Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM BS MATH COURSE NO. GE MATH

SPECIALIZATION MATHEMATICS COURSE TITLE MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
YEAR LEVEL FIRST YEAR TIME FRAME 8 HRS WK NO. 16 - 18 IM NO. 6

I. CHAPTER 5 - MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

II. LESSON TITLE - LOGIC

A. Statements and Logical Operators

B. Types of Statements in Logic
C. Relations Between Statements
D. Rephrasing a Conditional

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Mathematics is essential, as it is powerful means of communication, a tool for studying other

disciplines, an intellectual endeavor and a mode of thinking; and a discipline, through which students
can develop their ability to appreciate the beauty of nature, think logically and make sounds judgments.

Students require knowledge and skills that will help them live full life in the society of the 21 st
century, which is an information age. Knowledge of mathematics is a necessity for every individual.
Mathematics pervades all aspects of life. It is not possible to live in the modern world without making
use of mathematics.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course the students are expected to: 1) Use mathematical concepts and tools
in area such as logic, network and systems; 2) Support the use of mathematics in various aspects and
endeavors in life.

V. LESSON CONTENT
STATEMENTS AND LOGICAL OPERATORS

Logic is the branch of philosophy concerned with the use and study of valid reasoning.
Symbolic logic is the method of representing logical expressions through the use of symbols and
variables, rather than in ordinary language. This has the benefit of removing the ambiguity that normally
accompanies ordinary language, such as English, and allows easier operation. Its first concern is
validity in which true premises lead to a true conclusion.

A proposition (statement) is any declarative sentence which is either true (T) or false (F) but
not both. We refer to T or F as the truth value of the statement.

Example: Which of the following are statements? What are their truth values?

1. 6. If I am Buddha, then I am not Buddha.

2. 7. Solve the following equation for .
3. 8. The number .
4. It will rain tomorrow. 9. There is no largest number.
5. All swans are white. 10. This statement is false.
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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
An open sentence is a statement which contains a variable and becomes either true or false
depending on the value that replaces the variable.

A compound statement is formed by combining two or more simple statements (components).

A statement that cannot be expressed as a compound statement is called an atomic statement.

Example: Decide whether each of the following is a statement, an open sentence or not statement.
Tick the corresponding column.

Open Not
Sentence Statement
Sentence statement
1. He is the president.
2.
3. Go out.
4.
5.
6. It is raining.
7. A parallelogram is a square.
8. The fat cat sat on the mat.
9. 1,000,000,000,000 is the largest number.
10. This is a true statement.

NEGATION OF A STATEMENT (not, )

We denote the negation of by , read “ ”. It is also formed by prefixing the proposition

with the phrase “It is not the case that” or the phrase “It is false that”. We can show the meaning of
in a truth table.
Truth Table

T F
F T

On the left are the two possible truth values of and on the right are the corresponding truth
values of . The symbol is our first example of a logical operator.

Example: Find the negations of the following propositions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
CONJUNCTION (and, )
The conjunction of and is the statement , which we read . Its truth value is
defined by the following truth table.
Truth Table

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

In order for to be true, both and must be true; otherwise is false.

Example: Find , and in the following statements:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

DISJUNCTION (or, )

The disjunction of p and q is the statement , which we read “p or q”. Its truth value is
defined by the following truth table.
Truth Table

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

This is the inclusive or, so is true when p is true or q is true or both are true.

Example: Assume that it is true that , it is false that and it

is true that Determine the truth value of the following statements:

1. Chad sings well and Karen writes well.

2. Chad sings well or Karen writes well.
3. Chad sings poorly and Karen writes well.
4. Chad sings poorly or Karen writes poorly.
5. Either Chad sings well and Karen writes poorly, or Friedrich is good at math.
6. Either Chad sings well and Karen writes poorly, or Friedrich is not good at math.
7. Either Chad sings well or Karen writes poorly, or Friedrich is good at math.
Either Chad sings well and Karen writes well, or Chad sings well and Friedrich is good
8.
at math.
9. Chad sings well, and either Karen writes well or Friedrich is good at math.
10. Chad sings poorly, or Karen writes poorly and Friedrich is good at math.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
CONDITIONAL (if/then, )

The conditional , which we read “if p, then q” or “p implies q”, is defined by the following
truth table.
Truth Table

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The arrow “ ” is the conditional operator, and in the statement is called the
antecedent, or hypothesis, and is called the consequent, or conclusion. A conditional is TRUE (T)
for all truth values of and except in the single instance in which the antecedent is TRUE (T) and
the consequent is FALSE (F).

SOME PHRASINGS OF THE CONDITIONAL

We interpret each of the following as equivalent to the conditional .
If then . implies .
follows from . Not unless .
q if p. only if .
Whenever , . whenever .
is sufficient for . is necessary for .
is a sufficient condition for . is a necessary condition for .

Example: Construct the truth table for each of the following statements:
1. ( )

2. ( ) ( )

3. ( )

4. (( ) )

5. ( ) ( )

BICONDITIONAL ( )

The biconditional, written , is defined to be the statement ( ) ( ). Its truth table

is the following.
Truth Table

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Looking at the truth table, we can see that is true when and have the same truth
values and it is false when they have different truth values.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
PHRASINGS OF THE BICONDITIONAL
We interpret each of the following as equivalent to .

if and only if .

is necessary and sufficient for .

is equivalent to .

SUMMARY OF TRUTH VALUES FOR THE LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

Statements Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional

T T T T T T

T F F T F F

F T F T T F

F F F F T T

TYPES OF STATEMENTS IN LOGIC

A. TAUTOLOGY

A tautology is a compound statement that is always TRUE regardless of the truth value of each
of its compound statements. A truth table can be constructed to determine whether a compound
statement is a tautology. [A proposition that is always true.]

Example: Show that the statement is a tautology: ( ) ( ).

Solution: Construct a truth table.

Truth Table

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T T T T T
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F F T

The last column of the truth table shows that the statement ( ) ( ) is always true, so it
is a tautology.
B. CONTRADICTION OR ABSURDITY

A contradiction (absurdity) is a compound statement that is always FALSE regardless of the

truth value of each of its compound statements. It is propositional form which is never true under any
circumstances. A truth table can be constructed to determine whether a compound statement is a
contradiction or absurdity. [A proposition that is always false.]

Example: Show that the statement is a contradiction: ( ) [( ) ( )].

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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
Solution: Construct a truth table.

Truth Table

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [( ) ( )]
T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T F T F

The last column of the truth table shows that the statement ( ) [( ) ( )] is always false,
so it is a contradiction.

C. CONTINGENCY OR INDETERMINATE

A contingency (indeterminate) statement is a proposition that is neither a tautology nor a

contradiction. Example: Show that the statement is a contingency: ( )

Solution: Construct a truth table. Truth Table

( ) ( )
T T T T
T F T F
F T T T
F F F T
The last column of the truth table shows that the statement ( ) is neither tautology nor
contradiction, so it is a contingency.
Example: For each of the following statements, construct a truth table and determine whether the
following statement is a tautology, contradiction or contingency.
1. ( )
2. ( )
3. ( ) ( )
4. ( )
5. ( )

RELATIONS BETWEEN STATEMENTS

A. Logically Equivalent Statements
Logically equivalent statements are statements which have the same truth values.
Example: Verify if ( ) is logically equivalent to .
Truth Table
( ) ( )
T T T F F F F
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T

Equal/the same
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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
B. Contradictory Statements

Contradictory statements are statements which have contradictory or opposite truth values. It is the
negation of the other statement.
Example: Verify if ( ) is contradictory to ( ) .
Truth Table
( ) ( )
T T F F F T
T F T T F F
F T F F T T
F F T F T T

C. Unrelated Statements Opposite

Unrelated statements are statements which are neither logically equivalent nor contradictory.
Example: Verify if is unrelated to .
Truth Table

T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

Neither logically equivalent nor contradictory

Example: For each of the following, construct a truth table to show the following pairs of statements are
logically equivalent, contradictory, or unrelated statements:

1. ( ) and
2. [( ) ] and
3. ( ) and
4. [( ) ] and ( )
5. ( ) and ( )

REPHRASING A CONDITIONAL
CONVERSE

The statement is called the converse of the statement . A conditional and its
converse are not equivalent.
INVERSE
The statement ( ) ( ) is called the inverse of the statement . A conditional and its
converse are not equivalent.
CONTRAPOSITIVE
The statement ( ) ( ) is called the contrapositive of the statement . A conditional
and its contrapositive are equivalent.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
Summary of Four Related Conditionals

Statement Symbolic Form Example

Original Form If , then is even.

Converse If is even, then .

Inverse If , then is not even.

Contrapositive If is not even, then .

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Activity No. 1: Let , ,
, and Express the following
statements in words:

1. ( ) 6. ( ) ( )

2. ( ( )) 7. ( ( ))

3. ( ) 8. (( ) ( ))

4. ( ) 9. ( ) ( )

5. ( ) 10. ( )
Activity No. 2: Construct the truth table for each of the following statements:
1. ( ) ( )

2. (( ) ( ))

3. ( ( ))

4. ( ( ))

5. ( ) ( )
Activity No. 3: For each of the following statements, construct a truth table and determine whether the
following statement is a tautology, contradiction or contingency.

1. ( ) ( )
2. [ ( )] [ ( )]
3.
4. [ ( )] [ ( )]
5. ( )

Activity No. 4: For each of the following, construct a truth table to show the following pairs of
statements are logically equivalent, contradictory, or unrelated statements:

1. ( ) and
2. and
3. and ( )
4. ( ) and ( )
5. [( ) ] and ( )

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
VII. ASSIGNMENT

For each of the following statements, construct a truth table and determine whether the following
statement is a tautology, contradiction or contingency.
1. [( ) ( )] ( )

2. ( )

3. [( ) ] ( )

4. [ ( )] [( ) ( )]

5. [( ) ( )]

For each of the following, construct a truth table to show the following pairs of statements are
logically equivalent, contradictory, or unrelated statements:
6. ( ) and ( )

7. ( ) and ( ) ( )

8. ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )

9. [( ) ( )] and [( ) ( )]

10. ( ) and ( )

Write the inverse, converse and contrapositive of the following statements.

11. These birds are of a feather only if they flock together.
12. If is an even number, then must be an odd.
13. Mathematics teachers are logical.
14. If I love math, then I will pass this course.
15. The leaves of the trees are green.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
VIII. EVALUATION
Example: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which statement is logically equivalent to ( )?

A. C.
B. D.

2. The statement is logically equivalent to:

A. ( ) C. ( )
B. ( ) D. ( )

3. Which statement is logically equivalent to ?

A. C.
B. D.

4. Which statement is logically equivalent to the statement “If , then ”?

A. If , then . C. If , then .
B. If , then . D. If , then .

5. Which statement is the negation of “It rains or it shines”?

A. C.
B. D.

6. If represents the statement “It is January,” and represents the statement “I have a
cold”, which statement is logically equivalent to ( )?
A. C.
B. D.

7. Which statement is logically equivalent to the statement “If she says it, she does not
mean it”?
A. If she means it, she does not say it. C. If she does not say it, she means it.
B. If she means it, she says it. D. If she does not mean it, she says it.

8. Which statement is logically equivalent to the statement “If it is sunny, then it is hot”?
A. If it is hot, then it is sunny. C. If it is not sunny, then it is not hot.
B. If it is not hot, then it is not sunny. D. If it is not hot, then it is sunny.

9. If is true, which of the following statements is (are) always true?

A. C.
B. D. All of these

10. Which statement is true for all possible truth values of and ?
A. C. ( )
B. ( ) D. ( )

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-GEMATH-1STSEM-2020-2021
IX. REFERENCES
 Readings
 Aufmann, Richard. et.al. (2018) Mathematical in the Modern World (Philippine ed.). RBSI, 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr. St. Sampaloc Manila
 Earnhart, Richard T. & Adlina, Edgar M. (2018) Mathematics in the modern world. Quezon City: C &
E Publishing, Inc.
 Manululu, Esmeralda et.al. (2020), A course model for Mathematics in the Modern World, RBSI, 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr. St. Sampaloc Manila
 Nocon, Rizaldi C. & Nocon, Ederlinda G. (2018). Essential Mathematics for Modern World. Quezon
City: C & E Publishing House Inc.
 Reyes, Jocelyn L., et.al. (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World. PANDAY-LAHI Publishing House,
Inc. Muntinlupa City.

 Video clips

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvnU8OkguDI&list=PLbZl6MGLeYnsoaxa2L-
xouDPHcoe9z23x&index=7

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUUQ7cZiWqQ&list=PLbZl6MGLeYnsoaxa2L-
xouDPHcoe9z23x&index=8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH799iAyZmk&list=PLbZl6MGLeYnsoaxa2L-
xouDPHcoe9z23x&index=9

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