Dairy Technology Study Material

B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.

Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
2
DAIRY TECHNOLOGY - STUDY MATERIAL Achievements: Establishment of 13,000 Dairy Co-
opera#ve Socie#es (DCS) at Village level with membership
MODULE I of 18 lakh farmers.
Section I (Introduction and Establishment of a Dairy Farm): 05 Hrs Opera!on Flood Programme Phase II (1981-85)
1.1 Dairy development in India – Dairy Cooperatives (NDRI, NDDB, TCMPF) (1hr)
1.2 Constraints of Present Dairy Farming and Future Scope of Dairy Farmer. (1 hr) Achievements: 1. The numbers of village level Co-
1.3 Selection of site for dairy farm; Systems of housing – Loose housing system, opera#ves reached to 34,500 covering 36 lakh farmers.
Conventional Dairy Farm; Records to be maintained in a dairy farm. (3 hrs) 2. The peak milk procurement increased to a level of 79
lakh litres per day.
1.1 Dairy development in India Opera!on Flood Programme Phase-III (1985-94)
Animal husbandry is the science of farming Achievements: 1. The no. of Dairy Co-opera#ve Socie#es
of animal livestock. It includes caring, breeding and increased to 70,000 with 93.14 lakh farmer memberships. 2.
management of livestock. Animal husbandry includes Average milk produc#on per day reached to 115 lakh litres
ca!le, poultry, apiculture etc. Dairying is part of animal per day
husbandry. Opera!on Flood Programme: Phase-IV (1996-2006)
Dairying is the management of animals like cows, Achievements: 1. Strengthening the Co-opera#ves by
buffalos goats sheep for milk and its products for human providing funds 2. Impart educa#on, personal training,
consump#on. The products like milk, yogurt (curd), marke#ng support, product development for the farmers.
cheese, bu!er, Ghee etc. cons#tute dairy industry. In India Na#onal Milk Day is celebrated on
India ranks first among the world’s milk producing November 26 which is the birthday of Dr. Verghese
Na#ons since 1998 and has the largest bovine popula#on Kurien - the father of White Revolu#on (which includes
in the World. Milk produc#on in India during the period opera#on Flood) in India.
1950-51 to 2017-18, has increased from 17 million tonnes
to 176.4 million tonnes NDRI (Na#onal Dairy Research Ins#tute)
When the world milk produc#on in 2008 is To develop any field requires good research
around 700 million tones, India has produced 121.7 facili#es. Dairy educa#onal ac#vi#es in the country
million tones. This was achieved due to the bovine commenced with the establishment of the ‘imperial
popula#on of 304 million (199.1 million ca!le and 105.3 Ins#tute of Animal Husbandry and Dairying’ in 1923 in
million buffaloes). Bangalore. This ins#tute is renamed as Na#onal Dairy
Today the dairying industry contribu#on to the GDP of Research Ins#tute and moved to Karnal Haryana in 1955
india is around 4.2%.. It is a primary source of income for B.Sc. Dairying courses were started at NDRI in 1957.
about 7 crore rural families. Regular Post-graduate programmes were started in in
In India most of the Milk is produced in rural 1968
areas by the farmers having 2 to 5 ca!le at their homes. Na#onal Dairy Research Ins#tute (NDRI) has contributed
To improve the efficacy of the dairy industry all these a lot in the growth of dairy industry and played a crucial
farmers are to be united to achieve best yielding. role in India’s development in milk produc#on with its
Government of India established many Ins#tu#ons to con#nuous research.
strengthen the dairy industry as follows.
TCMPF (Tamilnadu Coopera#ve Milk Producers
Federa#on Limited)
NDDB (Na#onal Dairy Development Board)
TCMPF is an organiza#on of Dairy Co-opera#ve
NDDB was set up under the Socie#es Registra#on of Tamilnadu. It was established in1981 and took over
Act in 1965. The main objec#ves were as follows: all the commercial ac#vi#es such as milk procurement,
1. To monitor over the various development processing, packing and marke#ng of milk and milk
programmes by Indian Dairy Corpora#on set up in 13 products from the Tamil Nadu. The Headquarters of the
Jan., 1970. TCMPF is located at Chennai .
2. To promote the Co-operate dairy development
programmes. The Federa#on collects milk from various Districts
3. To success the opera#on flood programmes. markets the milk in Chennai Metro fulfilling the demand
4. To increase research and extension work in the field of milk consumers.
of dairy The Federa#on provides necessary technical
The Opera#on Flood programme (OFP) was support to the Unions, including marke#ng assistance.
conceived by the NDDB and endorsed by the government.
Opera#on Flood, launched in 1970 is a project of the 1.2 Constraints of Present Dairy Farming and Future
Na#onal Dairy Development Board (NDDB), which wasq Scope of Dairy Farmer
the world's biggest dairy development program that
made India a milk-sufficient na#on and the largest milk Constraints of Present dairy farming
producer in the world.The objec#ves of this programme Indias's share in world milk produc#on stands at 17%
were as follows with 66 million tonnes. But there are many constrains to
Opera!on Flood Programme Phase I ((1970-81) increase this level as follows.
1. Poor management.
1. Organizing the dairy co-opera#ves at the village level
2. Majority of stock of poor gene#c quality.
2. Providing the physical and ins#tu#onal infrastructure 3. Poor credit facili#es.
for milk procurement, processing, marke#ng
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
3
4. Lack of veterinary extension services. 7. Surrounding: Areas with wild animal should be
5. In-sufficient nutrients and green fodders. avoided. Narrow gates, smooth finished floor in the areas
6. Poor quality semen. where the cows move should be eliminated.
7. Lack of vaccina•on facili•es. 8. Labour: Honest, economic and regular supply of labour
8. Compe••on from private sector. should be available.
9. Adverse environment. 9. Marke!ng: Dairy buildings should only be in those
areas from where the owner can sell his products
Future Scope of Dairying profitably and
India is endowed with the largest livestock regularly.
popula•on in the world. It accounts for about 57.3 per 10. Electricity: Electricity is the most important sanitary
cent of the world’s buffalo popula•on and 14.7 per cent method of ligh•ng a dairy. Since a modern dairy always
of the ca"le popula•on. Thus, there is a tremendous handles electric equipments
scope/poten•al for increasing the milk produc•on 11. Facili!es for Improved labour Efficiency: Ca"le yards
through profitable dairy farming. The following are some should be so constructed and situated in rela•on to feed
of the reasons for the prospec•ve future of the dairy storages, hay stacks, silo and manure pits as to effect the
industry most efficient u•lisa•on of labour and land
1. The demand for milk is constantly increasing in ci•es
as well as small towns and rural areas because of Systems of housing – Loose housing system,
nutri•onal awareness of the milk and incease in the Conven!onal Dairy Farm
health consciousness in the consumers.
The most widely prevalent prac•ce in this country
2. Dairy farming in India has evolved from just an is to •e the cows with rope on a katcha floor The animals
agrarian way of life to a professionally managed will be exposed to extreme weather condi•ons leading
industry due to the profits involved in it and scien•fic to bad health and lower produc•on. Dairy ca"le may be
approach successfully housed a wide variety of condi•on, ranging
3. 65% of the milk produced is consumed in raw. The from close confinement to li"le restric•ons except at
remaining is converted into processed foods like milking •me.
bu"er, cheese, Ghee etc. There is ample scope for The housing systems of ca"le are of two types. The loose
subsidary milk processing units. housing and The conven•onal barn.
4. cow dung and urine are gaining a slow market
keeping in mid the cultural aspects. I. Loose Housing System
5. There scope for Vaternary medical products, Loose housing may be defined as a system where
Vaternary farm products, and other allied industries animals are kept loose except at the •me of milking and
6. There will be very big employment for vaternary at the •me of treatment. The system is most economical.
doctors, assistants, farm labour. Some features of loose housing system are as follows.
• In loose housing dairy animals are keeping loose in
an open paddock expect at milking •me.
1.3 Selec•on of site for dairy farm; Systems of housing – • The open paddock is provided shelter along one side
Loose housing system, Conven•onal Dairy Farm; Records
to be maintained in a dairy farm. and enclosed with half walls / wire fences / GI pipes.
• Common watering tank and manger (Feeding trough)
is provided.
Selec!on of site for dairy Farm • Separate milking parlor is constructed for milking
The points, which should be considered before purpose.
the erec•on of dairy buildings, are as follows:
1. Topography: A dairy building should be at a higher
eleva•on than the surrounding ground to offer a good
slope for rainfall and drainage for the wastes of the dairy
to avoid stagna•on within.
2. Soil Type: The soil should not be too dehydrated or
desiccated. Such a soil is suscep•ble to considerable
swelling during rainy season and exhibit numerous cracks
and fissures.
3. Exposure to the sun and protec!on from wind: A
dairy Building should be placed so that direct sunlight
can reach the pla$orms, in the shed. It should protect
the ca"le from strong wind currents whether hot or cold.
4. Accessibility: Situa•on of a ca"le shed by the side of
the main road preferably a distance of about 100 meters
for easy
transport of ca"le, feed or milk
5. Durability: Durability of the structure is obviously an
important criterion in building a dairy farm. Space requirements for different classes of
6. Water Supply: Abundant supply of fresh, clean and animals in loose housing is given in the table.
so& water should be available at a cheap rate.
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
4
Single row system: In single row system, 12-16 numbers
of animals can be kept.
Double row system In double row system up to 50 animals
can be maintained in a single shed.
Advantages
• The animals and men caring for animals are less
exposed to harsh environment.
• The animals can be kept clean.
• Diseases are be•er controlled.
• Individual care can be given.
• Separate milking barn is not required
RECORDS TO BE MAINTAINED IN THE DAIRY FARM
Advantages of loose housing system: Maintenance of farm records is important for
• Cost of construc•on is significantly lower than • Effec•ve monitoring of animal performance right from
conven•onal type. birth.
• It is possible to make further expansion without • Evalua•on of management and feeding systems.
much change
• Individual animal comparisons to assist in breeding,
• Facilitate easy detec•on of animal in heat. culling and other decisions.
• Animals get op•mum excise which is extremely • Milk recording of individual animals.
The following records are necessary
1. Daily income and expenditure statement: This is very
important record which records the dialy income and
expenditures of the farm.

important for be•er health and produc•on.

II. Conven!onal Dairy Barn
Animals are confined on a pla!orm and secured
at neck by neck chains.
The barns are completely roofed and the walls are also
complete with windows / ven•lators located at suitable
places.
Animals are fed and milked in the same place.
There shall be individual standings in one or two rows.
The floor should have a gentle slope and a central drain 2. Individual animal record
one in 40 from centre towards the drain. This register records the Individual details of the animals
The Conven•onal Barn housing contains; at the farm along with their iden•fica•on number, date
of birth, its sex, date of calving, date of purchase, date of
• Feeding passage sale/auc•on/death.
• Manger (Feeding trough)
• Standing space
• Gu•er or drainage channel
• Milking passage

B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.

Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
5
3. Individual Mother register/Calving register 8. Individual Health Register: It records the health status
This register maintains the records of calving that take of individuals and their diseases.
place in the farm. calf number, sex and its date of birth
and any other remarks like type of calving (normal/
abnormal).

4. Calf Register (Sire=Bull, Dam= Mother) 9. Deworming and Vaccina!on register: It records
the vaccina"on and dewarming schedules of the farm
This register maintains the records of calving that take animals.
place in the farm. It maintains dam and sire number of
the calf, calf number, sex and its date of birth and any
other remarks like type of calving (normal/abnormal).

5. Growth record of the young calf: this record maintains 10. Dialy total animal count in the ca"le farm : This
the weight of the young stocks at different intervals. register records the number of the animals at the farm
along with their iden"fica"on number, date ofpurchase,
date of sale/auc"on/death.
(Heifer = Cow that has not given birth to calf yet)

6. Dialy Feeding Register: This register records the

amount concentrate, dry fodder, green fodder and other
feeds given to the animals daily.

The above records are to be maintained in ca$le

farm for proper management of farming
Record keeping is a necessary element of good
livestock business management. Records provides basis
for evalua"on of animals. Helps in preparing pedigree
and history record of animals. Helps in fixing proper
prices of animal meant for purchase and sale.
7. Dialy milk Record: This register records the daily milk
yield performance of the cows

B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.

Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
6
MODULE II with good feet. In the male the sheath is pendulous.
Livestock Identification and Management 13 Hrs • The tails is long with a black switch. Udder is large, broad
2.1 Breeds of Dairy Cattle and Buffaloes – Identification of Indian cattle and
buffalo breeds and Exotic breeds; Methods of selection of Dairy animals. (5 hrs) and fine. Teats are good, uniform in size . Milk veins are
2.2 Systems of inbreeding and crossbreeding. (2 hrs) large and prominent.
2.3 Weaning of calf, Castration, Dehorning, Deworming and Vaccination
programme (3 hrs)
2.4 Care and management of calf, heifer, milk animal, dry and pregnant animal,
bulls and bullocks. (3 hrs)

2.1 BREEDS OF DAIRY CATTLE AND BUFFALOES

A breed is a group of animals having similar
characters like general appearance, size, features and
configura"on etc. O#en, breeds resemble each other
with slight morphological differences, because of
constant inbreeding in one locality.
There are total 231 breeds of ca%le in the world
out of which 26 are in India.
• Milk yield – 1400-2500 kgs
Indian ca!le breeds of are classified in to three types • Age at first calving -37-48 months; Calving interval is 430-580
A. MILCH BREEDS: days
The cows of these breeds are high milk yielders
and the male animals are slow or poor workers. The milk II. Red Sindhi
produc"on of milk breeds is on the average more than
1600 kg. per lacta"on. The examples of Indian milch • This breed is from Sindh in Pakistan and found in Orissa,
breeds are Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Gir and Deoni. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
B. DUAL PURPOSE BREEDS: • The colour of the breed is deep dark red. The bulls are
much darker than cows. A white marking on the forehead
The cows in these breeds are average milk is common.
yielder and male animals are very useful for work. Their
milk produc"on per lacta"on is 500 kg to 1500 kg. The
example of this group are Ongole, Hariana, Kankrej,
Deoni, Rathi , Mewathi, Dangi and Nimari.
C. DRAUGHT BREEDS:
The male animals are good for work and cows are
poor milk yielders and their milk yield on an average is
less than 500 kg per lacta"on. They are usually white in
colour. The example of this group is Hallikar, Amritmahal,
Khillari, Bargur, Nagori, Bachaur, Malvi, Kenkatha,
Kherigarh, Kangayam, Ponwar, Siri, Gaolao, Krishna Valley
Ca%le breeds are also classified based on the
place of their origin as indigenous and exo"c. Indigenous
ca%le breeds are na"ve to India where as exo"c species
are imported from other countries.
Indigenous Ca!le breeds
• The animals are medium sized, compact and
1 MILCH BREEDS /MILK BREEDS symmetrical. The head is of moderate size, forehead is
The cows of these breeds are high milk yields and broad and poll is prominent in between horns.
the male animals are slow or poor work animals. The • Eyes are fairly large, and clear. Ears are medium sized,
examples of Indian milch breeds are Shahiwal,Red Sindhi, fine and alert. The horns are short and thick.
Gir and Deoni The milk produc"on of milk breeds is on
the average more than 1600 kg. per lacta"on. • Dewlap is abundant in both males and females and
hangs in folds, chest is broad and deep. Legs are medium
I. Sahiwal in size.
• The original tract of this breed is Montgomery district • Tail is slender with black switch.
in Pakistan, but animals of this breed are found in Punjab • The udder is large size with medium sized teats and well
and Haryana. developed milk veins.
• It is the highest milk yielding ca%le breed in Indian sub • Average weight of the male is 420 kg and the average
con"nent. weight of the female is 341 kg. The milk yield of selected
• It is a medium sized breed, having symmetrical body, village animal is 1.100 kg in a lacta"on period (300 days)
broad fore head, thick short horns and fine loose skin.
• Chest is broad and deep. Legs propor"onate to size
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
7
III. Gir • This breed is considered as a strain of Gir.
• The na•ve tract of this breed is Gir forest of Gujarat • The colour of the animal is white and black patches or
state. Animals of this breed are found in Punjab and red and white patches. The animals resemble Gir breed
Haryana. to some extent.
• The popular colour is white with dark red or chocolate • The forehead is less prominent.
brown patches distributed over the body. • The ears are long and pendulous.
• The animals are medium sized with propor•onate • The chest is heavy and deep, the dewlap is well
body. The head is moderately long, and massive and developed and in the males the sheath is pendulous.
the forehead bulging. The face is narrow and clean. The • The head is medium sized, prominent forehead, the
nuzzle is square and black. horns curving outwards and backwards. A wedge shaped
• The eyes are placed higher up in line with root of ears. barrel and well placed.
Ears are large and pendulous. • Deoni animals are fairly good milk producers and the
• The horns are black, medium sized, shapely round, well average being 700 kg in 300 days, and in well breed herds,
set apart, and peculiarly curved. the average milk yield is
1000 kgs.
• The bullocks are large sized and good for heavy work

2. DUAL PURPOSE BREEDS

The cows in these breeds are average milk
yielders and male animals are good work animals. Their
milk produc•on per lacta•on is 500 kg to 1500 kg.
The example of this group are Tharparker, Ongole,
Hariana, Kankrej, Rathi and Gaoalo and Mewathi.

I. Tharparkar
• Originated from Sind of Pakistan. Herds are found in
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer of Rajesthan. Average animals of the
Tharparkar breed are deep, strongly built, medium-sized,
with straight limbs and good feet.
• Dewlap is thin and hanging, not pendulous. Chest is
deep, full and well developed. Legs are well propor•onate
and muscular. The hump is medium sized and markedly
developed.
• The barrel is deep, long and propor•onate.
• The back is long, strong and wide. The tail is long
touching the ground.
• The udder is of medium size. Average weight of the
male is 545 kg. and that of the female is 386 kg.
• The average milk yield is 1590 kg. • The bullocks are
heavy and good for work

IV. Deoni
• The home of this breed is Marathwada now in
Maharastra state.
• The usual color of the ca!le is white or gray. In males,
the gray color may deepen, par•cularly on the fore and
hind quarters. All along the backbone there is a light gray
stripe..
• The head is of medium size, the forehead broad and flat
or slightly convex above eyes: the front of the horns and
face are prac•cally on one plane.
• Horns are set well apart curving gradually upwards and
outwards
• The dewlap is of medium size and the skin is fine and
mellow.
• The sheath in the males is of moderate length, and is
semi-pendulous.
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
8
• The colour of the skin is black, except on the udder, • This eyes are large and bright expressive but not
under the belly, on the lower part of the dewlap and prominent in mature bulls.
inside the ears where it is rich yellow. • The horns are short and fine or moderately long, and
• Tharparkar cows average 138 cm in height and an they are generally 4 to 9 inches long
average weight of • Dewlap is small without flashy folds and large in males.
408 kg. When le• on arid pasture the milk produc•on is • The chest well developed. Hump is large in males and
approximately 1135 kg per lacta•on, while those animals medium sized in females.
maintained in the villages average 1980kg

II. Ongole
• The home of this breed is Ongole tract comprising of
Ongole, Guntur, and Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh.
• The cows are good for milk produc•on and the males
are for good for work.
• The colour of the animal is white.
• The bullocks are very powerful and good for heavy
plough and cart work India.

• Legs are moderately long and lean and feet are small,
hard and well shaped.
• In the males the sheath is short and •ght and in the 682
kg and of the female is 409 to 455 kg. The average milk
yield is 1333 kg. in a lacta•on. The male are ac•ve, strong
and good both for plough and cart

3. DRAUGHT BREEDS
The male animals are good for work and cows are
poor milk yielders. Their milk yield on an average is less
than 500 kg per lacta•on. They are usually white/grey in
colour. A pair of bullocks can pull 1000 kg. with a walking
speed of 5 to 7 km per hour and cover a distance of 30 to
• The forehead is broad and prominent between eyes; 40 km per day.
Black Kazal marking around the eyes is common.
• Face is moderately long, with wide nostril and black I. Malvi
nuzzle. Ears are moderately long • The breed is found in Malwa tract in Madhya Pradesh
• The horns are short and stumpy. Loose horns are and Rajasthan. The bullocks are known for their dra•
common in this breed. quali•es and the cows are poor milkers.
• Hump is well developed and erect, dewlap is well • In Females the navel flap is not prominent. Tail is short and
developed and folds extending to navel flap. thin • Udder’ is large with milk veins. Teats are medium
• Chest is deep and barrel is deep and long sized and propor•onate.
• The tail is long with black switch reaching below the • The average weight of males is 371 to 490 kgs and that
hocks. of the females is 265 kg.
• The udder is broad, extends well forwards and high up • The average milk yield of cows is 909 to 1364 kg. The
with moderate even sized quarters and teats are average bullocks are good for ploughing and road transport
size.
• The bullocks are very powerful and good for heavy
work.
• Ongole is one of the heaviest breeds in India. The
weight of the male is on the average of 545 kg to 682 kg.
and that of the female is 432 to 455 kg. The average milk
yield is 1600 kg in lacta•on

III. Hariana
• The home of this breed is Hariana state of India and
distributed in Pubjab, Rajasthan and U"arpradesh.
• The colour of the breed is white or light grey.
• The head is light and the face is long and narrow, flat
forehead.
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
9
II. Kankrej • The colour of the animal is dark or light grey with white
• The home of this breed is Gujarat and distributed patches round the face and dewlap. The bullocks are
in Ahmedabad, Bombay and kutch. The colour of the good for work and the cows are poor milkers and the
female is silver gray or black. bullocks are suitable for both for road and field work.
• The males are darker than the females. • The head is long with bulging forehead furrowed in the
• It is one of the heaviest breed in India. middle.
• The forehead is broad slightly dished in the centre. • Horns are close together and sprung perpendicularly
from the head. The body is long and compact with long
• The horns are thick, strong and curved and slightly and slender legs. The novel flap is tucked up and tail is
symmetrical. thin
• The body is powerful, with broad chest. Straight back,
well developed hump, pendulous sheath in males and
the tail is of moderate length with black switch extending IV. Amrit Mahal
below the hock. • The home of this breed is Karnataka state.
• Dewlap is thin and pendulous and hump is large and • The colour of the animal is White and Grey.
prominent. • This is the best breed in India for drought purpose.

• In cow the udder is well shaped and slightly developed

The average weight of the male is 455 To 500 kg.
• The colour of the animals is white to light grey, with
black markings on neck, shoulders, • The head is small
and the face dished.
• The body is deep, short and compact with short legs• The bullocks are suited for quick transport and the cows
and the tail. • Ears are short and alert. poor milkers.
• The animals are ac"ve and fine in temperament.
• The sheath in the male and navel flap in the female are
short. • The head is well shaped, narrow, and the forehead is
• The horns are massively built, black, upright and deeply furrowed.
pointed at "ps. • Cows are poor milkers but bullocks are
• The eyes are bright.
good work animals • The legs are well propor"oned and medium in length.
• The hooves are hard, black with narrow cle$s. The tail is
III. Hallikar fine and moderate in length. The udder is small, compact
• The home tract of this breed is Mysore, and Tumkur with small hard teats.
districts of Karnataka State
Exo!c Dairy Breeds
The European breeds of dairy ca%le belong to the
species of Bas Taurus. They are hump less, generally large,
short ears, without a pendulous dewlap. They are less
heat tolerant and less disease resistant when compared
to Indian ca%le, but are superior in milk produc"on.
The important European breeds of dairy ca%le
are Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, Jersey, Guernsey
and Ayrshire. Out of the above breeds there is greater
demand and use of Holstein Friesian and Jersey

I. Holstein Friesian
• This is the world’s highest milk yielding breed through
the fat percentage of milk is very low. The home of this
breed is Holland
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
10
• Animals of this breed are the largest among the programme in India.
European breeds. • The average milk yield of the cow is 2727 kg in lacta•on.
• This breed of animals is imported by many countries in Individual yielded 13,296 kg in 365 days.
the world.
• The colour of the animal is with black and white INDIAN BUFFALO BREEDS
markings There are 14 buffalo breeds present in India. But
• The animals are with the largest udders the most important breeds are Murrah, Jaffrabadi, Nili,
• The head is long and narrow. Ravi, Mehsana.
• The cows are docile. I. Murrah
• The ideal body weight of a cow is 682 kg and that of bull • The home tract of this breed is Hariyana State, Punjab
is 1000 kg. and Delhi. This breed is distributed throughout India.
• The cows are heavy milkers and the average lacta•on
yield is 4295 kg

• The colour of the animal is jet black with white switch

of the tail which is long and reaching the fetlock. The skin
is so# and smooth.
• The she buffalo had a deep massive frame with a
compara•vely light neck and head.
• Individual animals touched 19,995 kg of milk in a • The horns are short and •ghtly curled. The forehead
lacta•on period of 365 days. is broad • Face is fine without white markings and eyes
• The milk of these animals are used for cheese making prominent and bright in females.
as the fat percentage is low. • The udder is well developed with prominent milk veins
and good sized teats.
II. Jersey • Average weight of the buffalo is from 490 kg to 500 kg
• The home of this breed is England and that of a buffalo bull is 545 kg to 682 kg.
• The average milk yield is 1364 kg to 1820 kg for a lacta•on
• This breed is popular and widely distributed all over the period of300 days. The milk fat per cent is about 7-9 %
world.
• The colour of the animals is brown with varia•on of
brown to black and vary from white spo!ed to solid in II. Nagpuri
marking. • This breed is of lighter type and comes from Central
• The animal is small in size, with a good capacity for milk India.The head is long with a broad forehead, and the
produc•on horns-are long, curved back on each side of neck behind
the shoulders.
• Barrel is long and deep with light limbs
• The bull is compara•vely short.
• The males are largely used for dra# purpose and the
females are fair milkers and the daily average milk yield
is 5 to 8 kg

• Jersey milk is yellow in colour due to high carotene and

is good for bu!er making.
• Jersey animals are extensively used for cross breeding
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
11
METHODS OF SELECTION OF DAIRY ANIMALS come to the offspring.
Breeding is defined as the crossing of the male Family Selec!on
and the female parents to get the off spring for the Whole families are selected for breeding. This
characters desired. The best organisms are for breeding means the siblings are allowed to mate themselves so
so that best offspring will be produced. that the good characters may be retained in to the next
Criteria for the Selec•on of Dairy Animals genera!on.
For the success of a dairy farm good, healthy, Progeny Tes!ng
strong, produc!ve individuals are to be selected. The The criterion of selec!on is the mean value of an
following criteria is to be followed to the selec!on of individual’s progeny which comes closest to the breeding
Dairy Animals. value. The value of an individual is judged by the mean
Young animals value of its progeny
Those that have not given birth for more Produc!on Records
than 3-!mes, should be selected. They have a longer In advanced countries large numbers of breeds
produc!ve life. Old animals are poor breeders and low are tested in dairy herd improvement programmes.
producers. Produc!on and breeding efficiency decline During 1972 more than 2,66,001 lacta!on records were
with age. reported by supervisors of ca#le houses. These records
Level of performance are analyzed and best breeders are selected.
Animals with highest produc!on level Culling of animals
selected. Performance best indicated by records. Good Culling is elimina!on of undesirable animals from
performance of animal indicated by; High milk, wool and the herd, for reasons of uneconomic, poor produc!on,
egg produc!on, Good mothering ability. The animals or very poor reproduc!ve ability, with sterility problems
with poor performance should be culled. (Avoided) and breeding irregulari!es, very poor body condi!ons,
Physical Fitness stunted growth, suffering from incurable illness, or
Animals selected should be free from any physical disease.
defect e.g. mono-eyed, limping, irregular number of
teats, defec!ve and weak backline etc. 2.2 SYSTEMS OF INBREEDING AND CROSS BREEDING
Health Process of ma!ng selected males and females
Sick animals do not breed well and are expensive to produce offspring with the desired characteris!cs is
to keep. They should not be selected. Animals that called Breeding.
are resistant to diseases pass that resistance to their Terms Used in Breeding
offspring’s Inheritance: Gene!c transmission of characteris!cs from
Body Conforma!on parents to off springs.
Animals for breeding to be selected according to Hybrid and Hybrid Vigour: Hybrid vigour or heterosis
proper body conforma!on. A dairy cow should be with a is increased vigour and performance resul!ng from
large udder, thin legs, long neck. crossing two superior breeds. When two superior breeds
Temperament or Behaviour e.g Pedigree friesian and Jersey breeds are mate the
Animals with bad behaviors should be culled. e.g resultant offsprings have both the character of high milk
aggressiveness, kicking yield and high bu#erfat content.
Quality of products
Select animals that give products of high quality BREEDING SYSTEMS
such as meat, milk. They are categorized into two namely; Inbreeding
Mothering Ability and Outbreeding (Cross Breeding)
Animals selected should have a good mothering 1. Inbreeding
ability. That is animals with good natural ins!nct towards Inbreeding is the ma!ng of closely related
their young ones. This will enable them to rear the young individuals. Inbreading is again devided into two types as
ones up to weaning. Close Breeding: ma!ng between very closely related
Adaptability animals, for example sib-ma!ng and parents sib- ma!ng.
Animals selected should be well adapted to the Line Breeding: ma!ng of distantly related animals that had
clima!c condi!on in the area e.g Arid or draught areas a common ancestor for example cousins, hal$rothers/
sisters, grand daughters and grand sires.
SELECTION METHODS Advantages
Selec!on is a process in which certain individuals • To increase gene!c uniformity in a herd. To increase
in a popula!on are preferred to others for the produc!on phenotypic uniformity.
of next genera!on. There are different methods of
selec!on being used for dairy animals. • It brings about the uniformity of the required type.
Individual Selec!on Limita!ons
Selec!on is based on the individuals own milk • It can bring about loss of hybrid vigour. It may lead to
yield and physical characters. This method is not a good decline in fer!lity.
method because the characters of the parents may not • It may lead to high rate of pre-natal mortality.
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
12
2. Outbreeding 2.3 WEANING OF CALF, CASTRATION, DEHORNING,
Ma•ng unrelated animals is known as out DEWORMING AND VACCINATION PROGRAMME
breeding.It is devided into 5 types as Line Crossing, Weaning of Calf or Management of Calf
Out Crossing, Cross Breeding, Grading up, Species Good feeding and management are essen•al for
Hybridisa•on the calves during their growth, so that they a"ain mature
1. Line Crossing: In this method of breeding, inbred body weight earliest and will be useful as replacement
lines of male and females were developed by intensive stock. The feeding and care of the calf begins before its
in breeding for more than 5 genera•ons. The unrelated birth.
inbreed lines of male and female is mated and the Early Management
offspring born out of such ma•ng becomes a hybrid • Immediately a$er birth remove any mucous or
which exhibits hybrid vigour and are superior to either phlegm from those nose and mouth.
of the parents
• Normally the cow licks the calf immediately a$er
2. Out Crossing: It is the ma•ng of unrelated pure bred birth. This helps in dry off the calf and also s•mulates
animals of the same breed. The animals do not have breathing and circula•on.
common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to
4 to 6 genera•ons and the offspring of such a ma•ng is • The naval should be •ed about 2-4 cms away from
known as out cross. It is an effec•ve system for gene•c the body and cut 1 cm below the ligature and apply
improvement. It is also called as pure breeding. Tr. Iodine or boric acid or any an•bio•c.
3. Cross Breeding: It is the ma•ng of animals belongs to • The weight of the calf should be recorded.
different breeds. Cross breeding is an important tool for • Wash the cow’s udder and teats preferably with
breeding animals for high milk and meat produc•on. chlorine solu•on and dry off with a clean cloth. Allow
In India Cross-breeding of cow is done by using the calf to suckle the first milk of the mother i.e.
the exo•c bulls and the progeny inherit the desirable Colostrum.
characters of the parent like high milk yield, early Feeding of Calves
maturity, higher birth weight of calves, be"er growth • Feed colostrum i.e. the first milk of the cow for the first
rates, be"er reproduc•ve efficiency and indigenous 3 days. The colostrum is thick and viscous. It contains
parents characters like heat tolerance, disease resistance,higher propor•ons of Vit A and proteins. The colostrum
ability to thrive on scanty feeding and coarse fodder etc. which gives protec•on against many diseases.
For example Indian zebu breeds of cows are crossed • Whole milk should be given a$er 3 days. It is be"er to
with exo•c breeds like Holstein Friesian or Jersey bulls teach the calf to drink milk from the pail or bucket.
produced high milk yielding offspring.
• The limit of liquid milk feeding is 10 % of its body weight
4. Grading Up: Grading up is the prac•ce of breeding
in which the superior breeds are mated with the • Give calf starter a$er one month of age.
normal individuals for several genera•ons. A$er five • Provide good quality green fodder and hay from one
or six genera•ons of grading up, the normal individual month a$erwards for the early development of the
popula•on gets improved and resemble the superior rumen.
breed. • Feeding of an•bio•cs to calves improves its immunity
Advantages: A$er 5 to 6 genera•ons, grades resembling and makes it resistant to diseases.
pure bred animals in ma"er of physical appearance and Other management prac!ces for Calf
milk produc•on. • Iden•ty the calf by ta"ooing on inside of the ear a$er
Grading up avoids the expenditure of purchasing the high birth and tagging a$er one year.
producing pure animals • Deworm the calf regularly to eliminate internal parasites
5. Species Hybridiza!on: When cross is done between two • Fresh water should be given from 2nd week onwards.
different species, it is called inter-specific hybridiza•on or
Species Hybridiza•on. Mule is produced by ma•ng of a • House the calves in individual calf pens up to 3 months
male donkey with a female horse. and a$erwards in groups. A$er six months males and
females calves should be housed separately.
• Mortality in calves is more during first month due to
Ar!ficial insemina!on worms (Ascariasis), Diarrhea (calf scous) and pneumonia.
Introduc•on of semen into the female reproduc•ve • Extra teats beyond 4 should be removed at 1-2 months
tract by ar•ficial means is called ar•ficial insemina•on. of age in the female calves.
Advantages • At 8-9 weeks of age all the surplus male calves should
• There is economical use of semen. It reduces the be castrated.
expenses of keeping a male animal. • Keep the body of the calves clean and dry to avoid
• Semen can be stored for long. It helps to control fungal infec•on.
inbreeding. • Mineral-block licks should be provided to the calves to
Disadvantages prevent mineral deficiency.
• It requires skilled labour. Low chance of concep•on
due to death of semen during storage. It is laborious.

B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.

Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
13
Castra•on The elas•c band obstructs blood
To castrate a male animal means that the flow to the tes•cles and the
scrotum. In •me, the scrotum and
func•oning of the tes•cles is stopped so that the animal
is unable to reproduce. Castra•on may be accomplished tes•cles fall from the body. The
by physical, chemical or hormonal techniques. Physicalelastrator band method is most
methods are most common. Tes•cles may be removed reliable for calves
Dehorning
surgically or killed by obstruc•ng the blood supply. Young
calves may be castrated with rubber rings, or by surgery. Dehorning is the process
Surgical castra•on may be more appropriate of removal of the horns of calf or
Reasons for castra•on the process of preven•ng their
• Stop the produc•on of male hormones and semen in growth.
unwanted bulls Methods of dehorning
• Helps in taming the oxen for draught purposes There are two methods. 1. Chemical method 2.
• Produce docile ca!le that are easier to handle Electrical method
compared to bulls Chemical Dehorning: Caus•c
• Decrease aggressiveness, moun•ng ac•vity, injuries chemicals will prevent the growth
• Enhance on-farm safety for animals, producers and of horns when properly applied
employees to the horn buds of new-born
(less than 10 dasys age) calves.
Time of castra•on The chemical destroys the horn-
Castra•on can be done at any age up to 12 producing cells around the horn
months.It is, however, be!er to do it when the animalsbud. The chemicals are available as
are very young (before 2 months of age). s•cks or pastes
Hot Iron Dehorning/Electrical method: Hot iron
Methods of castra•on dehorners are available in versions heated by a furnace
or fire, 12-volt ba!ery, 120-volt electricity, power packs.
Burdizzo method of castra•on: It is the Common method
of castra•on in ca!le. In this technique the sperma•c The head of the iron is a hollow circle and it fits over the
cord is crushed in one month and older calf. horn bud. Proper applica•on of the hot iron will destroy
the horn-producing skin at the base of the horn.
This technique works well for calves up to 12 weeks old.
There are several sizes of dehorning irons.
Electronic Hot Iron Dehorner
An electric hot-iron dehorner will destroy the horn-
producing skin at the base of the horn bud.
Deworming
Elimina•on of internal parasites is called
deworming. The following is the deworming schedule in
calves. Various medicines used in deworming are given in
the table.

Technique:
• Find the sperma•c cord on one side of the scrotum.
The sperma•c cord runs from the tes•cle into the
calf’s body. It is about the size of a pencil.
• Pinch the cord to the outside edge of the scrotum
between your thumb and forefinger. With the help of
Burdizzo crush the sperma•c cord.
• Release the Burdizzo, move it to a new site 1 cm
below your first site, and repeat steps four and five
•mes.
• Repeat the procedure on the opposite side.
• The tes•cles swell ini•ally and then degenerate and
shrink in size gradually
Advantages of deworming
Elastrator Method: Elas•c band castra•on cuts off blood • Improves feed efficiency and body weight in calves
supply to the tes•cles. A lack of blood supply kills the
tes•cles. An elas•c band is put on the neck of the scrotum.
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
14
• Prevents death in calves due to Ascariasis Important points to be noted during vaccina•on
• Improves resistance in calves for other infec•ous 1. Animals should be in good health at the •me of
diseases vaccina•on.
• Prevents anaemia in calves 2. Vaccines should be stored at prescribed temperatures.
Precau•ons During Deworming 3. A minimum vaccina•on coverage of 80% of popula•on
• Dose should be appropriate is required for proper control of the disease.
• Deworming should not be carried out in sick calves 4. It is beneficial to deworm the animals 2-3 weeks before
vaccina•on is carried out for be"er immune response.
Vaccina•on Schedules for Ca•le 5. Vaccina•on of animals in advanced pregnancy may be
avoided
Vaccina•on is very importent aspect of disease
preven•on. Many of the diseases are fatal.
Fortunately,vaccines are available for most of 2.4. CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF CALF, HEIFER,
the diseases. The following diseases that can be easily MILK ANIMAL, DRY AND PREGNANT ANIMAL, BULLS
prevented by •mely and regular vaccina•on AND BULLOCKS.
1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
2. Haemorrhagic Sep•caemia (HS) I. Care and management of calf
3. Black Quarter (BQ) (See Previous notes under Weaning of Calf)
4. Brucellosis II. Care and management of Heifer
5. Theileriosis Cow that has not given birth to calf yet is called Heifer.
6. Anthrax 1. Feed the heifer sufficiently to produce normal growth.
7. IBR Infec•ous Bovine Rhinotrachei•s The heifers should be provided with a dry shelter
8. Rabies (Post bite therapy only) 3. heifer should be bred at 24-30 months of age. Small
heifers donot give proper milk yield.
4. Heifers should be vaccinated dewormed properly for
proper growth and health.
5. Feed 2 - 3 kgs of concentrate daily for good growth and
calving.
6. Poorly growing heifers should be removed from the
herd.
III. Care and management of milk animal
1. Milch animal should be Provided with green succulent
forage together with leguminous hay or straw for high
milk yield.
2. Individual a"en•on to feed each animal according to
its produc•on is a must.
3. Concentrate mix is fed before or during milking.
4. Milking thrice is be"er than twice
5. Cows should be trained to let down milk without calf
suckling.
6. Provide at least 60 - 90 days dry period between
calvings. If the dry period is not sufficient, the milk yield
is subsequent lacta•on will be reduced.
IV. Care and management of pregnant animal
1. Extra concentrate mix of 1.25 to 1.75 kgs should be
provided for pregnant animal as pregnancy allowance.
2. Feed good quality of leguminous fodder.
3. Allow moderate exercise, which helps in calving
normally
4. Do not allow them to fight with other animals
5. Avoid slippery condi•ons, which causes abor•on
6. one kg extra feed concentrate during last 8 weeks of
gesta•on.
V. Care and management of Breeding Bulls and Bullocks
Breeding Bull
1. A breeding bull should housed separately known as
“Bull Shed” with sufficient area of floor
2. A balanced ra•ons should be fed containing adequate
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
15
energy, proteins, minerals, and vitamins animal health or produc•on
3. Most of the bulls are ferocious and so control them • Feeding troughs should be cleaned regularly
properly using nose rings etc • The animals should get clean fresh supply of drinking
4. Moderate exercise should be provided to keep the waster
breeding bull in ac•ve
• For milk produc•on the animal should be given at
Bullocks least 1Kg concentrate mixture per 2 litres milk yield
1. Bullocks are normally used for agricultural opera•ons Important Feed Ingredients
and or transport purpose.
2. The working hours for bullocks are recommended Feed Ingredients of Ideal Ra•on fall into these categories.
from 6-8 hours 1. Roughages
3. Sufficient roughages and 1-2 kgs of concentrates may Roughages are bulky feeds that contain large amounts of
be provided for feeding of bullocks fibre content and lesser Total Diges•ble Nutrients (TDNs)
4. The bullocks are housed in separate sheds with These are further devided into two categories.
sufficient space a. Succulant roughages: Succulent Roughages contain
60-90% moisture content. Pastures (green grass), tree
MODULE III leaves, cul•vated fodder crops like cow pea, legumes etc.,
b. Dry roughages: Dry roughages contain 10-15%
(Feed Management, Dairy Management, Cleaning and Sanita•o): 8 Hrs moisture content. The dried green parts of the plants
3.1 Basic Principles of Feed, Important Feed Ingredients, Feed formula•on like Hay, Straws come into this category. These are rich in
and Feed Mixing(2 hrs)
3.2 Opera•on Flood –Defini•on of Milk and Nutri•ve value of milk and
Phosphorus, silica.
ICMR recommenda•on of nutrients –Per Capita Milk produc•on and 2. Concentrates
availability in India and Andhra Pradesh -Methods of Collec•on and
Storage of Milk–Labelling and Storage of milk products (4 hrs) It is a feed mixture that contains primary nutrients
3.3 Cleaning and sanita•on of dairy farm – Safety precau•ons to prevent (carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats) at higher levels and less
accidents in an industry. fiber contents. The Feed Concentrates are classified as
Energy righ Concentrates and Protein Rich Concentrates
3.1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FEED, IMPORTANT FEED based on the amount of protein they contain. Energy rich
INGREDIENTS, FEED FORMULATION AND FEED MIXING Concentrates are prepared from maize, barley rice, ragi
products as they contain more carohydrates.
Basic Principles of Feeding The protein rich concentrates are prepared from
• The feed given to the dairy animals should be ideal Oil
ra•on. The characters of Ideal Ra•on are... seed cakes like groundnut cake, mustard cake, soyabean
It should contain all the essen•al nutrients like cakes etc. The slaughter house wastes are powder dried
protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins and used as protein rich concentrates
in the right propor•on as needed by the body
It should be well balanced and economical
It should contain enough amount of crude fibre in
order to s•mulate the wall of gastrointes•nal tract
for maximum secre•on and excre•on of diges•ve
juices
It should be nontoxic
It should be easily available locally
It should be easily diges•ble and palatable to
animals
• The feed material should contain greens roughages
and concentrates so that the animal may get all the
essen•al nutrients Sources of Feed Ingredients for Concentrates
• Avoid sudden change in diet because it upsets the The Feed concentrates are prepared from various
whole GIT resul•ng in indiges•on and reduc•on in sources as follows.
milk yield
• The feed requirement of animal is calculated on dry General Grains: These include Maize, Bajra, Sorghum,
ma#er basis. On average dairy animals consume 3 to Rice, Barley Wheat etc. General grains contain 80%
4 Kg dry ma#er per 100Kg body weight carbohydrates, upto 10% proteins. and considerable
amount of Fibre. These are used as Energy Concentrates.
• Of the total dry ma#er requirement of the animal,
two thirds should be met by roughages. Vegetable Protein: Oil cakes from ground nut, Soyabean,
Sunflower, Co#on seeds, coconut etc are rich in protein.
• To avoid mineral deficiency in the body, the animal They contain upto 40% protein. These are used as Protein
should be offered to 70 to 100g mineral mixture concentrates
daily. A piece of common salt should also be placed
in manger. Milling byproducts: These are the byproducts when the
grains are milled. When rice grain is separated during
• The animal should be fed according to their body processing it produces Rice bran. Similarly when rice is
need. Feeding less or more are both detrimental to polished a fine powder is produced. I (thavudu in telugu).
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
16
The milling byproducts of rice or wheat are good sources Ra!on: Ra"on is the feed given for a given animal in a
for proteins, fats, vitamins and fibre. day.
Animal Fat: In slaughter houses the animal wastes are Balanced Ra"on: Ra"on which provides the essen"al
processed to produce some by products like Lard (pig nutrients to an animal in required propor"ons so that
fat) or Tallow (Ca!le fat). These products are mixed with they stay healthy and produc"ve. It varies with the age
Ca!le feed as they are very rich in Fat contents. and condi"on of the animal.
Maintanance Ra!on: This is the minimum amount of
feed required to maintain the essen"al body process at
their op"mum rate without gain or loss in body weight.
It usually should contain 68 to 72% Roughage and 20%
protein.
For Dairy Ca!le the maintenance Ra"on usually contains
Straw 4-5 Kgs
Concentrate mixture 1-2 Kgs
Produc!on Ra!on: Ra"on given to an animal for certain
produc"on i.e. milk, work, meat or gesta"on (pregnency)
is known as Produc"on ra"on. It is given in addi•on to
the Maintenance ra•on.
Gesta!on Ra!on
3. Feed Suppliments Straw 3.5 Kgs
Various suppliments are added to the ca!le feed Concentrate mixture 2 Kgs
for be!er growth and health of the individuals.
Milch Ca"le (Milk giving) Ra!on (1 kg extra feed for every
Minaral Suppliments: Common Salt, Calcium carbonate, 2 kg milk produced)
Zinc sulphate, Copper sulphate are added to the feed for
the wellbeing of the ca!le. Straw 6 Kgs
Vitamin Suppliment: Vitamin A, D and B Complex are Concentrate mixture 7 Kgs
added to the feed for health and be!er milk produc"on.
Yeast and cod liver oil are good sources of vitamins. 3.2 OPERATION FLOOD
Hormones Suppliments: Certain hormones like (See Module I Notes)
progesterone, thyroxine, androgens, estrogens are added
to the feed to promote growth and be!er milk yield.
Hormone suppliments have sideeffects on the health of Defini!on of Milk and Nutri!ve value of milk
the ca!le. Defini•on of Milk
Probio!cs: Certain probio"cs like Aspergillus oryzae, Milk may be defined as the whole, fresh, clean lacteal
Lactobacillus are given to the ca!le as feed suppliments. secre"on obtained by milking of healthy milchy animals,
The probio"cs increase milk yield by 5-7%. excluding that obtained within 15 days before or 5 days
Feed Addi!ves: Commercially produced ca!le feed a$er giving birth.
contains certain chemical addi"ves that help in increasing Major Cons•tuents of Milk
the feed intake and diges"on. Eg. Xanthophils, Molasses, The major cons"tuents
Ethoxyinin, agrozyme etc. of milk are, water,
fat, proteins,
Feed formula!on and Feed Mixing lactose, minerals
The Feed requirements of ca!le vary due to and miscellaneous
various condi"ons that change from "me to "me. Various compounds.
Feed Ingredients are mixed in different propor•ons to Water:
meet the needs of the stage of ca•le. It is of various It is the medium in which
types as follows all the milk cons"tuents
are dispersed. Itplays
an important role in
the physical proper"es
exhibited by the milk.
Water acts as a solvent in
keeping the cons"tuents
in soluble, colloidal form
Fat:
Fat is the costliest component of milk. It is characterized
by its presence as an emulsion. The unique feature of milk
fat is its fa!y acid composi"on. Milk fat is rich in saturated
fa!y acids and mono unsaturated fa!y acids and also acts
as a carrier for the fat soluble vitamins. Milk fat imparts
the unique flavour to the milk and milk products.
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
17
Proteins: Total live stock popula•on in India is 512 millions.
Milk is rich in protein content and has a unique protein Of these numbers ca!le are 300 millions, sheep 65
namely the casein. It cons•tuetes about 80% of total millions, Goats 135 millions pigs and camel cons•tute
proteins of milk. Casein exists only in milk. It is present remaining. The Total live stock popula•on in India is 15%
in the form of colloidal dispersion in milk. It is easily of world livestock.
diges•ble and supplies all the essen•al amino acids.
In addi•on to casein, milk also contains whey protein in the
form of Lactalbumin and lactaglobulin. Immunoglobulins
are present in Colostrum (first milk a•er giving birth)
which gives immunity to the calf.
Lactose:
Lactore is called milk sugar. It is present only in milk.
Milk contains approximately 4.6% carbohydrate that
is predominately lactose Lactose is a disaccharide of
glucose and galactose. It is a good source of energy for
the young ones. In addi•on to lactose, milk also contain Percapita milk Produc!on India:
several other carbohydrates in trace levels
At present India is the world's largest milk producer,
Minerals or ash with 22% of global produc•on, followed by the United
Minerals in milk are mainly inorganic salts. The Major salt States of America, China. This phenomenal success is
cons•tuents include potassium, sodium, magnesium, a!ributed to the head start given by programmes such
calcium, phosphate, cloride. Some inorganic ma!er is as ‘Opera•on Flood’ during 1970–1996, which focused
bound covalently such as calcium phosphate groups in on dairy development ac•vi•es. More than 70 million
casein. They are responsible for the ionic balance of milk. house holds in india depend on milk produc•on for their
Vitamins daily income.
Milk contains almost all the essen•al vitamins which
include fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. It is a very
good source for the most essen•al fat soluble vitamin
namely the Vitamin A. Other vitamins like D, E, K, B
complex, C are also found in milk.
Enzymes
Milk is a repository of a variety of enzymes. Over 20
enzymes have been isolated and characterized in cow
milk.
Alkaline Phosphatase: The residual ac•vity of this enzyme
reduces the shelf life of processed milk.
Lactoperoxidase (LP): This enzyme is naturally present in
milk. One of it acts as an an•bacterial agent.. Percapita milk Produc!on Andhra Pradesh:
Lysozyme: It also acts as an•bacterial agent as a natural Andhra pradesh is one of the leading milk producing
defence of milk. . states in India. The percapita availability of milk in Andhra
Pigments: In cow milk, carotene is the major pigment Pradesh is 522 ml per day which is 30% higher than the
and It gives cow milk a pale yellow appearance na•onal average.
According to 2019 sta•s•cs Andhra Pradesh
Per Capita Milk produc•on in India and Andhra Pradesh stands at 4th place in highest milk producing states in
India with a produc•on of 15 thousand tonnes of milk
In India the produc•on of Milk in 1951 was 17 per year. First and second and third being U!ar Pradesh,
Million tonnes with percapita availability of 130 ml per Rajasthan and Madhya pradesh. Andhra Pradesh
day. It increased to 198 million tonnes during 2019-20 produces 9% of the total milk produc•on of India.
with percapita availability of 407 ml per day.
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
recommends an average daily intake of 300 gm per day
of milk to deliver the requisite nutrients.

Government of India has ini•ated various dairy

development programmes namely Na•onal Programme
for dairy development (NPDD), Dairy Entrepreneurship
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
18
development scheme (DEDS) Dairy Processing and based on fat content or fat + SNF content in the milk.
Infrastructure Development Fund (DIDF) etc. The budget (Milk with 6% Fat and 9% SNF/Solids Not Fat is valued
of 2020-21 has planned to facilitate doubling of indias at maximum price). The milk collected by the Village
Annual Milk processing capacity from 53 million tonnes socie!es is supplied/sold to the District co-opera!ve
to 108 mt by year 2025. dairy plant. It transports milk in cans by trucks
Methods of Collec•on and Storage of Milk b. District Union
A. Collec•on of Milk The Village DCS s form District milk producers union.
Usually produc!on of milk is confined to rural District co-opera!ve union establishes Processing plants.
areas, while demand is mostly urban in nature. Hence, the This union collects all the milk procured by the Village
milk has to be collected and transported from produc!on socie!es, Processes and markets it to the consumers.
points to processing centers and distribu!ons points in The District society also provides technical services
ci!es. such as the veterinary aid; supply ca#le fodder seeds,
ar!ficial insemina!on etc. . They also give counselling to
In India Milk is produced by small farmers with 2 the society members to enhance milk produc!on.
or 3 milch animals. As a result small quan!!es of milk are
produced in a sca#ered manner. hence the task of milk c. State Federa!on
collec!on becomes complex. This is the State level body of the Coopera!ve Milk
In India, four Methods of milk collec!on are Produers Union. It is responsible for marke!ng the liquid
popular namely Direct, Contractor, Agent and Co- milk and products through a common brand name.
opera!ve systems. It has been es!mated that about 48% (Like Amul of Gujarath, Nandini of Karnataka, Aavin of
milk is consumed at the producer level or sold locally in Tamilnadu etc). Some federa!ons also manufacture feed
the rural area. The balance 52% of the milk is marketed and support farmers.
for sale to processing industry. The organized dairies There are about 1,90,516 village-level Dairy
or milk Processing plants like Heritage, Amul, Reliance Corpora!ve Socie!es up to March 2019 with 16.93
dairy, Horlicks factory etc collect milk through one or million farmers as members in them. Among these 5
combina!on of the following systems: million members are women represen!ng almost 30%
1. Direct system: In this system, processing plant collects of the total membership. These coopera!ve milk unions
milk directly from the producers by establishing village collec!vely procured an average of 507.69 lakh liters of
procurement centers. milk per day in 2019.
2. Contractor system: The milk is purchased by a Precau!ons to be taken at Collec!on centre:
contracter from the farmers and supplied to the Precau!ons to be taken at Collec!on centre:
processing unit.
1. The Collec!on point should be close to the road for
3. Agent system: The processor appoints agents to easy transport
procure milk in par!cular area. Payment for the milk is
made directly to the producers while the agent gets the 2. Clean containers and equipment should be used
commission. 3. Collected milk should be kept in shade
4. Co-opera!ve system: This is the most important 4. Collected milk should be transported as quickly as
method of Collec!on of milk. Out of the total milk possible
procured in India nearly 70% is collected through 5. Equipment used to test the milk are to be washed
Copera!ve method. Coopera!ve society method of Milk thoroughly and rinsed with disinfectants regularly
collec!on was first introduced by Amul an Indian dairy 6. Milk collec!on records are to be maintained about the
, based at Anand in Gujarat. Hence it is called Anand Name of the supplier, Date and !me of supply, amount of
Pa•ern. Dr. Verghese Kurien was credited for the success milk supplied, Fat content of the milk etc
of this type of Milk Procurement.
Copera!ve method was has 3 !er levels. B. Methods of Storage of Milk
a. Village Society: Milk is highly perishable item. The keeping
quality of fresh milk is only 5-6 hours. The major cause for
At the village level, the spoilage of milk is due to the ac!on of micro organisms
farmers form a Village on lactose yielding lac!c which in turn coagulates the
Dairy Co-opera!ve milk
Society (DCS) with a
commitment of selling The principle involved in the preserva!on of milk
milk only to the society is only to destroy the micro organisms or obstruc!ng
a$er becoming a member. the microbial growth, so that acidity development is
The DCS establishes the stopped or slowed down. The various methods of milk
milk collec!on centres in preserva!on are...
the village. The society 1. By Cooling the Milk : The most of the micro organisms
collects milk twice a present in milk are mesophillic i.e. they grow well at
day where the milk is 20 – 40oC only. By cooling the milk to temperature i.e.
weighed, tested and the 5 to 10oC, the mul!plica!on of micro organisms can be
money paid to farmers. restricted.
The payment is This table shows the bacterial growth
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
19
factor in milk at different • Energy in Kilo calaries.
temperatures. • Proteins, Carbs/Sugars,
Bacteria Growth Saturated fats, Trans fats
factor is the count with which etc.
the bacteria mul•plies. That • Minerals or Vitamins
is why milk should be cooled 4. Vegetarian and non-
to 5oC to maintaining the vegetarian symbol
quality. 5. Food addi•ves
2. By Hea•ng : By hea•ng the • Specific name of the
milk, the micro organisms will addi•ve
be killed. The various micro • Colour or flavour
organisms are destroyed at 6. Name and complete
different temperatures. address of manufacturer and
This Technique is called manufacturing unit
Pasteurisa•on where the milk is 7. License number issued by
heated to to 71.7°C for at least the Government
15 seconds then it is quickly 8. Net quan•ty in Grams or
cooled to 3°C. Pasteuriza•on Liters
temperatures will kill 98 – 99% 9. Lot/batch iden•fica•on
of spoilage micro organisms. number
Hea•ng the milk will kill all the 10. Date of manufacture or
micro organisms, except spores. packing
3. By addi•on of Chemicals 11. Best before and Use by date
: Preserva•ves are the 12. Instruc•ons for use like storage instruc•ons or freezing
chemicals, which when added temperatures)
to milk at small concentra•ons will inhibit the microbial 13. Declara•on by the manufacturer regarding presence
mul•plica•on by interfering the metabolism path way of or absence of certain components like ar•ficial colours,
micro organisms or by neutralizing the acids produced. flavours or Preserva•ves etc.
The various preserva•ves used for storing the milk are
- sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, formaline / 3.3 Cleaning and sanita!on of dairy farm – Safety
formaldehyde, Boric / Benzoic acids, salicylic acids etc. precau!ons to prevent accidents in an industry
An•bio•cs will also inhibit microbial growth. Microbial
an•bio•cs like nisin, acidophillin etc are used for inhibi•ng Cleaning and sanita!on of dairy farm
microbial growth. The easy and quick method of cleaning animal
Lactoperoxidase System : It is also known as cold house is with liberal use of tap water, proper li$ing and
steriliza•on. Lactoperoxidase is an enzyme, which is disposal of dung and straw bedding, providing drainage
naturally present in fresh raw milk. It will prevent the to the animal house for complete removal of liquid waste
growth of microorganisms in milk. But it will be in inac•ve and urine.
state in natural condi•ons. Chemicals like Thiocyanate The daily removal of feed and fodder le$ over in
and hydrogenperoxides are added to raw milk at 30 : 70 the manger reduces the fly nuisance. Periodical cleaning
ppm level will ac•vate the lactoperoxidase system. Then of water trough eliminates the growth of algae, bacterial
Lactoperoxidase will act as an• microbial and extends and viral contamina•on and thus keeps the animal
the shelf life of the milk. healthy.
Sanita•on in Dairy Farm
Labelling of milk products Sanita•on is necessary in the dairy farm houses
Label means any tag or descrip•ve ma!er printed for elimina•ons of all micro organism that are capable
on the prepacked box, bo!le or •n in which milk products of causing disease in the animals. Milk produced in an
are packed like a) Liquid Milk b) condensed unclean environment is likely to transmit diseases which
milk or flavoured milk c) Ghee, bu!er, cream d) Dairy affect human health.
Whitener (MIlk powder with sugar) e) Curd, yoghurt, Dry floorings keeps the houses dry and protects
bu!er milk, paneer, cheese. from foot injury. Similarly, the presence of flies and other
Label of pre-packaged food should carry following insects in the dairy farm area are not only disturbs the
informa•on animals but also spreads deadly diseases to the animals
1. Name of food: It is usually the Trade name of the Sani•zers: Disinfec•on of animal sheds means making
product. Eg. Amul Milk powder, Heritage Ghee etc. them free from disease producing bacteria and is
2. List of ingredients: These are the cons•tuents of the mainly carried out by sprinkling chemical agents such as
product in ascending order according to quan•ty. bleaching powder, Iodine, sodium carbonate, Washing
• Ingredients solely from milk: Class ‘Milk solids’ soda, Slaked Lime, Quick Lime and phenol.
• Ingredient of compound ingredient Sunlight is the most potent and powerful sani•zer which
• Added water destroy most of the disease producing organisms.
3. Nutri•onal informa•on Insec•cides: Insec•cides are the substances or
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology
Dairy Technology Study Material
20
prepara•ons used for killing insects. In order to control 2. Animal Inbreeding
flies and disease transmi•ng •cks, insec•cides are used 3. Sanita•on of Dairy Farm
in dairy farms. 4. Dairy development in India
Liquid insec•cides can be applied with a powerful sprayer, 5. Feed Mixing
hand sprayer, a sponge or brush. 6. Deworming
7. Milk Storage Methods
Commonly used insec•cides are BHC, DDT, Gamaxane
we•able powders, Dairying malathion, sumithion etc. 8. Iden•fica•on of characters of any Two Dairy ca•le
SECTION B
These are highly poisonous and need to be handled (Answer any three questions. Each answer carries 10 marks)
carefully and should not come in contact with food
material, drinking, water, milk etc. 3x10 = 30 Marks
1. Write an essay on Dairy development in India, its
Precau•ons in cleaning current posi•on and future scenario.
• Remove dung and used bedding completely. 2. List out different methods involved in selec•on of
• Avoid the use of dirty water in cleaning the sheds. dairy animals and discuss briefly.
• Never put the fresh fodder over the previous day’s le! 3. Give an account of feed ingredients and feed
over fodder in the manger. management required for dairy animals.
• Prevent algae to grow in the water troughs 4. Explain different methods of collec•on of milk.
5. Explain two methods of systems of housing of dairy
• Avoid the use of disinfectant solu•on at the milking animals.
•me as milk absorbs these quickly.
• Scrape the floor with a brush and broom and wash with water. QUESTION BANK
• Remove the cobwebs periodically with the help of a
wall brush. MODULE I
• Whitewash the walls periodically by mixing insec•cides 5 marks Ques•ions
in it to eliminate •cks and mites living in cracks and
crevices. 1. Dairy development in India 2. Conven•onal
Dairy Farm 3. NDDB 4. Selec•on of Site for
Preven•on of Accidents in Dairy Farm Dairy farm
The ac•vi•es in dairy industry involves different 5. Explain Any 2 Records to be maintained in the
hazards. There are various Departments like Produc•on, dairy farm 6. Opera•on Flood Programme
Engineering, Packaging and Transport. Accidents can 10 Marks Ques•ons
happen at any stage and safety measures are to be 1. Write an essay on Dairy development in India, its
followed at each stage. current posi•on and future scenario.
Falls, Electrocuta•on, Exposure to chemicals, 2. Explain two methods of systems of housing of dairy
burns, Transport vehicle accidents, Short circuits may animals.
happen and cause fire accidents. workers lose limbs at MODULE II
the accidents with Packaging machinary . 5 marks Ques•ions
Precau•ons: 1. Animal Inbreeding 2. Iden•fica•on of
characters of any Two Indigenous ca•le
• The floorings should be kept dry to prevent slips or falls. 3. Iden•fica•on of Any two Exo•c Ca•le Breeds Breeds
• Chemicals must be handled using PPE kits. 4. Iden•fica•on of Any two Buffalo Breeds 5 .
• Damaged electrical fi•ngs must be replaced Vaccina•on Schedule for Ca•le
immediately 10. Marks Ques•ons
• Proper parking facility should be provided to the 1. List out different methods involved in selec•on of
vehicles carrying feed or Milk. dairy animals and discuss briefly.
• For the opera•on of heavy electrical equipment 2. Explain Castra•on, Dehorning and Deworming
Standard Opera•ng procedures should be followed Prac•ces in Dairy Farm
scrupulously 3. Write an essay on Care and Management of Calf,
• Total work area should be monitered through CCTVs to Heifer, Milk Animal, Pregnant animal and Bull.
find out the mistakes and rec•fy them immediately MODULE III
• Regular inspec•ons are to be made to the Equipment 5 marks Ques•ions
like Chillers, Boilers, Sterilizers etc. 1. Cleaning and Sanita•on of Dairy Farm 2 .
• It is the moral responsibility of employer to Insure the Feed Mixing 3. Methods of Storage of Milk
Employees against accidents. 4. Percapita Milk Produc•on in India and Andhra
Pradesh 5. Anand Pa•ern of Co-opera•ve system
10 Marks Ques•ons
1. Give an account of feed ingredients and feed
management required for dairy animals.
DAIRY TECHNOLOGY
Skill Development Course II Semister 2. Explain different methods of collec•on of milk.
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 3. Write an essay on the Milk and Its Nutri•ve value.
Max. Marks: 50 Time: 1 1/2 hrs (90 Minutes)
SECTION A
(Answer any four ques•ons. Each answer carries 5 marks)
4x5=20 Marks
1. Conven•onal Dairy Farm
B. Ali Baba, M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.
Lecturer in Zoology