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Practical - 1
Aim: Introduction of various components of computer

CPU
Its meaning is Central Processing Unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central
processor or Nerve Centre or heart, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most
calculations take place. The CPU is the brains of the computer.

Central processing unit (CPU) is the central component of the Computer System.
Sometimes it is called as microprocessor or processor. It is the brain that runs the show inside the
Computer. All functions and processes that is done on a computer is performed directly or
indirectly by the processor. Obviously, computer processor is one of the most important elements
of the Computer system. CPU is consists of transistors, that receives inputs and produces output.
Transistors perform logical operations which is called processing. It is also, scientifically, not
only one of the most amazing parts of the PC, but one of the most amazing devices in the world
of technology.
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In terms of computing power, the computer processor is the most important element of a
computer system. It add and compare its data in cpu chip. A CPU of all computers, whether
micro, mini or mainframe must have three parts.

Parts of CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It is the part of computer processor (CPU) can be used to
perform arithmetic and logic operations. An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is further divided into
two parts, (AU) arithmetic unit and a (LU) logic unit.

Control Unit (CU): Decodes the program instruction. CPU chip used in a computer is partially
made out of Silica. on other words silicon chip used for data processing are called Micro
Processor.

Keyboard
A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the
computer system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the primary device used to enter text. A
keyboard typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers and special characters, as well as
keys for specific functions. A keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a
wireless connection.

Typical keyboard for a desktop computer

Most keyboards have a very similar layout. The individual keys for letters, numbers and special
characters are collectively called the character keys. The layout of these keys is derived from
the original layout of keys on a typewriter. The most widely used layout in the English language
is called QWERTY, named after the sequence of the first six letters from the top left.

Mouse
A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls a cursor in a GUI and can
move and select text, icons, files, and folders. For desktop computers, the mouse is placed on a
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flat surface such as a mouse pad or a desk and is placed in front of your computer. The picture to
the right is an example of a desktop computer mouse with two buttons and a wheel.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided
into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be
placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines
vertically.

Monitor
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and
power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on
your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors,
laptop computer, and graphics display.

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −
The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the
better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole
character, such as the letter ‗e‘ in the word help.

 Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into
light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
  Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight
or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-
Crystal Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers −

 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the
paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image
These printers are of two types −

 Character printers
 Line printers
Character Printers
Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.

These are further divided into two types:

 Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

 Daisy Wheel
Dot Matrix Printer
In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular
because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of
pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come
out to form a character which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.
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Daisy Wheel
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower)
which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-
processing in offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

Line Printers
Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.

These are of two

types −
 Drum Printer
 Chain Printer
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Drum Printer

This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum is
divided into a number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper
width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the track.
Different character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set.
One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000
lines per minute.

Chain Printer
In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer. A standard
character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a
complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of

two types −
 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
 Faster than impact printers
 They are not noisy
 High quality
 Supports many fonts and different character size

Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the
characters to be printed on a page.
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Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They
print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality
output with presentable features.

They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing
modes available. Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce
multiple copies of printing also.

Storage Devices
1. USB Flash Drive
A USB Flash Drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device which is used to store data and
transfer information. Flash drives are also called as pen-drives, jump-drives, and thumb-drives.
Basically, every USB flash drive are re-writable and removable. Actually, USB Flash Drive is
robust because there are no moving parts. At the time of First stage the size of USB Flash Drive
was just like 8 MB and now the size of USB Flash Drive is just like 2 GB to 1 TB.
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2. Memory Cards
A Memory Card is a small storage device just like 16 MB to 64 GB and this storage device is
used for storing media and data files. Memory card is Non-Volatile, permanent storage device
which is used inside of Phone, Camera, and many other electronic devices. There are so many
types of memory card in market, and it's totally depended on size.

3. CD (Compact Disk)
The CD was created by Pilips factory in Germany on august,1982. Compact Disk is the full form
of CD, it‘s looks like a flat, round and the measures of standard CD is 120 millimeters and across
1.2 mm thick. The size of Compact Disk is 650 Megabytes to 700 Megabytes. A compact Disk is
a portable storage medium that can store audio, video, picture, and also Data.
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4. DVD (Digital Video Disk)

DVD (Digital Video Disk) is an optical disk format invented and developed in 1995.The
Capacity of CD is 4.7 GB and the Weight is 16 grams. The Compact Disk can store any kind of
digital media just like video, audio, picture, game, software, data. Actually, DVD is just like a
ROM because data can only be read and not written. DVD can be single side or double side both,
the size of single side DVD is 4.7 GB and the size of double side DVD is 9.4 GB.

5. HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

IBM company‘s engineer created the first Hard Disk Drive in 1953.The size of Hard Disk was
just like two refrigerators. A Hard Disk Drive is a non-volatile secondary storage device, here
data can store permanently. unlike RAM, it is non-volatile means data is retained when the
computer is turned off. A Hard Disk Drive is actually a set of stacked disks. The first production
IBM hard Disk was 305 disk storage which was shipped in 1957.
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Practical - 8
Aim: Introduction to Windows Operating System

The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system. It is the most
popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any person who can read and
understand basic English, as it does not require any special training.

However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various application
programs initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then
window can be executed.

Elements of Windows OS
Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

 Graphical User Interface

 Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
 Taskbar
 Start button
 Windows explorer
 Mouse button
 Hardware compatibility
 Software compatibility
 Help, etc.
Once you are logged in a window computer system, you will get dozens of applications,
so you can choose an option of your requirement.

Many of the options have shortcut icon readily available on your computer screen; however, in
some computers, you may not find any such option on the screen; in such a case, you can take
the help of menu button (as shown in the image given below) −
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Start Menu Options

The following table lists down the options that appear after clicking on the Start menu −

Option & Description

1. All programs

It displays all those programs, which are installed in your system.

2. Document

It displays a list of folders used by the user.

3. Recent file
It displays the recently used file.
4. My picture
It displays a list of pictures.
5. My music
It displays a list of music/song, etc.
6. My computer
It displays the drives of computer where user keeps his/her work, file, folder, song,
video, picture, e-book, etc.
7. Control panel
It displays all the installed computer programs (software).
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8. Printer
It displays the installed printers (if printer is installed in the system, user can take
print easily).
9. Help (support)
It helps users to know how to do a particular task.
10. Search
It helps a user to find a file in computer.
11. Run
It helps to start an application program or execute a DOS command.
12. Setting
It has different options that help to manage different settings of the computer,
software as well as hardware.
13. Log Off
It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the system.
14. Sleep
It makes the system non-functional; however, puts the ongoing work and settings in
memory and also keeps drawing small amount of power.
15. Hibernation
Hibernation puts the open documents and programs on hard disk and then turns off
your computer; in comparison to ‗sleep‘, it uses very low power.
16. Restart
Its function is to shut down and again start (log on) computer; it is done normally to
refresh computer especially when computer is hanged.
17. Shut down
It simply shuts down the system.

Recycle Bin
Recycle Bin is a trash location where deleted files remain stored. Once you delete any
sort of file, it gets stored (automatically) into recycle bin; therefore, if you mistakenly
deleted some important file, don‘t panic, go to recycle bin and restore it. However, if
you deleted file from recycle bin as well, then it is very difficult to restore that
permanently deleted file.
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Accessories
Windows operating system ships with some handy applications known as Windows
accessories. Calculator, Notepad, Paint, Explorer, WordPad are some of the most
frequently used accessories.

Calculator

Windows Calculator is a calculating application included in all the versions of Windows. It can
be used to perform simple calculation, scientific calculation and Programming calculation.

 Choose Start >> Programs >> Accessories >> Calculator to start Calculator application,
or
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 Alternately you can open Run dialog box (Start >> Run) dialog box then type calc and hit
enter.
 From View menu choose the required type of calculator – Standard, Scientific,
Programmer, Statistical
 Edit >> Copy and Paste commands can be used to input the numbers into calculator or
paste the result to other applications

Calculator was first included with Windows 1.0 as a simple arithmetic calculator. In Windows
3.0, a Scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-
based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2,
8, 10, 16), logic operations, Statistic functions such as single variable statistics and linear
regression.

Paint

Paint (formerly Paintbrush for Windows) is a simple graphics painting program that has
been included with all versions of Microsoft Windows. It is often referred to as MS Paint or
Microsoft Paint. The program opens and saves files as Windows bitmap (24-bit, 256 color, 16
color, and monochrome) .BMP, JPEG, GIF. Paintbrush supports GIF without animation or
transparency. Since Windows 98 Paint supports GIF with transparency. It also supports PNG
(without alpha channel), and TIFF (without multiple page support).

The program can be in color mode or two-color black-and-white, but there is no

grayscale mode. For its simplicity, it rapidly became one of the most used applications in
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the early versions of Windows—introducing many to painting on a computer for the first
time—and still has strong associations with the immediate usability of the old Windows
workspace.

Notepad

Notepad is a common text-only (plain text) editor. The resulting files—typically saved with the
.txt extension—have no format tags or styles, making the program suitable for editing system
files that are to be used in a DOS environment.

Notepad supports both left-to-right and right-to-left based languages, and one can alternate
between these viewing formats by using the right or left Ctrl+Shift keys to go to right-to-left
format or left-to-right format, respectively.

WordPad
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Microsoft WordPad is a free rich text editor included with Microsoft Windows 95 and the
later. Earlier to Windows 95 there used to be an application called Write for the same task.
Although capable of doing much more than Notepad, WordPad is not as advanced as Microsoft
Word.

WordPad can format and print text, but lacks intermediate features such as a spell checker,
thesaurus, and support for tables. As such, it is suitable for writing letters or short pieces, but
underpowered for work that relies heavily on graphics or typesetting.

Control Panel
The Control Panel is a section of Microsoft Windows that enables a user to change various
computer hardware and software features. Settings for the mouse, display, sound, network,
and keyboard represent just a few examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel.
Below the Control Panel appeared in Windows.