CHEMICAL
REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• A chemical reaction is a process that
leads to the transformation of one set
of chemical substances to another.
• Chemical reactions are chemical
changes in which reactants transform
into products by making or breaking of
bonds(or both) between different
atoms.
Indications of a Chemical
Reaction
• CHANGE IN COLOUR • EVOLUTION OF GAS
• CHANGE IN • FORMATION OF
TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
• A chemical equation is the symbolic
representation of a chemical reaction in
the form of symbols and formulae.
• ex:-
magnesium + oxygen = magnesium oxide
• The substances that undergo chemical
change in the reaction (magnesium and
oxygen) are the reactants.
• The new substances (magnesium oxide)
formed during the reactions is the product.
WORD EQUATION
• A word equation is a chemical reaction expressed
in words rather than chemical formulas. It helps
identify the reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium chloride
• The reactants are written on the left hand side
(LHS) with a plus sign between them.
• Similarly , products are written on the right hand
side (RHS) with a plus sign between them.
• The arrowhead points towards the products, and
shows the direction of the reactions.
SKELETAL EQUATION
• Skeletal equation are those equation which
shows the reactant and product so formed
without balancing them.
• Example :-
Mg + O2 MgO
H+O H2O
• It is also known as unbalanced equation.
BALANCED EQUATION
• The chemical equation needs to be
balanced so that it follows the law of
conservation of mass.
• The chemical equation in which the
number of atoms of each element in the
reactants side is equal to that of the
products side is called a balanced
chemical equation.Example
3CaCO3+2H3PO4→Ca3(PO4)2+3H2CO3
How to balance a equation
• This is a reaction between methane (CH4)
and oxygen (O2), producing carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O)
In the reaction a compound reacts with oxygen
and produces carbon dioxide and water. It is
often convenient to start balancing with the
compound that contains the maximum number of
atoms. It may be a reactant or a product.
• In this case, the carbon (C) atoms are already
balanced. So now we look at the hydrogen (H)
atoms. There are 4 hydrogen (H) atoms on the
reactants side and 2 hydrogen (H) atoms on
the products side. To balance them, we put a
coefficient of 2 in front of H2O.
• The hydrogen (H) atoms are now balanced.
Due to the coefficient 2 in front of H2O, there
are a total of 4 oxygen (O) atoms on the
products side. To balance the oxygen atoms on
both sides, we put a coefficient of 2 in front of
O2. The chemical equation is now balanced.
WRITING SYMBOLS OF
PHYSICAL STATES
• The physical states of the reactants and
products are mentioned along with their
chemical formulae.
• The gaseous, liquid, aqueous, and solid
states of reactants and products are
represented by the notations (g), (l), (aq),
and (s), respectively.
• Sometimes the reaction conditions , such
as temperature, pressure, catalyst etc are
indicated above or below the arrow in the
equation
EXAMPLES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
TYPES
OF
CHEMICAL REACTION
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
• COMBINATION REACTION
• DECOMPOSTION REACTION
• DISPLACEMENT REACTION
• DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION
• OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
/REDOX REACTION
COMBINATION REACTION
• In a combination reaction, two elements
or one element and one compound or
two compounds combine to give one
single product. For example –
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
DECOMPOSITION REACTION
• In a decomposition reaction , a single
compound breaks down to produce two or
more similar substences.
• The decomposition reactions take place
when energy is supplied in the form of
heat , electricity or light.
ELECTROLYSIS
• When a substance is decomposed by
passing electric current, the process is
called electrolysis.
• 2H2O(I) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
• When a substance decomposes on
heating it is called thermal decomposition.
• CaCO3(S) CaO(S) + CO2(g)
PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION
• When a substance is decomposed in
presence of sunlight, it is called a
photochemical decomposition.
• 2AgBr 2Ag +Br2
REACTIVITY SERIES
OF METALS
• Reactivity series of metals is a series in which
the metals arranged in the decreasing order of
their reactivity.
DISPLACEMENT REACTION
• In a displacement reaction ,more reactive
element displaces a less reactive element from
its compound or solution. For example
• Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(s) +Cu
In the above reaction Zn is more reactive
than Cu, so Zn displaces Cu from CuSO4.
• 2AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s) → 2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq)
In the above reaction Zn is more reactive than
Ag , so Zn displaces Ag from its solution.
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT
REACTION
• The reaction in which an exchange of ions
between the reactants takes place to give new
products. For example
• BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
• The white precipitate of BaSO4 is formed
• Double displacement reaction also called
precipitation reaction.
PRECIPITATION REACTION
The reaction in which precipitate is
formed is called a precipitation reaction.
A QUICKRECAP
EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS
• An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction
that releases energy by light or heat. Most of
the combination reactions are exothermic.
For example
1. Al+Fe2O3→Al2O3+Fe+heat
2.CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O+heat
3. CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)+ heat
ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS
• Endothermic reaction requires or takes
energy in order for it to proceed.
• Most of the decomposition reactions are
endothermic. For example
1) Melting of ice
2) 6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight→
C6H12O6+6O2
RESPIRATION IS A
EXOTRHERMIC REACTIONS
• In the process of respiration , the complex
substances are broken down into similar
substances and then converted to glucose. In
the whole process, energy (or heat) is released.
• We know that a reaction in which heat is
released along with the formation of products is
known as a exothermic reaction
• Thus , from the above two points we can
conclude that respiration is a exothermic
reaction .
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
• Oxidation is
REACTION
1) Addition of oxygen
2) Removal of hydrogen
• Any chemical substances following any these
is said to be oxidised.
• Reduction is
1) Removal of oxygen
2) Addition of hydogen
• Any chemical substences following any of
these rules is said to be reduced.
• Reaction involving both oxidation and reduction
process , occuring simutaneously are known as
redox reaction. Example
•
OXIDISING AND REDUCING
AGENT
• An oxidising agent is a substance which help
in oxidation. In the above equation, the ferric
oxide is the oxidising agent/ reduced
substance.
• An reducing agent is a substance which help in
reduction. In the equation, the carbon monoxide is
the reducing agent/oxidised substance.
• Oxidising agents give oxygen to another
substance or remove hydrogen from it.
• Reducing agents remove oxygen from another
substance or give hydrogen to it.
THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION
REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
1) C o r r o s i o n
The destruction of metal layer by layer by the
action of air and water is called corrosion.
• Corrosion is a natural process, which converts
a refined metal to a more stable form, such as
its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide etc.
• Corrosion of Iron:
4Fe(s) +3O2(from air)+xH2O(moisture)→2Fe2O3.xH2O(rust)
• Corrosion of copper:
Cu(s)+H2O(moisture)+CO2(from air)→CuCO3.Cu(OH)2(green)
• Corrosion of silver:
Ag(s)+H2S(from air)→Ag2S(black)+H2(g)
• The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting ,
oiling , galvanizing, anodizing etc
• Galvanization is a method of protecting steel and
iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer
of zinc
2 ) Rancidity
• The degradation of oil and fat containing
compound in presence of oxygen is called
rancidity.
• When fats and oils are oxidised, they become
rancid and their smell and taste change.
PREVENTION OF RANCIDITY
(i) Use of air-tight containers.
(ii) Packaging with nitrogen.
(iii) Refrigeration.
(iv) Addition of antioxidants or
preservatives.
