editors note

Editorial Offices

To know yet to think that one does not know is best; not to know yet to think that one knows will lead to difculty. Lao-Tzu (6th century B.C.), Chinese philosopher Up until three weeks ago, whenever Bill Pascoli or Bobbi Marstellar talked about the joys of Pittsburgh, I just rolled my eyes. I had last been to Pittsburgh in the mid-1990s, and frankly, I wasnt impressed. I thought I knew Pittsburgh; and I was wrong. It turned out to be a city with delightful restaurants, interesting museums, pleasant parks, exciting sports venues (who can argue with a world championship team named the Steelers?), and perhaps the best convention center in the world. Too often the reality of yesterday clouds our knowledge of the reality of today. Im always amazed by designers who still insist least weight is least cost, an axiom that was becoming outdated even in the 1960s; or contractors who insist on painting interior steel, despite conclusive evidence that theres no need to coat steel that is not exposed to the elements; or owners who dont realize that there are extremely efficient low floor-to-floor height steel systems that offer great value for residential construction. One of the biggest reality shifts in the last few years is the growing impact of service centers on the steel construction market. While many designers and contractors perceive that most steel is bought directly from mills, the reality is that roughly 70% of all the structural steel used in buildings in the U.S. flows through service centers (for those unfamiliar with the term, a service center is essentially a warehouse store for steel; just as a lot of contractors buy material from Home Depot rather than a lumber yard, today most fabricators buy from a service center rather than directly from the mill). The shift toward service centers in many ways reflects the shift toward value-added services in manufacturing throughout the world. The most basic value offered by service centers is inventory control. I recently visited a fabricator near Chicago and at first couldnt figure out what had changed since my last visit. It finally dawned on me that even though the shop was quite busy, there was almost no steel in the yard (a far cry from my last visit when there were piles and piles of wide-flange and angles). It turns out that this fabricator has moved to a just in time delivery system that reduces his inventory costs and also reduces the cost of having to move piles of steel to reach a needed shape below. Most service centers offer cut-tolength as a value-added resource, but many also can perform other services such as cambering. Of course, there is a cost to using a middleman and when jobs are large enough to justify mill bundle quantities, many fabricators still buy directly from a mill. Theres always a solution in steel and service centers (with their nearly 1 million tons of inventory) are another tool fabricators can use to make sure projects go smoothly.

One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 700 Chicago, IL 60601 312.670.2400 tel 312.670.5403 fax

Editorial Contacts

EDITOR & PUBLISHER Scott L. Melnick 312.670.8314 [email protected] MANAGING EDITOR Keith A. Grubb, P.E., S.E. 312.670.8318 [email protected] ASSISTANT EDITOR Lena Singer 312.670.8316 [email protected]

AISC Officers

CHAIRMAN Stephen E. Porter VICE CHAIRMAN Rex I. Lewis TREASURER John C. Yohe SECRETARY & GENERAL COUNSEL David B. Ratterman PRESIDENT Roger E. Ferch VICE PRESIDENT, FINANCE & TECHNOLOGY E. Joseph Dietrich VICE PRESIDENT, ENGINEERING & RESEARCH Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E. VICE PRESIDENT, COMMUNICATIONS Scott L. Melnick VICE PRESIDENT, MARKETING John P. Cross, P.E. VICE PRESIDENT, CERTIFICATION Roberta L. Marstellar, P.E.

Advertising Contact

SCOTT MELNICK EDITOR

Account Manager Louis Gurthet 231.228.2274 tel 231.228.7759 fax [email protected] For advertising information, contact Louis Gurthet or visit www.modernsteel.com

Address Changes and Subscription Concerns

312.670.5444 tel 312.670.5403 fax [email protected]

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

steel quiz
LOOKING FOR A CHALLENGE? Modern Steel Constructions monthly Steel Quiz tests your knowledge of steel design and construction. Most answers can be found in the 2005 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, available as a free download from AISCs web site, www.aisc.org/2005spec. Where appropriate, other industry standards are also referenced. This months Steel Quiz was developed by the American Galvanizers Association, online at www.galvanizeit.org. Sharpen your pencils and go!

5 6

What will happen at joints of steel sections that differ considerably in thickness during hot-dip galvanizing? Which of the following methods of repairing hot-dip galvanized steel are allowable according to ASTM A780: a. Zinc-rich paint, zinc-based solder, and zinc flame spray metallizing b. Zinc-based solder, zinc electroplating, and zinc-rich paint c. Zinc-rich paint, zinc-flame spray metallizing, and cathodic protection d. Zinc-based solder, zinc-flame spray metallizing, and zinc electroplating

The following method(s) of galvanized surface preparation are acceptable to obtain a Class A surface in slip critical connections. a. b. c. d. e. wire brushing quenching applying zinc-silicate paint a and c all of the above

1 2 3 4

Overlaps, gaps, and holes must be designed at least ___ in size for the zinc in the galvanizing process to penetrate and fully coat the steel surface. a. 332 b. 132 c. d. Which ASTM specification covers the hot-dip galvanizing of fasteners and small parts? a. A780 b. A123 c. A767 d. A153 True/False: Steel chemistry affects the appearance of the galvanized coating. A good rule of thumb for cold bending steel prior to galvanizing is to make bends as large as possible, but the bend radius should be at least ___ times the thickness of the steel. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

True/False: Salt-spray testing of hot-dip galvanized steel produces results that can be correlated to real-world performance and serves as a good comparative tool to other corrosion protection systems. To avoid any potential for hydrogen embrittlement, steels that have a tensile strength greater than ___ should not be galvanized. 90 ksi 120 ksi 150 ksi 180 ksi

When hot-dip galvanized steel is going to be painted, it is best to inform the galvanizer about the plans to paint so that the steel is not ___. a. cleaned prior to galvanizing b. quenched after galvanizing c. stacked on wood spacers after galvanizing d. galvanized at too high a temperature

10

a. b. c. d.

TURN PAGE FOR ANSWERS

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

steel quiz

ANSWERS The answer is a. After-fabrication, batch hot-dip galvanizing involves dipping steel in a bath of liquid zinc. The viscosity of zinc at galvanizing temperatures prevents it from entering gaps less than 332. The best practice is to ensure all gaps exceed this size so that a complete and consistent coating thickness can be achieved. The answer is d. ASTM A153 includes a special provision that allows the galvanizer to use a spinner or centrifuge to remove excess zinc from critical sections of small parts such as threads. This specification is similar to ASTM A123 (the more common specification covering hot-dip galvanizing of steel) as it requires minimum coating thicknesses based on the thickness and type (bolt, casting, forged article) of steel. True. The hot-dip galvanized coating is formed as a result of a metallurgical reaction between liquid zinc and solid iron. Other elements commonly found in steel, such as silicon, can act as a catalyst for this reaction, accelerating the rate at which the coating grows. It is suggested in ASTM A123 that the amount of silicon should be below 0.04% or between 0.15% and 0.22% to produce a well controlled coating structure. Levels outside of this range may produce a thicker than average coating and have a matte gray or dull appearance. Note that this is purely a visual matterthere is no effect on corrosion performance.

expansion and contraction rates can cause the metal to become stressed and alter its shape in order to balance out the thermal stresses.

the zinc patina to form and thus inaccurately represent the corrosion process of galvanized steel.

The answer is a. Zinc-rich paint, zincbased solder, and zinc-flame spray metallizing are all acceptable repair materials for galvanized steel. They differ in application methods, zinc concentration, cost, and service life. Zinc electroplating is not a field-applied coating, and cathodic protection does not repair a bare spot in a galvanized coating. A comparison of the characteristics can be found in AGAs Inspection of Products to be Hot-Dip Galvanized after Fabrication (www.galvanizeit.org/ showContent,52,84.cfm).

10

The answer is c. Steels with tensile strengths higher than 150 ksi will not expel hydrogen absorbed during the pickling stage of the galvanizing process. The small grain boundaries of the steel at this strength trap atomic hydrogen that may cause hydrogen embrittlement when the steel is put under load. Steels of less than 150 ksi tensile strength expel hydrogen when the steel is heated to galvanizing temperatures 800 F to 850 F, eliminating any concern over hydrogen embrittlement.

The answer is b. Some galvanizers employ a quenching step in their process following galvanization. The quench tank may contain contaminants that can affect the adhesion of a top coat. Quenching can serve two purposes: first, to cool the steel rapidly; and second, if chromates are used in the quench bath, to apply a thin passivation layer to the surface of the coating to avoid premature corrosion during shipping and handling or to prevent reaction with fresh concrete.

The answer is c. Strain-aging embrittlement of steels can occur as a result of cold working. At room temperature the aging proceeds relatively slowly; however, if strained steel is immersed in a galvanizing bath at 830 F, aging is accelerated and can produce cracks after galvanizing in some isolated instances, especially in sharply bent steel.

Joining pieces of steel that differ considerably in thickness (e.g. No. 20 gage expanded metal to -thick wall tube frame) can potentially cause a distortion in the intended shape of the assembly. Different thickness steels expand and contract at different rates when exposed to the heating and cooling cycles associated with the hot-dip galvanizing process. The differing
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

The answer is d. Wire brushing, sand blasting, phosphating, and applying a zinc silicate paint will all achieve a mean slip coefficient of 0.35 or higher, the minimum slip coefficient for Class A surfaces (as defined in the 2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel BuildingsANSI/AISC 360-05). Quenching does not roughen the zinc surface enough to meet the Class A minimum slip coefficient. Not yet recognized but on the horizon, current theories surrounding hot-dip galvanizing and slip critical connections indicate contacting zinc surfaces build up resistance and will eventually achieve the necessary slip factor without any treatment. Studies are being developed to prove this phenomenon.

False. Salt spray tests of galvanized steel (or any metal) do not portray an accurate picture of how it will perform in actual service. The development of a series of corrosion products on the zinc surface combine to form the zinc patina, which is inherently corrosion resistant. Salt spray testing methods do not allow

Anyone is welcome to submit questions for Steel Quiz. If you are interested in submitting one question or an entire quiz, contact AISCs Steel Solutions Center at 866.ASK.AISC or at [email protected].

news & events

AWARDS

T.R. Higgins Award Nominations Sought

The American Institute of Steel Construction is accepting nominations now through August 1, 2006 for the 36th Annual T.R. Higgins Lectureship Award. Each year, this award recognizes an outstanding lecturer and author whose technical paper or papers, published during the eligibility period, are considered an outstanding contribution to the engineering literature on fabricated structural steel. The award is named for Theodore R. Higgins, Ph.D., a former AISC Director of Engineering and Research who was widely acclaimed for his many contributions to the advancement of engineering technology related to fabricated structural steel. The award honors the late Higgins for his innovative engineering, timely technical papers, and distinguished lectures. ELIGIBILITY AND NOMINATIONS The nominated author must be a permanent resident of the United States and must be available to fulfill the commitments of the award. The paper or papers must have been published in a professional journal within the period of January 1, 2001 to January 1, 2006. AISC encourages all those involved in structural steel construction to submit nominations. The following information must be included: Name and affiliation of the nominee Title of paper or papers to be named in the nomination, with publication citation Identification of the principal author in the case of multiple authors Reasons for the nomination A copy of the paper, as well as any published discussion Nominations should be sent to: T.R. Higgins Award Nomination, c/o Janet Cummins, Engineering and Research Coordinator; American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.; One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700; Chicago, IL 60601. Nominations will not be accepted after August 1, 2006. BASIS OF SELECTION The award will be given to a nominated
STEEL EVENTS

individual on the basis of two criteria: 1. The individuals reputation as a lecturer. 2. The jurys evaluation of the paper or papers named in the nomination. The papers will be judged for originality, clarity of presentation, contribution to engineering knowledge, future significance, and value to the fabricated structural steel industry. AWARD AND LECTURE The 2007 award-winning author will present his or her lecture a minimum of six times on selected occasions during the year. A framed certificate will be presented at next years NASCC: The Steel Conference in New Orleans. Co-authors of a paper or papers named in the successful nomination will also be recognized during the award presentation. The winner also will receive a $10,000 cash award. Questions about the nomination process should be sent to Janet Cummins at [email protected]. More information about the award and its past winners can be found at www.aisc.org/higgins.

Four Top Steel Seminars to be Presented in July

This month, designers have the opportunity to attend the best of recent AISC seminar programs at a substantially reduced cost. From July 2528, AISC will consecutively present four recent and successful seminars at one location in Chicago. Each seminar will be presented by top speakers (usually the programs authors): Field Fixes: Common Problems in Design, Fabrication, and Erection Solutions and Prevention (July 25)Jim Fisher and Larry Kloiber Steel Design after College (July 26)Larry Griffis Seismic Braced Frames (July 27)Rafael Sabelli Bolting & Welding (July 28)Duane Miller and Geoff Kulak The programs are six hours each and provide 6 PDHs (0.6 CEUs). Registration fees for AISC members are substantially reduced: attend one seminar for $100, two for $180, three for $240, or all four for $280 (non-members pay $200 for one seminar, $360 for two, $480 for three, or $560 for all four). Early registration is encouraged as seating is limited. The seminars will be held at Loyola Universitys Rubloff Auditorium in Chicago. Seminars begin each day at 8:00 a.m., break at 11:30 a.m., and then continue from 1:00 p.m. to 4:30 pm. To keep costs down, the seminars include coffee breaks but not lunch (the venue is in the heart of Chicagos shopping district and numerous restaurants are within walking distance). Visit www.aisc.org/bestofseminars for more information and to download a registration form.
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL

AISC Seeks Proposals for HSS Design Guide

Through August 1, 2006 AISC is accepting proposals to develop a design guide on HSS connections. For more information, please visit www.aisc.org/HSSrfp.
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

news & events

NEW PUBLICATIONS UNIVERSITY RELATIONS

AISC Seismic Design Manual in Print

The printed edition of AISCs Seismic Design Manual is now available. This hardbound, six-part manual includes sections on general seismic design considerations; design of systems using R = 3 (braced and moment frames); design of braced frame systems using R > 3; design of moment frame systems using R > 3; and design of other systems using R > 3. The Seismic Design Manual also includes printed versions of ANSI/AISC 341-05 and ANSI/AISC 358-05. AISC members who have not yet purchased the 13th Edition Steel Construction Manual may purchase both manuals for the discounted price of $295. And through July 31, members who have already purchased the 13th edition manual may still receive a discounted price on the Seismic Design Manual. This offer is only available by calling 800.644.2400 and is not available to those who purchased the 13th edition manual in conjunction with an AISC seminar. For more information about the Seismic Design Manual and AISC member discounts, please visit www.aisc.org/bookstore.

Save the Date: AISC Workshop for Architecture Educators

A workshop on two new AISC steel teaching aids for architecture educators will be held in Chicago on October 11. This day-long workshop will introduce the aids Design Studio Case Studies and Structures of Everyday, both scheduled to be released prior to the workshop in fall 2006 through AISCs University Relations Department (see Learning Opportunities at www.aisc.org). A travel stipend of $300 will be given to those who attend. To register, please contact Megan Maurer by phone at 312.670.5418 or by e-mail at [email protected]. Both PowerPoint-based teaching aids are highly visual and meant to help students learn about different methods of steel construction. They were developed specifically to complement architecture design studio and lecture curricula alike and can be used interchangeably in either environment. Design Studio Case Studies gives students the opportunity to analyze buildings that have employed structural steel in creative, aesthetic ways. The three buildings presented are former winners in AISCs Innovative Design and Excellence in Architecture with Steel (IDEAS) competition. Structure of the Everyday will benefit students in lecture courses that address materials and methods of construction and architectural structures. Students will be exposed to structural steel shapes and their properties and applications. This module also presents structural steel systems such as space frames, beams, open web joists, columns, braces, and lintels and includes an overview on structural steel connections.
STEEL EVENTS

Revised Base Plate Design Guide Available

A second edition of AISCs Design Guide 1: Base Plate and Anchor Rod Design has been released to provide engineers and fabricators with guidance that is up-to-date with the latest AISC specification. Design Guide 1 was created to assist engineers and fabricators in the design, detailing, and specification of column base plate and anchor rod connections in a manner that avoids common fabrication and erection problems. The second edition is based on the 2005 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 2005) and includes design guidance in accordance with both load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and allowable stress design (ASD). Topics include material selection; fabrication, erection, and repairs; base plate and anchorage design for compression, tension, and bending; and design of anchors for fatigue applications. Design examples on common design cases are also presented side-by-side for both ASD and LRFD. Visit www.aisc.org/bookstore for information on how to order.

New ASTM Twist-Off Bolt Spec Available

The ASTM Standard Specification for Twist Off Type Tension Control Structural Bolt/ Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength (ASTM F2280-06) is now available through ASTM Internationals web site at www.astm.org. This new standard covers tension control bolts with a strength level equal to that of A490 bolts. It complements the ASTM F1852-05 standard, which covers tension control bolts with strengths equal to A325 bolts. Both standards provide for plain carbon and weathering steel types. F2280-06 was published after the release of both the 2006 edition of Selected ASTM Standards for Structural Steel Fabrication, distributed by AISC, and the 2006 edition of ASTM Standards, Volume 01.08Fasteners; Rolling Element Bearings. It is not included with either one of these compilations. Though it is now a separate standard, it will be published in the 2007 edition of ASTM Standards, Volume 1.08. Please visit www.astm.org for more information.

Seismic Supplement to AWS Welding Code

The American Welding Society has published a new seismic supplement to AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding CodeSteel. AWS D1.8/D1.8M:2005 Structural Welding CodeSeismic Supplement is applicable to welded joints in seismic load resisting systems designed in accordance with AISCs Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings. It covers the additional controls on detailing, materials, workmanship, testing, and inspection necessary to achieve adequate performance of welded steel str uctures under conditions of severe earthquakeinduced inelastic straining. It also includes a commentary section. Visit www.aws.org for more information or to order.

Tube Symposium
The 11th International Symposium and IIW International Conference on Tubular Structures will be held August 31 to September 2, 2006 in Qubec City, Canada. The symposium will feature technical presentations, special lectures, an exhibition hall, and a conference dinner. A full program and registration form are available online at www.ists11.org.
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

news & events

STEEL NEWS STEEL NEWS

SEI Announces 2006 Award Winners

The Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) announced the recipients of the 2006 SEI Awards and ASCE Society Awards on May 19 in St. Louis. AISC members accounted for six of this years 16 award recipients. SEI AWARDS The Dennis L. Tewksbury Award was presented to James A. Rossberg, P.E. for his untiring work as SEIs director and for his innovative and visionary leadership in promoting growth and visibility for the organization, providing service to SEIs membership and to the society at large, and fostering relationships between SEI and other structural engineering organizations. T h e Wa l t e r P. Moore Jr. Award was given to AISC member L aw r e n c e G . Griffis, P.E. for his long and dedicated contributions to the development of stateof-the-art wind load provisions in structural engineering codes and standards. ASCE SOCIETY AWARDS The Jack E. Cermak Medal was presented to Giovanni Solari, Ph.D., P.E. for his relevant scientific research in wind engineering, his significant influence on U.S. wind engineering practice, and for his important contributions to the development of the International Association for Wind Engineering (IAWE). AISC member Bruce R. Ellingwood, P h . D . , P. E . w a s awarded the Nathan M. Newmark Medal for his outstanding contributions to enhancing and incorporating probabilistic mechanics and structural reliability tools in code development and engineering practice. AISC member Michel Bruneau, Ph.D., P.E. and Jeffrey Berman, Ph.D. were presented with the J. James R. Croes Medal for their paper, Plastic Analysis
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

and Design of Steel Plate Shear Walls, published in the November 2003 edition of Journal of Structural Engineering. Donald W. White, Ph.D., an AISC member, received the S h o r t r i d g e Hardesty Award for his leadership and groundbreaking research on advanced frame stability concepts and practical design formulations, as well as for his contributions to enhanced stability design criteria for steel and composite flexural members for buildings and bridges. T h e Wa l t e r L . H u b e r C i v i l Engineering Research Prize was given to Khalid Mosalam, Ph.D., P.E. for advanced computational research integrated with large experiments to solve practical structural engineering problems. Stephen J. Seguirant, P.E., AISC member Richard Brice, P.E., and Bijan Khaleghi, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. received the T.Y. Lin Award for their paper, Flexural Strength of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete T-Beams, which appeared in the January-February 2005 edition of PCI Journal. The Moisseiff Award was given t o E d u a r do Miranda, Ph.D., P.E. and Shahram Taghavi for their papers, Approximate Floor Acceleration Demands in Multistory Buildings. I: Formulation, and Approximate Floor Acceleration Demands in Multistory Buildings. II: Applications, which appeared in the February 2005 edition of Journal of Structural Engineering. M.R. Bambach, Ph.D. and K.J.R. Rasmussen, Ph.D. received the Raymond C. Reese Research Prize for the development of practical design guidelines for slender plate elements subjected to moment gradients based on careful experimentation and rigorous analysis, as seen in their paper, Design Provisions for Sections Containing Unstiffened Elements with Stress Gradient, from the October 2004 Journal of Structural Engineering. The George Winter Award was presented to AISC member Duane S. Ellifritt, Ph.D., P.E. for his contributions to the role of aesthetics in structural engineering through his educational and artistic endeavors, particularly the development of the steel connection sculpture now present on nearly 200 university campuses nationwide.

Steel Industry Addresses 13% Nationwide Growth in Demand

Recognizing increased demand for structural steel on construction projects, members of the structural steel industry are taking action to ensure that steel continues to be readily available for every type of project. Every level of the structural steel supply chainproducers, service centers, fabricators, and erectorshas been working with architects, engineers, general contractors and developers to supply steel in a timely manner. Efforts to continue prompt supply of product and services have included: Early Involvement. Architects, engineers, contractors, and developers are finding that a key to ensuring their projects run smoothly and their structural steel satisfies the project schedule is the early involvement of fabricators in the design and planning process. Early involvement provides significant cost and schedule benefits by using the expertise of the fabricator early in the projects life, when the greatest opportunity for capturing value exists. More structural steel industry members are now working with customers under the early-involvement approach than ever before. Flexible Solutions. Industry members are also taking a proactive approach to providing flexible solutions for material acquisition through the involvement of steel service centers. Service centers currently stock nearly one million tons of structural products and have become a highly effective resource in assisting in the selection of commonly available structural sections during the design process. As with the early involvement of fabricators, the work of service centers has been instrumental in helping designers and builders complete projects in a timely, cost-effective way. Steel Solutions Center. The Steel Solutions Center has aided hundreds of projects in providing conceptual solutions and technical expertise. The Steel Solutions Center can assist in the identification of particular section shapes available from area service centers and producing mills. Fielding over 200 inquiries a week, it is the top technical and steel availability resource. Contact the Solutions Center at 866.ASK. AISC or [email protected].

ofce buildings

Hyatt Center

Rising High
The engineers for two steel-framed Chicago towers provide insight into the current trends in high-rise ofce building design.

One South Dearborn

Courtesy Halverson and Partners

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

On November 8, 2005 engineers from the Chicago structural engineering rm Halvorson and Partners spoke with the staff of Modern Steel Construction and an AISC Regional Engineer about the structural design of two of the rms recent high-rise ofce building projectsChicagos Hyatt Center and One South Dearborn. The highlights of their discussion touch on current design issues and trends for composite high-rise ofce structures. Framing System Stine: What kind of study did you do to determine exactly what type of framing system you would usewhether you would use concrete shear walls or a braced frame [system]? Was it based on past experience or what you thought was economical? Swanson: We did look at a lot of different concepts. Past experience certainly helps to zero in on the right solution. I think that it gives you a feel for limitations of various systems. We also worked with the projects general contractor, Bovis Lend Lease, who was involved with the project from the early design stages. We were able to discuss cost and constructability issues with them. To some extent, the geometry of the building and architectural intent points you in certain directions. Melnick: Can you elaborate on that in relation to the buildings? Swanson: For the Hyatt Center, perimeter views were a signicant design feature. There was a strong desire to minimize the structure along the skin of the building, which dictated placing the lateral load resisting systems in the core. Once this was established, we looked at steel bracing schemes, concrete shear wall schemes, and outrigger systems as well. The outriggers created zones within the building that would be difcult to lease, and were eventually discarded. An internally braced steel frame scheme was not stiff enough and would have required outriggers extending out beyond the core. We decided on the concrete core, which was capable of withstanding all of the buildings lateral loads alone. Warner: Is Hyatt Center one of the taller composite structures where only the core takes the lateral loads? Swanson: Thats somewhat dependent on the size of the core. For these particular dimensions, we probably wouldnt have been able to utilize the concrete core alone if the building grew signicantly. The walls at the base are already fairly thick and consist of very high-strength concrete. To go any taller would have steered us back to some type of supplemental outrigger system or structural components on the face of the building. Warner: On One South Dearborn, time was the issue, and we were working with a very sophisticated developer. They pretty much knew what they wanted coming inan efcient ofce tower that could be designed and built on an incredibly tight schedule. One South Dearborn is about 100 shorter than Hyatt Center, which puts in right in the middle of the height range where composite concrete core systems are optimal. We presented schemes for both a steel braced core and a concrete core for comparison. Right away, the developer priced both Discussion Participants
Steve Hall/Hedrich Blessing

systems and conrmed that the concrete core was going to be more efcient. Special Load Conditions Melnick: Did you have any load requirements for paper and that sort of thing? Swanson: They were consolidated into localized areas to minimize cost. Several of the buildings major tenants were on board very early on, so we were able to work with their architects to locate all high-load areas and reinforce the structure accordingly. We created designated high-load areas which the tenants, for the most part, were able to stay within. Later on, only a few areas required reinforcing. Warner: One South Dearborns situation was two-part. We had something similar to Hyatt Center, where the major tenant was on board early and consolidated the high-density les. We designed for those high-load areas for all of the oors in the building. In addition, we were able to provide slightly higher than typical live load capacity for all of the oors. In Chicago, a one-hour re rating is required for a high-rise with sprinklers. This can be achieved with a 3-thick deck plus 2 lightweight concreteits the bare minimum, but it meets the code. Considering the possible vibration problems at long spans with light oors, we talked with the owner and decided on 3 deck and 3 concrete, which is a more conventional two-hour slab. This required slightly heavier beams to support the slab during the pour, but we then were able to add a few more studs to achieve a live load capacity of 100 psf for a whole ooras opposed to the typical 50 psf plus 20 psfand the developer actually marketed that. Melnick: And for the Hyatt Center? Swanson: Its the standard Chicago ofce live load, 50 psf plus 20 psf for partitions. We allowed 175 psf for the specied high loads areas, which is high enough to accommodate the standard rail-type le systems and easily accommodates le cabinets or similar loads. We tried to keep these areas in the core for the most part where the beam spans were shorter. It was much more cost-effective to upsize the framing in those bays than out in the longer lease areas, where you had the 40 or 45 spans. Stine: How much did you have to go back and reinforce? Five percent of them, or just a few random ones? Swanson: For the major tenants that had input on the design, very little had to be reinforced later. Maybe just a handful of areas. With the newer tenants that were coming in later, were nding that

Halvorson and Partners James C. Swanson, S.E., P.E., Principal Carrie Warner, S.E., P.E., Senior Project Engineer Christian Beaudoin, S.E.

Modern Steel Construction and AISC Scott Melnick, Editor In Chief Keith Grubb, P.E., S.E., Managing Editor Tabitha Stine, P.E., AISC Great Plains Regional Engineer

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

several of the designs required oor reinforcement of some sort. If theyre not taking a full oor, they may have parcels away from the core areas, which is where most of the high-load conditions occurred. Melnick: What type of cost difference did you experience going from standard oor load up to the reinforced oor? Warner: For the 100 psf capacity, they bought it at basically nothing. Because we were tying to alleviate this vibration concern with extra concrete and because we were pushing the edge of the envelope for the beam depths at the 45 span, we already had to have a certain beam to hold that concrete in the rst place. With a few extra studs, they basically got it at no cost premium. Swanson: On any ofce building, youre going to review a signicant number of tenant requests for high loads, stair openings, and penetrations through beams. We havent had any problem accommodating them with the original steel oor framing and have had limited reinforcement, if any. Reinforcing or upgrading the structure before it is built is certainly much less expensive than doing it afterwards. Security Melnick: Lets talk about the owners program in brief. Ive heard that security was a concern for Hyatt Centers owner.

Despite these signicant upgrades, the modied structural frame t within the original proles of the gravity support members. The modications were therefore transparent to the buildings tenants and did not affect aesthetics. Melnick: Whats the difference in cost between the more standard building and one upgraded for security? Swanson: Its difcult to put an exact dollar gure on it. We never had an exact structural cost breakdown of a standard building versus the upgraded building for the Hyatt Center. The security design concept was incorporated from day one so we never had a complete design estimate to compare to the nal building. It was a signicant investment. The structural upgrades, Swanson estimated, accounted for a small percentage of the overall $200 million project cost. This, however, does not include other security measures taken within the nished building, such as metal detectors, surveillance, and other security systemsnot to mention the ongoing cost of providing staff to operate and maintain these systems. Schedule While the design of Hyatt Center was driven largely by security concerns, One South Dearborns design was driven by the projects fast-track schedule.

Swanson: The Hyatt Center certainly emphasized security as a Warner: The story for One South Dearborn was time. The deprimary design component, and the owner used that feature to veloper had an anchor tenant, a large law rm, whose lease was market the building. The nal version of the design began shortly about to expire, and so time became critical. They pulled together after 9/11. We were working on an earlier concept for the Hyatt a team who they knew could do an ofce building efciently. The Center a year or so prior to 9/11, with a dramatically different project manager for the architect often referred to the project as a building. That changed with the renewed emphasis on security, textbook high-rise ofce building. and with changes in the economic climate as well. Halvorson and Partners were given a 46-week delivery peMelnick: What kind of economic changes? riod for the projectless than half that of other recently conSwanson: With the dip in the stock market and overall United structed high rises in Chicago, according to Warner. A series States economy immediately after 9/11, the real estate market suf- of oor framing studies for the 45-6 clear span (core to glass) fered as well. The building was somewhat downsized and reduced assessed beam depth and weight options. Considering this in cost, as well as having a greater emphasis on security placed on structural efciency and its impact on oor-to-oor heights, it than was in the original design. W18 oor beams were deemed optimal. The beams used for the spans were designed to carry 100 psf live loadswhile Melnick: Four years later, are these trends continuing? offering outstanding atness and vibration performanceat Swanson: I dont think so, particularly in the private sector. In a total steel oor framing weight of less than 7 psf. The entire general, structural designs are almost back to where we were steel structure (gravity columns, oors, and connections) tobefore 9/11. There are some exceptions, primarily government taled less than 11 psf. buildings that are instituting mandatory requirements for structural reinforcement. Some code revisions are being proposed, but Raised Floors it could be a while until they are actually enforced. The Hyatt Centers design includes a raised oor system, which Swanson said is not uncommon but does affect the load To ensure structural security, rigorous vulnerability analydesign because of weight shifted in pounds per square foot. ses were performed on the Hyatt Centers proposed design. These studies revealed areas where blasts from both inside Stine: Whats the benet of choosing a raised oor? and outside the structure could have posed credible structural Swanson: It allows for much greater exibility in laying out the threats to its tenants. building cabling. Some buildings have actually run air into their Along with the projects blast consultant, Halvorson and raised oors as well, but not that often in Chicago. If you ever need Partners developed solutions in which blasts would be isolatto access cabling in the raised oor, theres no need to pull out ed from the buildings occupied spaces while mitigating the portions of the ceiling. You simply open up the raised oor panels. potential for progressive collapse of the structure. Hardened The use of raised oors also allows curtain wall anchors to bear structural components included an enhanced steel frame and directly on the slabs, rather than being pocketed into them. But multiple concrete blast-resistant walls and slabs. At some locathere is the extra cost associated with the raised oor that owners tions, factored steel beam connection design forces exceeded have to weigh into their decision. 1,000 kips for a single level of framing.
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

Hyatt Center
The Hyatt Center was the rst high-rise ofce building designed and constructed in Chicago after September 11. The 700tall, 1.75 million sq. ft structure provides Class A ofce space for some of the citys most prominent tenants, while addressing newly heightened security concerns. Structural Elements Structural steel and reinforced concrete components were used for the 49-story buildings composite structural system. All primary structural elements to resist lateral loads are located in a narrow concrete core. Reinforced concrete walls within the core resist all of the towers wind loads, as well as portions of the buildings gravity loads, while long-span structural steel beams support lightweight concrete slabs outside the core. The concrete walls vary in thickness up to 32-thick, with strengths up to 10,000 psi. The walls are arranged in a curved prole parallel to the exterior wall conguration, which permitted repetition in the steel oor framing. Radial beams of the same length span from the interior walls to perimeter steel columns. Such efciencies are not typically achieved in curved buildings, but were made possible in the Hyatt Center. Formwork systems allowed the curved concrete walls to be constructed with minimal cost premiums over standard rectangular wall systems. Despite a narrow prole, with a heightto-width aspect ratio of more than 12:1, the concrete core walls alone met target lateral wind load accelerations at the top oors. Supplemental bracing or outrigger schemes, which would have disrupted perimeter tenant spaces, were unnecessary. The core wall conguration is also torsionally efcient, resisting the eccentric wind forces that act on the 300 exposed face. All major mechanical systems were to be placed within the building core at each level. The concrete walls became potential barriers to the many pieces of ductwork and piping accessing the oor spaces. Carefully coordinated bands of wall openings3,500 in totalaccommodated these systems without compromising the walls integrity. The concrete core walls exhibit a different axial shortening behavior than the perimeter steel columns due to differences in stress levels and materials. A time-history study, which closely examined material properties and construction scheduling, concluded that the differential vertical shortening between the two could be

The curved exterior of the building follows the curve of the central concrete core. This allows equal length steel beams to span from the core to the exterior columns and spandrel beams. To accommodate differential shortening, certain steel columns were lengthened and adjustable field splices were designed into the perimeter columns to allow for adjustments during construction.

signicant and potentially detrimental to the structure. Steel columns were lengthened appropriately and adjustable eld splices were designed into the perimeter columns to allow additional corrections to perimeter steel elevations, if necessary, as construction progressed. Secure by Design A rigorous vulnerability study identied several credible threats to occupants from both internal and external explosive charges. With the projects blast consultant, Halvorson and Partners developed solutions that isolated explosive threats from the buildings occupied spaces while mitigating the potential for progressive collapse of the structure. Signicant blast mitigation provisions were incorporated into the structural design without imposing signicant restrictions on the buildings function or aesthetics. Hardened structural components were developed by enhancing the steel frame and incorporating multiple blast-resistant walls and slabs. Factored beam connection design forces exceeded 1,000 kips for single levels of framing at some locations. The modied structural frame t within the original proles of the gravity support members, despite the signicant upgrades, and is transparent to tenants.

Accommodating Tenants Structural steel oor framing permitted 42 clear spans in the lease spaces, with 38 column spacings along the perimeter. The structural steel design also accommodated an array of tenant requirements, including inter-story stairs, dense ling systems, and multi-story atriums. Additional amenities became part of the buildings base design as tenants further customized their spaces. Developer Higgins Development Partners, Chicago Architects Design Architect: Pei Cobb Freed and Partners Architects LLP, New York Architect of Record: A. Epstein and Sons International, Inc., Chicago Structural Engineer Halvorson and Partners, Chicago Fabricator and Detailer Cives Steel Co. Mid-West Division, Wolcott, Ind., AISC member, NISD member Steel Erector Midwest Steel, Inc., Detroit, AISC member General Contractor Bovis Lend Lease, Chicago
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

One South Dearborn

The structural drawings for One South Dearborn, a 40-story, 820,000 sq. ft composite steel and concrete ofce tower in Chicago, were completed in just four months. This fast-track design by Halvorson and Partners responded to both the developers schedule and a challenge for design efciency. Structure A concrete core provides the primary lateral system for the building, while steel columns carry most of the gravity loads. Floor framing studies resulted in minimum-depth W18 oor beams at 10 on center, spanning 45-7 from the interior core to the perimeter girders. Vibration was a primary concern for the oor design, given the long spans and minimized beam depths. A 3 deck with 2 lightweight concrete would have met the Chicago building codes requirement for a one-hour re rating with sprinklers. However, Halvorson and Partners demonstrated that 3 topping would help alleviate vibration. And by adding a few additional studs, it would allow a oor live load capacity of 100 psf at a total steel weight under 11 psf for the entire structure (and under 7 psf for the oor framing). The developer was eventually able to market this capacity to potential tenants. Wind tunnel studies allowed the central shear wall, only 50 by 60 in plan at the lower levels, to be 12 to 18 thick at the ofce oors. Only a portion of the walls extend to the top of the tower. Floor-to-ceiling curtain wall glass was achieved by pocketing the curtain wall seat 3 into the slab. This required the base structure support to t with the remaining 3 slab depth. The detail selected used a 3-deep HSS that was embedded in the slab and that cantilevered from the top ange of the spandrel beam. This provided adequate support for the curtain wall. Thirty-foot-high screen walls are topped by catwalks and extend above the roof. A system of diagonal braces, horizontal struts, and cantilevered steel was created to support these walls. Halvorson and Partners worked with corrosion experts and paint manufacturers to specify a state-of-the-art, four-layer coating system for exposed steel supporting the architectural panels at the roof, which is subjected to corrosive chemicals from cooling towers below. At its 40-story height, differential
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

shortening between the highly stressed steel gravity columns and the more lightly stressed concrete core (which was primarily sized for lateral stiffness) was an issue. Halvorson and Partners devised a simple scheme to accommodate this after in-depth analysis. Steel columns and perimeter spandrels were built slightly higher than the concrete core at each oor to match the erection diagram. At leveling oors, located every six stories, column length compensations were prescribed and shims were used at column splices. This allowed the erector to adjust to achieve the prescribed elevation differences and keep the framing within erection tolerances. By the time tenants moved in, the steel columns had shortened to provide nearly level oors. Future core shortening, due to continued creep and shrinkage, would be minor and would still allow oors to remain within the allowable tolerance. Parking The rst ve oors above grade are parking levels framed with W18 steel beams composite with 3 deck and 4 normal weight concrete. These beams are similarly congured to the typical oors, but framing was sloped to accommodate the ramped oors. The parking oors were originally designed as a formed concrete slab, but the contractor offered substantial savings to use composite metal deck with topping. Corrosion and durability concerns were addressed by Halvorson and Partners af-

ter consulting AISCs recommendations for steel parking garages. Perforated metal deck and appropriate deck sealant and membranes were specied. Slabs were designed assuming the deck only serves as a form. One typical exterior column needed to shift 10-0 at the ground level to accommodate the parking garage entry. Costly transfer girders were avoided by sloping the gravity column over multiple oors. Between oors nine and three, where the column slope started and stopped respectively, steel beams were introduced in the oor framing to create a horizontal diaphragm/truss to stabilize the transfer. Had these horizontal forces been taken in the slab diaphragm only, unwanted cracking would have occurred in the parking oors.

Developer Hines, Chicago Architect DeStefano Keating and Partners, Chicago Structural Engineer Halvorson and Partners, Chicago Fabricator and Detailer Cives Steel Co. Mid-West Division, Wolcott, Ind., AISC member, NISD member General Contractor Turner Construction, Chicago

To accommodate the parking level entrance, one column had to be shifted 10. Costly transfer girders were avoided by sloping the gravity column over multiple floors.

Warner: Does it help with oor leveling or atness? Swanson: It certainly does. The raised oors installed are leveled with lasers after the oors are poured. The slab nish doesnt need to be as at as it would with an exposed oor because you are going to be covering it up eventually. If you have a little bumpiness in your slabs, its easily accommodated with the raised oors adjustable pedestals. Grubb: What kind of adjustability do they have? Swanson: It depends on the pedestals because you can purchase different heights. Generally, theres adjustability of a couple inches within standard pedestals. For One South Dearborn, the decision to forgo a raised oor system yet maintain a horizontal mullion at each oor led to challenges in attaching the oor-to-ceiling curtain wall glass. The connection was hidden in a pocket in the typical 6 slab. It was a trickier condition, according to Warner. Warner: A horizontal mullion was right at the oor line. The design intent was to pocket into the 6 slab edge to create a re-

cessed seat for the curtain wall connection. It was a tough detail; with a 3 recess, only 3 of concrete remains. Also, this concrete slab would be cantilevering from the spandrel, with 1-2 from the edge to beam center line. Melnick: What did you end up doing? Warner: The original detail was recommended by a curtain wall consultant advising the owner during design development, but we were not convinced that 3 of concrete could be counted on, considering consolidation and aggregate size. Having discussed this concern with the team, we ended up showing the detail on our drawings, noting that the curtain wall contractor was responsible for ensuring the reduced slab section was designed for their curtain wall loads. In the end, the curtain wall contractor selected for the project did not rely just on the 3 of concrete for this detail. Instead, a 3-deep steel tube was embedded in the slab, cantilevering from the top ange of the spandrel beam. This provided a clear, reliable load path through the steel.

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

ofce buildings

Holding Court
BY FLORA CALABRESE, S.E.

A late 19th century warehouse provided the framework for this modern courthouse.

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

Mark Ballogg

COOK COUNTY ILLINOIS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURTHOUSE WAS ILL-SUITED FOR THE PURPOSE AND PEOPLE IT WAS MEANT TO SERVE: Victims and their accused abusers were often made to ride in the same elevator and wait in the same area before their trials began. The search in 2002 for a new courthouse led to a steel-framed warehouse, originally constructed in the late 1800s. The four-story building had stood empty in Chicagos South Loop neighborhood for many years until a project was undertaken in 2000 to convert it to a high-speed Internet center. Financial concerns associated with dot-com ventures disrupted these plans, however. Cook County purchased the 170,000 sq. ft warehouse and initiated plans to convert it into the new courthouse. The alley and a parking lot to the north of the building were also purchased to provide space for an atrium, landscaped plaza, and parking area.

Original Structure The structure of the original building consists of perimeter brick masonry walls, which carry their own weight but little of the oor and roof loads. A framework of structural steel beams, girders, and columns supports segmental clay tile arch oors. The foundations of the masonry walls and columns were constructed with stone blocks, with pyramidshaped isolated footings for the columns. The original steel members are typically builtup sections, with rolled sections present only at the roof structure. The built-up beams and girders consist of ange angles riveted to web plates. The existing columns are Phoenix columns, a historic, proprietary design consisting of anged quartercircles riveted together.

Laboratory testing had been performed during the Internet centers design on samples taken from the ange angles of several beams and girders. The testing consisted of tensile testing and chemical analysis. The tensile tests indicated that the steel had yield strengths ranging from 45.4 ksi to 50.5 ksi, with an average yield strength of 47.2 ksi. The ultimate strengths of the samples varied between 64.8 ksi and 69.5 ksi, with an average ultimate stress of 66.9 ksi. Engineers for the courthouse project found these values to be well above the typical minimum strengths specied for steels at the time of the warehouses construction. In general, the chemical analysis found that the steel was comparable to the current specication for ASTM A36 steel. The exception was its relatively high amounts of phosphorous and sulfur, which would require the use of particular welding procedures. For welds required at the existing steel, engineers specied a low-heat input procedure. The welds and steel were then to be inspected after the welds had cooled, at least 48 hours after installation. If cracking was found in the weld or base metal, one of two options was necessary to concentrate the shrinkage strain in the weld metal: standard E7018 welding was to be used, but only with Atom Arc welding electrodes produced by ESAB; or stainless steel (309L) welding electrodes and procedures would be required. Renovation Several aspects of the renovation would have a major impact on the buildings structure, the most prominent being the addition of a steel-framed atrium along the north wall of the building. The atrium would add to the serviceability of the building by providing public entrances at the center of

Flora Calabrese is a senior associate with Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates in Northbrook, Ill.

Mark Ballogg

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

In addition to the atrium faade, roof, and oor framing, steel was also used to frame the mechanical penthouse at the buildings roof level. Steel at this level t with the existing steel framing and was also the most efcient choice for the lintels needed to create large openings in the thick masonry walls. A ramp structure is constructed along the northern edge of the building and provides access to an indoor parking area that was added to the buildings basement level. A pedestrian bridge spans over the ramp to Steel framing for the atrium faade is visually appealing and provides the needed stiffness to provide access between the atrium and the limit deflection under design wind loads. surface parking lot. Engineers designed the pedestrian bridge with steel beams acting compositely with a concrete slab to provide sufcient clearance under the pedestrian bridge while limiting the depth of the excavation and, therefore, the ramp slope. Steel was also used as temporary shoring for the new construction. At the lowest portion of the ramp, it was necessary to undermine the stone foundation of the north masonry wall and the foundation of the steel columns located immediately adjacent to it. Steel framing was used to support the wall until concrete caissons and grade beams could be constructed. It was also used to support several interior columns whose foundations impacted the construction of a truck dock within the building. The original steel members are typically built-up sections consisting of flange angles riveted to The courthouse opened in October web plates. 2005 with ten new courtrooms and a the north elevation, as well as at the north- performed using SAP 2000, engineers care facility for children whose parents or east and northwest corners of the building. included a realistic representation of the guardians are attending court. The facilThe architectural design required a truss connections with regard to their ity also has a dedicated, private, and secure new rain screen faade to vertically span 60 calculated stiffness. They found that the support area to address the special needs between supports to create the clear four- diagonal rods attracted very little load and of victims of domestic abuse. story atrium space. Steel trusses were selected therefore had little impact on the behavior Owner to support the faade for architectural and of the truss structure, including the stresses Cook County, Ill. structural reasonsthe space-frame trusses in the pipe and wide-ange members and Architects are visually appealing and provide the needed the lateral deection of the faade strucDesign Architect: Booth Hansen, stiffness to limit deection under design ture under wind loads. Consequently, it was Chicago wind loads. The deection limit was imposed decided to omit the rods from the trusses, Architect of Record: Campbell Tiu by the use of large windows that amount to which resulted in a less congested, more Campbell, Inc., Chicago elegant appearance. 40% of the faades area. Associate Architect: Folgers Architects, The lateral support at the base of the The trusses consist of A572 wide-ange Ltd., Chicago members that are embedded in the faade trusses consists of a sloped oor that is and A500 pipe members that project into supported on steel framing and concrete Structural Engineer the atrium space. The connections at the shear walls, thereby providing usable space Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., pipe-to-pipe and pipe-to-wide-ange under the atrium. At the top of the trusses, Northbrook, Ill. intersections are plates welded into the slotted ends of the pipes. The nal conguration of the truss nodes resulted in relatively stiff connections. Originally, the trusses included conventional diagonal web members, consisting of solid steel rods, between the truss nodes. During computer analysis of the trusses,
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates

Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates

steel beams extend from the new faade to the existing structure. Curved steel beams are exposed to view at the atriums ceiling. Blond wood panels are located between the curved steel beams and the anges of the vertical wide-ange members, accenting the appearance of the silver-painted steel members.

Engineering Software SAP 2000 Erector Rigging Services, Inc., Rockford, Ill., NEA member General Contractor Sollitt/Oakley, Joint Venture, Chicago

ofce buildings

A New Angle
A conversation with the steel fabricator of the new Hearst Tower.

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

This detail shows a typical node for the building. Eighty-four similar pieces were fabricated from 10-thick machined steel plates.

T
Courtesy Hearst Corporation

Kurt Gustafson: Did Cives do the connection design on the project, or did the engineer [WSP Cantor Seinuk] do it? Ron Tuttle: We did the connection design out of our ofce in Atlanta, and we also did some of the design out of the ofce

Photo and drawing: Cives Steel Co.

THE 46-STORY HEARST TOWER, RECENTLY COMPLETED IN MANHATTAN, COMBINES 40 STORIES OF NEW CONSTRUCTION WITH THE HEARST CORPORATIONS ORIGINAL SIX-STORY HEADQUARTERS. The 1920s-era stone faade of the original structure now serves as the shell of the headquarters lobby and provides the architectural base for a 40-story exterior steel diagonal grid (diagrid) system, designed by Foster and Partners architects and engineered by WSP Cantor Seinuk. Cives Steel Company, an AISC member, performed the projects connection design and fabricated its 11,500 tons of structural steel. Fabrication began in early 2004 and steel erection, performed by AISC member subcontractors Cornell and Company of Woodbury, N.J., was completed by the end of 2005. Kurt Gustafson, S.E., P.E., AISCs Director of Technical Assistance, and Ron Tuttle, Senior Project Manager for Cives Steel Fabricators in Governeur, N.Y., recently discussed the challenges in fabricating the towers structural steel.

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

here [in New York] with our in-house designers. Gustafson: What did you nd difcult about the project? I know its an unusual project with the geogrid framing system on the perimeter. Did that present any problems as to erection tolerances? Tuttle: That was the single biggest issue the tolerances and the drift of the building, trying to maintain the building to where it was supposed to be. With the diagrid node system, we basically machined each one of the nodes to make sure we maintained the proper dimensions, and then we milled each of the columns bearing onto those. Periodically up through the building, we would hold a certain tier of columns and do a eld check, and then adjust the columns as needed to try to keep the building where it was supposed to be. Gustafson: Were they all bolted splices? Tuttle: Yes. There was a big 10 node plate system and then the columns were bearing on the nodes. We had paddle plates coming off the nodes, bolting through plates that welded onto the toes of the column. So it was a bolted column to the node, yes. Gustafson: And the beams also bolted into the same node? Tuttle: Yes. There was a shear tab connection coming into the nodes. Actually, the beams come more into the center of these nodes. Its like an upside down V and a right-side up V in a given node system, and you have four columns coming into that. The 10 plate kept the columns away from the centroid of the nodes a fair amount and allowed room to connect the beams into the center of the nodes. Gustafson: Did you use standard holes or did you need oversized holes for erection? Tuttle: We used a combination of both, but we used quite a lot of oversized holes to allow a little bit of t-up tolerance in the eld. Gustafson: Were these all slip-critical connections?
All photos this page: Cives Steel Co.

Tuttle: A large share of them were, yes. Gustafson: Did you nd problems in the eld as you were erecting the building? You said you had to make adjustments as you went up. Tuttle: We really didnt adjust too much going up through the building. Actually, everything t pretty well. We struggled
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

with one or two points in trying to make all the bolts t because there were so many bolts coming into some of the corner nodes [also called the birds mouth nodes], but all in all it t very well. The New York City Erectors Local No. 40 sent a letter saying it was some of the best fabricated steel theyd ever seen for this complex a structure. Gustafson: Was the steel clad with a covering? Tuttle: Yes. There was a stainless steel cladding system that covered the diagrid columns. Between the columns, a glass mullion-type system was used. Gustafson: Was Cives involved in the cladding at all? Tuttle: We shared models back and forth with the curtain wall supplier. We took his information and downloaded it into our computer model. We checked for clearances and any clashes between their connections and our connections, but we werent really involved in fabricating the cladding. We had connections on our steel to support their materials, so we did fabricate the connections for them. Gustafson: Did you use interoperability with the design engineer? Tuttle: We created the model on our systemwe did the three-dimensional model and incorporated the information. We didnt download their model into our system. Gustafson: So you created the model. Was the review process done by the engineer? Did they do it from your model, or did you just submit regular shop drawings? Tuttle: We actually submitted both. We submitted the drawings for the engineer and architect to review, and then the model was used by the curtain wall contractor, Permasteelisa, on the exterior of the building. Permasteelisa used Catia and we used two systems: SDS/2 in the lower part of the building and Xsteel on the upper part of the building. With the schedule we had on the project, there were two different detailers and we broke the building out into six phases. We did the detailing for the rst ten oors in house, and then we had an outside detailer [AISC member Mountain Enterprises of Sharpsburg, Md.] for the eleventh oor up through the top of the building. The lower phase included the work involved from the basement level up to the tenth oor, which got us up and out

of the existing structure. Then we had [Mountain Enterprises] pick up the work from there up the building. The work from there involved quite a lot of repetition with the shapes of the diagrids and the node system. With an outside detailer working on that, it helped us expedite the work to keep up with the schedule. We had two of our plants working to fabricate the job, too, and we alternated phases. [The New York plant] did the exterior skeleton of the building from the ground up, as well as all of phase one. Then we had our other shop in Virginia alternate phases with us. Because of the schedule, we felt it was a safer way to keep up with the erector. Gustafson: Where did the steel actually start in relation to the height? Was up above the existing building, or did you go down inside the old? Tuttle: They kept the old stonework of the landmark faade around the perimeter of the building. They also kept the very rst bay of steel intact. Then they gutted the interior of the building right down below grade and put in foundations. We put the new steel inside the existing faade steel, some of which was reused and some was taken out. Gustafson: So you actually started at grade or below grade? Tuttle: The columns extended one level below grade. Gustafson: Was it all A992 steel? Or did you require anything else? Tuttle: There were some Grade 65 columns on the diagrid system. Theres a horizontal truss system on the third oor of the building and we used Grade 65 steel for some of that, too. Pretty much the third oor main horizontal framing was Grade 65, and then the diagrid columns on the perimeter of the building were Grade 65, with the balance being A992. Gustafson: It sounds like it was a very interesting project. Tuttle: Yes, it was a very complex system of weldments and very tight tolerances. And it was the rst time wed ever used this diagrid column and big heavy plate node system.

Hearst Corporation

The engineer had actually designed the plates with four pieces of 5 plates welded together to build these birds mouth nodes, but we ended up coming up with a design to use two 10-thick plates. There were 84 of the internal 10 nodes and 16 of the birds mouth nodes. Gustafson: Were the birds mouth nodes fabricated out of one piece? Tuttle: No, actually two pieces. Gustafson: And then you welded them together to the 10 thickness? Tuttle: Not the full thickness. There were partial penetration welds welding the plates together. Gustafson: Were they all under compressive stresses? Tuttle: The engineer provided us with the shear load transfer forces, which created long partial penetration welds that were quite heavy, but they werent the full thickness of the plate. Gustafson: So I presume from two sides. Tuttle: Yes. Then at the third oor, there were what they called Y joints, which weighed about 24 tons apiece. They were a big heavy plate weldment, and they picked up what they called the megadiagonals. The megadiagonals went up from the third oor and supported the steel up on the tenth oor, and then they framed into these big 44 square megacolumns built out of plates. Gustafson: What kind of steel were the plates for the megacolumns? Tuttle: They were A572 Grade 50 plates. Some of them had big stiffeners into the internals of the big 44 square columns to support the truss system at the third oor.
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

people to know

Patterns of Failure
Structural failures occur in part because the design process is subject to all the aws and failings of human intelligence and human nature.

E
Henry Petroski is the Aleksandar S. Vesic Professor of Civil Engineering and a professor of history at Duke University. He is the author of over a dozen books on engineering and design, the latest of which is Success through Failure: The Paradox of Design, published by Princeton University Press.

BY HENRY PETROSKI

ENGINEERING DISASTERS ARE NOT A MODERN PHENOMENON, NOR IS THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN SUCCESS AND FAILURE. The success of the Meidum pyramid, which rose at a steeper angle than any of its predecessors, appears to have emboldened the Egyptians to build the pyramid at Dahshur at a still steeper angle. The great masses of debris at the base of this structure, combined with the fact that its angle changes from 54 to a more conservative 43 about halfway up, suggest that a spectacular failure during construction led to a rethinking of the pyramids prole.1 Over two millennia ago, Vitruvius recounted incidents of success and failure in engineering, including the case of Paconius and the stone pedestal for a statue of Apollo. Ingenious schemes for moving heavy stone building components had been devised by the Greeks, who had to transport large cylindrical shapes for columns and large prismatic shapes for architraves from the quarry to temples construction sites. Paconius, faced with the somewhat unusual problem of transporting a large block of stone intended to replace the deteriorating base beneath the statue of Apollo through narrow spaces, modied a previously successful scheme used for architraves into one suited to his circumstances. According to Vitruvius, Paconiuss scheme failed miserably because of unanticipated behavior and because the contractor went bankrupt.2 Failures have In the Middle Ages, the design and construction of Gothic cathedrals followed the persistedbecause familiar pattern. As daring cathedrals were successfully erected, even more daring ones the design process were attempteduntil the thirteenth-cenremains fundamentally tury collapse of the cathedral at Beauvais dened a turning point in the climb to one carried out by heaven.3 This situation had not changed a human mind in a by the Renaissance, and Galileo opens his Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences with human context. anecdotes of the spontaneous breaking up of large ships and obelisks that had been carefully scaled up geometrically from smaller, successful structures.4 During World War II, welded steel Liberty ships (and other similarly fabricated structures) broke up spontaneously in situations that would not have threatened their riveted predecessors.5 A major bridge failure occurred about once every 30 years between the middle of the 19th century and 1970, a pattern rst noted by Paul Sibly.6 If there was any underlying principle establishing this pattern, another bridge failure should have occurred around the year 2000. And if this historic pattern had any predictive power, then the type of bridge that should have been at risk would have been one that had an established period of success and that had been designed according to the state of the art. At the end of the 20th century, at least two types of bridges fell into this categoryfootbridges and cable-stayed bridges. Footbridges Footbridges are the oldest kinds of bridges, but they seemed to have been experiencing a resurgence in new materials and forms at the end of the millennium. Not surprisingly, footbridges of exceptional span and modern aesthetic were being designed and constructed, but they were not without new problems. Among the most surprising was the moveJULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

ment of the bridges under crowd trafc. This in itself was not a new phenomenon. The collapse of suspension bridges under marching soldiers has long been known some bridges still carry signs warning crossing soldiers to break step. As a result, pedestrian bridges have been designed to handle repetitive, up-and-down lock-step or marching motion in the frequency range expected of pedestrians. Londons Millennium Bridge, a pedestrian bridge across the River Thames, was designed in this way. However, just three days after this much-anticipated suspension bridge was opened to foot trafc in 2000, it was closed. Unexpectedly large side-to-side movements of the bridge were causing people to grasp the side rails, and it was feared that someone might get seriously hurt. The design of the bridge was carried out by an interdisciplinary team consisting of an architect, a sculptor, and a structural engineer and should have been more or less routinesave for the bridges abnormally shallow prole. However, as with all bridge types that are known to have failed, some basic assumptions about footbridges were not reexamined. In particular, the people walking on the structure were assumed to load it vertically but not horizontally. There is a sidewise horizontal component to a walkers gait, and in the case of the Millennium Bridge previously unobserved effects of this component proved to dominate the bridges structural response.7 The bridge remained closed for about three years while it was reanalyzed and retrotted with dampers and other devices designed to mitigate the effects of pedestrians.8 Although the Millennium Bridge did not collapse, it revealed a previously unacknowledged failure mode, and its sudden closure could be interpreted as a major bridge failure, which ts into the pattern that persisted for over a century and a half. If this is the case, the question that then arises is: What kind of bridge might be susceptible to the next major failure, which could be expected to occur around the year 2030? Or is there another bridge failure yet to happenrather than the Millennium Bridgethat may be a bit late in the approximate 30-year cycle? Cable-Stayed Bridges Cable-stayed bridges are sometimes confused with suspension bridges, but they are a distinct genre. The modern cablestayed bridge was introduced in Europe afMODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

ter World War II, when the design concept and human nature, the latter of which has was used to rebuild structures lost in the evidently not changed in any fundamental war. Cable-stayed designs were intended way since ancient times and probably not to be mid-span bridges, with span lengths since prehistoric times. Human beings alnot to exceed 1,200. The genuine suspen- ways have been, are, and likely always will sion bridge was still thought to be the only be subject to the aws of hubris and comoption for truly long spans. By the 1980s, placency. On one hand this drives progress. however, cable-stayed bridges exceeding On the other hand it trips it up, and in the 1,500 were being designed and built. Spans case of large bridges perhaps in a historiwere approaching 3,000 in the 1990s, and cally cyclic fashion. Bridge failures, or any other kinds of todays designs exceed that. In other words, the evolution of cable-stayed bridges was failure, cannot be expected to be eliminatfollowing a pattern similar to that which ed by the development of all-encompassing had been observed in the case histories of theories or more rened computational failures.9 models. In the end, it is the human drive Before the end of the century, there to build on success and to strive for ever were increasing indications that the con- longer, taller, more massive, and more ecostruction of cable-stayed bridges was not nomical structuresand the hubris and without problems. The cables of many complacency that accompany prolonged such bridges were vibrating unexpectedly successthat inevitably lead to the setback in the wind, often when it was raining. of failure. Some engineers have even argued These unexpected behaviors were dealt that we should not wish it to be any other with ad hoc, by tying cables together and way: If there never were any structural failby installing devices like shock absorbers ures we would be overly conservative in our and tuned-mass dampers. Roadways that efforts, wasting resources that might better were exhibiting equally unexpected behav- be applied elsewhere in society.12 ior were likewise retrotted with dampers. Not infrequently, these retrots ruined the References clean lines that had been such strong sell- 1See, e.g., Henry Petroski, To Engineer Is ing points for the signature bridges in the Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design (New York, 1985), pp. 54-55. rst place.10 Cable-stayed bridges of record span 2Vitruvius, pp. 288-89. See also, Henry continued to be proposed, designed, and Petroski, Design Paradigms: Case Histories built in spite of indications that there was of Error and Judgment in Engineering (New York, 1994), pp. 15-26. something inherent to the cable-stayed 3 See, e.g., To Engineer Is Human, pp. 56-57. design that was strikingly reminiscent of the problems experienced by suspension 4Galileo, pp. 1-6. See also, Design Parabridges in the years before the 1940 Taco- digms, 29-46. ma Narrows collapse. It was this situation 5See, e.g., Great Britain, Navy Department, that caused this author to predict as early Advisory Committee on Structural Steels, as 1993 that the cable-stayed genre was Brittle Fracture in Steel Structures (London, 1970); K. G. Richards, Brittle Fracture of a most likely candidate to experience the Welded Structures (Cambridgeshire, 1971). 11 Since the milnext major bridge failure. 6Paul Sibly, The Prediction of Structural lennium was approaching, it seemed there Failures. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, was a good chance that such a failure would 1977. be the next to continue the pattern. The 7 For a look at the Millennium Bridge from instability of the Millennium Bridge may several points of view, see Blade of Light: have fullled that role, but the cable-stayed The Story of Londons Millennium Bridge bridge remains a likely genre to reinforce (London, 2001). 8Ibid., pp. 85-87. and continue the pattern further. Failures have persisted, as case histories 9 See Henry Petroski, Predicting Disaster, of 19th- and 20th-century bridges demon- American Scientist 81 (March-April 1993): strate and the 30-year pattern memorial- 110-113. See especially p. 112, Fig. 3. izes. This seems to be the case because the 10See, e.g., Henry Petroski, Le Pont de Nordesign process remains fundamentally one mandie, American Scientist 83 (Septembercarried out by a human mind in a human October 1995): 415-419. context, even as theories of structures and 11Petroski, Predicting Disaster. tools of analysis have become increasingly 12 Sir Alfred Pugsley, The Theory of Suspensophisticated. Therefore, it is subject to all sion Bridges (London, 1968). the aws and failings of human intelligence

quality corner July 2006 AISC Certification as an Alternative to Code-Required Special Inspections
AISC Certification provides help for industry professionals new to special inspection requirements.

BY BRIAN MILLER

REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS ARE NOT NEW. Building codes and project specications have included these requirements for a number of years. However, requirements have typically been reserved for projects with a critical use or that use unusual structural systems or materials. So how are things different now? To begin with, expanding adoption and enforcement of the Chapter 17 provisions of the International Building Code (IBC) are bringing structural tests and special inspections to projects where they were previously not required. This direction in code development reects a growing understanding of the contribution that quality construction makes to the safety of building occupants as well as to the overall value of buildings. Although the phrase special inspection is used, we will see that the requirements of the IBC combine process evaluation (quality assurance) along with product inspection to enhance construction quality. Which projects need special inspections? For what size and type of project are special inspections required? IBC Chapter 17 extends the applicability of special inspections to smaller and simpler buildings of all construction materials. But for steel construction specically, IBC Section 1704.3 only allows exception from special inspections for steel elements on which the fabricator does not perform any welding, thermal cutting, or heating operation of any kind as part of the fabrication process. Very few structural steel projects would qualify for this exception. Even if one did, the fabricator is obligated to submit a detailed procedure for material control. Emphasis of the basic nature of the special inspection requirements is seen in the second exception of IBC Section 1704.3 where periodic rather than continuous special inspection of welding is allowed only in very limited cases; for

instance, single-pass llet welds not exceeding in size. Along with broader building project applicability, Section 1704 of the IBC sets forth specic responsibilities and expectations that may be new to many building ofcials, design professionals, and owners. When special inspections are required by IBC Section 1704, both the building ofcial and the design professional are engaged in the process of qualifying the individuals or rms who will conduct the inspections. Certications and accreditations by recognized agencies such as IAS, AWS, ASNT and others can make this work easier, but often a lack of available individuals or rms carrying these credentials leads to a qualifying process that consumes signicant time and resources. In at least one municipality in the United States, the building department has amended the IBC provisions to relegate this responsibility (and the provision of the needed time and resources) to the design professional.
5 16

Summary in 50 Words or Less

Adoption and enforcement of model building code provisions for structural tests and special inspections is increasing throughout the United States. A quality management system implemented for AISC Certication can reduce the scope or eliminate the need for structural tests and special inspections for many building projects.

Statement of Special Inspections Design professionals accustomed to projects of modest size and complexity could nd themselves unprepared for enforcement of the IBC Section 1704 requirement that a Statement of Special Inspections be prepared and submitted with the application as a condition of permit issuance. The IBC requirements place the onus on the design professional to list the work requiring special inspection, the type and extent of inspections to be performed, and the qualied individuals or rms intended to conduct the inspections in advance of receiving a building permit. Determining the work scope for the Statement of Special Inspections can be challenging. Uncertainty exists in that specic members of the project team are not likely identied by the time of permit application. An increase in the scope of special inspections to cover this uncertainty is

Quality Corner is a monthly feature that covers topics ranging from how to specify a certied company to how long it takes to become a certied company. If you are interested in browsing our electronic archive, please visit www.aisc.org/QualityCorner.
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Inspection vs. Quality Management

Can process control provided by a quality management system assure the level of quality that special inspection can? Yes, when the quality management system includes written procedures for developing inspection plans, conducting inspection activities, and training inspection personnel as the AISC Certication programs require. Special inspectors cannot be everywhere at once, and adding inspection hold points to production increases cost. Process control often provides better assurance of quality than special inspection where important aspects are not visible when the work is completed. Consider as examples welding where joint preparation and t-up are important or coating application where surface preparation can be critical to the quality of the nished product.

unlikely to be well received by the project ownerIBC provisions require that the owner employ the special inspector. Determining the level of special inspector services required can be particularly difcult where IBC Section 1704.2 may require the special inspector to not only inspect the fabricated product, but also to audit the fabricators detailed fabrication and quality control procedures. A special inspector who is skilled and condent in performing product inspection may not feel as condent when tasked with effectively evaluating complex procedures, processes, and systems. AISC Certification Can Help So what benet and value does AISC Certication provide? AISC Certication can serve to eliminate the IBC requirement for special inspection of fabricated structural steel for many building projects. IBC Section 1704.2 requires special inspection of fabricated items (product) where fabrication of structural load-bearing members and assemblies is performed on the premises of a fabrication shop. However, an exception to this requirement for special inspections is provided where the
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

fabricator is approved in accordance with Section 1704.2.2, which states in part that: Special inspections required by this code are not required where the work is done on the premises of a fabricator registered and approved to perform such work without special inspection. Approval shall be based upon review of the fabricators written procedural and quality control manuals and periodic auditing of fabrication practice by an approved special inspection agency. Approved vs. Non-approved Fabricators The word approval has special meaning in the IBC, referring specically to the building code ofcial or authority having jurisdiction. The AISC Certication program is widely recognized for its effectiveness in assuring quality and is usually accepted by code authorities as a basis for approval. No matter how well-implemented or effective the quality management system of a fabrication rm may be, the IBC requires periodic verication. In the case of fabricator approval based on AISC Certication,

the verication is made through a comprehensive audit to stringent industry-specic performance criteria by trained auditors and industry professionals. Quality Management Company, LLC (QMC) audits 15 areas specic to structural steel fabrication annually and more frequently when signicant changes take place at a certied rm. The audits encompass quality management system documentation and on-site operations that include, in part: contract review, document and record control, material identication, process control, inspection and testing, and training. QMC auditors look closely for a demonstrated commitment to quality by assessing effective handling of non-conformances with corrective action, internal audits, and management review of the quality management system. QMC assures high standards for AISC Certication audits: personnel are carefully selected, regular auditor training is provided (including biannual formal training workshops), and fabricators are offered a different auditor for each scheduled audit to enhance objectivity. And what may be particularly good news for some is that, unlike the non-approved fabricator, the cost of the quality management system verica-

Approval of Steel Fabricators by Building Ofcials

According to the International Building Code, the building ofcial has the ultimate authority for approving fabricators. Depending on the resources available to the local building authority, this selection process can be as simple as Are they AISC Certied? However, jurisdictions with more resources may take on the burden of approving individual facilities on a project-by-project basis. This table illustrates how the code requirements (and subsequently the resources needed) can change depending on whether the fabricator is approved.
IBC Requirement per Chapter 17 Qualify special inspectors/rms for steel fabrication Develop Statement of Special Inspections for steel fabrication Approve Statement of Special Inspections and special inspectors/rms for steel fabrication Conduct special inspections for steel fabrication and prepare reports Develop criteria, prepare audit plan, select auditors, and periodically verify fabricator quality management system Identify and resolve discrepancies with approved construction documents Submit certicate of compliance to building ofcial Responsible party and/or check writer if the fabricator for your project is: approved Not required Not required not approved Design professional is responsible with the cost borne by the owner Design professional at the owners expense Building ofcial on a project-by-project basis at the building code authoritys expense Special inspector at the owners expense Special inspector on a project-by-project basis at the owners expense Special inspector and design professional at owners risk and expense Special inspector is responsible at owners expense

Not required

Not required QMC- or IAS-accredited inspection agency at the fabricators expense Fabricator is responsible Fabricator is responsible

tion provided through AISC Certication is borne by the fabrication rm. As a recognized leader in the steel construction industry, AISC is contacted frequently by individuals trying to develop their own criteria for evaluating non-approved fabricators. Verication of a non-approved fabricators quality management system is project-specic and requires the special inspector to develop evaluation criteria and audit plans, select (and perhaps train) auditors, and to document the vericationall at the expense of the project owner and often under project schedule pressure. Like the approved fabricators, non-approved fabricators are fully responsible for executing work and conducting inspections in accordance with contract document requirements. However, unlike the approved fabricator, the non-approved fabricator is not required to submit a certicate of compliance to the building ofcial. Instead, this responsibility shifts to the special inspector and the risk and expense is borne by the project owner. There are some who believe that the fabricator is incapable of conducting independent and objective inspection as part of their quality management system. This

misconception is predicated on the myth that it is less expensive to deliver low quality than high. Philip Crosby, author of the book Quality is Free, and a number of other notable quality professionals have researched this and found that the waste reduction and efciency gain associated with providing higher quality usually lowers (yes, lowers) production costs. A fabrication rms management demonstrates a commitment to quality by becoming AISC Certied. Afrmation of this commitment is provided to the building ofcial upon completion of fabrication, when the fabricator, as per IBC Section 1704.2.2, submits a certicate of compliance stating that the work was performed in accordance with approved construction documents. Visit www.aisc.org/certication for more information about AISC Certication and how it could serve the special inspection needs of your project, or share your interest in a message to [email protected]. Brian Miller is AISCs Manager of Certication Standard Development.

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Your connection to ideas + answers

steelwise July 2006 Specifying Camber

The Steel Solutions Center has the resources and rules of thumb you need to properly specify beam camber.
BY ERIKA WINTERS DOWNEY

SPECIFYING BEAM CAMBER CAN PROVIDE SUBSTANTIAL DEPTH AND WEIGHT SAVINGS TO A FLOOR SYSTEM AND AN ENTIRE BUILDING. Though there are times when specifying beam camber can be advantageous, there are situations in which it is also impractical. The Steel Solutions Center has completed a comprehensive review of past and current research to guide you in correctly specifying beam camber. Cost data was obtained from conversations with structural steel fabricators, mills, and service centers and represents the most current national averages. These suggestions are based on the summarized results of the Steel Solution Centers research and will help you achieve the greatest benet when specifying camber. How is a beam cambered? Cold cambering is the most common method of inducing camber on a beam. A common method is to place the beam in a press that is about 22 to 24 long with two hydraulic rams spaced at the third points. The rams push the stress in the beam past the yield point, which produces a permanent strain. This third-point loading produces a reasonably uniform camber curve that is ideal in counteracting the effect of uniform loading. For camber greater than 1 or 2, the beam will probably require multiple pushes in the machine to achieve the desired camber. For beams with a span of more than 40, the press is run three times: rst at the beam center, and then the beam is re-positioned and run on each third point. For very long beams, it can be run up to ve times. Most fabrication shops surveyed had machines that could handle up to 27-deep beams. For deeper beams, contact your fabricator, as each shop has its own maximum and minimum sizes that it accommodates. The second method available is heat camber. It is generally much more time consuming and labor intensive than cold cambering and therefore rarely used. The process requires a worker to apply heat with a torch to the ange and web at uniformly spaced points. Normally this method is only employed if the depth of a beam exceeds the capacity of the cold-camber jig. What are some rules of thumb that apply to cambering? Do not specify camber on beams that require less than camberlosses would make it ineffective. On the contract documents, camber should be specied in increments. Beams that are cambered must be compatible with a fabrication shops cambering jig. In most cases, this means you cannot camber:

Beams with a total length less than 24: The cambering jig pins the ends of a beam at approximately 20 to 22 apart. A beam of less than 24 will not have enough end distance beyond the pins to work. Beams with web thickness less than or equal to : They are subject to web crippling in the camber jig. The following conditions are unfavorable to cambering due to construction practicality issues: Spandrel beams: Cladding system connections are difcult to coordinate. Beams in moment frames: There are issues with t-up for a connection that is supposed to be both rigid and 90. Beams shallower than 14 deep: The webs are usually too slender, and it should be relatively easy to bump the shape up to a W14. Beams subject to signicant twist. Beams with cantilevers. Beams with braces framing into them. Beams with a non-uniform cross-section: They are difcult to t into the jig. Beams with signicant non-symmetric loading: Camber is designed to counteract uniform loads. What is natural mill camber and how do I account for it? Two types of camber exist in design: natural mill camber and induced camber. Natural mill camber happens as a result of the rolling and cooling processes inherent in steel manufacturing. Tolerances for natural mill camber are described in ASTM Specication A6. This standard gives a maximum natural mill camber or sweep for any beam as 18 times the length of the beam in feet divided by 10. For a 30 span this works out to be 38. Members specied with no camber must be erected with any natural mill camber in the upward direction. Most often, natural mill camber is not an issue and is not in the ballpark of the tolerances described above. What camber tolerances should I specify on my drawings? What tolerances should I expect in the eld? Tolerances for induced camber are given in Section 6 of AISCs Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges. It states that if a beam arrives at the fabricators shop with 75% of its specied camber, no further cambering is required. All other members with a length less than or equal to 50 have a tolerance of 0/ + for induced camber. All other members with a length greater than 50
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

have a tolerance of 0/ + ( + 18 per additional 10). The beam will not have negative tolerance as long as the fabricator has to induce camber. The nal camber measurement is veried in the shop, where an inadequacy can be corrected. There will most likely be losses in camber as a result of transporting the steel from the mill or fabrication shop to the site. A rule of thumb is that these losses may be about 25% of the induced camber. They may also offset any extra camber induced in the beam as a result of the positive camber tolerance. Most often, a fabricator induces more camber than is necessary. By the time the steel is transported to the site and losses have occurred, the remaining camber is very close to the originally specied camber. The structural engineer does have the leeway to specify his or her own camber tolerances in the contract documents. Tolerances of 0 / + have been noted as being realistic. However, tighter tolerances are associated with greater fabrication costs. If possible, speak to the fabricator on the job to decide on a reasonable tolerance. How much load should I camber a beam for? There are a few different schools of opinion about this. A literature review produced answers ranging from 80% of dead load to dead load, super-imposed dead load, and 10% of live load. If one does decide to take super-imposed dead load or live load into account, the camber pertaining to this load should not exceed . At the 1996 North American Steel Construction Conference, two papers were presented advocating the use of 80% of beam deection calculations when specifying camber. The basis for these papers is this: real connections are not theoretical pins and have some xity to them. As a result, the deection of the member is less than that of a theoretical pinned-end beam. When determining the amount of load to camber, the method of construction and the frequency and duration of expected live loads are both aspects one would be wise to take into account. Consider what you want the nished oor prole to be. Does the oor need to be completely at at the end of construction, or would you like a slight upward camber to remain after construction to account for some super-imposed dead load and regularly occurring live load? Lastly, engineers tend to overestimate loads as a matter of being conservative.
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

When specifying camber, one should make as accurate an assessment as possible to the dead loads on a structure. What is the optimum oor slab prole: constant thickness or constant elevation? To the engineer, the ideal slab prole should be a constant thickness slab. The screeds to nish the pour should follow the curve of the cambered beam. For the contractor, it is probably easiest to produce a constant elevation slabwhere the screeds are run at one level and do not follow the cambered beam curve. Pouring a constant elevation slab presents problems to the design engineer. Concrete could pond at the center of the beam if there is not enough camber to accommodate all of the dead load, possibly overloading the beams. Inversely, if there is extra camber on the beam, it is possible the slab will be too shallow at center and shear studs could protrude from the top of the slab. For a typical ofce building, it is preferable to have a small amount of camber remain (about ) after pouring the slab so that the beam can absorb some superimposed dead load and live load deection before becoming concave. The engineer of record should specify the desired nished oor prole in the general notes of a project. All parties involved should meet and agree upon the best approach for the project. Do not promise the owner a perfectly at oorcambering is not an exact science. The results depend on the skill level and experience of the jig operator. Even for a design executed perfectly, there will be variations in oor elevation. How does cambering affect connection design? Cambering is typically done at the fabrication shop after the beam has been cut to length and connection holes are drilled. Because cambering imparts a radial curve onto the beam, its end connections will not be perfectly square. This can cause t-up problems if not addressed. For typical ller beam shear connectionsshear plates, tees, and anglessimply use short-slotted holes to account for the connections not being exactly square. It is not advised to camber beams that will have moment connections because these connections, by design, need to be at right angles. It is more expensive to camber a beam before it is cut and punched because it will not t into the beam lines for these tasks. If perfectly square end connections are

required, be prepared to pay extra for this service. Is it more economical to camber than specify a heavier section? With every new project, the design engineer should evaluate whether the cost of cambering is economical for the typical beam on the job. By surveying several sources at mills, service centers, and fabrication shops, it was learned that cambering costs varied greatly. Typical cold-cambering costs can range from $30-$75 per beam. Factors that affect cambering cost are length, depth, and the amount of camber specied on the beam. The material price for a steel beam including an allowance for shipping and taxes is currently about 40 per pound. For a 30 beam that weighs 50 pounds per foot, the beam base cost works out to $600. A charge of $60 to cold camber this beam equates to specifying a beam that is an extra ve pounds per foot heavier. If you need more than ve pounds per foot to achieve the desired deection tolerance, then cambering is the more economical option. Heat cambering costs are anywhere from ve to 10 times the cost of cold cambering. Fabricators use heat cambering on members that exceed the capacity of their cold-cambering press and charge for the labor hours required, which can range from ve to 16 man hours for a 36-deep beam. As bay sizes increase, so does the economic advantage of cambering. Cambering inll beams can provide an advantage on beam depth and weight. This translates into savings on the oor-to-oor height and overall building height. Specialty Resources Architecturally exposed structural steel (AESS) has its own set of camber fabrication tolerances, which are addressed in Section 10 of the Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges. Generally, an AESS sections tolerances are half of a typical steel sections tolerances. Joist manufacturers have their own camber recommendations. Cambering of joists and joist-girders is allowed, and specications are available to download from the Steel Joist Institute at www. steeljoist.org. The Steel Solutions Center offers automated calculators called Steel Tools that can help designers arrive at the optimal design quickly and easily. Floor Framing v13.0 is a Steel Tool that compares

various costs to nd the most efcient bay framing layout. This spreadsheet takes camber costs into account in its recommendations, and is available to download free from www.aisc.org/ steeltools. Erika Winters Downey is an advisor for AISCs Steel Solutions Center. References ASTM International. ASTM A6/A6M 04a: Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling, 2005. American Institute of Steel Construction. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, 2005. Ruddy, John L. Ponding of Concrete Deck Floors. Engineering Journal, third quarter, 1986. Ricker, David T. Cambering Steel Beams. Engineering Journal, fourth quarter, 1989. Kloiber, Lawrence A. Cambering of Steel Beams. American Society of Civil Engineers, Structures Congress, San Francisco, 1989. Lederle, Dennis. CamberAn Art and a Science. American Institute of Steel Construction, North American Steel Construction Conference, Baltimore, Md., 2003.

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

business

Simplification of Sales and Use Taxes: Is it Possible?

Identication and education are the keys to success in avoiding unexpected state and local sales and use tax liability.

IT IS NOT UNCOMMON FOR US TO RECEIVE A FRANTIC PHONE CALL FROM A STRUCTURAL STEEL FABRICATOR WHO HAS JUST BEEN NOTIFIED OF AN ASSESSMENT FOR STATE SALES OR USE TAX ON STEEL PROVIDED TO A JOB. Sometimes more than one state is attempting to assess the tax. Always we are told that this was entirely unexpected by the fabricator and that no contingency for the tax was included in the bid. Almost always these calls come in after the fact. Why does this happen? What can be done about it? Companies doing business in the structural steel industry wear many hats. The company may be a contractor, fabricator, manufacturer, retailer of building materials, or service provider. Complicating matters even more is the fact that many companies wear more than one hat on the same project. The company may fabricate steel to specications prepared by the owners structural engineer and then erect the fabricated steel pursuant to a separate subcontract with a construction manager. If that were not enough to make ones head hurt, what happens when the purchaser is a tax-exempt entity, such as a church or a governmental agency? The sales and use tax consequences of a particular transaction depend on the hat or hats being worn by a company and often the tax status of the purchaser, as well. On top of all of this, 45 states and the District of Columbia impose tax on sales of tangible personal property and some services; an estimated 7,500 local jurisdictions (in states such as California, Texas, New York, Illinois, Florida, and Louisiana) impose their own sales- or use-type tax; and there is little, if any, uniformity in the laws among the jurisdictions. The problem is obvious: how does one navigate the mineeld of state and local sales and use taxes? Is there any hope that the morass of laws and rules can be standardized? Identication and Education Identication and education are the keys to success in avoiding unexpected sales and use tax liability. As a rst step, a company must identify

the activities in which it is engaging (or the hat it is wearing) in a particular taxing jurisdiction and educate itself on that jurisdictions treatment of such activities. Is the company fabricating steel (and doing nothing else) or is it also erecting the steel? In instances where the companys sole activity is the fabrication of steel, the company may be treated as a retailer that must collect and remit sales tax. If the company also engages in erection of the steel, then the company may be treated as a construction contractor and may have to pay use BY ERICA HORN tax on its purchases of raw steel and supplies. So, what hats are you wearingretailer, construction contractor, or something else? As a general matter, sales tax is imposed upon the retail sale of tangible personal property. What constitutes a retail sale and who is a retailer is dened by each states statute. Therefore, a fabricator must look at the statutes of the states 45 states and the (and ordinances or resolutions of the localities) in which it is doing District of Columbia business to determine whether the impose tax on sales activities of the company are subject to sales or use tax. Interstate of tangible personal activities of companies, such as property and some fabrication in one state and sales and erection in a different state, services; an estimated further complicate the application 7,500 local jurisdictions of sales and use tax. A state-by-state comparison of impose their own salessales and use tax is far beyond the or use-type tax. scope of this article. For the purpose of providing an example of how these taxes apply to structural steel fabricators, lets focus on a hypothetical state, which we will refer to as State A (though the reader is warned that all states vary in their treatment of these scenarios, and that is in fact part of the problem, as will be discussed later in the article). Assume State A denes a retail sale to in- Erica Horn is a partner in the clude fabrication, and the statute says that retail law rm of Stites & Harbison, PLLC in Louisville, Ky., which sale includes: (a) The producing, fabricating, processingof serves as General Counsel to tangible personal property for a consideration for AISC under the leadership of customers who furnishthe materials used in David Ratterman.
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

the fabricating; and must pay sales or use tax on the raw ma- SSTP is to develop measures to design, (b) A transfer for a consideration of terials and supplies used on a job. No test, and implement a sales and use tax the title or possession of tangible personal resale exemption is provided in these system that radically simplies sales and property which has been produced, pro- circumstances. In other words, the con- use taxes. Currently, all states that imcessed, or fabricatedto the special order tractor cannot give the seller of the ma- pose or intend to impose a sales tax, except terials a resale certicate and argue that for Colorado and Idaho, are participating of the purchaser. Therefore, in State A a fabricator is a the materials are resold via installation in the streamlined sales tax effort in some retailer of tangible personal property and on the job. fashion. This brief discussion of sales tax is must collect and remit sales tax on its fabThe key features of the SSTP system rication sales. the tip of the iceberg with respect to the are uniform denitions, rate simplicaWhile the fabricator is a retailer in questions and difculties faced by todays tion (one rate per state and one rate per State A, the state also treats the fabrica- structural steel businesses. Other ques- locality), simplied exemption administor as a manufacturer in some respects. tions include: tration, and state-level tax administration For example, assume that State A allows When must use tax be paid as opposed of all state and local sales and use taxes. to sales tax? the fabricator to purchase its raw materiIt is important to note that the SSTP als, industrial supplies, and industrial tools When does a business have to collect does not require states to agree on the and remit sales tax in a state other than tax treatment of a particular transaction exempt from sales tax. Allowing this exemption prevents the pyramiding of tax the state in which its fabrication facili- or entity. Instead, participating states are ties are located? that will result if each component or inrequired to use uniform denitions set put is subject to tax. The statute treats as Does it make a difference if the steel forth in the Streamlined Sales Tax Agreewas shipped from state A to state B on ment. exempt: Gross receipts derived from the sale of, and the storage, use, or other conthe fabricators truck or by a common The agreement is a uid document, sumption in this state of tangible personal carrier? the most current version of which was property to be used in the manufacturing Is the free on board (FOB) job site or adopted January 13, 2006. The agreeFOB fabricators shipping dock control- ments library of denitions currently or industrial processing of tangible perling? sonal property which will be for sale. consists of 34 terms (not including those Industrial processing is dened to What if the fabricator assumes the related exclusively to the telecommuniobligation to erect the steel and then cations industry, which become effective include fabricating, in which case the subcontracts the actual, physical erec- January 1, 2008). Examples of the terms steel purchased by the fabricator could tion to a separate erecting company or in the library include: bundled transacbe purchased tax-exempt. The fabricator, however, must provide the seller with chooses to provide oversight personnel tion, delivery charges, lease or rental, and technical assistance to the compa- purchase price, retail sale, sales price, a resale certicate because the steel is ny physically erecting the steel? purchased for resale after its fabrication. and tangible personal property. (A states treatment of this situation may What if the owner is a tax-exempt Businessesincluding national reentitydoes the fabricator or erector tailers, trade associations, manufacturers, vary depending on the extent to which get the benet of this status? direct marketers, telecommunications the raw steel is changed.) The myriad of endless questions leads companies, leasing companies, technolThe conclusions abovethat the fabricator must collect and remit tax and that to yet another question: Is there any hope ogy companies and othershave actively the company may enjoy the exemption for for standardization or simplication? participated in the SSTP by offering raw materials, tools, and suppliesare preIn March 2000, state revenue person- expertise and input, reviewing proposmised upon the assumption that the fab- nel and other state government interests als, suggesting language, and testifying ricator is not also the erector of the steel. began discussing standardization or sim- at public hearings. Therefore, the SSTP Why is a different result reached when plication of sales taxes. The impetus presents an opportunity for companies the company also engages in erecting the behind formalizing what had previously with common interests to work together steel? Because there is now a question as been informal discussions was the states to advocate for uniformity and simplito whether the property transferred is belief that remote (or electronic) retail- cation in their business arena. Additional information about the tangible personal property, a prerequisite ers were depriving the states of millions of dollars in sales tax revenue. It was the SSTP and how to become involved may to the imposition of the sales tax. As a result of the fabricated steel having states hope that by streamlining and be found at the SSTPs web site: www. been physically annexed or afxed to real standardizing state sales and use taxes, a streamlinedsalestax.org. property, has the steel lost its identity as federal law would be enacted enabling the tangible personal property? Should it be states to require remote sellers with no treated as a transfer of real property in physical presence in a state to collect and which case no sales tax would apply? Gen- remit sales or use tax. (The U.S. Supreme erally, annexation of the fabricated steel to Court has held that a retailer must have real property results in the company being a physical presence in a state before the treated as a construction contractor. state can require it to collect or pay sales In our hypothetical State A, construc- and use tax.) tion contractors are treated as the conThis standardization effort became sumers of the raw materials and supplies known as the Streamlined Sales Tax Projthey use in their businesses. Thus, they ect (SSTP). The stated mission of the
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

how its done

How to Blow Out a Rivet

Removing a rivet without damaging the surrounding plate isnt as difcult as you might think.
BY OMER BLODGETT, SC.D., P.E.

MANY YEARS AGO, ECONOMIC AND SAFETY ISSUES MADE BOLTS THE PREFERRED METHOD of assembling structural members over rivets, except where welding was the connection method of choice. While rivets have not been installed in structural work for many years, we still frequently encounter them in rehabilitation and retrot projects. When rivets need to be removed, engineers want to know they can be removed without damage to the surrounding material. Omer Blodgett tells us that as an ironworker in Duluth, Minn. in 1927, he learned that if he applied the heat from a torch to a rivet and heated it quickly, the rivet could be removed without damaging the base metal. He also tells us that as a student at the School of Mines in Minnesota, where he graduated in 1941, he learned that the heat is transferred through the rivet signicantly more efciently that it is across the interface between the rivet and the base metal. Therefore, the rivet can be removed without damaging the base. Tom Schlay

In gure (a) heat will ow through a solid plate and heat up the opposite face. In gure (b) using two plates, about half of the heat will ow across this intersection.

In the case of a riveted joint, most of the heat will be applied to the solid rivet, and when oxygen is applied from the torch, this will melt the rivet. There is less heat ow from the rivet into the plate. If this is done quickly, just the rivet will meltthe plate will be unchanged. Omer Blodgett is a design consultant with The Lincoln Electric Company, Cleveland. Tom Schlafy is AISCs Director of Research.
JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

products
WELDING AND BOLTING

Company

Products Offered
Nemesis Spectacle

Product Descriptions
Sleek, sporty style. Soft-touch temples, lightweight construction, and single lens wrap-around protection. Meets ANSI Z87.1+ standards. Cap to fit your personality including American Flag, American Eagle, NightVision, Mexican Flag, and the Hellraiser. Fully dielectric, non-slotted safety cap with 4 pt ratchet suspension. Meets ANSI Z-89.1-2003 standards. Two inch by 4.25 auto darkening lens with 3.7 by 1.42 viewing area and 10/11 shade. Solar powered dual detector light sensor. Two-year warranty. Made for use with A325(M), A490(M), and non-structural applications. DTIs are designed to indicate minimum required bolt tensions regardless of torque. Bolt tension is checked with a feeler gage. Made in accordance with ASTM F959. Resolve bolting issues once and for all. All by eye, know the bolts are tight without match-marking, torque wrenches, or feeler gages. Ironworkers know the bolts are tight by squirt alone. Start your next job off right with a proactive approach to field bolting. Job site training covers storage, pre-installation verification, installation means, and inspection. Keep bolting off the critical path. Small footprint makes this 300 amp MIG/stick welder easy to use and store. This rugged 80 lb welder features a popular 14-pin wire feeder connection, five-zone thermal, and guaranteed corrosion protection. Designed for industries where tungsten contamination and RF interference is a concern, this rugged, portable 80 lb welder features a built-in circuit breaker, five-zone thermal, and guaranteed corrosion protection. Small, 80 lb portable stud welder that can easily weld full-base fasteners with 1,200 amps. Features pilot-arc, after-burn, and internal circuit breaker, with thermal, corrosion, and low open-circuit voltage protection. Portable and reliable 300 amp stick/lift-start TIG welder features gouging, thermal, and guaranteed corrosion protection. The rugged case weighs 80 lb and its design is ideal for the construction industry. The Bug-gy fillet welder is designed for making continuous or intermittent stitch welds on fillet, lap, or butt joints. It can be programmed for stitch welding by distance. Bug-O Gantry and Side Beam Units are custom-designed assemblies that are used in a variety of applications such as automated seam welding, beam, and stiffener fabrication. Uni-Bug III will make continuous or intermittent stitch welds and is designed to run directly on specific steel profiles such as flat bar, angle, channel, Ibeams, and bulb flats. Mini-Vert is a compact battery powered welding travel carriage that will travel and carry a welding gun in flat and vertical positions producing continuous and uniform welds. The original iron powder low-hydrogen covered electrode. Atom Arc moisture-resistant all-position electrodes are known for their tough mechanical properties, crack resistance, consistent quality welds, high operator appeal, and reduced clean-up. Designed for harsh working environments, this versatile 653 cvcc multi-process, three-phase power source is designed for heavy-duty industrial DC welding applications, including MIG, flux cored wire, submerged arc and stick electrode welding, and air carbon arc gouging. Features a completely enclosed impact-resistant case and is able to handle harsh environments such as construction sites, pipelines, shipyards, offshore applications, general fabrication, and mobile welding rigs. Time after time, weld after weld, Coreshield self-shielded flux core wires combine exceptional strength, high deposition rates, outstanding arc characteristics, and higher welder appeal than any wire in its class. Electric TC wrenches available in models 6922NB, S60EZA, S80EZA, S90EZ, and S110EZ for the installation of 58 to 1-18 diameter F1852 and A490 TC bolts. Manual TC wrenches are available in models S20HA and S24HA for the installation of 58 to 1 diameter F1852 and A490 TC bolts. The STC constant speed, electric torque wrenches are available in models STC5AE, STC7AE, STC 11AE, SR71E, SR121E, and SR211E. Torque multipliers are available in models 8-180PX, 12-350PX, and 12-500PX. The STC tools and torque multipliers will install 58 A325 to 1- A490 standard hex head structural bolts. New wire for welding high-strength steel. Designed for A514, A710, and similar HSLA and Q and T steels. Suitable for all-position welding. The TM101 offers a combination of exceptionally low temperature impact toughness, along with tensile strengths in the 105,000-115,000 psi range. JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Allsafe Services & Materials Co. www.jpisafety.com 800.428.8185

Headturners Safety Caps Huntsman Solera Auto Darkening Welding Helmet ASTM F959 Direct Tension Indicators (DTIs)

Applied Bolting Technology www.appliedbolting.com 800.552.1999

Squirter DTIs Field Bolting Technical Services and Training Workhorse MIGweld 300MS Workhorse ARCstarter 300ST

ARCON Welding Equipment www.arconweld.com 888.512.7266

Studhorse 1200DM

Workhorse Stick/TIG 300S

Bug-gy Bug-O Gantry and Side Beam Units Uni-Bug III

Bug-O Systems www.bugo.com 800.245.3186

Mini-Vert

Atom Arc

ESAB Welding & Cutting Products www.esabna.com 800.ESAB.123

ESAB 653cvcc

Mobilemaster Wire Feeder

Coreshield Electric and Manual Shear Wrenches for TC Bolts Electric Torque Wrenches and Multipliers for Standard Structural Bolts Tri-Mark TM-101 Gas-Shielded Flux Cored Wire

G.W.Y., Inc. www.gwyinc.com 888.838.6500

Hobart Brothers www.hobartbrothers.com 937.332.4000

products
WELDING AND BOLTING

Company

Products Offered
Kwik Bolt 3 Expansion Anchor HDA Heavy-Duty Mechanical Anchor HSL Heavy-Duty Expansion Anchor HIT HY 150 Adhesive Anchoring System with HIT TZ Anchor Rods Stud Welding

Product Descriptions
Satisfies a range of fastening applications in various environments, with improved wedge design, higher strength base material, and various sizes. Ideal for heavy-duty/safety fastening, the HDA through-set and pre-set anchors provide performance similar to cast-in headed studs. The self-undercutting anchor installs in one minute for fast and easy setting operation. A torque controlled expansion bolt for high performance in static and dynamic load applications, the HSL is available with several bolt head options for flexibility of flush-mounted, low profile applications. Together, the HIT HY 150 and HIT TZ help save time and money with no hole cleaning required and 20% less embedment than standard embedded threaded rods. Full line inventory of studs and equipment. Headed anchors, shear connectors, deformed bar, threaded arc studsstandard and custom, CD studs, Pro-Weld stud welding equipment, parts, and accessories. Large, diverse inventory including F1852 (A325) and A490 tension control bolts, A325 and A490 heavy hex bolts, A307 hex bolts, A563 heavy hex nuts, and F436 washers. Finishes include mechanically galvanized, hot-dip galvanized, plain, and Type 3. Redhead and Powers mechanical and adhesive anchoring systems. Mechanical anchors include wedge, sleeve, HD screw, and drop-in. Adhesive anchors include acrylic, epoxy, hammer-in capsules, dispensing tools, and screens. Threaded rod standard and custom length. Complete erector and fabricator tool service. Shear and torqon wrench sales, rental, parts, repair, standard and extended sockets, mag drills and cutters, Skidmore tension calibrators, plates, spacers, fixtures, contractor supplies, and safety equipment. Designed for all-position welding, Excalibur electrodes deliver outstanding operating characteristics, including superior puddle control, excellent arc stability, hot start tip, square coating burn-off, and superior tie-in. A rugged, portable wire feeder available in both across-the-arc and control cable versionsboth designed for MIG, pulsed MIG, flux-cored, and metalcored welding processes. The UltraCore line of gas-shielded, flux-cored wires for mild steel welding delivers smooth and stable arc performance. Each is designed for a particular shielding gas mix, group of welding positions, or industrial applications. A compact amp welder/generator providing 400 amps of DC welding output as well as 19,000 watts peak of 3-Phase and 12,000 watts peak of 1-Phase AC generator power. Nelson now has capabilities to cold form shear connectors and concrete anchors up to 15 in length beneath the head, eliminating the time and cost of piggybacking shorter studs together. Nelson produces a wide range of threaded fasteners and customized special fasteners ranging from 18 through 1 diameters, in low carbon and stainless steels. System records and holds in storage actual weld parameters for each weld made, including a pass or fail indicator. All data is time and date stamped. The latest design in the Nelweld family of stud welding equipment allows customers seeking cost savings to boost productivity by expanding the number of operators connected to a single unit. Nucor Fastener manufactures high quality ASTM A325 and A490 structural bolts from 100% domestically melted and rolled material with certifications provided from our A2LA accredited laboratory. Nucor makes ASTM A563 heavy hex structural nuts from to 1 sizes in grades C, C3, DH, DH3 from 100% made-in-the-USA materials. Tru-Tension Fasteners are made to meet dimensional requirements per ASME B18.2.6 and mechanical requirements per ASTM F1852 (A325) or F2280 (A490) specifications in 58 to 1-18 diameters. Quick deliveries on standard sized A325 and A490 structural bolts in addition to manufacturing structural bolts in nonstandard sizes. Standard sized hex bolts, both black and galvanized, in stock. Manufacturing nonstandard anchor bolts in virtually any ASTM specification. Headed, bent, and threaded anchor bolts to ASTM standards including F1544, A307, A449, and A354. All operations, including galvanizing, are performed in our 55,000 sq. ft facility. Black, galvanized, and stainless steel tie rod assemblies with clevises and turnbuckles.

Hilti www.us.hilti.com 800.879.8000

Structural Fasteners LeJeune Bolt Company www.lejeunebolt.com 800.872.2658

Anchoring Systems

Tools and Equipment

Excalibur Electrode LN-15 The Lincoln Electric Company www.lincolnelectric.com 216.481.8100

UltraCore Wire

Vantage 400 Long Length Shears and Anchors Nelson Stud Welding www.nelsonstudwelding.com 440.329.0475 Nelson Weld Studs Nelware Process Monitor System Nelweld Six Gun Unit

Structural Bolts Nucor Fastener Division www.nucor-fastener.com 260.337.1600 Structural Nuts Tru-Tension Structural Fasteners Structural Bolts Portland Bolt and Manufacturing Company, Inc. www.portlandbolt.com 800.547.6758 Hex Bolts Anchor Bolts Tie Rods
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

products
WELDING AND BOLTING

Company

Products Offered
Heavy Hex Structural Bolts (A325, A490) Tension Control Bolts (A325, A490)

Product Descriptions
St. Louis Screw and Bolt manufactures its own hex bolts and offers directfrom-manufacturer pricing, as well as custom per-job packaging and sequencing. A325-1,-3, A490-1,-3 structural hex bolts in plain, hot-dip galvanized, and other finishes. One of the nations largest, fully domestic TC bolt distributors. Offers a full stocking line to support major projects. A325, A490 tension control bolts and tone electric wrenches. Custom manufactured, made to order. Labeled with mark numbers for ease of use at the job site. St. Louis Screw and Bolt is proficient at reading and understanding construction drawings and assembling tie rod/clevis/turnbuckle assemblies. F1554 grade 36, 55, and 105 and A449, B7 stainless steel. Direct tension indicating washers. Patented tensioners, both nut and bolt style. Eliminate unsafe and time-consuming bolting methods. Only hand tools are required for installation and removal of any size tensioner. Three-hundred amp air-cooled TIG torches increase portability and maintain high performance for critical applications. They eliminate the need for watercooling systems and are excellent for field applications.

St. Louis Screw & Bolt www.stlouisscrewbolt.com 800.237.7059

Anchor Bolts Threaded Rod Products Superbolt, Inc. www.superbolt.com 412.279.1149 Weldcraft www.weldcraft.com 800.752.7620 Multi-Jackbolt Tensioners CS300 and CS300V TIG Torches

product case study

Miller Electric Manufacturing CompanyIronworkers Instructor Training Program

MILLER ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING COMPANY PROVIDED EQUIPMENT AND EXPERTISE TO 650 IRONWORKERS FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA AT THE 21ST IRONWORKERS INSTRUCTOR TRAINING PROGRAM. The program was held in July 2005 at the University of San Diego and was supported with equipment and application training expertise from Miller and dozens of other companies. The ironworkers trained on Millers latest welding technology, including the XMT 350 CC/CV multi-process power source (matched with SuitCase X-Treme 12VS portable feeders) and CST 280 Stick/TIG power source, both in rack configurations. Both incorporate Millers inverter technology, making them lighter, portable, and more energy efficient, significantly reducing labor costs. Millers XMT 350 CC/CV is a 5- to 425-A, multi-process inverter designed to offer improved productivity, flexibility, and weld quality. It provides superior arc characteristics in all processes and features Millers unique Auto-Line technology. The CST 280 Stick/TIG welding power source readily lends itself to a rack configuration. It was designed with the construction industry in mind, with its increased welding outputs (5-A to 280A), lightweight portability, and superior SMAW arc characteristics. The easy-to-operate unit is ideal for stick electrodes up to 316 and for TIG welding pipe and plate. The ironworkers attending the week-long program pass on what they learn later as trainers at ironworker training centers across North America. We train the future and Miller has helped us with that for a long time, said Ed Abbott, a manager of the training program and a general organizer with the Ironworkers International Union. Each year, Miller has new products hitting the market, and each July Miller shows up at the program with the latest technology and training. It keeps our guys on the cutting edge. By Neal Borchert, Business Development Manager Miller Electric Manufacturing Company

A Miller district manager demonstrates TIG techniques using a Dynasty 200 DX, an inverter power source with advanced Squarewave, Auto-Line, and Lift-Arc technologies.

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION 77

marketplace

To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail [email protected]

To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail [email protected]

marketplace

RISA TechnologiesMarketing and Support Engineers

RISA Technologies has openings for marketing and technical support engineers. This position involves marketing, client presentations and support for RISA Technologies' many industry-leading software products.

Career Opportunities
Position Available:
Fabrication Shop Manager for Cianbro's Baltimore Plant
The Baltimore Fabrication and Coatings Shop Manager will be expected to implement the current initiatives and efforts with continuous improvements in safety and productivity. He/she will be expected to grow the current team for fabricators, welders, and painters, doing about $10 million per year in volume to double in size within the next 2-3 years by increasing customer base, training, and coaching and mentoring current team members. He/she will also be expected to maintain Cianbro values of accountability and continuous improvement while treating all team members with dignity and respect.

Were looking for candidates with at least a BS degree in structural or civil engineering with two or more years of practical design experience. Professional registration is a plus, as is an MS degree. Good communication skills, both written and verbal, are required. This position involves some travel and attendance at client facing events. Generous salary and benefits. If you are looking for a position in a dynamic, fast-growing company in beautiful Southern California, The ideal candidate would have the following qualifications: this may be the job for you! Receive a $1,000 referral fee if you Proven track record setting and achieving safety and productivity standards recommend someone we hire! Three to four years' experience as a working fab shop foreman

E-mail resumes to: [email protected] Fax resumes to: 949.951.5848

Be sure to include a cover letter explaining why you want to work for RISA Technologies.

DETAILER WANTED
We are currently seeking a structural steel detailer. Must have experience with SDS/2 and AutoCAD, a minimum of 3-5 years experience, strong attention to detail, problem solving and good organization skills. Builders Iron, Inc. is a fast-paced, growing company offering benefits package including medical/dental, life insurance and 401k. Salary will be negotiable. For inquiries and resume please contact:

Fifteen years' minimum hands-on steel fabrication experience Extensive experience with beam and column work and plate work Knowledge of Fabtrol Project Management Systems is helpful Knowledgeable in fabrication unit costs and pricing In-depth knowledge of fabrication means and methods and best practices Proven track record in meeting schedules and budgets

Send resumes to:

PO Box 1000 Pittsfield, Maine 04967 or e-mail: [email protected]
Cianbro is a tobacco-free, Equal Opportunity Employer. Women, minorities and veterans are strongly encouraged to apply. Employee-owned, Cianbro offers a competitive salary, profit sharing, 401(k) and other valuable benefits.

CIANBRO

Steve Entingh General Manager BUILDERS IRON, INC. 7770 Venture Ave. Sparta, MI 49345

Structural & Misc. Steel Fabrication

Our organization has been recruiting for the Structural and Misc. Steel Fabricating industry for over 20 years. Current positions include:
Project Manager General Manager Quality Control Estimators Detailers Plant Superintendents Checkers Chief Draftsman Please send resume to: Richard Stauffer United Employment Associates 2030 Tilghman St., Suite 201, Allentown, PA 18104 phone: (610) 437-5040 fax: (610) 437-9650 e-mail: [email protected] www.unitedemployment.com

CNC structural fabricator looking for a drafting supervisor to handle sublet detail drawings. Must have knowledge of computer detailing software and exporting files into CNC machines. Familiarity with Fabtrol a plus. Candidate to eventually start a drafting room for in-house detailing. Salary based on experience, paid holidays and vacation, profit sharing, and 410K plan; will consider relocation costs. E-mail resume to: [email protected] Or mail to: Southern Structural Steel, Inc. 20078 Iwip Road Smithfield, Virginia 23430 Attn: Mark Jenner

Immediate opening for entry level/experienced detailers/checkers.

Detailers/Checkers

AVAILABLE FABRICATION EQUIPMENT FOR SALE Peddinghaus Anglemaster APS623D 1986 150-ton single cut shear, 75 ton punches, L6 6 capacity, infinite auto gauging, fagor CNC controls, 40 in-feed conveyor. Excellent condition. Bridge Crane 5-ton Seco top running, single girder, 50 span under power. Very well maintained. 5 drag type transfers

Knowledge of AutoCAD 2004, reading contract drawings, Microsoft Excel and Word required. Previous experience in detailing joists and girders is a plus. Relocation reimbursement and benefits. EOE.
Please send resume attn:

P.O. Box 2170 Fernley, NV 89408 E-mail to [email protected] or fax to 775-575-7222

HR to Valley Joist, Inc.

PRICED FOR QUICK SALE

Contact: Danny Thomas

STEEL SERVICE CORPORATION

[email protected] 601-939-9222

79

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

marketplace
CIRCULAR STAIRS? CALL TODAY!
PLATE ARCHITECTURAL SHAPES FORMING STRUCTURAL PROFILES ROLLING FABRICATION

To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail [email protected]

MARKS METAL TECHNOLOGY WE BRING METAL TO LIFE

10300 SE Jennifer, Clackamas, OR 97015 [email protected] www.marksmetal.com 800.526.1031

OUTSIDE SALES
Duncan Galvanizing Corporation, the leading galvanizer in the Northeast, with over 110 years of experience, is seeking an outside sales manager to aggressively represent the company throughout the Northeastern United States and Eastern Canada. Reporting to the president, this position will be responsible for creating opportunities to sustain and accelerate profitable growth. The ideal candidate must be a closer and willing to travel extensively. Duncan offers a competitive compensation package with quarterly bonus potential, great benefits and a dynamic work environment. Qualified candidates should forward a resume and salary history to:

Skyline Steel, Inc. is a Phoenix, Arizona-based steel fabrication and erection business. Specializing in structural steel and covered parking, we operate in Arizona, California, and New Mexico and have immediate openings in all positions, specifically for project managers, estimators, ironworkers, and fitters. Qualified applicants, with a minimum of three years' relative experience, will be offered competitive wages and a full benefits package, including profit sharing and a 401K plan. Moving allowances and signing bonuses are extended in certain circumstances. For an immediate response to this ad, please send us your resume via facsimile or e-mail.

SKYLINE STEEL, INC. 631 W. Commerce Ave Gilbert, Arizona 85233

480.926.9178Facsimile [email protected]

QPP Firm Professional Engineer and NISD Certified Detailers on Staff Competitive Rates Quick Turnarounds All Sizes and Types of Projects Fabrication Equipment Control Data Electronic Drawing File Transfers Staffing to Meet Project Requirements AISC & NISD Member 1732 Bonner Street, McKinney, Texas 75069 www.gihde.com [email protected] T-972-964-3310 F-972-867-2198

Tekla Structures 3D Modeling Services

Glenn Ihde & Company Structural Steel Detailing

2000 Peddinghaus Model BPL-1000/5 CNC Beam Punch Line with Four Torch Coping System in tandem. Complete with entry and exit conveyor.............................................$219,000 2001 Peddinghaus Model BPL-1000/5 CNC Beam Punch Line with 38/18 Band Saw in tandem complete with conveyors and two sets of lift and carry transfer tables..................................................$249,000 2 0 0 1 P e d d i n g h a u s M o d e l B D L-12 0 5 / 9 C N C 9 Spindle Drilling Line with a 44 Band Saw in tandem with only 8,900 hours. This line is also equipped with CNC controlled marking system. The unit is supplied with two sets of lift and carry transfer tables and conveyors for 730 lb /ft. sections.......................$ 325,000 2001 Controlled Automation CNC Multimax Shape Cutting Machine. This unit is equipped with a 12 ft. 30 ft. water table with plasma, oxy-fuel torches and part marker.....$125,000 2001 Camco 412 Ton Beam Cambering Machine........$30,000 5 Press WA Whitney Beam Line with a Controlled Automation CNC retrofit.................................................................$ 65,000 1988ControlledAutomation170TonCNCPlateDuplicator....$39,000

DUNCAN GALVANIZING CORP.

69 Norman Street Everett, MA 02149 Attn: Personnel Manager
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL DESIGN ENGINEERS
CB&I Matrix Engineering, Ltd. (a 400+ person consulting engineering firm) is currently seeking BS or MS degreed engineers with strong emphasis in structural engineering. Prefer P.E. with 5+ years experience in refinery/petrochemical area. Salary commensurate with experience. Excellent benefit package. EOE.

CB&I MATRIX ENGINEERING, LTD.

Attn: Manager Civil/Structural/Architectural Department

Please send resume and salary history to:

P.O. Box 20958 Beaumont, TX 77720-0958

Structural Steel Plant located in Southeastern USA with access to interstate highway, railroad, water, and air transportation.
Inquiries: DERBY, DRYLIE & ASSOCIATES, INC. P.O. Box 88 Doylestown, PA 18901 (215) 345-7585 fax (215) 345-7073
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

OWNER RETIRING

FICEP CORPORATION
2301 Industry Court Forest Hill, Maryland 21050 Bud Panick (610) 838-6889

marketplace

To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail [email protected]

To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail [email protected]

marketplace

A COFFEE BREAK IS ALL THE TIME IT TAKES FOR WINBUILD TO

AISC Quality Certification

Still Thinking You Can Find Time to Get Your AISC Certification All by Yourself?

CONVINCE YOU and YOUR CLIENT THAT A PROPOSED COMMERCIAL BUILDING UP TO 199 STORIES TALL IS STRUCTURALLY AND FINANCIALLY FEASIBLE.
www.suverkrop.com
STARZER BRADY FAGAN ASSOCIATES, INC., located in Atlanta, GA, seeks a Structural Engineer. The position requires a master's degree in Structural or Civil Engineering or equivalent and six months of experience in structural engineering and engineering administration and management.
Mail resumes to Alan Brady, P.E., President 7 Dunwoody Park, Ste. 109 Atlanta, GA 30338 Fax to 770.451.1415, attn: Alan Brady

Think Again!
Get Help From a Real Consultant Get it Done Right, Starting Right Now!

JAMES M. MOONEY & ASSOCIATES

[email protected]
941-966-6962 CELL: 941-223-4332

Experience Counts in AISC Certification...Just Ask Our Clients

Proven Quality Tools & Solutions for AISC Programs

AISC Certification program training Customized in-house seminars Engineered quality management systems and documentation for your company Internal quality auditswe conduct your audits for fast results Pre-assessments for those seeking new certification or program improvement Assistance merging multiple quality programs (AISC, AWS, ISO 9001, IAS)

Do you think you need a consultant to become AISC Certified? Think again!
Visit www.qmconline.com for samples of most of the documentation required for AISC Certification. You'll find: a sample quality manual, including instructive comments sample procedures, with guidance on writing procedures required references for your library sample equipment lists and facility plans samples of internal audits For useful tips on finding the right consultant, visit www.qmconline.com/thinkagain. And if you have questions about becoming AISC Certified, contact 312.670.7520. At Quality Management Company, we're here to help!

303 East Wacker Drive, Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60601

t: 312.861.3000 f: 216.373.7297 w: www.atemainc.com

Atema

Computerized Structural Steel Detailing

Experienced Staff including licensed Professional Engineers with many years of detailing experience. 35 years of service to steel fabricators and contractors. Software: ACAD, Steel-Logic, Xsteel Gress Corporation 815 West Chester Pike, West Chester, PA 19382 Ph: (610) 918-3817 Fax: (610) 918-3819 E-mail: [email protected] Estimator: Eric Gress, ext. 103 www.gresscorp.com

Mettemeyer Engineering, LLC Springfield, MO is looking for a Structural Project Manager (10 yrs. exp.) and Structural Project EngiStations of 3D modelers for: neer (3 yrs. exp.) in building engineering analysis, design, and project Superior management from Old School veterans, combined with the management. latest technology for simple to complex projects, with tight delivery Please send resume and cover letter to: Mettemeyer Engineering, LLC, schedules. 2101 W. Chesterfield Blvd., B105, Springfield, MO 65807 or e-mail to Contact Robert Beauchamp at 1-866-677-6161 [email protected]. [email protected] Web Site: www.quebecconnection.com Visit us at www.mett-engr.com.

Quebec Detailing Connection

METTEMEYER ENGINEERING, LLC

100 Detailers available

81

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006

JULY 2006 MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

marketplace
STAAD.Pro The #1 Structural Analysis & Design Software STAAD Certified Engineer (SCE) Training and Continuing Education for Engineers
Be part of the top 10% in the engineering field Learn how to cut engineering project time & costs Understand changes in new design codes

To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail [email protected]

Florida Area Marketing Representative

Are you a sales and marketing professional looking for a new challenge that is different and exciting? Are you good at promotion, overcoming roadblocks, working with diverse teams, juggling multiple tasks, and managing numerous high-level relationships? Are you ready to take the lead in growing the Florida construction market for structural steel? The American Institute of Steel Construction, founded in 1921 as the trade association for the structural steel industry, is looking for the right person as a Florida Area Marketing Representative. Your success will depend on your ability in developing and maintaining relationships with key influencers, pursuing projects, working with local media, and coordinating local promotional opportunities. The ideal candidate will be a seasoned sales and marketing professional possessing a bachelors degree with at least eight years of experience marketing solutions to building owners, developers, architects, general contractors, and structural engineers. Strong communication and computer skills are a must. To submit your resume for consideration and request a full description of this Florida-based position, please contact John Cross, Vice President, AISC Marketing LLC at [email protected]. EOE

FREE STAAD.etc with training ($1,495 value) www.reiworld.com Visit our website or call (800) 367-7373 to get started with your STAAD training today!!!

Now available on DVD too!

RECRUITER IN STRUCTURAL/MISCELLANEOUS STEEL FABRICATION

ProCounsel, a member of AISC, can market your skills and achievements (without identifying you) to any city or state in the United States. We communicate with over 3,000 steel fabricators nationwide. The employer pays the employment fee and the interviewing and relocation expenses. If youve been thinking of making a change, now is the time to do it. Our target, for you, is the right job, in the right location, at the right money.

PROCOUNSEL
Toll free: 866-289-7833 or 214-741-2014 Fax: 214-741-3019 [email protected]
JOHN A. MARTIN & ASSOCIATES OF NEVADA is a leading firm providing structural engineering services to southern Nevada since 1954. We are currently seeking Structural Designers, Lead Project Engineers, and Associates. For more information on position openings, please visit our website at

www.jamanv.com

John A. Martin & Associates is an Equal Opportunity Employer and offers an excellent salary and benefits package with outstanding advancement potential.
To apply, submit a cover letter and resume to: Tracy Webber John A. Martin & Associates of Nevada 1909 S. Jones Blvd. Las Vegas, NV 89146 Phone: 702.835.8762 Fax: 702.253.5353 E-mail: [email protected] (PDF format is preferred)

American Steel Fabricators, Inc. is a leader in the New England structural steel and miscellaneous metal fabrication/erection market. We have an outstanding performance record with an esteemed client list. We have a career-making opportunity for a steel construction industry professional as a general manager working directly for the president. If you are a determined, talented, and looking for an opportunity to excel, reply to:

CAREER OPPORTUNITYGENERAL MANAGER

AMERICAN STEEL FABRICATORS, INC.

P.O. Box 185 Greenfield, NH 03047 [email protected] www.aseasf.com

MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION JULY 2006