Glossary
Glossary
GLOSSARY
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Glossary
Glossary
adaptive system
A system in which the behaviour of agents changes and they self-organize in response to events.
AIOps
The application of machine learning and big data to IT operations to receive continuous insights which provide
continuous fixes and improvements via automation. Also referred to as ‘artificial intelligence for IT operations’ or
‘algorithmic IT operations’.
artificial intelligence
Highly advanced automation that demonstrates capabilities of general reasoning, learning, and human-like
intelligence; a branch of computer science and engineering focused on simulating intelligent behaviour in
computer systems.
band of visibility
Activities and resources within a service relationship that are visible to both the service provider and the
service consumer.
big data
The use of very large volumes of structured and unstructured data from a variety of sources to gain new insights.
blockchain
An open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and
permanent way.
business analysis
The practice of analysing a business or some element of a business, defining its needs and recommending
solutions to address these needs and/or solve a business problem, and create value for stakeholders. Business
analysis enables an organization to communicate its needs in a meaningful way, express the rationale for change,
and design and describe solutions that enable value creation in alignment with the organization’s objectives.
business case
A justification for the expenditure of organizational resources, providing information about costs, benefits,
options, risks, and issues.
collaboration
Working with others to achieve common shared goals.
complex system
A system in which agents’ interactions are dynamic and often unpredictable.
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complexity thinking
Glossary
A systems thinking approach based on the recognition and understanding of the various levels of complexity
inherent in the systems and the context in which they operate.
compliance
Both the act and result of ensuring that a standard or set of guidelines is followed, or that proper, consistent
accounting or other practices are being employed.
continuous delivery
An approach to software development in which software can be released to production at any time. Frequent
deployments are possible, but deployment decisions are taken case by case, usually because organizations
prefer a slower rate of deployment.
continuous deployment
An approach to software development in which changes go through the pipeline and are automatically put into
the production environment, enabling multiple production deployments per day. Continuous deployment relies
on continuous delivery.
continuous integration
An approach to integrating, building, and testing code within the software development environment.
control
The means of managing a risk, ensuring that a business objective is achieved, or that a process is followed.
cooperation
Working with others to achieve your own goals.
cultural fit
The ability of an employee or a team to work comfortably in an environment that corresponds with their own
beliefs, values, and needs.
culture
A set of values that is shared by a group of people, including expectations about how people should behave and
their ideas, beliefs, and practices.
customer experience (CX)
The sum of functional and emotional interactions with a service and service provider as perceived by a customer.
customer journey
The complete end-to-end experience that service customers have with one or more service providers and/or
their products through touchpoints and service interactions.
customer orientation
An approach to sales and customer relations in which staff focus on helping customers to meet their long-term
needs and wants.
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cycle time
Glossary
The amount of time required to complete a discrete unit of work, converting inputs into outputs.
data
Information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing.
design thinking
A practical and human-centred approach used by product and service designers to solve complex problems and
find practical and creative solutions that meet the needs of an organization and its customers.
digital transformation
The use of digital technology to enable a significant improvement in the realization of an organization’s
objectives that could not feasibly have been achieved by non-digital means.
double-loop learning
A form of learning that takes place when examining the purpose and function of work being done, without
taking the existing organizational structure for granted. Also known as ‘reframing’.
early-life support (ELS)
A period of time associated with the release of service components to users, when additional resources are
allocated to user support and service operations. Early-life support can also be applied to the onboarding or
offboarding of users from a service.
emotional intelligence
The ability to understand the way people feel and react, and to use this skill to make good judgements and to
avoid or solve conflicts.
epic
A high-level definition of a requirement that has not yet been sufficiently refined or understood. Eventually an
epic will be refined or broken down into several user stories and requirements.
gap analysis
An activity that compares two sets of data and identifies the differences; for example, comparing a set of
requirements with the actual delivery, or the current state of an organization with a target future state.
governance
The means by which an organization is directed and controlled.
improvement
A deliberately introduced change that results in increased value for one or more stakeholders.
indicator
A metric that is used to assess and manage something.
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Glossary
integration of duties
Glossary
Having a task that is prone to fraud or error performed by one person because other controls have been applied.
This serves as an alternative to separation (or segregation) of duties.
intelligent disobedience
Deliberately disobeying or disregarding rules in order to avoid a dangerous situation, or ‘doing the right thing’.
ITIL continual improvement model
A model which provides organizations with a structured approach to implementing improvements.
ITIL guiding principles
Recommendations that can guide an organization in all circumstances, regardless of changes in its goals,
strategies, type of work, or management structure.
ITIL service value chain
An operating model for service providers that covers all the key activities required to effectively manage
products and services.
ITIL service value chain activity
A step of the value chain that an organization takes in the creation of value.
Kanban
A method for visualizing work, identifying potential blockages and resource conflicts, and managing work
in progress.
lead time
The time taken to complete the execution of a process, usually measured from a specific perspective (e.g. that
of the customer).
Lean culture
A work environment where trust, respect, curiosity, enquiry, playfulness, and intensity all co-exist to support
learning and discovery.
machine learning
An applied form of artificial intelligence, based on the principle of systems responding to data, and adapting
their actions and outputs as they are continually exposed to more of it.
management
Coordinated activities to define, control, supervise, and improve something.
measurement
A means of decreasing uncertainty based on one or more observations that are expressed in quantifiable units.
mental model
An explanation of someone’s understanding of how something works in the surrounding world.
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metric
Glossary
A measurement or calculation that is monitored or reported for management and improvement.
moment of truth
Any episode in which the customer or user comes into contact with an aspect of the organization and gets an
impression of the quality of its service. It is the basis for setting and fulfilling client expectations and ultimately
achieving client satisfaction.
multi-sourcing
The use of multiple service providers offering similar (if not the same) services, balancing the risks of relying on
a single provider with the overhead of managing work across multiple providers.
net promoter score (NPS)
A metric used to measure customer loyalty; often used as a proxy to measure customer satisfaction.
operating model
A conceptual and/or visual representation of how an organization co-creates value with its customers and other
stakeholders, as well as how the organization runs itself.
operation
The routine running and management of an activity, product, service, or other configuration item.
organization
A person or a group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities, and relationships to
achieve its objectives.
out-of-the-box services
Services immediately available for use after a service agreement is reached, with little or no need for onboarding
and setup.
pattern of business activity (PBA)
A workload profile of one or more business activities. PBAs are used to help the service provider understand
and support different levels of service consumer activity.
persona
A fictional yet realistic description of a typical or target customer or user of a service or product.
plan
The value chain activity that ensures a shared understanding of the vision, current status, and improvement
direction for all four dimensions and all products and services across an organization.
RACI
A model used to help define roles and responsibilities. RACI stands for responsible, accountable, consulted,
and informed.
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Glossary
reframing
Glossary
See double-loop learning.
report
A detailed communication of information or knowledge about a topic or event.
risk
A possible event that could cause harm or loss or make it more difficult to achieve objectives. Can also be
defined as uncertainty of outcome and can be used in the context of measuring the probability of positive
outcomes as well as negative outcomes.
role
A role is a set of responsibilities, activities, and authorizations granted to a person or team in a specific context.
service empathy
The ability to recognize, understand, predict, and project the interests, needs, intentions, and experiences of
another party, in order to establish, maintain, and improve the service relationship.
service integration and management
The coordination and orchestration of work across all suppliers involved in the development and delivery of
products and services.
service interaction
A reciprocal action between a service provider and a service consumer that co-creates value.
service level
One or more metrics that define expected or achieved service quality.
service level agreement (SLA)
A documented agreement between a service provider and a customer that identifies both the services required
and the expected level of service.
service management
A set of specialized organizational capabilities for enabling value for customers in the form of services.
service mindset
An important component of the organizational culture that defines an organization’s behaviour in service
relationships. A service mindset includes the shared values and guiding principles adopted and followed by
an organization.
service quality
The totality of a service’s characteristics that are relevant to its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs.
service request
A request from a user or a user’s authorized representative that initiates a service action which has been agreed
as a normal part of service delivery.
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service value system (SVS)
Glossary
A model representing how all the components and activities of an organization work together to facilitate
value creation.
service-dominant logic
A mental model of an (economic) exchange in which organizations co-create value by applying their
competencies and other resources for the benefit of each other.
single-loop learning
The type of learning that takes place when fixing problems within the present organizational structure so that
the system will function better without altering its structure.
site reliability engineering (SRE)
A discipline that incorporates aspects of software engineering and applies them to infrastructure and operations
problems with the goal of creating ultra-scalable and highly reliable software systems.
stakeholder
A person or organization that has an interest or involvement in an organization, product, service, practice, or
other entity.
strategy
A broad approach or course of action defined by an organization for achieving its objectives.
swarming
A method of managing work in which a variety of specialist resources or stakeholders work on an item until it
becomes apparent who is best placed to continue with the work, at which point the others are freed up to move
on to other work items.
technical debt
The total rework backlog accumulated by choosing workarounds instead of system solutions that would take longer.
touchpoint
Any event where a service consumer or potential service consumer has an encounter with the service provider
and/or its products and resources.
user experience (UX)
The sum of the functional and emotional interactions with a service and service provider as perceived by a user.
user story
A technique in Agile software development that uses natural language to describe desired outcomes and
benefits from the point of view of a specific persona (typically the end-user), usually in the form of ‘who, what,
and why’.
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Glossary
utility
Glossary
The functionality offered by a product or service to meet a particular need. Utility can be summarized as ‘what
the service does’ and can be used to determine whether a service is ‘fit for purpose’. To have utility, a service
must either support the performance of the consumer or remove constraints from the consumer. Many services
do both.
value
The perceived benefits, usefulness, and importance of something.
value proposition
An explicit promise made by a service provider to its customers that it will deliver a particular bundle of benefits.
value stream
A series of steps an organization undertakes to create and deliver products and services to consumers.
value stream map
A visual representation of a service value stream which shows the flow of work, information, and resources.
value stream mapping
A Lean management technique to visualize the steps needed to convert demand into value, used to identify
opportunities to improve.
vision
A defined aspiration of what an organization would like to become in the future.
warranty
Assurance that a product or service will meet agreed requirements. Warranty can be summarized as ‘how the
service performs’ and can be used to determine whether a service is ‘fit for use’. Warranty often relates to
service levels aligned with the needs of service consumers. This may be based on a formal agreement, or it may
be a marketing message or brand image. Warranty typically addresses such areas as the availability of the
service, its capacity, levels of security, and continuity. A service may be said to provide acceptable assurance,
or ‘warranty’, if all defined and agreed conditions are met.
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