VIRTUES, VICES, HABITS OF A 5.

5. That you will honor agreements o nurse should not cheat or - An act through which one
HEALTHCARE PROVIDER made with the patient. steal anything from his/her takes notice of others
patient
VIRTUES  Honesty - Regard other with special
 Integrity attention, esteem, and cate,
- The faculty of the human person - Derived from the latin word or to consider other worthy of
to choose what is good against honestus which means honor. - Latin word enteros which means
esteem and honor.
what is deemed to be bad or evil. - Nurse: whole
- Patients are also bound to
 Fidelity o Sincere - Makes human person complete respect others
- Derived from the latin word o Truthful - A nurse practices integrity when - Acknowledge the feelings,
fidelitas which means faithfulness he/she does his/her duties and beliefs, convictions, status,
- Faithfulness to one’s obligation, o Straightforward obligations according to the
and condition of the patient
duties and responsibilities o Decent beliefs, principles, and values
he/she claims to embrace  Compassion
5 Expectations Purtillo (2005): o Comely (pleasing appearance)
- Free from hypocrisy - A feeling of deep sympathy and
1. That you treat them with basic o Tidy sorrow of someone struck by
respect.  Humility misfortune, accompanied by a
o Open
2. That you, the caregiver or other - It does not mean that one has desire to alleviate the suffering
health care professional, are o Upright to think less of him/herself; - Nurses should be sensitive to
competent and capable of rather, it invites one to think
o Virtuous their patients
performing the duties required of of himself less.
your professional role. o Trustworthy  Prudence
- A nurse ceases to think of
3. That you adhere to a professional o Fair his/her transcends his/her - An exercise of good judgment,
code of ethics. attention to the needs of the common sense, and caution in
o Honorable patients the conduct of practical matters
4. That you follow the policies and
procedures of your organization o Credible  Respect
and applicable laws.
o Good moral character
 - The overarching virtue that ties - Derived from the Latin word merit, or superiority; conceit; o STRENGTH
together discretion, foresight, vitium which means failing or arrogance
o BEAUTY
forethought, and circumspection defect
- Egoism or vanity and often apply
- Being careful to avoid - The product of a repeated sinful to offensive characteristics  Operative Habit
embarrassing and distressing act - habits of acting; tendencies
 Greed
situations we have developed in
- Immoral, depraved, or degrading
- Comes from the Latin word ourselves from repeated acts
 Courage act to all the members in a given
society avaritia which means avarice or
- The quality of mind or spirit that covetousness - those that can be acquired or
enables a person to face - Defect, infirmity, fault, iniquity, relinquished
difficulty, danger, and pain offence, wickedness or corruption - Excessive desire for wealth or
possessions - It can be a good or bad habit
without fear
 Fraud
HABITS - Operative habits such as
- Nurses are expected to be bold in science or humaneness are
- False representation of fact
undertaking a very sensitive job  Entitative Habits good because they orient the
- Allows the nurse to face the - Deliberate deceit; trickery; an intellect and will respectively
intentional perversion of truth for - habits of being; connatural
challenges and dangers of the toward activities that are
the purpose of inducing another qualities
healthcare profession: desirable;
in reliance upon it to part with - those that arise out of the nature
o NURSES TAKING CARE OF COVID- some valuable thing belonging to - error and selfishness on the
and structure of ourselves, that
19 PATIENTS him, or surrender a legal right other hand are bad
are necessary parts or
dispositions because they
propensities arising from our
o TAKING CARE OF A DYING  Pride organize mind and will toward
PERSON constitution
actions that are negative and
- A feeling of gratification arising
- habits of being; connatural undesirable
o ASSISTING DURING CODE BLUE from association with something
good or laudable qualities
CALLING OF A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
VICES
- Good habits:
- A high or inordinate opinion of  Health Care Profession
one’s own dignity, importance, o HEALTH
 - Belongs to the ambience of - Someone the healthcare  The professional trusts the  Respect the patient’s rights
professional ethics provider has to address all patient or client to disclose all the  Secure confidentiality
 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS his/her capabilities, skills and information that may be relevant
- what is right or wrong for a professionalism to his or her condition or illness, TO SOCIETY:
person as a member of a  HEALTH CARE PROVIDER and to be truthful while disclosing
 Health professionals play a
certain professional or social - No ordinary professional it.
central and critical role in
group - Duties and responsibilities
In return: improving access and quality
 Health Care Profession can’t just be accomplished by
health care for the population.
- Loaded with a lot of mere compliance of those  the patient or client trusts the  health care providers create an
sensitivities and he/she is expected to health care professional to environment that responds to the
vulnerabilities since it deals doDelicately undertakes to maintain high standards of health care needs of the
with LIFE deal with human life competence; community
- Respects both the issues of - Cuts across race, religion,  to protect the confidentiality of  They provide essential services
life and death affiliations, culture, beliefs private information; that promote health, prevent
- Concerned with the living - Does not have the legal or
 to carry out his or her work in the diseases and deliver health care
human person in the context moral right to choose the kind
best interests of the patient services to individuals, families
of HEALTH MAINTENANCE of client he/she will take care
rather than taking advantage of and communities based on the
- Abide to a lot of norms, of
the patient's vulnerability. primary health care approach.
principles, theories and values  Health Care Provider - Client
as a person becomes ill Relationship Qualities and Responsibilities of Good TO ITS PROFESSION:
- Aided of certain acceptable - client relationship is regulated Health Care Provider
guides in decision relative to by established rules of  Abide to PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
healthcare giving professional ethics
TO CLIENT:  Must always shows
 Client professionalism at all times
The Health Care Provider must show:
- The summit of the meaning of
Rules:  Attends trainings and seminars
the healthcare profession  The relationship established  Professionalism for self improvement
- Justifies the essence of the between patients and health care  Empathy and Compassion
BASIC BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES
healthcare provider’s providers is fiduciary in nature,  Communication
profession which means that it is based on  Emotional Stability STEWARDSHIP
- Presumed to be vulnerable trust.  Passion for Helping Others
“Man comes from nothing for man to be - We must be morally commitment should also o “Do unto others what you
something.” responsible for God's creation be made to take care of want others do unto
for we are just its caretaker. the body, mind, & you.”
- Only GOD can create life; - Requires that the gifts of freedom - Respect of the self and others
humans are capable only of human life and its natural - Human life comes from GOD, in a condition sine qua non
manipulating or destroying it. environment be used with and no individual is the (something essential) in a
- Along with the gift of LIFE, profound respect for their master of his/her own body. given social order.
GOD also gave intellect (to intrinsic ends. o Humans are mere - As a member of a given
discover the truth) and - Simply because something stewards or caretakers, society, every individual is
freedom (humans became can be done does not with the responsibility of duly accountable for the
creative). necessarily mean that it protecting and cultivating whole society.
- In as much as life cannot should be done (the fallacy of spiritual and bodily - This is why legislators draft
survive on its own without the technological imperative). functions. and pass laws to punish
being rooted to something o As stewards of life and violators of the dignity and
that can sustain its survival the divine gifts of nature, value of human life.
and development, the Divine Principle of Stewardship humans are accountable o These laws encompass
Author provided humans a to life and the world. everyone.
place to dwell (World). - Humans must respect the
sanctity of life and the world. - Principle of totality can also
- Humans must uphold a Principle of Totality be applied to the human
o They have no authority
solemn conviction that life & body.
the world are gifts from the over life and the world.  TOTALITY
o The God-given gifts of o Person has the right to
love & mercy of God. - Pursues the issue of the
the environment and dignity of the whole person, cut off, or remove
- Explains that God is the defective, non-
creator of the earth and our humanity are placed in in essence of the integrity of
the care of people. human life. functioning part of his
human body; we are made to body on the premise that
o In consonance with the o Demands respect for the
take care of them therefore the intention is meant to
we don’t have the right to obligation to take care of self and respect for
the world (Martin others. safeguard the totality of
destroy or use it for our the well-being of the
immoral act. Heidegger: “Humans are o Respect is never a cause
the shepherds of being in but always an effect. body.
the world”), a - Golden Rule:
 - Principle of totality can also 6) Can savor mother’s meals  St. Thomas Aquinas recognized itself, but bears two effects,
be seen in the context of the 7) Can distinguish between the voice that there are times when the one good, the other, evil.
journey of human life, from of mother and that of a stranger action one thinks one ought to do
conception to the time of 8) Can walk around the womb by 4 conditions must be present:
will have good and bad effects.
death. pushing his/her feet  Indirect Voluntariness, or - Action must be morally
o For contemporary fetal voluntary in causa, refers to an good in itself.
psychologists (DiPietro, TOTALITY AND INTEGRITY
act desired not as an end in itself - The good effect of the act
Als, De Casper, Lecanuet These principles dictate that the well- but as a foreseen effect or must precede the evil
and Devlin), human being of the whole person must be taken consequence of an act. effect which is morally
behavior does not begin into account in deciding about any  Two problems presented: allowed to happen as a
at birth but 5 wks. after therapeutic intervention or use of 1) When can the agent be regrettable consequence.
conception where the technology. responsible for the evil - There must be a grave or
embryonic cell has come effect of a cause directly sufficient reason in doing
to terms of forming a  TOTALITY willed? the act.
human development. - Refers to the duty to preserve - The evil effect should not
- As early as 5 wks., the fetus’s intact the physical component 3 conditions:
outweigh the good effect,
cerebral cortex is already of the integrated bodily and or at least the good effect
- If the agent foresees the
showing vital signs of spiritual nature of human life. is at least equivalent in
evil effect at least in a
development (grow, move,  INTEGRITY importance to the bad
general way.
think, speak, plan, and create - Refers to each individual’s effect.
- If the agent is free to
as a human being). duty to preserve a view of the
refrain from doing that
- As early a 9 wks. of gestation, whole human person in which COOPERATION
which is the cause of the
fetus can perform the the values of the intellect,
evil effect Developed as a way of helping individuals
following: will, conscience, and
- If the agent knows that he discern how to properly avoid, limit, or
1) He/she can hiccup fraternity are pre-eminent.
is morally bound not to distance themselves from evil (especially
2) Can react to loud noises - Being honest & fair
do that which is the cause intrinsic evil) in order to avoid a worse evil
3) Can hear, feel, smell - Incorruptible.
of the evil effect. or to achieve an important good.
4) Experience rapid eye movement
DOUBLE-EFFECT ACT 2) When can the agent
5) Capable of yawning, sucking,  FORMAL COOPERATION
perform an act not evil in
swallowing
 - Occurs when a person or SOLIDARITY or the patient’s surrogate,  Respect for persons.
organization freely offers a reasonable hope of  Social welfare.
participates in the action(s) of - Invites us to consider the benefit and is not too  Peace and security.
a principal agent, or shares in “how we relate to each other burdensome for the patient
the agent’s intention, either in community.” or others. SUBSIDIARITY
- It assumes that we recognize
for its own sake or as a means  DISPROPORTIONATE MEANS - Requires those in positions of
to some other goal. that we are a part of at least
- Any treatment that, in the authority to recognize that
- intrinsically evil actions, either one family – our biological
given circumstances and in individuals have a right to
explicitly (openly shown) or family, our local community,
the judgment of the patient participate in decisions that
implicitly, is morally illicit. or our national community –
or the patient’s surrogate, directly affect them, in accord
but then challenges us to
 IMMEDIATE MATERIAL either offers no reasonable with their dignity and with
consider the full range of
COOPERATION hope of benefit or is too their responsibility to the
relationships with others.
- Occurs when the cooperator burdensome for the patient common good
- Requires us to consider an
participates in circumstances or others.
extended community, and to MAJOR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
that are essential to the
act in such a way that reflects COMMON GOOD
commission of an act, such
concern for the well-being of ETHICAL PRICIPLES
that the act could not occur - Consists of all the conditions
others.
without his participation. of society and the goods - basis for nurse’s decisions on
- intrinsically evil actions is PROPORTIONATE AND secured by those conditions, consideration of
morally illicit. DISPROPORTIONATE MEANS which allow individuals to consequences and of
 MEDIATE MATERIAL achieve human and spiritual universal moral principles
COOPERATION Holds that one is obliged to preserve his when making clinical
flourishing.
- Occurs when the cooperator or her own life by making use of ordinary judgments
- The human community must
participates in circumstances means, but is under no obligation to use
be actively concerned in
that are not essential to the extraordinary means. Respect for persons – most fundamental
promoting the health and
commission of an action, such principle
 PROPORTIONATE MEANS welfare of every one of its
that the action could occur members so that each
- Any treatment that, in the  RESPECT FOR PERSONS
even without this member can contribute to the
given circumstances and in
cooperation. common good of all.
the judgment of the patient
- Three essential elements:
 - This principle not only applies specific treatments and 3) The autonomous person has the - The duty of health care
to the clinical settings but to procedures capacity to decide on a plan of providers to be of a benefit to
all life’s situations. action. the patient, as well as to take
- This principle emphasizes that AUTONOMY 4) The autonomous person has the positive steps to prevent and
all people should treat others - Any notion of moral decision- freedom to act upon the choices. to remove harm from the
as a worthy individual. making assumes that rational patient.
- respect for persons generally VIOLATIONS OF PATIENT AUTONOMY - Applied both to individual
agents are involved in making
means respecting a client’s informed and voluntary 1. Nurses may falsely assume that patients, and to the society as
autonomy. decisions. patients have the same values a whole.
- The capacity to act and goals as themselves. - Abstain from injuring others.
RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY - Practice of doing good deeds,
intentionally, with 2. Failure to recognize that
- Respecting a client’s rights, understanding, and without individuals’ thought processes are or showing kindness & charity
values and choices is controlling influences that different. to others.
synonymous to respecting a would mitigate against a free 3. Assumptions about patients’ - Taking actions that will
person’s autonomy. and voluntary act. knowledge base. promote the welfare of other
- Having the freedom to make 4. The “work” of nursing becomes people.
Informed consent choices about issues that the major focus - It is the duty to help others
affect one’s life further their important and
- method that promotes and PATERNALISM
- Self-governing legitimate interests when we
respects a person’s
- Contrast undesirable states: can do so with minimal risk to
autonomy. - Translates to professionals
dependency, coercion, ourselves.
- Patients are informed of the who restrict others’
paternalism, - Requires nurses to act in ways
possible outcomes, autonomy, usually to protect
thoughtlessness, habit that benefit patients---
alternatives, and risks of that person from perceived or
beneficent acts are morally
treatments, and are required FOUR BASIC ELEMENTS anticipated harm.
and legally demanded by our
to give their consent freely - It is appropriate when a
professional role.
- Assures the legal protection 1) The autonomous person is patient is incompetent and
of patient’s right to personal respected. has diminished decision- THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS
autonomy in regard to 2) The autonomous person must be making capacity
able to determine personal goals.  BENEFICENCE 1) Do or promote good.
2) Prevent harm.
 “The nurse takes appropriate action can do so with minimal risk to 1. The nurse must have a 3. Fidelity – duty to keep promises
to safeguard individuals, families and ourselves. duty to the patient.
communities when their care is - Requires that we do not 2. The nurse must breach TYPES OF ETHICAL THOUGHTS
endangered by a co-worker or any intentionally create a that duty. Deontology
other person.” needless harm or injury to the 3. The patient must
patient, either through acts of experience harm.  people should adhere to their
3) Remove evil or harm. commission or omission. 4. The harm must be caused obligations and duties when
Steps include: expressing concern to - Avoid negligent & harmful by the breach of duty. engaged in decision making when
the person carrying out the care.  JUSTICE ethics are in play.
questionable practice and reporting - Included in this principle are - Defined as a form of  person will follow his or her
the practice to the appropriate deliberate harm, risk of harm, fairness, or as Aristotle obligations to another individual
authority within the situation. and harm that occurs during once said, "Giving to each or society because upholding
the performance of beneficial that which is his due.” one’s duty is what is considered
Beneficence is doing or active promotion acts - Fair, equitable, and ethically correct.
of good. - Articulates a fundamental appropriate treatment in  DEONTOLOGIST will always keep
commitment on the part of light of what is due or his promises to a friend and will
This is done by:
health care professionals to owed to persons. follow the law. A person who
 Providing health benefits to the protect their patients from - This implies the fair adheres to deontological theory
clients. harm. distribution of goods in will produce very consistent
 Balancing the benefits and risks of society. decisions since they will be based
Do no harm includes:
harm. - It is generally held that on the individual’s set duties
 Considering how a client can be - Deliberate harm. persons who are equal
should qualify for equal There are different versions of
best helped - Risk of harm.
treatment. deontology. We examine two of them,
- Harm that occurs during
those of Immanuel Kant and W. D. Ross.
performance of beneficial acts.
SECONDARY PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL
 NONMALEFICENCE CONDUCT - German Philosopher
NEGLIGENCE
- DO NO HARM. - Concerned wih duty & reason
- It is the duty to help others The legal criteria for determining 1. Veracity – duty to tell the truth - Believed that the intentions
further their important and negligence are as follows: 2. Confidentiality – duty to respect behind action were more
legitimate interests when we privileged information
 important than the  Imperative means something that Kant’s categorical imperative. Telling the truth, keeping actual and
consequences. must be done, an obligation Instead, Ross falls within the implicit promises, and not representing
- We cannot predict the tradition of “ethical intuitionism”. fiction as history
consequences so we cannot CATEGORICAL vs HYPOTHETICAL After a careful examination of the
judge a person good or bad facts surrounding a case, he  DUTIES OF REPARATION:
 Categorical imperative
based on the consequences of believes that we then are able to Righting the wrongs we have done to
- The act for the sake of the duty
their actions intuit the appropriate duty. tohers
only
1. Kantian Ethics  Ross claims that our experience
- The only good way to act
with such cases puts us in a  DUTIES OF GRATITUDE:
Deontological theory – any action states  Hypothetical imperative
position to come to know our
that for any action to have any moral - Acting in order to receive some Recognizing the services others have done
prima facie duties with the same
worth we can only look at the motives or kind of reward for us
degree of certainty as when we
intentions behind the act grasp the mathematical truth that
MAXIMS & UNIVERSALISABILITY  DUTIES OF JUSTICE
 Good Intentions come from Good a triangle has three angles.
 Maxim  Furthermore, according to Ross, Preventing a distribution of pleasure or
Will
- Absolute moral statement our experience of many individual happiness that is not in keeping with the
 The use of Reason to inform
 Universalisability cases puts us in a position to merit of the people incolved
Good will helps highlight your
- Ability to use a maxim recognize the validity of a general
Duty in any situation
everywhere, and by everyone so statement like “It is wrong to  DUTIES OF BENEFICENCE:
 Your duty can be role-based, but
that the maxim is never broken. cause needless pain.” We come to
also based on categorical Helping to better the condition of other
2. ROSS ETHICS see such rules in much the same
imperatives. beings with respect to virtue, intelligence
 You also need your reason to way that we come to recognize or pleasure
SIR WILLIAM DAVID ROSS
figure out if you are acting by a the letter A after having seen it
universalisable maxim - Was knighted written or printed in a variety of  DUTIES OF SELF-
- Rejected both Kantianism and handwritings or typefaces. IMPROVEMENT
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES utilitarianism
PRIMA FACIE DUTIES -“at first Bettering ourselves with respect to virtue
 Categorical means applicable in When is something our duty? appearance” or intelligence
all situations, an absolute
 Ross does not propose any  DUTIES OF FIDELITY :  DUTIES OF NON –
general test of obligation like MALFEASANCE
Avoiding or preventing an injury to
others.