a DepED DEPARTMENT lf OF EDUCATION Physical Science Quarter 1 - Module 1: Formation of Heavy Elements CO_Q1_ SHS Physical Science Module 1Physical Science Al-ernative Deliv ery Mode Quarter 1 - Module 1: Formation of Heavy First Zdition 2021 ments Republic Act 8293. section 176 siates that No copyright sisal. subsist in any work of the Government of t..e Philippines. Howeve:. prior anproval of tie Jovernn.ant agency o, ofiice wherein the wor. is ¢-2ated shall be necessary for exuloitation of such wo. for profit ‘Such agency or office may, aiiong other things, impose as a condition the payinent of royalties. Borrowed materials \ie., sonys, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, ete., included in this .od.le are owneu by their respective copyright holders Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. ‘he puolisher and authors do not represent nor claim ‘ownership over them Published by the Department of t ducation Secretary. Leonor iwagtolis Briones Undersecretary. Diosdado M San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer: Ross Ann Q Abuel Editors: Priscilla D. Domino, Felipa A. Morada Reviewers: Francia C. Silva, Ramonito O. Elumbaring, Angelica J. Macaraeg Illustrator: Francis Victor A. Medrano Layout Artists: Jane S. Carandang, Elsie R. Reyes, Pamela A. Lalusin, Mary Grace L. Asa Management Team: Francis Cesar 8. Bringas vob S. zape, Jr Ramonito Elumbaring Reicon C. Condes Elaine T. Balaogan Fe M. Ong-ongowan Homer N. Mendoza Catherine V. Maranan Loma R. Medrano Edita T. Gian Editha M. Malihan Printea in the Philippines by_ Department of Education - Region 4A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Bray. San “sidro, Cainta, Rizal Telefax 02-8682-57~3/B6#4-491 |/8647-7487 E-mail Address Iimd.calabarzon @deped gov.phSenior High School Physical Science Quarter 1 - Module 1: Formation of Heavy Elements DepEDIntroductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, cua ondnue your svucies ané leur while at home. Activities, questions, directio..s exercises, anc: discu-sions are carefully stated for you to widerstand each lecson ach SLM i. composed vf difierer-t parts. Bach yar: shall guide you step-by step 2s you discuver und understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior !nowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you nec to ask your facilitator or your teach.r’s as-istance for better u derstanding of the lesson. At the end 0. each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-checa your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to cur facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. Ifyou have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tacks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator, Thank you.What I Need to Know This module will wall you through the beginning of everything. It focuses on how some elements known today were formed same as when stars were born right alter the universe existed. You will be provided with activities such as filling out graphic organizer, reading story board and illustrations which make you remember the lesson. Make sure to answer first the pretest before going through this module and the posttest at the end of the module. The module consists of: ‘© Lesson 1 ~ Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Rise of the Stars! After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. explain stellar nucleosynthesis; 2. describe the different stages of life cycle of stars; 3. cite the different heavy elements formed in each stages of star cycle. Have you also wondered what stars are made of? What keeps them shine so bright? Are there also stars that do not spark? You might also be asking the same questions ever since you were little that until now you still seek answers for, right? Well, this module will help you understand some of the important concepts about stars. Are you ready? Let's gol 1 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer in each item and write it on a separate sheet of paper. x The most accepted theory about the formation of the universe which explains that it continues to expand a. big bang theory c. steady state theory b. divine creation theory d. oscillating theory The following are light elements EXCEPT; a. helium c. lithium b. hyd iron The process of forming elements is known as; a. generation c. nucleosynthesis b. genesis d. synthesis Light elements such as hydrogen and helium are formed through the process of nucleosynthesis. a. big bang c. stellar b. fusion d. supernova Which clement is the lightest and at the same time the most abundant in outer space? a. hydrogen c. lithium b. helium 4. iron A reaction in which two or more nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei, a. combustion c. nuclear Fusion b. nuclear fission d. nuclear synthesis What element can be formed when three atoms of helium are fused? a. carbon c. oxygen b. hydrogen 4. silicon Which of the following elements DOES NOT belong to the group? a. beryllium ©. iron b. silicon d. oxygen 2 O_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 49. The process in which elements are formed at the center of a star. a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. stellar nucleosynthesis b. nuclear fusion d. supernova nucleosynthesis 10. Elements bigger than Iron are formed through. a. big bang nucleosynthesis ¢. stellar nucleosynthesis b. nuclear fusion d. Supernova nucleosynthesis 11. When Carbon atom is combined with Helium atom, the element will be formed. a. magnesium ©. oxygen b. neon d. silicon 12, Average stars have longer life span than massive stars. This is because__ a. they have less fuel to burn b. they have more fuel to burn c. they burn their fuel at faster rate d. they burn their fuel at slower rate 13. Our sun is in what phase of its life cycle? main sequence star planetary nebula red giant white dwarf aoe 14. Which of the following contains only heavy elements? carbon, lithium, neon carbon, silicon, magnesium carbon, beryllium, helium helium, carbon, hydrogen ao op 15.In which stage do massive stars explode and release large amount of energy? main sequence protostar super nova white dwarf Roop 3 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4Stellar Nucleosynthesis: 1 Rise of the Stars! The world where we live today is just a small part of our universe. In your previous years, you have learned about the different theories of the origin of the universe that eventually led to the formation of galaxies, solar system and other heavenly bodies. This lesson will focus on one of those wonderful things present in outer space, the stars. Although stars are millions of light years a.vay from us, we can still see them twinkling in the night sky. Luts find out how they emit light and what xeeps them shining for a long time. 4 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4What’s In Scientists believe that the formation of the universe began through the explosion of a primordial atom whica happened 3 billion years ago [tis “nown as tne Big Bang. It became a theory that also explains the continuous expan don of the universe. HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE. 0.018 3min 369,900 200Mion 13.8 Bion AGE OF THE UNIVERSE Right after Big Bang, protons and neutrons combined together and formed light elements Hydrozen and Helium in the process of big Jang Nu-leosyntiiesis. Other light elements such as Lithium and Beryllium were also formed during this process. Helium 2 Lithium - 6 Lithium — 7 5 €O_Q1_Physical Sc ence SHS Module 4What’s New Stellar Nucleosyathesis The word “stell-:” means sta: anz the fo:mation of element. in the center o! the star is called tellar 1 leo_ynthesi.. Ca:1 Sagan said that “We are made uf tar stuff.” What did he mean by that? If we know how some important heavy elements were formed same as stars, that maybe a clue. Label the sequence of star life cycle. Use the hints/clues found in the table below this diagram. Star Life Cycle Average Star Massive Star CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4Hints/ Clues Average Star The star is unable to generate heat when it runs out of hydrogen in its core leading to its contraction and expansion. It cools down and glows red. The Helium fused into Carbon. The star is now RED GIANT Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer material is blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon. The remnant is known as WHITE DWARF. Giant cloud of gas and dust known as NEBULA. It is formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and becomes ignited. A PROTOSTAR rises. MAIN SEQUENLE STAR starts to form when nuclear fusion cccurs at the core of the star, it begins to contract, glow and become stable. Hydrogen is converted into Helium. This is said to be the remain of the white dwasf that cooled down and no longer emits light and heat. The hypothetical BLACK DWARF. Massive star It is believed that a NEUTRON STA! is formed from supernova explosion. This is also the smallest star Explosion of star or SUPERNOVA releases large amount of energy. Because of that, elements are dispersed into the space. BLACK HOLE is a region in space where gravity is too strong that no matter can escape from it. ‘A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands faster than low mass star and will turn into RED SUPER GIANT star, the largest known star. Carbon fusion still occurs and Oxygen formed. Notes to the Teacher Guide them in this activity and clarify any misconceptions. The teacher can also ask the students to illustrate the stages of star cycle using their art materials in a separate bond paper for better retention. CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4Wnat is It Were you able to label all the stages of star? Review the hints/clues in the previous activity. You will notice that following the sequence will reveal what happens in each stage of star. To understand further, answer the following questions below. 1. What element from space is pulled by gravity and turn into a protostar? 2. What will happen if a low massive main sequence star runs out of hydrogen fuel? How are heavy elements such as Carbon, Oxygen and Neon formed during star formation? 4. Why is it impossible for any matter such as light and radiation to escape from a black hole? ». Why do you think maseive star has shorter life epan than average star? CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4 eLook at the diagrams below. These will explain how stars are formed into different stages because of nuclear fusion (combination of nuclei to form heavier one) among heavy elements ‘The diagram shows the Proton-Proton Chain Fenelon in main ON # [ston omen |(m Sequonce str. Thais <—e al aman the process by which eo See average star gets their . Heliam-3 energy and convert oe “SS e Hydrogen into Helium. / It starts with proton NUCLEAR FUSION N and neutron fused The proton-proton chain o— together to form a“ \ Helm deuteriam. When one On U®V ee. proton collides with © , e deuterium, Helium-3 Sa aa Ma is formed. Two —_ Helium-S collided will @“ , form Helium-4, deuterium The case is different in massive star or star eight mY, times larger than solar wg. WNaNC ter ty mass. They undergo ONO HSMN y g ina tiato (Carbon, Nitrogen, act Oxygen) cycle to convert ancien Hydr-gen “nto Helium, Vu can see at the right how Carbon 12 fused with proton (H) and form Nitrogen-13. Nitrogen-13 undergoes beta decay to form Carbon-13. Carbon-13 captures proton (H) and Nitrogen 14 is formed. Nitrogen 14 captures proton and Oxygen-15 is produced. Onygen-15 undergoes beta decay and —_ produces {C+ HN +y Nitrogen-15, —_Nitrogen-15 eterna / fused with proton gives off © positron e “He Helium and ends up with ba Carbon-12. Then the process repeats again. CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4 ©Tri alpha process happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of main sequence star. This is how three Helium-4 are converted into Carbon. The triple-a process begins when two ‘He nucle fuse to form an unstable "Be nucleus. ‘He this nucleus collides with / another He nucleus be 10 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4A star accumulates more mass and continues to grow into red super giant. Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy elements until elements called Iron is formed. This process is known as the Alpha ladder How are elements heavier than Iron formed? As the energy at the core of the star decreases, nuclear fusion cannot produce elements higher than Iron Different pathway is needed for heavier elements to be formed. Neutron capture, a neutron is added to a seed nucleus. Below is the representation of how neutron is captured and heavier nucleus is formed. Example: A A 1 dx + jn> pty BFe + 3in + BFe CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS nh Module 4Neutron capture can be slow or rapid; S-process or siow proecss happens when there is a slow rate o.cayturiug neutron while there is a fester rte o: radicactave decay hence inere-sing the proton by i Example. -—e@d o6 SFe QFe Sco Rprecess or rapid process means that there is faster rate of capturing neutron before it undergoes radioative decay thus, more ne itrons can Le ~ombined at the nucieus. This is what happens in a superr ova forming heavier elcments than Iron with the ,r0:¢es kmown as suprrnova «cle .s,sthosis. Example: “ome & 64 7 Fe Bre SFe Go The explosion of star or supernova is believed to be the source of other elements heavier chan iron. D ing the explosion, these heavy elements ate dispersed into the space. Aside from gases Hydrogen and Heliuua m space, othe: evidence of star :ormation is the energy emitted during nuclear reaction. ‘t 1s also the energy emitted by uutferent forms of radiation such as UV, Infrared, X ray, radio wave and microwave €2_Q1_Physical Schunce SHS we Module 4What’s More Match the terms in column A with its description in Columa B A B 1. Alpha ladder process There is faster rate of capturing . . neutron before it undergoes. 2. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Tadiosctive decay 8 3. CNO cycle Nuclear fusion that happens in red super giant star and creates heavier 4, Neutron Capture element such as Iron. It happens when there is a slow rate 5. Proton: Proton Chain of capturing neutron while there is a 6. R rocess faster rate of radioactive decay. It is a process wherein light élements 7. S- process such as Helium and Hydrogen formed. 3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis This is how three Helium-4 is b Supernova converted into Carbon in red giant star. Nucleosynthesis It is a process where elements heavier than Iron are formed, 19, Tri alpha process It is a Nuclear fusion reaction where Hydrogen is converted to Helium It is an addition of neutron to form heavier nuclei. It is a process by which elements are created within the star This happens in massive star which converts Hydrogen into Helium. 13 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4What I Have Learned Read the paragraph then fill in the blanks with the correct word/s. Itall starts with 1 cloud of gas and dust particle in outer space. Due to the force of gravity, the 2. gas is pulled together and eventually became a protostar. Nebular fusion occurs at the center of the protostar and becomes stable. During this time, hydrogen is converted into 3. forming main sequence star. The size of the star can be average or massive. A massive main sequence star that runs out of hydrogen fuel will begin to expand and cool down. This is 4. , the biggest star in the universe, The red super giant continues to fuse with heavy elements and stops when 5. is converted in the core of the star. At this point, red super giant will become a supemova after hundreds of years. What I Can Do Now, you have learned how stars are formed and evolve from one stage to another and its connection with heavy elements from Carbon through Iron. There are many processes that stars have to undergo before they evolve from one stage to another. For your next task, you will write a story which relates the events of your life from past, present and future to the life cycle of a star. Use also those elements which could symbolize something or anything in your story. (Use another sheet of paper for this tasks). CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS 4 Module 4Rubrics for Story of Your Life Criteria. Excellent Fair Poor (Spts) ( Spts) (1pt) Work shows time, Overall effort effort and ° neatness that | Work shows time | Lacks effort and enhances the | and effort put into | cleanliness overall written at output. The student's The project output contains contains No background or Background and | — discussion of contectetal Background — context and shows | world events but it information is context how world events | is unclear how wcluded Grammar and Spelling Content have significantly affected his/her life. The student does not commit error when it comes to grammar and spelling Student includes information about birth, friends, family, hobbies and is able to tie his /her story to the topic given. they have affected the student's life. The student commits 1-3 grammar mistakes and spelling Student includes very few details. Output is somewhat tied up with the topic 15 ‘The student commits more than 4 mistakes in grammar and spelling Information included is not related to the task or no attempt was made. CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4Assessment Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is NOT an evidence of star formation? a. hydrogen . helium c. infrared Radiation d. rocks 2. Which process produced Star’s energy? combustion . decomposition nuclear fission . nuclear fusion aoe 3. Which of the following will sun's evolve when reaches the end of red giant phase? a. black hole b. supemova c. red super giant d. white dwarf 4. These are the biggest stars in the universe. a. main sequence star ’o. red giant c. red super giant d. white dwarf 8. Which of the following gases are major components of star? a. carbon and oxygen ’. helium and carbon ©. hydrogen and carbon d. hydrogen and helium 16 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 46. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The core of red giant star is made up of carbon b. The average star has shorter life span c. The more massive the star is the faster it burs its fuel d. No elements heavier than Iron can be produced in a massive star 7. Which is the first stage of a star's life cycle? a. black hole b. nebula c. protostar d. white dwarf 8. In main sequence star, Hydrogen fuses and converted to Helium and Helium is converted into at its core. a. carbon b. iron ©. neon d. silicon 9. This element is produced through Big Bang Nucleosynthesis second most abundant element in the universe. a. carbon b. helium c. hydrogen d. oxygen 10. What object is formed from gas and dust particles which are pulled together by gravity and no nuclear fusion has happened yet? a. nebula b. main sequence star c. protostar d. red supergiant star 11.Who stated that we are made of star stuff? a. Carl Sagan b. Edwin Hubble ©. Galileo Galilei d. Stephen Hawking 17 CO_Q1_Physical Science SHS Module 4