitrogen.
In each case you should distinguish carefully between electrons originating from the
central atom and those from the two outermost atoms.
Include all lone pairs in your diagrams.

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(b) Suggest a value for the bond angle in each of these two molecules in (a), giving reasons
for your choice.

(a)

NO2 O3

(b) Bond angle of NO2: any value between 130o to 160o [actual is 134o]

Bond angle of O3: any value between 110o to 120o [actual is 117o]

NO2 has one lone electron whereas O3 has one pair of electrons. The repulsion between lone
electron and a bond pair is weaker than lone pair-bond pair repulsion

17 N10/P3/Q4(c)(ii)
The compound FO2 does not exist, but ClO2 does.
By considering the possible types of bonding in the two compounds, suggest reasons for this
difference. (Assume that the halogen atom occupies a central position in each of these
molecules.)

The structure of ClO2 is

 
Cl 
 
O
 O
 

There are 9 electrons around the central chlorine atom, which is possible for chlorine, as it can
expand its octet configuration due to the presence of energetically accessible empty 3d orbitals in
Cl. However, fluorine is a Period 2 element which does not have energetically accessible d orbitals
for expanding octet.

A possible alternate structure for FO2 could be:

 
F 
 
O   O

However, this is also not likely to occur, as fluorine is too electronegative to be able to form two
dative bonds. Hence FO2 does not exist, while ClO2 does.

18 Why is it that the “first” bond is inevitably the sigma bond and not the pi bond when a bond is
formed between 2 atoms in any structures?

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The extent of overlap of a sigma bond is usually greater than that of a pi bond.

This is because the two atoms can approach closer for a “head-on” overlap, rather than a
“sideways” overlap. Hence, a sigma bond is stronger, and leads to the formation of a compound.
Since the driving force behind the formation of a bond is to form stable products, a sigma bond is
inevitably formed.

19 N06/P3/Q2(a)
Boron forms simple trihalides of formula BX3 with all halogens. BF3 and BCl3 are the most
common. Both find uses as Friedel Crafts catalysts since they readily react with electron pair
donors.

(a) Describe and explain the shape of the BF3 molecule.

(b) BF3 and trimethylamine, (CH3)3N, react in a 1 : 1 ratio to give a white crystalline solid.

Draw a diagram to show the bonding within a molecule of this solid, explaining the type
of bonding involved.

(a) The shape of BF3 is trigonal planar.

Number of electron pairs around B atom = 3

Basic shape = trigonal planar
Number of bond pairs = 3
Number of lone pairs = 0
Final shape = trigonal planar

(b) B has six valence electrons and is electron-deficient with one empty 2p orbitals. (CH3)3N
has a lone pair of electron on the N atom which can then donate into the empty 2p
orbitals of B forming a dative bond.

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20 N11/P2/Q2(b)
Phosphorus(V) chloride dissolves in some polar solvent without reaction and such solutions
conduct electricity. This is due to the present of the two ions [PCl4]+ and [PCl6]−.

Draw the structure and suggest the shape of each of these ions, [PCl4]+ and [PCl6]− .

[PCl4]+ [PCl6]−

tetrahedral octahedral

21 N11/P3/Q1(a) & (b)

The halogens form many interhalogen compounds and ions, in which a halogen atom lower
down the group is surrounded by atoms of halogens higher in the group. Two such species
are the ClF5 and the ion ICl4−.

(a) Calculate the oxidation number of iodine in ICl4−.

(b) Draw ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams showing the electrons (outer shell only) in, and use the
VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory to predict their shapes.
You may find both written description and a 3-dimensional sketch useful in your
answer.

(a) +3

(b) ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram VSEPR 3-dimensional sketch

 No. of electrons pairs = 6
 Basic shape: octahedral
 No. of bond pairs = 4
ICl4−  No. of lone pairs = 2
 Final shape: square planar

 No. of electrons pairs = 6

 Basic shape: octahedral
 No. of bond pairs = 5
ClF5  No. of lone pairs = 1
 Final shape: square
pyramidal

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22 N17/P3/1(c)
The halogens form many interhalogen compounds, such as ClF3 and BrCl.

The central atom in ClF3 is surrounded by five pairs of electrons arranged in a trigonal
bipyramidal shape. A trigonal bipyramidal arrangement is shown in Fig 1.1.

Fig. 1.1

Three different molecular arrangements of ClF3 are possible.

(a) Draw clear diagrams of these three molecular arrangements, each showing the five
pairs of electrons. State which arrangement, if, any, would result in a molecule with no
dipole moment.

(b) Apply the principles of the VSEPR theory to discuss the relative stabilities of these
three possible arrangements.

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(a) (A) (B) (C)

F F
F F
F Cl F Cl F Cl
F
F
dipole moment no dipole moment dipole moment

(b) VSEPR Theory

 Electron pairs (bonding or non-bonding) in the valence shell around a central atom repel
each other and orientate themselves in space as far apart as possible so as to minimise
the repulsion between them.
 The repulsion between lone pair-lone pair of electrons is greater than those between lone
pair-bond pair of electrons which is in turn greater than bond pair-bond pair of electrons.

(C) (B) (A)

 1 × 90 o lone pair-lone  6 × 90o lone pair-bond Most stable

pair repulsion pair repulsions  4 × 90o lone pair-bond
 3 × 90o lone pair-bond pair repulsions
pair repulsions  2 × 90o bond pair-bond
 2 × 90o bond pair-bond pair repulsions
pair repulsions
This arrangement is the This arrangement is the
least stable because of the most stable because it has
strong lone pair-lone pair the minimum amount of
repulsion. repulsion because bond
pair-bond pair repulsion is
less than lone pair-bond pair
repulsion

YIJC / JC1 H1/H2 Chemistry / 2020 / Teachers’ Copy Pg 21 of 21