3.4 METHOD OF FALSE POSITION . This method, also known as regula falsi method, is the oldest method of finding the real root of an equation f(x) = 0 and is somewhat similar to the bisection method. Consider the equation f(x) = 0. Let a and 5 (a < b) be two values of x such that f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs. Then the graph of y = f(x) crosses the x-axis at some point between a and 6 (see Fig.3.3). Therefore, the equation of the chord joining the two points A [a, f(a) and B [5, f(6)) is (b)— yif= PLO ey a6 Now in the interval, (a, 5), the graph of the function can be considered asa straight line. So the intersection of the line given by Eqn (3.6) with the x-axis will give an approximate value of the root. Putting y= 0 in Eqn (3.6), we get )- -f)= ILO or x= af(b)-b f(a) S(6)-f@) Hence, the first approximation to the root is given by a f(b)-b f(a) A FO-F@) a Now, if f(x,) and f(a) are of opposite sign then the root lies in between aand x,. So we replace b by x, in Eqn (3.7) and get the next approximation * ° But if f(x,) and f(a) are of the same sign then f(x,) and f(b) will be of opposite signs and therefore, the root lies in between x, and b. Hence, we lace u by x, in Eqn (3.7) and get the next approximation x,. The process rp . is to be repeated till the root is found to the desired accuracy. na10 Nanaia Motos ‘The geometrical interp follows: rettion ofthe method in a8 ‘pO Fig. 3.3 In Fig. 3.3, curve y= f(x) meets the x-axis at P,Therefore,OP =.xis the actual root of f(x)= 0. Chord AB meets the x-axis at P,. Therefore OP, = 4 is the first approximation, Now f(a) and f(s,) are of opposite signs. So applying the method again in (a, x) we get OP, = x, as the second approximation to the root. Proceeding in this way, we get the root of desired accuracy. We can see that points P,,P.,P,...on chords AB, AE, A. tend to coincide with P, the point where the curve meets the x-axis, ic. original root. Example 3.6. Finda real root of the. ‘equation x’-2x—5=0 by the method of false position correct to three decimal places. (MU, B.E,, 1992, BU, B.E., 1993) Souion Given: f(x)=»-2x-5;a=2,5=3 Now f(a)=f(2)=2~2(2)-5=-1 (ve and {(0)=f(3)= 3-2 (3)-5 =- 16 (Hve Therefore, the root of f(x) =0 lies in between 2 and 3. The first approximation of the root is x, and is given by af(b)-bf(a) _ 2116) A” J()-f@) ~ 16 = 35/17 = 2.0588 (approximately) Now f(x,) = f (2.0588) = (2.0588)? ~ 2(2.0588) ~ 5 ==039i (-)ve Therefore, the root of f(x) = 0 lies in between x, = 2.0588 and b= 3.. Numeral Algebraic and Traacandntal Equatora 3.11 '¢ second approximation to the root is given by ne ASLO)~bf (4) = 2:9588\16)-3(-0391) F()- f(x) 16-(-0391) = 341138 | expr 208125 S()= (2.08125) = (2.08125) — x Soe = 2(2.08125) -5 by means that the root of f(x) = 0 lies in between ¥, = 2.08125 and ‘The third approximation to the root is given by wf B)~foy) _ (208125,16)--0147) x= 1 FO=f_) ~ 16-Cor47 _ 33741 | Toray 720896 S(%) =f (2.0896) = (2.0896) — 2(2.0896) - 5 =~0.0551 (ve Therefore, the root of f(x) = 0 lies in between x, = 2.0896 and b= 3. ‘The fourth approximation to the root is given by BLO)~bFC) _ (2.0896(16)-3(-00551) SO-fs) ~ 16-(-0.0551) _ 335989 © 160551 S(%) = f(2.0927) = (2.0927) - 2(2.0927) - 5 = ~0.0206 (Ive Therefore, the root of f(x) = 0 lies in between x, = 2.0927 and b=3. The fifth approximation to the root is given by Xf()-bf(x4) _ (2.0927(16)-3(-0.0206) xe oe £()-f(%4) 16-(-0.0206) = 2.0927 Now f (x,) =f (2.0939) = - 0.00726 (-ve which implies that the root lies in between x, = 2.0939 and b= 3. The sixth approximation to the root is given by x £0)~b fy) _ (20959X16) 000726) *E" FOS)“ 16-(-000726)9.12 Numerical Mohods = 2352418 2.0943 16.00726 i Now f(x,) =f (2.0943) = ~ 0.00% : Therefore, oot es inbetween 2,= 2.0943 and B= 3- ‘The seventh approximation to the root is given by x = LW HDI) 2.0743x16)-31-00028) T=" FO)=F le) ~~ 16-(-00028) = 335172 : * Teoon8 ~20%44 ‘Therefore, the root is 2.094, correct to three decimal places. Example'3.7 Find the root of xe" = 3 by regula falsi method correct to three decimal places. Solution Given :,f(x)=xe"-3 Now f(1) = e-3 =-0.28172(-) ve and f(1.5)= 15 e!—3 = 3.72253 (+)ve Therefore, the root lies in between | and 1.5. Let a= I and b= 1.5, then F(@) =- 0.28172 and f(b) = 3.72253. The first approximation to the root is given by ent L(b)-b f(a) —_ 13.72253)-15(-028172) 1 f(b) f(a) ~ —3.72253-(-0.28172) 414511 aoo4as ~ 1035 Now f(x,) =f(1.035) = 1.035 e'™—3 =~ 0.0864 (-ve Therefore, the root of f(x) = 0 lies in between x, = 1,035 and b= 1.5. The second approximation to the root is given by x f()-bfla) _ (835N725)-1(-004685 APD asl) ~ _372253-(-000286485) 398242 = 3a0a93.7 0% Now (x) =f (1.045) = 1.045 elms 3 = — 0,0286485 (Wve which implies that the root lies in between x, = 1.045. and b= 1.5. The third approximation to the root is given by x, f(@)-bfl) (10454(3.72253)-15( 00286485) 47 fs) = 3.77253~(-0.00286485)Numarical, Algebraic and Transcendental Equasons 3.13 _ 39330166 3.751785, Now f(x,) =f (1.048) = - 0.011652 (-)ve Therefore, the root lies in between x, = 1.048 and b= 1.5. The fourth approximation to the root is given by _ BLS) | (1048372253) -15(~0.0111652) %=f()=f(—) ~——:3.72253-(-0.0111652) = 1.048 _ 39179594 _ = 37330053 Now f(x,) =f (1.049) =-5.320155.x 10° (-Wve Therefore, the root lies in between x, = 1.049 and 4 The fifth approximation to the root is given by uf (O)-bf (as) _ 39129142 Be FO)-fle)~ 37278502 ~ a Nowf(,) = (1.0496) =~ 1.808903 10° which means that the ro lies in between x, = 1.0496 and b= 1.5. The sixth approximation to the root is given by _ Hs f)~bFC%s) _ 39098808 _ gag 47" fO-F(%) 37243389 Therefore, from x, and x, the root is 1.05. FS. ot —— EXERCISE 3.1 Find a root of the following equations correct to three decimal places, using the Bisection method. () P-2+x-7=0 (i) P-2x-5=0 (iii) #-3x-5=0 (Bangalore, B.E., 1989) (iv) P-4r-9=0 (Mysore, BE, 1987) (v) x-x-10=0 (S. Gujarat B.E., 1990) (vi) x-cosx=0 (BU, BE. 1995) (vii) 3x-e"=0 (viiiy3x = V(1 + sinx) - (ix) x log, x- 1.2=0 Using Bisection method find the negative root “rect to three decimal places. of > 4x +9 =0, cor n3.14 Numerical Methods 3. be - Find a negative root of x - 2x +5 = 0, - Find a root of the following equations correct to three decimal places, Find a root of the following equations correct using Iteration method. @) P+e-100=0 ci) x7 BTN Gil) 3x-6=1og,x (iv) HOT (v) sinx=e'-3x (vi) 2-1 ° 5 P eo of Foe (vii) l-x+ a - By + (ay? (5!) correct to three decimal places, using Successive Approximation method. . to four decimal places using the method of False Position (regula false method). @) ¥-4r-9=0 (ii) +22 +10x-20=0 Gil) 2 -4x-1=0 (iv) o-xt-P-1=0 (v) xe =2 Avi) etsinx=1 (Wii) x= cos x (viii) xtanx=—1 in (2.5, 3) (ix) x log,,x= 1.2 . ANSWERS (i) 2.105 (ii) 2.095 (iii) 2.280 (iv) 2.706 — (v) (1.813 (vi) 0.739 (vii) 0.619 (viii) 0,392 (ix) 2.740 — 2.706 ee ae (iii) 2.108 (iv) 0.518 (v) 0.360 — 2.095 (i) 2.7065 (ii) 1.3688 (iii) 0.254) (vi) 0.5885 (vii) 0.7391 (viii) 2,798) (a)2aene (0 0.8526