CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Plastics are man-made and can be produced from natural materials like

coal and oil. There are many types of plastics like HDPE and LDPE, HDPE or

High Density Polyethylene is a plastic that has resistance and melting point to

large impacts. It is also replaces heavier materials, partially because our culture

and many companies follow sustainability targets, such as reducing the amount

of content used in packaging and goods. "Lightweight and solid" can translate

into "less environmental impact (Professor Plastics, 2015). LDPE or Low Density

Polyethylene is softer, more flexible and melts at a lower temperature

than HDPE. It is used in a wide range of applications, including food packaging,

general-purpose containers, boxes, toys, movies, etc. It is ideal for different

processing techniques, including extrusion, blowing, or injection. Generally

speaking, a complete characterization of LDPE allows all three distributions to be

understood simultaneously (Dietrich, Sarmoria, Brandolin, & Asteasuain, 2018).

Pasig River dumps more than 63,000 tons of pollutants equal to the weight of

more than 10,000 elephants into the ocean each year, according to a 2017 report

by researchers from the United States and the Netherlands. It makes the river

the world's second worst source to ocean plastic, compared to its drainage area.

Due to its high reliance on single-use plastics for food packaging and hygienic

1
goods, plastic pollution remains one of the country's ongoing environmental

problems (Enano 2019).

According to Parker, 2019 that plastic pollution has become one of the

most urgent environmental problems, because the rapidly increasing production

of disposable plastic goods overwhelms the ability of the world to deal with them.

Plastic pollution is most evident in emerging Asian and African nations where

obsolete or non-existent garbage collection systems are often found. But the

developed world is also having trouble collecting discarded plastics properly,

especially in countries with low recycling levels. Plastic garbage has become so

commonplace that it has sparked attempts to write an UN-negotiated global

treaty. This can take hundreds or even thousands of years for the plastic to melt

down, causing long-lasting damage to the environment. The light weight,

resilience, and capacity of plastic to be formed into any shape makes it an ideal

material for packaging. Plastic ends up as bottles for liquid substances such as

milk, tea, motor oil and shampoo, and for dry goods such as medications and

nutritional supplements, through a manufacturing process. Plastic consists of a

variety of synthetic polymers that include polyethylene and ethylene. Plastic can

be molded into the desired shape in a soft state. Every year, people produce

more than 300 million tons of plastic, 50 per cent of which are for single-use

purposes (Plastic Oceans International 2019). Plastic is a valuable resource in

many respects but plastic pollution is the resource's needless and harmful waste.

According to the Container Recycling Institute, 100.7 billion plastic beverage

bottles were sold in the U.S. in 2014.

2
 According to Vila, executive director of the Philippines branch of the

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, the shortage of garbage collection

services in secondary towns and many of the smaller islands in the country is

largely attributable to the overwhelming amount of marine plastics coming from

the country. According to Ranada, 2015 that the local government in the

Philippines often lacks either political will or the budget to construct such

facilities. Irresponsible garbage hauling companies and the presence of open

dump sites near rivers is one of the reasons why the Philippines are among the

world’s top ocean polluters. Even in schools they have a deficiency in solving this

issue, lack of refuse bins, facilities and Irresponsible disposal of waste specially

the plastic wastes.

The researchers became curious in how to solve this problem in our

School. The researchers picked this topic because they consider that the

environment directly affects people’s health and as people look around in the

stated school, plastic bottles have been widely adopted as packaging materials

for beverages, detergent and other consumer goods. So that the researchers

created a Bicycle Operated Plastic Shredder Machine to crush the plastic bottles

into smaller pieces for granulation and additional it can convert plastic waste into

reusable raw material for manufacturing plastic containers, PET bottles and PVC

products.

3
Conceptual Framework

The basis for conceptualizing the P.B.S.M. (Plastic Bottle Shredder

Machine) is to propose possible solutions to rising problems about plastic waste

that causes water pollution and many problems around the world. The solution

for plastic waste problem is the P.B.S.M. and the primary focus is to shred plastic

bottles.

Figure 1. Conceptual Model

The main concern of this study is to make a bicycle operated shredder

machine to crush P.E.T. plastic bottles to reduce plastic waste. This will show the

process on how the researcher will make a P.B.S.M. (Plastic Bottle Shredder

Machine). The researcher will collect all of the materials needed in junkshop and

hardware shop. The researchers also asked some of their relatives to give their

unused bicycle. That’s why the bicycle use in this study is already used and just

4
need some repairs. The researchers asked some welding shop to make the parts

of the shredder and then the researcher will assemble it. The researches will

apply and test the P.B.S.M. in Buting Senior High School.

Statement of the Problem

In the collection of plastic bottles, when these bottles are put in a

container, even single bottle will surely occupy space and having such spaces

can cause hard time to the collectors in collecting bottles. The purpose of this

study is to create a mechanical plastic bottle shredder machine that is controlled

manually by a bicycle that can crush the plastic battles into smaller pieces; more

specifically it will answer the following questions:

1. What is the weighted amount in terms of grams (g) of HDPE and LDPE

can the PBSM shred in varying amount of time (1, 3, 5, 7 minutes)?

2. What is average size of the shredded HDPE and LDPE?

3. How effective is the PBSM in shredding Plastic Bottles based on the data

gathered?

Scopes and Limitation/s/Delimitation/s

This research study aims to focus on the effectiveness of using bicycle

operated shredder machine and the capacity of it to crush the P.E.T. bottles. It is

important for the people to reduce the burning solid plastic waste and control the

environmental pollution. The researchers picked this topic because they consider

that the environment directly affects people’s health. And as a people look

around in the stated school, plastic bottles have been widely adopted as

5
packaging materials for beverages, detergent and other consumer goods. The

researchers designed particularly to know how to crush the P.E.T. bottles by

using bicycle operated shredder machine to better regulate the number of plastic

waste in BSHS. This topic want to know what will happened if the researchers

will use the bicycle operated shredder machine to crush a plastic bottle and how

this become effective as a man power type machine.

The researchers choose the study of using bicycle Operated shredder

machine as to regulate and minimize the number plastic because of some

problems in BSHS is about plastic waste, oil usage, and carbon dioxide

emissions for the recycle plastic project. The research will be conducted in Buting

Senior High School Pasig City on November, 2019.

The limitation of this study, the researchers take a time and funding

because this study needs a lot of time to plan, discuss, and to gather some

materials needed to this study. Also, the students and people must be the one

who will take the beneficiary of this study. It makes them to be aware on what will

happen to this research and the interaction and struggles have to be taken. The

delimitation of this study is just fixed on one purpose and that is making and

testing the bicycle operated shredder machine, if it is effective in crushing plastic

bottles. After the production of P.B.S.M., this will be donated in the stated school.

The School will be the one who is in charge on the shredded plastic bottles. They

are the one who will be deciding if they want to donate it to CENRO (City

Environment and Natural Resources Office) or to other projects.

6
Significance of the Study

This study which aiming to create a bicycle operated shredder machine

that will can crush the plastic bottles into smaller pieces and to give some fun to

the people while they using it; more specifically this will benefit the following:

Buting Senior High School, It can benefit the students and teachers

because, the outcome on this study will be donated in this school then this study

can provide some information for the students and teachers, and also will give

them some fun while they are shredding the bottles.

Waste collectors in Pasig, this study will help their job because it will

reduce the space and the weight of the waste, especially the plastic bottles that

they will going to collect from the school and the crushed bottles will be easily for

them to lift.

City Government of Pasig, this study will help to catch the attention of

the government about the problems about garbage. It will also help them to

formulate some ideas for them to easily apply the waste management.

Community of Pasig City, It can also help the community of Pasig by

giving them information about the mechanical shredder machine, steps in making

it and also how to properly use it.

Future Researchers, this study can help other researchers if they also

have this kind of topic. The content of this research can be their reference or

base when they do their research that connected to this topic.

7
 Environment, in shredding plastic bottles into smaller pieces can help the

environment to reduce plastic bottles waste and also by using mechanical

shredder can reduce electricity usage and save energy.

Community Health, since cycling is a form of exercise, when people use

this machine they are already exercising while shredding plastic bottles.

Definition of Terms

Plastic Shredder is a machine or equipment used for shredding. Shredding

systems are used to reduce the size of a given material (Pyle, 2016).

P.E.T. Bottle which stands for polyethylene terephthalate is a form of

polyester (just like the clothing fabric). It is extruded or molded into plastic bottles

and containers for packaging foods and beverages, personal care products, and

many other consumer products.

HDPE or High Density Polyethylene is a plastic that has resistance and

melting point to large impacts. It is also replaces heavier materials, partially

because our culture and many companies follow sustainability targets, such as

reducing the amount of content used in packaging and goods. "Lightweight and

solid" can translate into "less environmental impact (Professor Plastics, 2015).

LDPE or Low Density Polyethylene is softer, more flexible and melts at a

lower temperature than HDPE. It is used in a wide range of applications,

including food packaging, general-purpose containers, boxes, toys, movies, etc.

It is ideal for different processing techniques, including extrusion, blowing, or

8
injection. Generally speaking, a complete characterization of LDPE allows all

three distributions to be understood simultaneously (Dietrich, Sarmoria,

Brandolin, & Asteasuain, 2018).

Efficiency is the researchers need to identify from the ratio of the useful

work performed by the P.B.S.M. (Fremont, 2009).

Systematic selection is the selection of materials used to construct the

project concranksidered mechanical properties of materials including resistance

to strength, hardness and impact (Tegegne, Tsegaye, Ambaye, & Mebrhatu,

2019).

Shredding is the process that the researchers do which is crushing into

smaller pieces the plastic bottles (Pyle, 2016).

Crank is the shaft, on which the pedals of the bicycle that is connected to

the plastic shredder are held, its length is measured from the center of the pedal

spindle to the center of the bottom bracket spindle or axle (Hansen, 2009).

Lab Shear System is a system in a shredder that performed and included

measurement of knife sharpness as well as calibration of the load cell and

transducer of velocity. Edges appeared smooth and defect-free as presented for

both knives (Meissner, 1997).

BPM or Beats per minute is the term used for measuring the tempo of a

piece of music, but here the researchers used this term to measure the Heart

rate of the human.

9
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, literature and studies that are related to the study will be

discussed which is significant for understanding and supporting the objective of

the research.

Global Pollution Contributed by Plastic Bottles

The rapid urbanization and economic growth in different countries have

led to a drastic increase in plastic production and consumption around the globe.

Owing to the low recycling value of plastic and the lack of technological support,

the recovery rate of plastic waste remains very low. Most of its far washed into

the ocean, monetary development and people’s changing styles of consumption

and production have brought about a drastic boom in plastic wastes all over the

world. Plastic waste disposal harms the environment and poses risk to human

health. Hence, there is remarkable preference to reduce the plastic wastes. To

lessen plastic wastes, education is of utmost importance as schooling can trade

people’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviors toward plastic waste management

(Chow, So, Cheung and Yeung, 2017). According to an editorial that for more

than 50 years, international production and intake of plastics have persevered to

rise, an anticipated three hundred million lots of plastics have been produced in

2015, confirming and upward trend over the past years, launched at Davos in

January, 2016. In 2008, our global plastic intake global has been predicted at

10
260 million heaps. Those are the attractive traits that lead us, around the world,

to one of these voracious urge for food and over-intake of plastic goods.

However, long lasting and very sluggish to degrade, plastic materials which might

be used in the manufacturing of such a lot of products all, ultimately, grow to be

waste with staying power. Our great attraction to plastic, coupled with a plain

behavioral propensity of more and more over-consuming, discarding, littering and

accordingly polluting, has turn out to be a combination of lethal nature (Guern,

2009).

Pollution in Philippines Contributed by Plastic Waste

The Philippines generates 2.7 million tons of plastic waste annually and 20

per cent – or half a million tons – of that leaks into the oceans, the report stated.

According to Froilan Grate, executive director of the Philippines branch of the

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, an absence of garbage collection

services in secondary cities and many of the country’s smaller islands is largely

to blame for the overwhelming amount of marine plastic coming from the country

(Vila, 2018).

Mechanical Function of Plastic Bottle Shredder

A Plastic Shredder is a device used to cut plastic into smaller portions for

granulation. Unlike plastic granulators, shredders are designed especially for

larger plastic Waste, like automobile bumpers, pipes, drums, and other objects

too large for granulators. In the process, massive plastic items are fed into the

shredder. Moving at a slower speed than a granulator, blades wreck the plastic

11
down into smaller chunks. These portions are then amassed and washed and

dealt with in washing and recycling flowers before being granulated and

dispatched to manufacturers (Pyle, 2016).

In addition since shredder is a machine or equipment used for shredding.

Shredding systems are used to reduce the size of a given material, while most

online dictionaries define the shredder as “a device used for shredding

documents as a security measure to prevent identity theft," shredders can be of

many types based on the material being processed. There are shredders

designed to support material reduction across a range of recycling applications,

including plastic recycling, scrap metal, e-waste recycling, wood recycling, and

tire-shredding or recycling. The shredding process produces raw material to be

re-introduced into manufacturing, as well as finished products such as landscape

mulch. Various terminologies are used to describe size reduction equipment,

including grinders, chippers, granulators and hammer mills. Overall, their main

function is to reduce the size of a given material (Leblanc, 2019)

Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

LDPE is one of the most commonly used commodity polymers, with an

annual production of round 19 Mt. It is used in a wide range of applications,

including food packaging, general-purpose containers, boxes, toys, movies, etc.

It is ideal for different processing techniques, including extrusion, blowing, or

injection. LDPE is softer, more flexible and melts at a lower temperature

than HDPE. Generally speaking, a complete characterization of LDPE allows all

12
three distributions to be understood simultaneously. A high-fidelity model of the

reactor which can quantify these three distributions is very desirable (Dietrich,

Sarmoria, Brandolin, & Asteasuain, 2018).

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) is a thermoplastic polymer made from

petroleum. As one of the most versatile plastic materials around, it is used in

everything from hard hats to house wraps—it’s also widely recycled, in both its

rigid form. Including plastic bottles, milk jugs, shampoo bottles, bleach bottles,

cutting boards, and piping. Known for its outstanding tensile strength and large

strength-to-density ratio, HDPE plastic has resistance and melting point to large

impacts. HDPE also replaces heavier materials, partially because our culture and

many companies follow sustainability targets, such as reducing the amount of

content used in packaging and goods. "Lightweight and solid" can translate into

"less environmental impact (Professor Plastics, 2015).

Composition and Description of Mechanical Bicycle

Bicycle, also called bike, two-wheeled steerable machine that is pedaled

by the rider’s feet. On a standard bicycle the wheels are mounted in-line in a

metal frame, with the front wheel held in a rotatable fork. The rider sits on a

saddle and steers by leaning and turning handlebars that are attached to the

fork. The feet turn pedals attached to cranks and a chain wheel. Power is

transmitted by a loop of chain connecting the chain wheel to a sprocket on the

rear wheel. Riding is easily mastered, and bikes can be ridden with little effort at

13
16–24 km (10–15 miles) per hour—about four to five times the pace of walking.

The bicycle is the most efficient means yet devised to convert human energy into

mobility. Bicycles are widely used for transportation, recreation, and sport.

Throughout the world, bicycles are essential to moving people and goods in

areas where there are few automobiles. Globally, there are twice as many

bicycles as automobiles, and they outsell automobiles three to one (Berto, 2019).

In addition, bicycles are used for transportation, bicycle commuting, and

utility cycling. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by mail carriers, paramedics,

police, messengers, and general delivery services. Military uses of bicycles

include communications, reconnaissance, troop movement, supply of provisions,

and patrol. The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle

touring, mountain biking, physical fitness, and play. Bicycle competition includes

racing, BMX racing, track racing, criterium, roller racing, sportive and time trials.

Major multi-stage professional events are the Girod'Italia, the Tour de France,

the Vuelta España, the Tour de Pologne, and the Volta a Portugal. Bikes can be

used for entertainment and pleasure, such as in organized mass rides, artistic

cycling and freestyle BMX (Steff, 2015).

Description of P.B.S.M. (Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine)

P.B.S.M. or Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine is a Bicycle Automated

mechanical type machine which is a combination of a bicycle and shredder

machine. This shredder machine is use for crushing the parts from the bottles

with rotary cutting tool within a specified depth and the speed limit, then the two

14
parts separately or it will be truncated. This machine is powered by a bicycle

which is connected on the shredder machine. This machine will function if you

keep pedaling on the bike. This machine can be implemented on schools and

public places the researchers reduce the plastic waste and also to help the

garbage collector on their job.

Constructing of Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine

Selecting a product for any project is one of the most critical decisions to

be made by the engineer or planner, poor selection of materials will result in

failure of a component, process, or may lead in excessive costs. Usually, the

selection process of materials involves multiple opposing product attributes as

well as many constraints. Material selection's main objective is to minimize costs

while meeting the required requirements and performance and objectives of the

product. Systematic selection of the best material for a particular application

starts with selected material properties and costs. Product choice and

manufacturing processes are integral parts of a computer element design. The

selection of materials used to construct the project considered mechanical

properties of materials including resistance to strength, hardness and impact.

Weighting measure has also been used to prioritize that materials are more

relevant than others after which all available materials have been identified and

rated for ranking purposes; criteria such as cost and availability of the different

materials have been measured (Tegegne, Tsegaye, Ambaye, & Mebrhatu,

2019).

15
 The plastic shredding system consists of multiple parts; the upper part is

framed for balance with an angle bar (0.33 mm) millimeter. It is the platform

where the shredding chamber feeds plastics. The shredding chamber is made of

a thick, rigid, mild steel sheet (0.610 mm). All the joints are welded with arc

welding except for the side that is bolted for fast coupling and uncoupling

purposes. For protect the front side of the shredding chamber, a smaller plate

(0.03 mm) plate is used. A flywheel is a heavy material that is connected to a

drive shaft that has concentrated most of its weight at the circumference. The

welded steel plate is placed at the top of the cutting tank. This occupies a third of

the top as a whole (Atadious, & Oyejide, 2018).

Development of components was done after the choice of materials and

the determination of the process. Commonly mechanical behaviors, physical

properties, chemical properties and process flexibility are the main issues to

consider in the choice of materials. The hopper, shredder case, cutting knife,

shafts, spacers, gears, frame, and gear motor are eight major parts to be

assembled. The assembly principle was applied when assembling the

components of the system and subassembly was done following the frame

process, shredder head box, cutting blades with shaft and inlet hopper with

correct joining method. It minimizes all parts construction complexity. Then for

the final step you need to combine all the subassemblies parts into a single fully

assembled shredder unit, making such subassemblies. Specific assembly

devices and equipment were used in the assembly process. The assembly of

parts was made for maintenance and repair as simple as possible. As a result,

16
the critical parts of the system were assembled using temporary fasteners (bolt

and nut) and welding connected the parts needed to be placed (Tegegne,

Tsegaye, Ambaye, & Mebrhatu, 2019).

Application Process of P.B.S.M.

Nowadays, many people are wondering if using a bicycle shredder

machine can be effective to crushing a P.E.T bottle. Recycling provides

opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of

waste requiring disposal. Then the process that breaks down the plastic issue

and makes to crush using bicycle shredder machine to minimize the amount of

plastic. This process needed a man power type to fast gearing and rpm of speed

of crushing plastic bottles, because it is difficult to master injection and shrinking

process accurately of the shredder machine, resulting in the low accuracy of the

gear itself. And running at high speed, the noise is large. In addition to that

plastic shredder is a machine used to cut plastic into smaller pieces for

granulation (Pyle, 2016).

Synthesis

These studies presents significant parts were it really gives the relevant of

each topic and also contrast. The plastic shredder machine is an equipment use

to cut plastic in smaller pieces that can easily be molded in other form, some of

this machines are powered by electrical and also by fuel. This were the bicycle

show up as a substitute from an expensive source of energy to cheaper and

available as mechanical energy that is seem to have the same purpose for a

17
shredder to function. The Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine where build according

to the concept of a bicycle that performs movement without emitting air harmful is

a good to replace a motor powered that can be uncontrollable if there is a

malfunction within the system. The result would be lessening the plastic waste

quickly. The dissimilarity is on the machine use on crushing plastic bottles, a

motor machine has a high rotates per minute, in a mechanical it has a low rotates

per minute that makes it in smooth crushing, easy to control, and prevents for

further damage on the workplace (Ningbo, 2018).

18
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this page you will see the research methods, approaches and designs

in detail highlighting those used throughout the study, justifying the choice

through describing advantages and disadvantages of each approach and design

taking into account their practical applicability to the research (Brown, 2015).

Research Design

The researchers used an experimental research design because they

conducted experimentation on the research. The researchers want to know the

productivity of P.B.S.M. (Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine) in crushing plastic

bottles. The researchers also want to know the durability of this Plastic Bottle

Shredder Machine. The researchers used experimental research design because

the researchers manipulated one variable, and control the rest of the variables.

The researchers use the type of experimental research design called Quasi-

experimental design because our research involves the manipulation of the

shredder machine. They interviewed some engineering experts and mechanic to

get the information needed in our research (Ojmarrh, 2015).

Sampling Site

The study will be conducted at Buting Senior High School situated at A.

Santos St. Buting; Pasig City. This School has 2 building spans six stores each.

This school also has a wide park and garden located at the front and back of the

school. The shredder was welded and make in one of the welding shop in San
19
Lorenzo Ruiz, Taytay Rizal. This place was selected for knowing the efficiency of

the study of P.B.S.M. (Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine). The shredder was

welded and make in one of the welding shop in San Lorenzo Ruiz, Taytay Rizal.

The research study was implemented at the Park of Buting Senior High School.

Description of PBSM (Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine)

The P.B.S.M. (Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine is a Bicycle Operated) is a

mechanical type of machine which is a combination of a bicycle and shredder

machine. This shredder machine is use for crushing the parts from the bottles

with rotary cutting tool within a specified depth and the speed limit. This machine

is powered by a bicycle which is connected on the shredder machine. This

machine will function if you keep pedaling on the bike. The P.B.S.M. is consisting

of multiple parts; the upper part is framed for balance with an angle bar 0.33

millimeter (mm). It is the platform where the shredding chamber feeds plastics.

The shredding chamber is made of a thick, rigid, mild steel sheet (0.610 mm). All

the joints are welded with arc welding except for the side that is bolted for fast

coupling and uncoupling purposes. To protect the front side of the shredding

chamber, a smaller plate (0.03 mm) plate is used. A flywheel is a heavy material

that is connected to a drive shaft that has concentrated most of its weight at the

circumference. The welded steel plate is placed at the top of the cutting tank.

This occupies a third of the top as a whole. This machine can be implemented on

schools and public places the researchers reduce the plastic waste and also to

help the garbage collector on their job (Atadious, & Oyejide, 2018).

20
Instruments and Equipment Used

Weighting Scale, in this section the researchers have to use a weighting

scale for identifying the weight of the participants before and after they use our

P.B.S.M.. The researchers will compare it to see the difference. The data

obtained will be used to see the difference the mass of the participants before

and after them the plastic bottles shredder machine.

Caliper, used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of

some parts, of shredder and to measure the size of shredded plastic bottles

Tape measure, this instrument can be used to represent the length and

width of different parts of the shredder, and another is to measure the diameter of

the circular objects inside the machine.

Ruler, In this section the researchers have to use a ruler for identifying

and converting for other parts of the machine that is too small and need to be fit

inside on it, especially for the bolts, nuts, screws and other tiny objects that are

responsible for the function and rotation of the shafts inside the machine. The

basic geometry formulas are use here, for finding the perimeter of our machine

by the given formula of Perimeter is equal to (2) (l) + (2) (w) and for the shafts

circumference formula is 2(π) (r) or (π) (d).

Calculator, the components of the shredder are must to calculate, for

area of the shredder machine it is equal to (l) (w), and for the shaft also area is

equal to (π) (r²). The measurement is done and another instrument to be used to

have a standard and accurate measurements so that the researchers used the

21
calculator, this tool is essential for manipulating and calculating the data to

interpret the machine finest structure.

Data Gathering Procedure/s

An observation is a data collection method, by which you gather

knowledge of the researched phenomenon through making observations of the

phenomenon, as and when it occurs. You should aim to focus your observations

on human behavior, the use of the phenomenon. You can also make

observations on verbal and nonverbal expressions (Kirjaudu, 2012). The

researchers gathered the data needed by observing the productivity of P.B.S.M.

(Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine) in crushing plastic bottles and the satisfaction

of the participants while using the P.B.S.M. The researchers will also know the

effectiveness of P.B.S.M by calculating how many plastics bottles can be

crushed in a minute. By doing this the researchers will know if the P.B.S.M. is

helpful in reducing plastic waste in our country.

Figure 2. Process in production of

22
Collection of Materials, the researchers gathered all the materials needed in

the study by buying the metals in the junkshop. These metals used in making the

parts of the shredder. The researchers also asked some of their relatives to give

their unused bicycle or parts of bicycle for their research. In case of lacking of

materials needed for the research, the researchers also provided the missing

materials.

Application and Testing, to test the shredder it will take two or more

person to accomplish it and also this process needs to man power type to fast

gearing and rpm of speed of crushing P.E.T bottle, because it is difficult to

master injection and shrinking process accurately of the shredder machine,

resulting in the low accuracy of the gear itself. And running at high speed, the

noise is large. The effectiveness of PBSM will be tested by conducting trials in

measuring the average size of the shredded plastics and a trial to identify the

weighted amount of the shredded HDPE and LDPE and in connection to this the

effectiveness of PBSM can easily identify by the used of these data gathered.

The researchers will apply and test the shredder at the Buting Senior High

School (Pyle, 2016).

Observation, the researchers will observe the result of the study by the

method of repeating the test. The researchers will observe how many bottles

P.B.S.M. can shred in one minute. The researchers will compare all of the result

to come up for the possible correction of the study.

23
Statistical Treatment

Descriptive research designs typically only require descriptive statistics.

Since it is important for the reader to have a good understanding of the sample

that the study was conducted on, the first statistics for all research designs

should include descriptive statistics of the personal information for the sample

(Korb, 2013). The statistical mean refers to the mean or average that is used to

derive the central tendency of the data in question. It is determined by adding all

the data points in a population and then dividing the total by the number of

points. The resulting number is known as the mean or the average. The

researchers use statistical mean to determine the average size of the minimum

and maximum size of the shredded plastic.

FORMULA:

24
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents an analysis and interpretation of the data gathered.

The data were arranged comprehensively to answer the statement of the

problems sought. It aims to strengthen the study through the data gathered.

1. Weighted amount in terms of grams (g) of HDPE an LDPE can the

PBSM shred in varying amount of time in seconds.

In this figure it shows the weighted amount of LDPE that

PBSM shred in varying amount of time; 60 seconds, 180 s, 300 s,

420s.

LDPE
1800
1600 1600
1400
1200 1231
1000
800
715.5
600
400 420
300
200 216 180
60
0
1 2 3 4

Time(S) Weight (g)

Figure 3. Mass of shredded LDPE in varying amount of time

The data above shows the relationship between the given accumulated

time of the P.B.S.M. to shred the plastic bottles and the weighted amount of the

25
shredded plastic bottles in grams. Based on the data above that in 60 seconds or

1 minute there is accumulated 216 grams of the plastic bottles that can be

shredded, while in 180 seconds or 3 minutes there is 717.5 g of plastic bottles in

300 seconds or 5 minutes there is accumulated 1,231 grams of plastic bottles

that is shredded, and lastly in 420 seconds or 7 minutes, the plastic bottles

shredded was approximately in 1600 g.

In this figure it shows the weighted amount of HDPE that

PBSM shred in varying amount of time; 60 seconds, 180 s, 300 s,

420s.

HDPE
1600
1400 1403
1200
1000
947.3
800
600 645.5

400 420
300
200 187.4 180
60
0
1 2 3 4

Time(S) Weight (g)

Figure 4. Mass of shredded HDPE in varying amount of time

The data above shows the relationship between the given accumulated

time of the P.B.S.M. to shred the plastic bottles and the weighted amount of the

shredded plastic bottles in grams. Based on the data above that in 60 seconds or

1 minute there is accumulated 187.4 grams of the plastic bottles that can be

shredded, while in 180 seconds or 3 minutes there is 645.5 g of plastic bottles in

26
300 seconds or 5 minutes there is accumulated 947 grams of plastic bottles that

is shredded, and lastly in 420 seconds or 7 minutes, the plastic bottles shredded

was approximately in 1403 g.

2. Average size of the shredded High Density Polyethylene and Low

Density Polyethylene

In this figure it shows the average size of the shredded

HDPE and LDPE plastic bottles in different trials.

Figure 5. Mean size of HDPE & LDPE in different trials

The data above shows the maximum and minimum size of shredded

HDPE and LDPE plastic bottles in different trials. On the table it shown the actual

result of shredded plastic. In trial 1, the average size of the shredded HDPE is

27
4.2 mm and the LDPE is 3.65 mm. In trial 2, the average size of the shredded

HDPE is 4.4 mm and the LDPE is 4.8 mm. In trial 3 the average size of the

shredded HDPE is 4.35 mm and the LDPE is 5.2 mm. And on the trial 4, the

average size of the shredded HDPE is 3.8 mm and the LDPE is 3.25 mm.

3. Effectiveness P.B.S.M. in Shredding Plastic bottles

The effectiveness of using bicycle powered shredder machine is based on

the result shown in figure 3, 4 and 5. Based on the data presented it shows the

resulted mass of HDPE and LDPE in different time required. On figure 5, the data

presented the average size of the HDPE and LDPE after shredding, in the 4 trials

the data presented can truly say if the bicycle operated shredder machine is

effective in shredding. Based on the results the average size of shredded plastic

bottle is related to the weighted amount of HDPE and LDPE in grams.

28
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter looks at the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations for further research. The main results obtained for the different

treatments PBSM.

Summary of Findings

The study was conducted for the purpose of utilizing the mechanical

bicycle to make a pedal-based structure plastic bottles shredder machine. The

researchers called it PBSM or Plastic Bottle Shredder Machine. To determine

effectiveness of this machine the researchers conducted testing by determining

the relationship of the mass of the shredded plastic bottles to the given amount of

time and given number of pedals.

1. As seen from Figure 3,based from the given time which is 60 seconds or 1

minute the PBSM shredded a 216 g of LDPE plastic bottles, and followed

by the next given time which is 3 minutes and up to the last given time

which is 7 minutes or 420 seconds which shred 1600 g of plastic bottles.

In Figure 4, based from the given time which is 60 seconds or 1 minute

the PBSM shredded a 187.4 g of HDPE plastic bottles, and followed by

the next given time which is 3 minutes and up to the last given time which

is 7 minutes or 420 seconds which shred 1403 g of plastic bottles.

29
 2. In figure 5, it shows the mean size of shredded LDPE and HDPE plastic

bottles in different trials. In trial 1, the maximum size of the shredded

plastic bottles is 5 mm and the minimum size is 3.3 mm, followed by the

next trial and up to the last trial in which the maximum size of the

shredded plastic bottles is 6.3 mm and the minimum size is 4.6 mm. While

in figure 6, it shows the maximum and minimum size of shredded HDPE

plastic bottles in different trials. The data shows that in trial 1, the

maximum size of the shredded plastic bottles is 5.4 mm and the minimum

size is 3 mm, followed by the next trial and up to the last trial in which the

maximum size of the shredded plastic bottles is 4.5 mm and the minimum

size is 3.1 mm.

3. PBSM is capable in shredding plastic bottles. As seen from the data

gathered, it shows that the average minimum size of shredded LDPE

plastic bottles is 3.975 mm and the average maximum size of shredded

LDPE plastic bottles is 5.825 mm, the average minimum size of shredded

HDPE plastic bottles is 2.6 mm and the average maximum size of

shredded HDPE plastic bottles is 5.2 mm.

Conclusions

Based on the study carried out to make a pedal-based plastic bottles

shredder machine prevent problem about plastic bottles waste and protecting

intellectual property by shredding plastic bottles into smaller pieces, conclusions

were arrived.

30
 1. LDPE is easier to shred compare to the HDPE plastic bottles. The

weight of the LDPE shredded plastic bottles has to be lesser than the

weight of the LDPE shredded plastic bottles.

2. The average maximum size and the average minimum size of

shredded LDPE plastic bottles is lower compare to the average

maximum size and the average minimum size of shredded HDPE

plastic bottles.

3. The researchers concluded that bicycle operated shredder machine is

effective in shredding plastic bottles.

Recommendations

Since it was proven that P.B.S.M. has the potential to solve the main

problem of plastic bottles waste, on the basis of present study some

recommendations for the future researchers are drawn as follows:

1. Future researchers should use a much slimmer and sharper blade for it to

shred more easily.

2. Future researchers should use a motor chain for it to have more force

when pedaling and also use a reducers to increase the force applied.

3. Future researcher can use much thicker metals so that it will not move

when pedaling the bike.

31
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35
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Letter for Approval of Shredder

36
 APPENDIX B

Letter for Entering the PBSM

37
 APPENDIX C

Approval Form / Parent’s Consent of Researcher 1

38
 APPENDIX D

Approval Form / Parent’s Consent of Researcher 2

39
 APPENDIX E

Approval Form / Parent’s Consent of Researcher 3

40
 APPENDIX F

Approval Form / Parent’s Consent of researcher 4

41
 APPENDIX G

Design of Shredder

42
 APPENDIX H

Constructing the P.B.S.M.

Designing the Shredder Blade and Spacer

Fitting the blade and spacer to the shredder body

Putting bearing and Allen wrench Final product of Shredder

43
 APPENDIX I

Restoration of Bicycle

Original form of an old and used bicycle

Removing the old paint of bicycle

Painting the bicycle

44
 APPENDIX J

CURRICULUM VITAE

ARNAIZ, LEO MENIANO

Birthday: November 10, 2001

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Nagpayong Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020
I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Leo M. Arnaiz

45
DURAN, EDREIAN JAY SULPOT

Birthday: December 30, 2001

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Mc. Lorenz Academy
2008- 2014
Secondary: Pinagbuhatan High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
PInagbuhatan High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Edreian Jay S. Duran

46
MANALO, AERON RYU B.
Birthday: August 28, 2001
Contact Number: 09976096965
Email: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Arinda Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award:Junior High School
Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Aeron Ryu B.Manalo

47
VILLAQUER, DOMINIC P.

Birthday: July 25,2002

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Nagpayong Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award
:Primary School
Nagpayong Elementary School
2008-2014
:Junior High School
Nagpayong High School
2014- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020
I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Dominic P. Villaquer

48
VIRAY, MARL JERWIN LLBAN

Birthday: March 25, 2002

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Pinagbuhatan Elementary School
2008- 2014
Secondary: Pinagbuhatan High School
2014- 2018
: Buting Senior High School
2018- 2020

ACHIEVEMENTS
Academic Excellence Award: Junior High School
Pinagbuhatan High School
2017- 2018
: Senior High School
Buting Senior High School
2019- 2020

I hereby certify that the above information is true and reliable to my extent.

Marl Jerwin L. Viray

49