CHAPTER 1 : ELECTROSTATIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
1.1 Coloumb’s Law
Qq
(a) State Coulomb’s law, F 
4 o r 2
(b) Sketch the force diagram.
(c) Apply Coulomb’s law for a system of point charges.

1.2 Electric Field

F
(a) Define electric field and use electric field strength, E 
q
kQ
(b) Use E 
r2
(c) Sketch the electric field strength diagram
(d) Determine electric field strength E for a system of charges.

1.3 Electric potential

(a) Define electric potential
(b) Define and explain equipotential lines and surfaces of an isolated charge in
uniform electric field
kQ
(c) Use V  for a point charge and a system of charges.
r
W
(d) Calculate potential difference between two points, 𝛥V = Vfinal – Vinitial; V 
qo
(e) Deduce the change in potential energy, ΔU between two points in an electric
field,
(f) Calculate potential energy of a system of point charges,
q q qq q q 
U  k  1 2  1 3  2 3 
 r12 r13 r23 
1.4 Charge in a uniform electric field.
(a) Explain qualitatively with the aid of diagram the motion of charge in a uniform
electric field.
V
(b) Use E  for uniform E
d
i. Stationary charge
ii. Charge moving perpendicularly to the field
iii. Charge moving parallel to the field
iv. Charge in dynamic equilibrium
 TUTORIAL 1
LO 1.1

1.
FIGURE 1.1
1. FIGURE 1.1 shows two identical beads each have a mass, m= 0.02 kg and same
charge, q. When placed in a hemispherical bowl of radius R=30 cm with frictionless,
non-conducting walls, the beads move, and at equilibrium they are a distance R
apart.

(a) Sketch a label diagram to show the direction all forces acting on each beads.

(b) Determine the charge on each beads.

{Ans: (a) DIY (b) 1.06µC}

SOLUTION :

(a) Since two beads are identical: mass, charge and sign of the beads must be same.

N1 N2

F12 60⁰ F21

W1 W2
(b) At equilibrium,

F  0
N1 cos60  F12 .......... ...(1)

N1 sin 60  W1 .......... ...( 2)

( 2) W
 tan 60  1
(1) F12

(0.02)(9.81)
F12   0.113N
tan 60

kq1q2 kq 2
F12   2 where, q1  q2  q
r2 r

(0.113)(0.3) 2
q  1.06  106 C  1.06C
9  109

LO 1.1
2. Two equal positive point charges q1 = q2 = 2.0 μC are located at x = 0, y = 0.3 m and
x = 0, y =−0.30 m respectively. What are the magnitude and direction of the total
electric force that these charges exert on a third point charge Q = 4.0μ C at x = 0.40
m, y = 0?
{Ans: 0.46N to the right}

SOLUTION :

0.3
tan  
0.4
  36.9

kq3 q1
F31 
r2
(9  109 )(2  106 )(4  106 )
F31   0.288N
(0.5) 2

kq3 q 2
F32 
r2
(9  109 )(2  106 )(4  106 )
F32   0.288N
(0.5) 2
 Force x-component y-component

F31 0.288 cos 36.9 -0.288 sin 36.9

F32 0.288 cos 36.9 0.288 sin 36.9
F 0.46N 0N

Magnitude

Fnett  Fx  Fy
2 2

Fnett  (0.46) 2  (0) 2

Fnett  0.46N

Direction : To the right

LO 1.1
3.

FIGURE 1.2
A –2 µC charge lies on the straight line between a 3 µC charge and a 1 µC charge. The
separation between the 3 µC and 1 µC is 4 cm as shown in FIGURE 1.2. Calculate the
distance, x of the 3 µC charge from –2 µC charge where the net force acted on –2 µC charge
is zero.

{Ans: 0.0254m}

SOLUTION :

F31  F32

kQ3Q2 kQ3Q2

r2 r2

Q1 Q2

x 0.04  x
 3  106 1 106

x 0.04  x
x  0.0254m

LO 1.1

4.

FIGURE 1.3

FIGURE 1.3 shows an arrangement of three point charges.

(a) Sketch the TWO forces that act on the 2 𝜇𝐶 charge.

(b) Determine the magnitude and direction of resultant force on the 2 𝜇𝐶 charge.
{Ans: (a) DIY (b) F = 18.6 N, 82.6˚ below –ve x-axis}

SOLUTION :

(a)

(b)

kq2 q1 (9  109 )(2  106 )(3  106 )

F21    2.4 N
r2 (0.15) 2

kq2 q3 (9  109 )(2  106 )(5  106 )

F23    18.4 N
r2 (0.07) 2
 Force x-component y-component

F21 0N -2.4 N

F23 -18.4 N 0N

F -18.4 N -2.4 N

Magnitude

Fnett  Fx  Fy
2 2

Fnett  (18.4) 2  (2.4) 2

Fnett  18.4 N

Direction

Fy 18.4
tan   
Fx 2.4

  82.7 (below negative x-axis)

LO 1.2

5. When a test charge q = 2 nC is placed at the origin, it experiences a force of 8.0  10−4N.
Calculate the magnitude of electric field at the origin.
{Ans: }
SOLUTION :

F
E
q

8.0  104
E 9
 4.0  105 NC 1
2  10

E  4.0  105 NC 1
 LO 1.2

6.

FIGURE 1.4
Three point charges of equal magnitude are placed at corners of a square of side length d as
shown in the FIGURE 1.4.

(a) Sketch the electric field strength diagram at point P due to the three charges.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the net electric field strength at the point P due to the three
charges if Q = 2.0 µC and d = 3 cm.

{Ans: (a) DIY (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a)

(b) r2 p  d 2  d 2  (3 102 ) 2  (3 102 ) 2  4.24 102 m

3  102
tan  
3  102

  45

kQ (9  109 )(2  106 )

E1  E3   2 2
 2.0  107 NC 1
r 2
(3  10 )

kQ (9  109 )(2  106 )

E2    1.0  107 NC 1
r2 (4.24  102 ) 2
Electric Force x-component y-component

E1 0 +2.0×107
E2 +1.0×107 sin 45 +1.0×107 cos 45
E3 -2.0×107 0
E -1.293×10-7 NC-1 +2.707×107NC-1

Magnitude

Enett  E x  E y
2 2

Enett  (1.293107 ) 2  (2.707107 ) 2

E nett  2.999  10 7 NC 1

LO 1.2

7.

FIGURE 1.5
Two point charges, Q1 = +0.3 C and Q2 = - 0.4 C are separated by a distance of 6 cm as
shown in FIGURE 1.5. Calculate the resultant of electric field strength acted at point A if
the point is at a midpoint between the two charges.
{Ans: }

SOLUTION :

A
E1 E2

E A  E1  E2
kQ1 kQ2
EA   2
r2 r
(9  109 )(0.3) (9  109)(0.4)
EA  2 2
 2 2
 7  1012 NC 1
(3  10 ) (3  10 )
Direction of EA is to the right.
LO 1.2

8. y (cm)
(3, 4)
S

(0, 0) T (3, 0)
x (cm)
q1
FIGURE 1.6

A point charge q1 = 10 nC is placed at the origin as shown in FIGURE 1.6. Determine the
magnitude of electric field at point T if a point charge q2 = 6 nC point charge is placed at
point S.
{Ans: }

SOLUTION :

kQ1 (9  109 )(10  109 )

ET 1  2  2 2
 1.00  105 NC 1
r (3  10 )

kQ1 (9  109 )(6  109 )

ET 2   2 2
 3.38  104 NC 1
r 2
(4  10 )

Electric Force x-component y-component

ET 1 +1.00×105 0

ET 2 0 -3.38×104

E +1.00×105 -3.38×104

Magnitude

Enett  E x  E y
2 2

Enett  (1.00 105 ) 2  (3.38 104 ) 2

Enett  1.006105 NC 1
LO 1.3

9. (a) What is the work required to transfer a charge of 6 µC against a potential

difference of 110 V?

(b) Two point charges of 4 µC and 16 µC are separated by a distance of 10 mm. A

point P is at a distance of 8 mm from the 4 µC charge and 6 mm from the 16 µC
charge. Calculate the electric potential at P.

{Ans: (a) (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a) W  qV  (6 106 )(110)  6.6 104 J

kQ1 kQ2
(b) V  
r r

(9  109 )(4  106 ) (9  109 )(16  106 )

V   2.85  107 V
8  103 6  103

LO 1.3

10. (a) Sketch equipotential lines and surfaces of

(i) a positive charge.

(ii) a uniform electric field.
(b)

FIGURE 1.7

FIGURE 1.7 shows two point charges q1 = -3 µC and q2 = +7 µC are placed at point
C and B. Determine the electric potential at point A AND describe the meaning of the
answer.
{Ans: (a)DIY (b) & DIY}
 SOLUTION :

(a) (i) (ii)

E
+ E

(b)

kQ1 kQ2
V 
r r
(9  10 )(3  106 ) (9  109 )(7  106 )
9
V 
0.03 0.04
V  6.75  10 V
5

Meaning : 6.75 105 J of work is done on the system in bringing 1 C positive charge from
infinity to the point A.

LO 1.3
B
11.

+ 0.05 m 0.05 m -
q1 A q2
FIGURE 1.8

FIGURE 1.8 shows two point charges q1 = 2.40 nC and q2 = - 6.50 nC are 0.10 m apart.
Point A is midway between them. Point B is 0.08 m from q1 and 0.06 m from q2.

Find :

(a) the potential at point A

(b) the potential at point B
(c) the work done by the electric field on charge 2.50 nC that travel from point A
to point B.
(d) the potential energy for the system after charge +2.50 nC reached point B.

{Ans: (a) -738V (b) -705V (c) (d) }

 SOLUTION :

kq1 kq2 2.40 109  6.50 109

(a) VA  V1  V2    9 109 (  )  738V
r r 0.05 0.05

kq1 kq2 2.40  109  6.50  109

(b) VB  V1  V2    9  109 (  )  705V
r r 0.08 0.06

W A B
(c) VBA 
q

WAB  q(VB  VA )  (2.5 109 )(705  (738))  8.25108 J

(d) U  U12  U 23  U13

kq1q 2 kq2 q3 kq3 q1

U  
r12 r23 r13

 (2.40  109 )(6.50  109 ) (6.50  109 )(2.5  109 ) (2.50  109 )(2.40  109 ) 
U  (9  10 ) 
9
  
 0.1 0.06 0.08 
6
U  3.166 10 J

+200 V
LO 1.4
e
12. 15 mm

-200 V
FIGURE 1.9

Two parallel plates are set a distance of 15 mm apart in a vacuum as illustrated in FIGURE
1.9. The top plate is at potential of +200 V and the bottom plate is at potential −200 V. If the
electron is released perpendicular to the field.

(a) Sketch the path of the electron beam in the electric field and after emerging from the
electric field.
(b) Explain the shape of the path
(c) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the electron for component x and y.

{Ans: (a) DIY (b) DIY (c) }

SOLUTION :

(a) In between the plates: Parabola because the constant electric force on the electron
deflects it upwards.

(b) Outside the electric field: Straight line because no force acts on the electron
(c) Fy  ma y  eE

e
ay  E
m
(1.6  1019 )(2.67  104 )
ay  31
 4.689  1015 ms 2
(9.11 10 )

ax  0ms 2

LO 1.4
13.

FIGURE 1.10
The FIGURE 1.10 shows a positively charged oil drop held at rest between two parallel

conducting plates A and B. The oil drop has a mass 9.79 0- 5 kg. The potential
difference between the plates is 5000 V and plate B is at a potential of 0 V.
(a) Is plate A positive or negative?
(b) Draw a labelled free-body force diagram which shows the forces acting on the oil
drop.
(c) Calculate the electric field strength between the plates.Calculate the magnitude of the
charge Q on the oil drop.
{Ans: (a) DIY (b) DIY (c) (d) }
SOLUTION :

(a) Negative
 Fe
(b) At rest,

mg

V 5000
(c) E   2
 2.0  105 NC 1
d 2.5  10

(d) Fnett  W
qE  mg
mg (9.79  1015 )(9.81)
q   4.80  1019 C
E 2.0  105

LO 1.4
14.

FIGURE 1.11
FIGURE 1.11 show a positive charged placed in uniform electric field. Find the
acceleration of the charge after it has travelled a distance of 5.0 cm.
{Ans: }
SOLUTION :

V 1000
E   1.0  104 NC 1
d 0.1

F y  ma

Fe  mg  ma

qE  mg  ma

(10  106 )(1  104 )  (0.1)(9.81)  (0.1  103 )a

a  1009.81ms 2
 100 V
LO 1.4
0.1 m
15. 0V
FIGURE 1.12
An unknown charged is placed at point A between the two parallel plates as shown in
FIGURE 1.12. The particle is released from rest and accelerates toward the other plate.
The particle emerges through the hole at point B with velocity of v. The potential
difference between the plates is 100 V.
(a) Identify the charge (proton or electron) of the the unknown particle. Justify your
answer.
(b) Which plate is (top or bottom) is positively charged?
(c) Calculate electric field strength, E.
(d) Calculate acceleration of the charge after it has travel from A to B.
(e) Time taken for the charge to move from A to B.
(f) Calculate value of v.
{Ans: (a) DIY (b) DIY (c) (d) (e) }
SOLUTION :
The unknown charge is electron.

Because the top plate is at higher potential (100V) that is positively charged.
So the electron is accelerated upward towards the positive plate.
(a) The top plate is positively charged.

V 100
(b) E    1000NC 1
d 0.1

qE (1.6  1019 )(1000)

(c) a   31
 1.76  1014 ms  2
m 9.11 10

(d) u  0  from rest

1 2
s at
2

1
0. 1  (1.76  1014 )t 2
2

t  3.37  108 s

(e) v  u  at

v  0  (1.76 1014 )(3.37 108 )

v  5.94  106 ms 1 Edited by: Fauzia binti Ismail

 CHAPTER 2: CAPACITOR AND DIELECTRIC

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
2.1 Capacitance and capacitors in series and parallel
Q
a) Define and use capacitance, C 
V
b) Derive and determine the effective capacitance of capacitors in series and
parallel.
1 1 1 Q2
c) Derive and use energy stored in a capacitor, U  CV 2  QV 
2 2 2 C

2.2. Charging and discharging of capacitors

a) State physical meaning of time constant and use   RC ,
b) Sketch and explain the characteristics of Q-t and l-t graph for charging and
discharging of a capacitor.
c) Use:
t
i. Q  Q0e RC for discharging
t
ii. Q  Q0 (1  e RC
) for charging
d) Determine the time constant of an RC circuit. (Experiment 1: Capacitor)
e) Determine the capacitance of a capacitor using an RC circuit. (Experiment
1:Capacitor)

2.3 Capacitors with dielectrics

a) Define dielectric constant,

r 
o
b) Describe the effect of dielectric on a parallel plate capacitor.
c) Calculate capacitance of air-filled parallel plate capacitor,
 A
Co  o
d
d) Use dielectric constant,

r 
o
f) Use capacitance with dielectric, C = rCo
 TUTORIAL 2

LO 2.1
1. A capacitor stores 150 pC of charge when it is connected across a potential
difference of 12 V. Calculate the amount of charge to be removed from the same
capacitor so that its potential difference can be reduced to two-third of its initial
value.
{Ans: 5 1011 C }

SOLUTION :

Q
C
V

150  1012
C  1.25  1011 F
12
2
Q  CV  1.25  1011 (  12)  1.0  1010 C
3
Amount of charge to be remove

 150  1012  1.0  1010

 5.0  1011 C

LO 2.1

2.

3 µF
9 µF

6 µF
FIGURE 2.1

FIGURE 2.1 shows three capacitors are connected to a 12 V battery. Calculate the
energy stored in each capacitor.
{Ans: 54 μJ , 108 μJ , 162 μJ }
SOLUTION :

C36  C3  C6  3 106  6 106  9 106 F

1 1 1 1 1
   6
 6
 C369  4.5  106 F
C369 C9 C36 9  10 9  10

Q369  C369V  (4.5 106 )(12)  54 106 C

V3  V6

V3 V9  12 , V6 V9  12

Q369  Q36  Q9

Q9  C9V9

54  10 6  (9  10 6 )V9

V9  6V

V9  V3  6V

Energy stored,
1 1
U 3  C3V32  (3  106 )(6) 2  54 μJ
2 2
1 1
U 6  C6V6 2  (6  106 )(6) 2  108 μJ
2 2
1 1
U 9  C9V9 2  (9  106 )(6) 2  162 μJ
2 2

LO 2.1

3. By using three 100 F capacitors, show by calculation and a diagram, how to arrange
the capacitors to produce an equivalent capacitance of 150 F?

{Ans: DIY}
SOLUTION :

1 1 1 1 1 2
   6
 6

C12 C1 C2 100 10 100 10 100 106
C12  50 F
CE  C12  C3  50 106  100 106

 CE  150  F

LO 2.1

4.

C3
V1 C1 C2
C4

C5

FIGURE 2.2
Given C1 = 3 F, C2 = 11 F, C3 = 12 F, C4 = 6 F, and C5 = 9 F as shown in
FIGURE 2.2.

(a) Calculate the effective capacitance of the circuit.

(b) If V1 = 12 V, calculate the total charge Q supplied.
{Ans:, 6µF, 72 μC}
SOLUTION :

(a)

1 1 1
 
C34 C3 C 4

1 1
 
12  10 -6
6  10-6
1

4  10-6
C34  4  F

C1234  C1  C2  C34
C1234  3  106  11 106  4 106
C1234  18 F

1 1 1
 
C E C1234 C5
1 1 1
 
C E 18  10 -6
9  10-6
1 1

C E 6  10-6
CE  6  F

(b) QT = CEV

QT = 6x10-6 (12)

QT = 72 μC
LO 2.2

5.

FIGURE 2.3
The capacitor shown in FIGURE 2.3 is initially uncharged. On the same axes, when
the switch S is closed, sketch graph to show the
(a) variation of potential difference VC across the capacitor with time
(b) variation of potential difference VR across the resistor R with time.
{Ans: DIY}

SOLUTION :

(a) VC

(b) VR
LO 2.2

6.

FIGURE 2.4
FIGURE 2.4 shows an RC circuit with an emf source ξ and a switch S. If the
capacitance and resistance is 0.4 µF and 0 kΩ respectively, calculate the time taken
for the charge to reach 70% of its maximum value. Sketch the graph of Q versus t.

{Ans: 4.82 10 3 , DIY}

SOLUTION :

t
Q  Q (1  e RC )

t
(10103 )(0.4106 )
0.7Q  Q (1  e )

t  4.82 103 s
LO 2.2

7. A capacitor of 3.0 μF is charged using a 2 V battery. The charged capacitor is then

discharged through a 60 kΩ resistor.

(a) What is the time constant of the discharge circuit?

(b) Find the time taken for the charge on the capacitor to decrease to 50% of its initial
value.

{Ans: (a) 0.18s, (b) 0.12s}

SOLUTION :

(a)   RC

  60000(3 106 )

  0.18s

Q  Q0 e  t / RC
(b)

Q
 e  t / RC
Q0

0.5Q0
 e  t /0.18
Q0
0.5  e  t /0.18
t
ln 0.5 
0.18
t  0.12 s

LO 2.1& 2.3

8. A 10.0 µF parallel-plate capacitor with circular plates is connected to a 12.0 V

battery.
(a) What is the charge on each plate?
(b) How much charge will be on the plates if their separation were doubled while
the capacitor remained connected to the battery?
{Ans: (a) , (b) }
SOLUTION :

(a) Q  CV  120 μC

(b) From Q  CV , V is constant and Q directly proportional to C.

A
From C  ε0
d

d 2  2d
C
C2 
2
Q 120  106
Q2    60 μC
2 2

LO 2.1 & 2.2

V
9.

6𝜇𝐹
R
S

µA
V

FIGURE 2.5

Given FIGURE 2.5 shows a circuit with a 𝜇 capacitor charged through a resistor of
using a battery. The resistance of the micrometer is negligible, and the resistance
of the voltmeter is high. Switch S is then closed.

(a) What is the potential difference of the battery, when the switch S is closed, and the
capacitor is fully charged to 𝐶?
(b) Calculate the current, when the switch S is closed, and sketch a graph of
microammeter reading current, against time, .

{Ans: (a) , (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a) 𝐶

( )( )

( ) ( )
( )

I(µA)

1.48(µA)

t (s)
12 s
LO 2.2

10. FIGURE 2.6 shows a 𝜇 capacitor connected to a battery, a resistor

and switches and 10V

S1
2µF

S2
2MΩ

FIGURE 2.6

(a) Describe in words, the meaning of capacitance.

(b) Calculate the charge of the completely charged capacitor when switch is closed
and switch is opened.
(c) Switch is then opened and switch closed. Calculate the percentage of charge
left in the capacitor, after is closed.
{Ans: (a) DIY, (b) , (c) }
SOLUTION :

(a) Capacitance is defined as the amount of charge stored on each plate per unit voltage
applied across the plates.

(b) 𝐶

( )( )

(c)
( ) ( )( )

Percentage of battery left after 8 s.

LO2.3

11. A piece of paper in width and thick and length is

placed in between two metal foil of the same width to form a capacitor with a
capacitance. If the dielectric constant of the paper is 2.0, what is the capacitance of
the capacitor? This experiment is conducted in vacuum.[

{Ans: 3.01 10 8 F }

SOLUTION :

( )
𝐶

( )( )( )( )
𝐶
( )

𝐶
LO 2.3

12. Consider a parallel plate capacitor,in vacuum with capacitance, 𝐶 𝜇 , the

plate area and the dielectric constant .[

(a) Calculate the separation of the plates.

(b) Determine the strength of the electric field formed, if a potential difference
is applied across the capacitor.
(c) Describe two methods that can increase the capacitance without increasing the
area of the capacitor plate.

{Ans: (a) , (b) , (c) DIY }

SOLUTION :

(a) 𝐶

( )( )( )
( )

(b) ( )

(c) The capacitance can be increased by reducing the separation , or by using a

dielectric with greater value of dielectric constant, .

LO 2.3

13. A certain parallel plate capacitor has plates of area that are separated by a
distance of . If a material with a dielectric constant of 2.0 exists between the
plates, and a potential difference of is applied across them,

(a) How much charge will the plates hold?

(b) How much energy is stored in the capacitor?

{Ans: (a) , (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a) 𝐶

𝐶 𝐶

( )( )( )( )
( )

(b)

( )( )

LO 2.3

14. Two parallel plate capacitors, A and B are identical in area. A is filled with a
dielectric constant while B is empty. Both capacitors are connected to the
same potential difference and store same amount of charge, what would be the
separation distance of parallel plate A in terms of separation distance of parallel plate
B?

{Ans : }

SOLUTION :

If both stores the same amount of charge, then and both also have an equal
potential difference because, it is connected to the same potential difference.

The capacitance is given by, 𝐶

Given,
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
Then, ,

The separation of the plates in capacitor A must be 6.7 times that of capacitor B.

LO 2.2

15. A 𝜇 capacitor is connected to in series to a resistor and a battery.

Find,

(a) the time constant

(b) the charge accumulation after the charging has progressed for s.

{Ans: , }

SOLUTION :

(a) 𝐶 ( )( )

(b) The charge after 10 s,

( )

𝐶 (( )
( )( )( ) 𝜇𝐶

Edited by: YapLinZee & Nazlina

 CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND DIRECT-
CURRENT CIRCUITS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
3.1 Electric current and direct current circuit
(a) Describe microscopic model of current.
(b) Define electric current,

(c) Use electric current,

3.2 Ohm’s Law and resistivity

(a) State and use Ohm’s law.
(b) Define and use resistivity,
(c) Sketch V-I graph (Experiment 2 : Ohm’s Law)
(d) Verify Ohm’s Law (Experiment 2 : Ohm’s Law)
(e) Determine effective resistance of resistors in series and parallel by graphing method.

3.3 Variation of resistance with temperature

(a) Explain the effect of temperature on electrical resistance in metals.
(b) Use resistance, R =Ro[1+ α(T – To)]

3.4 Electromotive force (emf), internal resistance and potential difference

(a) Define emf,  and internal resistance, r of a battery.
(b) State factors that influence internal resistance.
(c) Describe the relationship between emf of a battery and potential difference across the
battery terminals.
(d) Use terminal voltage, V = – Ir

3.5 Resistors in series and parallel

(a) Derive and determine effective resistance of resistors in series and parallel.

3.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules

(a) State and describe Kirchhoff’s Laws.
(b) Use Kirchhoff’s Rules

3.7 Electric Energy and power

(a) Use power, P = VI= I
(b) Use electrical energy, W = Vit
3.8 Potential Divider
(a) Explain the principle of a potential divider.
(b) Use equation of potential divider, ( )

3.9 Potentiometer
(a) Explain principles of potentiometer .
 1 l1
(b) Use related equations for potentiometer,  .
 2 l2

TUTORIAL 3

L.O 3.1

1. (a) A current of 0.5 A flows in a circuit. How much charge passes through a
point in the circuit in 2 minutes.

(b) A polythene piece is rubbed with wool. It is found to acquire a negative charge
of 3×10-7C. Estimate the number of electrons transferred to the polythene
piece.
{Ans: (a) 60 C, (b) 1.875×1012 electrons}
SOLUTION :

(a) Q  It
Q  0.5  2  60  60C

(b) Q  ne
3 107  n(1.6 1019 )

L.O 3.2

2. The radius of a piece of 22-gauge tungsten wire is 0.321 mm, 1.00 m length and the
resistivity of tungsten is 5.6×10-8 Ω m.
(a) Calculate the resistance of the wire.
(b) If the potential difference of 1.5 V is maintained across the tungsten wire of length
1.00 m, what is the current in the wire?
{Ans: (a) 0.173 Ω, (b) 8.671A}
SOLUTION :

(a)
( )( )
( )( )

(b)

L.O 3.2

3.
Iron

Copper

FIGURE 3.1
FIGURE 3.1 show both wire of length 50 cm consists of an iron core diameter 2.0
mm surrounded by copper of external diameter 3.0 mm. Calculate the resistance of the
wire.
(Resistivity of iron: 1.0×10-7 Ω m,
(Resistivity of copper: 1.7×10-8 Ω m)
{Ans: 1.905×1034 Ω}
SOLUTION :

Resistance of iron core:

Resistance of copper section:

Two section are in parallel, so Resistance of wire given by:

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
LO 3.3

4. The resistance of tungsten filament of a bulb at 30°C is . 5 Ω. Under normal

operating conditions, the current in the filament is 0.30 A when the voltage of 3.0 V is
maintained across the bulb. If the temperature of coefficient of tungsten is 4.5×10-3,
what is the working temperature of the bulb?
{Ans: 1740.14 °C}
SOLUTION :

( ( )

( ( )

L.O 3.4

5. A 12 V battery has an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω. It is connected to a 6.0 Ω resistor.

(a) What is the current in the circuit?
(b) What is terminal voltage of the battery?
{Ans: 1.6 A, 9.6 V}
SOLUTION :

Close circuit,

(a)

( ) ( )

Open circuit,

(b)

( )( )
L.O 3.4
V
6. ɛ
r

A
R
$
FIGURE 3.2
FIGURE 3.2 show a battery with e.m.f, ɛ= 12 V and internal resistance, r =2 Ω is
connected to a resistor, R = 4 Ω.
(a) What is the reading of ammeter and voltmeter in the circuit?
(b) When resistor of 4 Ω is replaced by a conductor of zero resistance, what is the
new reading of the ammeter and voltmeter.
{Ans: (a) 2 A, 8V, (b) 6 A, 0 V}
SOLUTION :

(a)

( ) ( )

( )( )

(b)

( ) ( )

( )( )
L.O 3.5

7 (a) (i) Three identical resistors are connected in series. If effective resistance
is 60 Ω, what is the resistance of the resistors?
(ii) What is the resistance of the resistor that must be connected in
parallel with 15 Ω resistor to obtain the effective resistance of 5 Ω?
(b) Determine the effective resistance of resistor for each circuit.

12.0
4.0 Ω
(i) (ii) 3.0
Ω
Ω 4.0
2.0 2.0 Ω
A Ω Ω B A
4.0
10.0 Ω
Ω B

(iii) .0 kΩ (iv)
4.0 Ω 6.0 Ω
A

8.0 Ω
2.0 kΩ 2.0 kΩ
2.0 kΩ 2.0 kΩ
8.0 Ω

{Ans: (a) (i) 20 Ω, (ii) 7.5 Ω ,(b) (i) 2.0 Ω (ii) 5.0 Ω (iii) 3.0 × 103 Ω (iv) 15.43 Ω }

SOLUTION :

7 (a) i.

ii.
7. (b) i.

ii.

iii.
v. 4.0 Ω 6.0 Ω
A

8.0 Ω

L.O 3.5

8. (a)
5.0 Ω
6.0 Ω
8.0 Ω

12 V
FIGURE 3.3

FIGURE 3.3 shows three resistors connected with battery of e.m.f 12 V and
negligible internal resistance.
(i) Calculate the total resistance in the circuit.
(ii) Calculate the voltage across the 8.0 Ω resistor.

(b)

3.0 A I2 6.0 Ω

2.0 Ω I1 4.0 Ω

FIGURE 3.4
FIGURE 3.4 shows three resistors of resistance 2.0 Ω, 6.0 Ω and 4.0 Ω are
connected to a battery. The current from the battery is 3.0 A. Calculate the value of
the currents I1 and I2. (negligible internal resistance of the battery)
{Ans: (a) (i) 9.08 Ω, (ii) 4.08 V, (b) 1.8 A,1.2 A}
SOLUTION :

(a) i.

(a) ii.
( )

( )( )

→ resistor are in parallel arrangement

( )

(b)

( )( )

→ resistor are in parallel arrangement

L.O. 3.6

9.

FIGURE 3.5

(a) FIGURE 3.5 is a complete cycle of a circuit. Find the current in the 4.0 Ω
resistor in the drawing. Specify the direction of the current.

FIGURE 3.6
(b) FIGURE 3.6 consists of four resistors and two dry cells connected in series.
Find the potential difference between point A and B.

{Ans: (a) 1.32 A downwards, (b) 19.6 V}

SOLUTION :

(a)

Loop 1 :

( )

Loop 2 :

( ) ( )
Current at 4 Ω is 1.32 A downwards

(b)
( )

( )

OR

( )( )

L.O. 3.6 & L.O. 3.8

10.

FIGURE 3.7
(a) Find the magnitude and the direction of the current in the 2.0 Ω resistor in
FIGURE 3.7.

FIGURE 3.8
 (b) Point A to point C in FIGURE 3.8 above is a part of a complete circuit. Point
A has a potential difference of +12 V, point C has + 4V, and a resistor is
placed in series with resistor R. If the potential difference between point A
and B is 3.2 V, find the value of resistance R.

{Ans: (a) 0.727 A to the left, b) 3000 Ω}

SOLUTION :

(a)

----------(1)

Loop 1 :

----------(2)
Loop 2 :

-----------(3)

The current that pass through 2 Ω is 0.727 A to the left.

(b) ,R=?

( )

( )( )
L.O. 3.7

11.

FIGURE 3.9
FIGURE 3.9 shows a circuit that contains a battery, two resistors, and a switch.
(a) What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit when the switch is

(i) open and

(ii) closed

(b) What is the total power delivered to the resistors when the switch is

(i) open and

(ii) closed

{Ans: (a)(i) 65 Ω ,(ii) , (b)(i) ,(ii) }

SOLUTION :

(a) i. Open only R1 is connected

RE = 65 Ω

ii. Closed R1 & R2 both connected

(b) i. Open

OR

𝑃 𝐼 𝑅 ( ) ( ) 𝟏 𝟐𝟓 𝑾
(b)ii.Closed
OR

𝑃 ( ) ( ) 𝟐 𝟎𝟗 𝑾

L.O. 3.7

12.

FIGURE 3.10
FIGURE 3.10 shows two resistors, 42.0 Ω and 64.0 Ω, are connected in parallel. The
current through the 64.0 Ω resistor is 3.00 A.
(a) Determine the current in resistor 42.0 Ω.
(b) What is the total power supplied to the two resistors?
{Ans: (a) 4.57 A , (b) 1453.7 W}
SOLUTION :

(a)

( )

(b)

( )( )

OR

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
L.O. 3.8
13. Three resistors, 25 Ω, 45 Ω, and 75 Ω, are connected in series with a potential
difference of 20 V. Find the potential difference across resistor 75 Ω.
{Ans: 10.34 V}
SOLUTION :

( ) ( )

L.O. 3.9
14.

FIGURE 3.11
FIGURE 3.11 shows a simple potentiometer. Wire XY has length 100 cm and
resistance of 5.0 Ω. The galvanometer G shows no deflection when the jockey is at
Z, a distance 40 cm from X. By neglecting the internal resistance of the 10.0 V
battery, calculate the emf ξS of the battery S.
{Ans: 2.856 V}
SOLUTION :

( )

( )

( )

( )
L.O. 3.9
15.

FIGURE 3.12
(a) FIGURE 3.12 shows a potential divider consisting of wire AB of length 1.0 m with
resistance 2 Ω. A cell of emf 5 V with negligible internal resistance is connected in series
with the wire. When another cell with emf ξ2 is connected to the potential divider, the
galvanometer balanced at 60 cm from A to C. Find the ξ2.

FIGURE 3.13
(b) The circuit is then added with a 0.5 Ω, connected in series with the ξ1 as shown in
FIGURE 3.13. Find the new length so that the reading of the galvanometer stays zero.

FIGURE 14

(c) A 2 Ω resistor is then attached to the circuit, in series with the emf ξ2 as in FIGURE 14
causing the balanced length of the wire now at 68 cm. Find the internal resistance of emf ξ2.
{Ans: (a) 3V, (b) 0.75 m, (c) 0.206 Ω }
SOLUTION :

(a)

(b)

( )

(c)

( )

( )

( )

Prepared by:ARIAR & NAA

 CHAPTER 4: MAGNETISM
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
4.1 Magnetic field:
(a) Define magnetic field
(b) Identify magnetic field sources
Example:
i. Bar magnet and current-current carrying conductor (straight
wire, circular coil and solenoid)
ii. Earth magnetic field
(c) Sketch magnetic field lines for
i. Bar magnet and current-current carrying conductor (straight
wire, circular coil and solenoid)
ii. Earth magnetic field,
(d) Determine the value of the horizontal component of the earth magnetic field, BE
(Experiment 4: Magnetic field)

4.2 Resultant magnetic field produced by current-carrying conductor

(a) Sketch magnetic field diagram at a point (limited to two current carrying straight
wires and 2D)
(b) Determine direction of by using right hand rule.
(c) Determine the magnitude of magnetic field by using:
i. for a long straight wire
ii. at the center of a circular coil
iii. 𝜇 at the center of a solenoid

iv. 𝜇 at the end of a solenoid

4.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field

(a) Explain and use magnetic force, F = qv x B
(b) Determine the direction of force.
(c) Describe circular motion of a charge in a uniform magnetic field
(d) Use relationship FB= Fc
4.4 Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
(a) Explain and use magnetic force, F = I l x B
(b) Determine direction of force

4.5 Forces between two parallel current-carrying conductors

(a) Explain magnetic force per unit length of two parallel current-carrying
conductors.
F o I1 I 2
(b) Derive and use magnetic force per unit length, 
l 2 d

4.6 Torque on a coil

(a) Use torque,   N I A  B where N = number of turns.

(b) Explain briefly the working principles of a moving coil galvanometer.

4.7 Application of motion of charged particle

(a) Explain the motion of a moving charged particle in magnetic field and electric
field for v, B and E perpendicular to each other.

E
(b) Use velocity, v  in a velocity selector. (e.g. Bainbridge mass spectrometer)
B

TUTORIAL 4

LO 4.1

1. (a) Sketch magnetic field lines for

(i) a bar magnet

(ii) a long straight wire carries a upward current

(iii) solenoid

(b) State the differences between bar magnet and solenoid.

(c) Where along your field lines is the magnetic force strongest?

{Ans: (a) and (b) DIY}

SOLUTION :

(i. ) (ii) (iii)

(b)
Bar Magnet Solenoid
Permanent Electromagnet acts as a magnet only when electricity is
Magnet passed through it

(c) The magnetic force is strongest near the poles, where the magnetic field lines come
together.

LO 4.2

2.(a) A long straight wire carries current of 10.0A. If the magnetic field at the
point X is 5 x 10-4 T, find its distance from the wire.

(b) A circular coil has 15 turns and the current flow is 20.0 A. If the magnetic field
strength at the centre of the coil is 8.0 × 10−4 T, find the diameter of the coil.

(c) A solenoid of 50 turns is carrying a current of 10 mA. The magnetic field strength at

the centre is 1.05 × 10−6 T. Calculate the length of the solenoid.

(d) The length of the 70 turns solenoid is 120 cm carrying a current 40 mA. Calculate

the magnetic field strength at the end of the solenoid.

{Ans: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) }
SOLUTION :

(a)

( )

r = 4 x 10-3 m

(b)

( )( )
8

r = 0.24m

d = 0.24 x 2 = 0.48 m

(c)

( )( )( )

L = 0.6m

(d) 𝜇

( ) ( )= 1.47 x10-6 T

T
LO 4.2

3. 10 cm

10 cm
I1 I2

FIGURE 4.1

The two wire I1 and I2 in FIGURE 4.1 carry current of 8.0 A and 4.0 A.

(a) Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field middle point between
the wires.

(b) Determine the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point T, 10.0 cm
above the wire carrying I2.
 {Ans: (a) – ( )( ) (
)}

SOLUTION :

(a)

Bnet = B1y + (-B2y)

= ( )

( ) ( )
= ( ( )
)
( )

=1.6x10-5 T (upward)
(a) At point T, √

( )
T
( )

( )
B2 = T
( )

x-component y-component
B1 -B1 cos 45 B1 sin 45
= -1.13 x 10-5cos 45 = 1.13×10-5 sin 45
= -8 x 10-6 T = 8 x 10-6 T
B2 -8 × 10-6 T 0
B -16 × 10-5 T 7.99 × 10-6 T

B=√ = √( ) ( ) = 1.79 x 10-5 T

tan -1 θ =

= 26.57o above negative x-axis

LO 4.2

4. A 100 turns circular coil of radius 6.0 cm is carrying current of 12.0 A. Another coil
has 80 turns and radius 8.0 cm carries the same current. What is the ratio of magnetic
field at the centre B1 to B2?

{Ans: 5:3}

SOLUTION :

Given : 2 coils
R1=6.0 cm ; R2=8.0 cm ; N1=100 turns ; N2=80 turns; I1=12.0 A ; I2=12.0 A
Magnetic field at centre of coil 1

Magnetic field at centre of coil 2

=5:3

LO 4.2

5 I2

R
D

I1

FIGURE 4.2

A circular loop has radius R and carries I2 in a clockwise direction as shown in

FIGURE 4.2. The centre of the loop is a distance D above a long, straight wire.
What are the magnitude and direction of the current I1 in the wire if the magnetic
field at the centre of the loop is zero?

{Ans:
SOLUTION :

Identify: The net field is the vector sum of the fields due to the circular loop and to the long
straight wire.

Long straight wire,

Loop,

At the center of the circular loop, the current I2 generates a magnetic field that is into the
page, therefore the current I1 must point to the right.
For complete cancellation the two fields must have the same magnitude:

𝜇 𝜇

LO 4.3

6. The negative charge enter into a uniform magnetic field with speed, v.

(a) Explain why a charged particle moves in a circular path with a constant speed
when it enter to a uniform magnetic field.

(b) What is the relationship between radius, r and the velocity, v. Explain your
answer?

{Ans: (a) and (b) DIY}

SOLUTION :

(a) The force by the magnetic field on the moving electron is always

perpendicular to the direction of motion. This magnetic force provides the centripetal force
for circular motion.
FB = Fc

Since the face is perpendicular to the motion, there is no component of the force in direction
of the motion. Hence the magnitude of velocity is not changed.
F = qvB

Force is a vector product of v and B. For F, to be perpendicular to both v and B, the charge
must move in a circular path.
(b) FB = Fc

r ∝ v – radius increase velocity increase

LO 4.3
7. A proton moves with speed of 7.0 x 106 m s-1 perpendicularly into a magnetic field
of 0.50T. (Given: Mass of proton = 1.67 x 10-27 kg and charge, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C)
(a) Sketch the magnetic field and path of proton.
(i) when magnetic field, B into the page
(ii) when magnetic field, B out of the page
(b) Calculate the radius of path taken by the proton.

(c) If the proton is replaced by an electron, state two differences between the
path electron with the original path of the proton.

{Ans: (a) i. and ii. DIY, (b) 0.15m (c) DIY}

SOLUTION :

(a)

(b) FB= Fc

( )( )
( )( )

r = 0.15 m
(c) The differences of path made by proton and electron
(i) The path of the electron is opposite direction with the path of proton eg: If the path of
proton is clockwise, so the path of electron is anticlockwise
(ii) The radius of the path made by electron is smaller compare with the radius of the path
made by proton because mass of electron less than mass of proton.

LO 4.4

8. (a) FIGURE 4.3 shows a conductor carrying current, I in a uniform magnetic

field B.
I

FIGURE 4.3

Show the force due to the magnetic field on the conductor.

(b) A wire carries a current of 10 A in a direction that makes an angle 55 ° in a

uniform magnetic field of strength 0.4 T. Calculate the magnetic force acting
on this wire if the length of wire is 15.0 mm.

{Ans: (a) DIY, (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a) Upward

(b)
( )( )( )
LO 4.5

9. FIGURE 4.4 shows two long straight parallel copper wires X and Y are placed at a
distance r apart. X carries current of 6 A and Y carries current of 10 A in the
opposite direction.

Wire X Wire Y

6A 10A
FIGURE 4.4

(a) Find the location of a point from wire Y, in term of r, where the resultant
magnetic field will be zero.

(b) If the force per unit length acting on the wires is 3.0×10−3 N m−1, calculate
the value of r.

{Ans: (a) 2.5r (To the left of wire Y), (b) 4.00 mm}

SOLUTION :

(a)
𝜇 𝜇
( )

( )

(To the left of wire Y)

(b)

( )( )( )
LO 4.4 & 4.5

10.

10 cm

FIGURE 4.5

FIGURE 4.5 shows two long parallel wires separated 10 cm carries current of 8 A and 5 A
respectively.

(a) Calculate the resultant magnetic field at point C

(b) Calculate the force per unit length on each wire.

(c) Sketch a labelled diagram to show clearly the direction of the force and

magnetic field on each wire.

(d) What is the direction of the force on each wire of both current are in
the same direction?

{ANS: (a) ( )( ) , (c) and

(d) DIY}

SOLUTION :

(a) B create by wire P is out of page

B create by wire Q is out of page

𝜇 𝜇

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
 =

= T (out of page

( )( )
(b) = N m−1
( )
(c)

(d) Point towards each other (Attract)

LO 4.5

11. X 4 cm Q
P

7A
5A 11 cm

S R
3 cm
FIGURE 4.6

The FIGURE 4.6 shows a long straight conductor, X, carrying a current of 7A. A
rectangular metal frame PQRS is suspended with PS 3.0 cm from X. The sides of PQ
and QR are 4.0 cm and 11.0 cm respectively, and a current of 5 A flows in the
rectangular coil as indicated. The conductor X and the metal frame PQRS are in the
same plane. Calculate

(a) the magnetic force on the wire PS,

(b) the magnetic force on the wire QR. Hence, calculate the resultant magnetic
force on PQRS and determine its direction.

{Ans: (a) ( )
SOLUTION :

(a) The force on the wire PS by the current in X is attractive. The direction of the force
on PS is towards the left.

( )

( )( )( )
( )

N to the left

(b) The force on the wire QR by the current in X is repulsive. The force on QR

is towards the right.

( )

( )( )( )
( )

The resultant force = FQR – FPS

=1.1×10-5 −2.57×10-5

= -1.47 × 10-5 N to the left.

LO 4.6

12. FIGURE 4.7 shows a uniform rectangular coil of total mass 200 g and dimensions
0.50 m × 1.50 m is oriented perpendicular to a uniform 3.00 T magnetic field. A current of 3
A is suddenly started in the coil.

I A1 B

0.5 m

A2

1.5 m
FIGURE 4.7

a) About which axis (A1 or A2) will the coil begin to rotate? Why?
b) What torque acts on the coil just after the current is started.
{Ans: (a) DIY, (b) i. DIY, ii. 6.75 Nm}

SOLUTION :

a. The coil rotates about axis A2

No magnetic forces act on left and right sides because the current in these sides are
parallel to the field.

Magnetic forces do act on top and bottom sides because current at these sides are
oriented perpendicular to the field.

These 2 forces point in opposite directions and the coil rotates about axis A2 because
the only torque is along top and bottom sides of the coil.
b)
( )( )( )
LO 4.6

13. (a) Explain the working principles of a moving coil galvanometer.

(b)

FIGURE 4.8

FIGURE 4.8 shows in an electric motor, a coil with 200 turns of radius 2.0
cm can rotate between the poles of a magnet. The magnetic field strength is
0.40 T. If the maximum torque that the motor can deliver is 1.50 x 10-3 Nm,

calculate the current through the coil.

{Ans: (a) DIY, (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a) A galvanometer consists of a coil of wire loops on an iron core that pivots

between the pole faces of a permanent magnet. Attached to the coil is a spring. With no current in the
coil, the pointer is at zero. When there is a current in the coil, the magnetic field exerts a torque on
the coil that is proportional to the current.

The coil turns (rotates). As the coil turns, the spring supplies a counter torque, which opposes
magnetic field torque. When the two torques in equilibrium, the pointer indicates a deflection angle
that is proportional to the coil current.

(b)

( ) ( )( )
LO 4.7

14. (a) Write the expression for the force acting on an electron carrying a charge e

moving with velocity v when it enters perpendicularly into

(i) downward an electric field of intensity E.

(ii) a magnetic field of intensity B that point into the page.

(b) Sketch a diagrams showing the direction of field, velocity and path of the

electron and the force acting on it for the motion in part (a) (i) and (ii).

(c) Determine the velocity of the electron in order for it to move in straight line
in the electric field 𝐶 and magnetic field .

{Ans: (a) & (b) DIY (c) 4000ms-1}

SOLUTION :

(a) i. Electric force, Fe = qE

ii. Magnetic force, F = qvB
B

(b) i. & ii

Fe

FB

(c)

Editted by : Hj Aziz & Hanani

 CHAPTER 5 : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to
5.1 Magnetic Flux
a) Define and use magnetic flux,
b) Use magnetic flux linkage,   N

5.2 Induced emf

a) Explain induced emf by using Faraday’s experiment.
d
b) State and use Faraday’s Law,   
dt
c) State and use Lenz’s law to determine the direction of induced current.
d) Derive and use induced emf in:
i. a straight conductor,   Blvsin
dB dA
ii. a coil    NA ,    NB
dT dT
iii. a rotating coil,   NAB sin t 

5.3 Self-inductance
a) Define self-inductance

b) Apply self-inductance, L   for coil and solenoid, where:
 dI 
 
 dt 
N
i. L
I
 N2A
ii. Lcoil 
2r
 N2A
iii. Lsolenoid 

5.4 Energy stored in inductor

1 2
a) Derive and use the energy stored in an inductor, U  LI
2
5.5 Mutual Inductance
a) Define mutual inductance.
 N1 N 2 A
b) Use mutual inductance, M  between two coaxial solenoids.
 TUTORIAL 5
LO 5.1
1. A circular surface whose radius is 0.10 m is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.56 T, with its plane oriented at an angle θ=30o with respect to the field. What is the
magnetic flux through the surface?
{Ans:8.8x10-3 Wb}
SOLUTION :

( )( )( ) ( )

LO 5.1
2. A rectangular coil has 25 turns and an area of 2.5 X 10-4 m2. It is placed in a
magnetic field of strength 6.8 X 10-6 T. Calculate the flux linkage when the plane of
the coil is
(a) parallel to the magnetic field
(b) perpendicular to the magnetic field

{Ans: 0, 4.25 x 10-8 Wb}

SOLUTION :

(a) ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )

LO 5.1 & 5.2

3. A circular coil of radius 3.0 cm is placed inside a uniform magnetic field of 0.2T
with its plane at an angle θ with the direction of the magnetic field.
(a) Determine the magnetic flux through the coil when θ=60o.
(b) If the coil is now rotated about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to
the field at the rate of 4 rotations per second, what is the maximum emf
induced in the coil.
{Ans: }
SOLUTION :

) ( ) ( )( )( )

o
60
B
) ( )
A
( )

( )( )( )( )

LO 5.2

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X

FIGURE 5.1
4. FIGURE 5.1 shows a thin copper rod AB of length 1.2m is moved vertically
lengthwise across a horizontal magnetic field of 0.5T at a speed of 2.0 ms-1. If the
resistance of the rod is 5Ω, determine the magnitude and direction of induced current.
{Ans:0.24A}
SOLUTION :

( )

( )( )( )
LO 5.2
5. A coil of 200 turns and 3cm in diameter lies perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
field with a flux density of 2 x10-2 T. The field falls evenly to 0T in 1s. Calculate the
emf generated.
{Ans: 2.83 x 10-3 V}

SOLUTION :

For a coil,

( )( ) ( )
( )

LO 5.2
6. A 200 turns rectangular coil of dimension 10cm x 15cm rotates in a uniform
magnetic field of 200 mT at a constant angular speed of 500 rpm.
(a) Determine the voltage produced at the instant when the plane of the coil
makes an angle 60o with the field.
(b) What is the maximum voltage produced?
{Ans:15.71V, 31.42V}
SOLUTION :

(a) ( )

( )( )( )( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )( )( )( )
LO 5.2
7. The magnetic flux that passes through a 12-turn coil of wire changes to 4.0Wb from
10.0Wb within 0.05 s. The average induced current in the coil is 20 A. What is the
resistance of the wire?
{Ans: 72Ω}
SOLUTION :

( )( )
( )

LO 5.2
8.

FIGURE 5.2
Referring to FIGURE 5.2 above, the bar magnet is moved at constant velocity
towards and away from a fixed solenoid. Using Lenz’s law, state the direction of the
induced current as the bar magnet moving towards the solenoid and moving away
from the solenoid.
{Ans: DIY}
SOLUTION :

When North pole of a bar magnet is taken nearer to the coil, an emf is induced in the coil
and hence current flows through it in such a direction that side Y of the coil attains North
polarity which restricts the movement of the bar magnet. Therefore, galvanometer reading at
this moment will deflect to the right – current is moving in anti clockwise direction.

Whereas, when North pole of the bar magnet is taken away from the coil, the direction of
induced emf in the coil is reversed and side Y of the coil attains South polarity which again
restricts the movement of the coil. Therefore, galvanometer reading at this moment will
deflect to the left – current is moving in clockwise direction.

LO 5.2
9.

FIGURE 5.3

Refer FIGURE 5.3 a magnet is dropped through a wire coil. As it goes through a
current is generated in the coil which produces a magnetic field near the coil.
(a) Which magnetic pole (N or S) is produced at X as the magnet goes into the top
of the coil? Explain your answer.
(b) Which magnetic pole (N or S) is produced at Y as the magnet leaves the bottom
of the coil? Why?

{Ans: DIY}
SOLUTION :

a) North Pole. By Lenz's Law the induced current must oppose the change which
causes - so it must repel the magnet.
b) North pole (N) - to attract the South pole of the magnet as it moves away.
LO 5.3
10. An air core solenoid has 300 turns, length 20 cm and cross-sectional area of 4 cm2. A
current flow in the solenoid at a rate of 50 As-1. Calculate the emf induced in the
solenoid.
{Ans: 11.3x10-3 V}
SOLUTION :

( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )

LO 5.3
11. Calculate the value of emf in an inductor if the value of inductance is 15H and an
average current of 5A flows through it in 10s.
{Ans: 7.5 V}

SOLUTION :

( )( )=7.5 V

LO 5.4

12. A 300 turns solenoid of length 25 cm and cross-sectional area 0f 4.0 cm2 is
connected to a 20V power supply. If total resistance of the coil is 60Ω, calculate
energy that can be stored in the solenoid.
{Ans: 3.619x10-4 J}
SOLUTION :

( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )
LO 5.4
13. Energy stored in an inductor is 55 mJ when current flowing through the inductor is
75 mA. Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor and calculate the new current if
the energy stored increases to 3 times the original energy.
{Ans : 19.56H, 129.89mA}
SOLUTION :

( )

( ) ( )

LO 5.5
14. Two coils A and B are magnetically coupled. The emf of coil B is 2.5V when the
current through coil A changes at the rate of 4.0 As-1. Calculate
(a) the mutual inductance between the coils
(b) the induced emf in coil A if the current flows through coil B is 1.5As-1.
{Ans : 0.625H, 0.945V}
SOLUTION :

( )

( ) = (0.63)(1.5)=0.945 V
LO 5.5
15. Primary coil of a cylindrical former with the length of 80 cm and diameter 10 cm has
1500 turns. If the secondary coil has 85 turns, calculate its mutual inductance and the
induced emf in the secondary coil if the current flowing in the primary coil is
decreasing at the rate of 5.8 As-1.
{Ans: }

SOLUTION :

( )

( )( )
( )( )( )

( )( )

Editted by : Syaza & Farhan

 CHAPTER 6: ALTERNATING CURRENT

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, student should be able to:

6.1 Alternating Current
(a) Define alternating (AC).
(b) Sketch and interpret sinusoidal AC waveform.
(c) Use sinusoidal voltage and current equations, V  V sint & I  I sint

6.2 Root mean square (rms)

(a) Define root mean square (rms)
I V
(b) Use I rms  o , Vrms 
2 2

6.3 Resistance, reactance and impedance

(a) Sketch and use phasor diagram and sinusoidal waveform to show the phase
relationship between current and voltage for a single component circuit of:
i. Resistor,R
ii. Capacitor,C
iii. Inductor,L
(b) Use phasor diagram to analyse voltage, current, and impedance of series circuit
of RL, RC, RLC.
(c) Define and use:
1
i. Capacitive reactance, X c 
2 fC
ii. Inductive reactance, X L  2 fL

iii. Impedance, Z  R 2
  X L  XC 
2

 X L  XC 
iv. Phase angle,   tan 1
R
(d) Discuss and explain graphically the dependence of R, Xc,XL and Z on f and relate
it to resonance.

6.4 Power and power factor

(a) Apply in AC circuit consisting of R, RC, RL and RLC in series:
i. Average power,
Pav  I rmsVrms cos 
*Also known as power loss that only occurs in resistor.
ii. Instantaneous power,
 P  IV
iii. Power factor,
P Pav
cos   r 
Pa I rmsVrms

TUTORIAL 6

LO 6.1
1.

FIGURE 6.1
The graphs in FIGURE 6.1 shows the emf induced versus time generated by an AC
generator. The coil of the generator has 10 turns with a cross-sectional area
and the magnetic flux is Determine
(a) the peak voltage and
(b) the voltage when
{ANS: (a) 6.6 V (b) 2.039 V}
SOLUTION :

a. Induced emf in coil ( ) ( )

From graph:

Angular velocity,

Maximum voltage, = 0(0. 5)(0.28)(5π) = 6.6 V

b. Voltage when t= 0.02 s

( ) (( )( ))
LO 6.1
2. FIGURE 6.2 below shows the variation of current with time of sinusoidal
alternating current (AC).

FIGURE 6.2
(a) Calculate the angular frequency of the current.
(b) Write the mathematic expression for the current.
{Ans: (a) (b) DIY}
SOLUTION :

(a)

(b) ( ) where I in Ampere, t in seconds

LO 6.2
3. An AC voltage source has an output of:

This source is connected to a resistor. Find

(a) the maximum current and
(b) rms current in the resistor
{Ans: (a) 2 A (b) 1.4142 A}
SOLUTION :

a. Applying Ohm’s Law:

b. Using:
√ √
LO 6.2 & 6.3
4. A 10.0 μF capacitor is connected to a 120 V, 80 Hz source. What are
(a) the capacitive reactance and
(b) the current (rms & peak) in the circuit?
{Ans: (a) (b) 0.603 A, 0.853 A}
SOLUTION :

a. The capacitive reactance:

𝐶 𝐶 ( )( )

b. The rms current:

The peak current:

√ √

LO 6.2 & 6.3

5. (a) Why do the average values of alternating voltage and alternating current give
very little information about their actual behavior?
(b) Why does root mean square current useful?
(c) How do the resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive reactance change when
the frequency in a circuit is decreased? Explain your answer.
{Ans: (a) (b) DIY (c) DIY}
SOLUTION :

(a) Alternating voltage and alternating current are positive for half the time and negative
for other half of the time, therefore average value for both alternating voltage and current is
zero, which doesn’t give a meaningful picture because when the AC flow in resistor, power
is dissipated and if average values equal to zero, from it implies that there is no
dissipation of power.
 (b) Because the root mean square current gives the equivalent direct current that
would produced the same power dissipation in a given resistor.

(c) When the frequency is decreased

 there is no change in resistance because resistance independent of frequency.

1
 the capacitive reactance, XC increases because X c  , ∝
2 fC
 the inductive reactance, XL decreases because X L  2 fL , ∝

LO 6.2 & 6.4

6. An electrical device is connected to an AC source with peak voltage of 36 V. If the
equivalent resistance of the device is 8 Ω, calculate
(a) the rms current through the device and
(b) the power delivered to the device
{Ans: (a) 3.18 A (b) 80.899 W}
SOLUTION :

a. Applying Ohm’s Law:

Using:
√ √

b. ( ) ( )

LO 6.1, 6.2 & 6.4

7. An AC source V=100 sin t is connected across a resistor of 50 . Calculate
(a) the rms current in the resistor,
(b) the peak current,
(c) the mean power.
{Ans: (a) 1.4142 A (b) 2 A (c) 99.99 W}
SOLUTION :

a. Given :

By comparing to the

Thus the peak voltage is

a. By applying the formula of rms current, thus

and
√

√ √

b.The peak current of AC is given by

√

c.Mean power = Average power

( ) ( )

LO 6.2 & 6.3

8. An RCL circuit is used in a radio to tune in to an FM station broadcasting at 90.3 MHz.
The resistance in the circuit is 12 Ω & the inductances is 1.60 μH. What capacitance
should be used?
{Ans: 1.942 pF}
SOLUTION :

√ 𝐶

√( )𝐶

𝐶
( )

LO 6.2 & 6.3

9. A capacitor of capacitance C, a coil of inductance L, a resistor of resistance R and a lamp
of negligible resistance are placed in series with alternating voltage V. Its frequency f is
varied from a low to a high value while the magnitude of V is kept constant.
(a) Describe and explain how the brightness of the lamp varies.
(b) If V=0.02 V, C =0.3 F, L =0.5 H, R = 12  and the circuit at resonance,
calculate
 i. the resonant frequency
ii. the maximum rms current
iii. the voltage across the capacitor.
{Ans: (a)DIY (b) i. 410.9 Hz ii. iii. 2.16 V}
SOLUTION :

(a) When f is varied, the impedance Z of the circuit decreases to a minimum value
(resonance) and then increases. Z is a minimum when XL = XC, so that Z=R at resonance.
Since the current flowing in the circuit increases to a maximum and then decreases, the
brightness of the lamp increases to a maximum at resonance and then decreases.

(i)
√ √( )( )

(ii) Maximum current

(iii) Voltage across the capacitor

( ) ( )( )= 2.16 V
( )( )

LO 6.3
10. A 0.7 H inductor and a 50 Ω resistor are connected in series to an A.C source of rms
voltage 230 V and frequency 50 Hz. Calculate
(a) the reactance of the inductor.
(b) the impedance of the circuit.
{Ans: (a)219.9 Ω (b)266 Ω }
SOLUTION :

(a) Reactance of the inductor

( )( )

(b) Impedance

√
√
LO 6.3
11. A 6.2 mH inductor is connected to an A.C generator (12 V, 540 Hz). Determine the
peak value of the current supplied by the generator.
{Ans: 0.81 A}
SOLUTION :

( )

( )( )

√ √

LO 6.3
12. The reactance of a capacitor is 240 Ω when the A.C frequency is 580 Hz. What is the
reactance when the frequency is 960 Hz?
{Ans: 145 Ω}
SOLUTION :

( )(𝐶)
𝐶

𝐶 ( )( )

LO 6.3

FIGURE 6.3
13. Based on the RCL series circuit in FIGURE 6.3 above, the rms voltages across R, L
and C are shown.
(a) With the aid of the phasor diagram, determine the applied voltage and the phase
angle of the circuit.
(b) Which quantity lags: Current or Voltage? Explain your answer.
(c) calculate the current flows in the circuit if the resistance of the resistor R is 26 ,
(d) find the inductance and capacitance if the frequency of the AC source is 50 Hz,
(e) calculate the resonant frequency.
{Ans: (a) (c) (d) ( )
SOLUTION :

(a)

From the phasor diagram, the applied voltage V is

√ ( ) √( ) ( )

and the phase angle  is

( ) ( )

(b) Current. ∝

(c)

(d)
 𝐶

𝐶
( )( )
𝐶

( )

(e)
√ √( )( )

LO 6.3 & 6.4

14. An electric rms current of 0.2 A and frequency flows in A.C circuit consists of a

20Ω resistor, 500 μF capacitor and a 0. 5 H inductor arranged in series. Calculate

(a) the voltage across each component
(b) the rms voltage of the generator
(c) power dissipated across the circuit
{Ans: (a) (b) (c) }
SOLUTION :

a. Voltage across resistor, ( )( )

Capacitive reactance,
( )( )

Voltage across capacitor, ( )( )

Inductive reactance, ( )( )

Voltage across capacitor, ( )( )

b. Impedance, √ ( ) √ ( )

( )( )

c. ( ) ( )

LO 6.4
15. An RLC circuit has a resistance of 105 , an inductance of 85.0 mH and a
capacitance of 13.2 F.
(a) What is the power factor of the circuit if it is connected to a 125 Hz AC generator?
(b) Will the power factor increase, decrease or stay the same if the resistance is
increased? Explain.
{Ans: (a) 0.9622 (b) DIY}
SOLUTION :

a. The capacitive reactance is

𝐶 ( )( )
The inductive reactance is
( )( )
Impedance of the circuit is

√ ( ) √( ) ( )
Power factor of the circuit is

b. Increase
∝
As R increase, cos increase

Edited by Farha Binti Mohamed Yasin

 CHAPTER 7: GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

7.1 Reflection at a spherical surface
(a) State radius of curvature R = 2f for a spherical mirror.
(b) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the characteristics of image formed by
spherical mirrors.
1 1 1
 
(c) Use mirror equation f u v for real object only.
hi v
m 
(d) Define and use magnification ho u respectively.
7.2 Refraction at a spherical surface
n1 n2 n2  n1
 
(a) Use u v r for spherical surface.
7.1 Thin lenses
(a) Sketch and use ray diagrams to determine the characteristics of image formed by the
concave and convex lenses.
1 1 1
 
(b) Use thin lens equation u v f for real object.
hi v
m 
(c) Define and use magnification ho u respectively.

1  nmaterials  1 1 
   1  
(d) State and use lens maker’s equation f  nmedium  R1 R2 

* nair  1
 TUTORIAL 7

LO 7.1

1. A concave mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm forms a real image at a distance of 20

cm from the mirror. Determine
(a) the object distance.
(b) whether it is an upright or inverted image.
{Ans: (a)20cm, (b) -1}
SOLUTION :

(a)
1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
10 u 20
 u  20 cm

(b) inverted image because it forms a real image

OR
v 20
m   1
u 20 (since m is negative value, the image is inverted)

LO 7.1

2. A spherical mirror produces an upright image that is two times bigger than the object
when it is placed 25 cm from the mirror. State the type of the mirror and calculate
the radius of curvature of the mirror.

{Ans: 100cm}

SOLUTION :

Concave mirror (m >1)

v
m
u
v
2
25
v  50 cm
 1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
f 25 50
f  50 cm
r  2 f  2(50)  100 cm

LO 7.1

3. A spherical mirror produces a real image that is three times bigger as the object.
(a) State the type of spherical mirror.

(b) If the object is 20 cm in front of the mirror, calculate the image distance.

(c) What is the focal length of the mirror?

(d) Sketch a ray diagram of the image formed.

{Ans: (a) DIY, (b)6ocm, (c) 15cm, (d) DIY }

SOLUTION :

(a) concave mirror (forms a real image and bigger than the object)
(b)

v
m
u
v
3
20
v  60 cm
(c)

1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
f 20 60
f  15 cm
(d)

I
C O
F
LO7.1
4. A convex mirror has a radius of curvature 50 cm. A 20 cm tall object is placed 80 cm
from the mirror.
(a) Find the position of the image.
(b) Calculate the height of the image.
(c) State the characteristics of the image formed.
{Ans: (a) 19.05cm, (b) 4.76cm, (c) DIY}
SOLUTION :

R  50
f    25 cm
(a) 2 2

1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
 25 80 v
v  19.05 cm
hi v
m and m
ho u
hi v
(b) 
ho u
hi ( 19)

20 80
hi  4.76 cm
(c) virtual (formed at the back of mirror), diminished, upright

LO 7.1

5. An upright image is formed 20.5 cm from the real object by using the spherical
mirror. The image’s height is one fourth of the object's height.

(a) Where should the mirror be placed relative to the object?

(b) Calculate the radius of curvature of the mirror and describe the
type of mirror required.

(c) Sketch and label a ray diagram to show the formation of the image.
{Ans: (a) 16.4cm, (b) -10.9cm (c) DIY}
SOLUTION :

(a)

From figure
(1)
u  v  20.5
hi 1
  hi  0.25ho
ho 4
0.25ho v

ho u
v  0.25u (2) substitute into (1)

u   0.25u  20.5
u  16.4 cm
(b)

2 1 1
 
R u v
2 1 1
 
R 16.4 0.25(16.4)
R  10.9 cm

(c)
LO 7.2
6.

FIGURE 7.1
A semi-circle shaped cylindrical glass block has a radius of curvature 10.0 cm and a
refractive index 1.50 as shown in FIGURE 7.1. A pin is placed at the center of
curvature O. How far from the curve surface does the pin appear to be when it is
viewed along the axis of spherical surface?
{Ans: -10.0cm}
SOLUTION :

n1 n 2 n 2  n1
 
u v R
1.50 1.00 1.00  1.50
 
10 v  10
v  10.0 cm
(same side and coincides with that of the object)

LO 7.2
7.

n1 n2

FIGURE 7.2

FIGURE 7.2 shows a spherical surface of radius of curvature 5.0 cm in a medium 1

with refractive index of n1. Determine the distance of the image formed as seen by
observer in air when a point object is placed in the medium n1 at
(a) 5 cm
(b) 50 cm
(Given refractive index, n1 = 1.0, n2 = 1.52)
{Ans: (a) -15.8cm (b) 18.1cm}
SOLUTION :

(a)
n1 n 2 n 2  n1
  n1 = 1.0
u v R
n2 = 1.52
1.0. 1.52 1.52  1.0
 
5 v 5 5 cm
v 2  15.8 cm

(b)
n1 n 2 n 2  n1
 
u v R n1 = 1.0
1.0. 1.52 1.52  1.0 n2 = 1.52
 
50 v 5
50 cm
v 2  18.1 cm

LO 7.2
8. A glass sphere of refractive index 1.50 and of radius of curvature 20.0 cm.
(a) Sunlight incidents on the front surface are brought to a focus behind the hind
(back) surface of the sphere. Find the position from the hind surface where
the sunlight is brought to a focus.
(b) If a small light bulb is placed 10.0 cm from the front surface of the sphere,
where will the final image be formed?

{Ans: (a) 10cm, (b) ∞}

SOLUTION :

(a)
n1 n2 n2  n1
 
u v R
1.00 1.50 1.50  1.00
 
 v1  20.0
v1  60.0 cm
Next consider the hind surface
n1 n2 n2  n1
 
u v R
1.50 1.00 1.00  1.50
 
 20.0 v 2  20.0
v 2  10 cm (the final image is 10 cm from the hind surface)

(b)
n1 n2 n2  n1
 
u v R n1 = 1.0
n1 = 1.0
1.00 1.50 1.50  1.00 n2 = 1.5
 
10.0 v1 20.0
10 cm
v1  20.0 cm

Next consider the hind surface

n1 n2 n2  n1
  n1 = 1.0
u v R n2 = 1.5
1.50 1.00 1.00  1.50 40 cm
 
60.0 v 2  20.0 20 cm
v 2   (the final image is at infinity)

LO 7.3
9. A 10.0 cm tall object is placed 20.0 cm from a diverging lens. The virtual image
formed is 5.0 cm tall. What is the focal length of the lens? Sketch ray diagram to
show how the image is formed.
{Ans: -20cm}
SOLUTION :

v h
m and m  i
u ho
hi v 5 v O
    F I
ho u 10 20
v  10 cm
 1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
f 20 10
f  20 cm

LO 7.3
10. A camera gives a life-size picture of a bee when the film is 20.0 cm from the lens.
(a) What would be the distance between the lens and the film in order to
photograph a distant landscape?
(b) The camera is then used to photograph another bee 50.0 cm away. How far
and in which direction must the lens be moved to obtain a clear image on the
film?
{Ans: (a) 10cm, (b) 2.68cm}
SOLUTION :

(a) Life picture => size of the image = size of the object (u = v = 20 cm)
1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
f v v
v 20
f    10 cm
2 2
For a distant landscape u = ꝏ and the rays are parallel. Image is at a focal point. So image
distance, v = f =10 cm
d
film film
(b)

50 cm 10 cm 50-d 10+d

Previous New
1 1 1
  𝑑 𝑑
f u v
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
1 1 1
  500 + 50 d – 10 d – d2 = 600
10 50  d 10  d
 d  2.68 cm OR 37.32 cm 40 d – d2 – 100 = 0

(The best value of d for a camera is 2.68 cm)

LO 7.3
11. A converging lens has a convex surface with radius of curvature 20 cm and a
concave surface with radius of curvature 50 cm. What is the focal length of the lens
if it is made of glass of refractive index 1.50.
{Ans: 66.7cm}
SOLUTION :

1  n material  1 1 
   1  
f  n medium  R1 R2 
1  1.50  1 1 
  1  
f  1 .0  20 50 
 f  66.7 cm

LO 7.3

12. A rod of length 15 cm is placed along the principal axis of a converging lens of focal
length 10.0 cm. If the closest end of the rod is 20.0 cm from the lens, calculate the
length of the image formed.
{Ans: 6.0cm}
SOLUTION :

For the closest end of the rod:

u = +20 cm (real object)
Since u = 2f, hence v1 =2f
v1 = +20 cm u = 20 cm

f = 10 cm
For the far end of the rod:
1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
10.0 35.0 v
v 2  14.0 cm

Length of the image  v1  v2  20.0  14.0  6.0 cm

LO 7.3
13. A thin plano-concave lens is made of glass of refractive index of 1.52 and has a
radius of curvature of 30 cm
(a) determine the focal length of the lens.
(b) if an object is placed 10 cm in front of the lens, determine the position of the
image formed.
{Ans: (a) 57.7cm (b) 8.52cm}
SOLUTION :

(a)
OR
1  nmaterial  1 1 
   1  
f  nmedium  R1 R2 
1  1.52  1 1 1  1 1  Depend on
  1   OR  (1.52  1)   orientation of lens
f  1.0   30   f   30  due to the object
 f  57.7 cm
(b)
1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
 57.7 10 v
v  8.52 cm

LO 7.3

14.

FIGURE 7.3

FIGURE 7.3 shows a lens made from glass with refractive index of 1.52. the radius
of curvature of the lens are 15 cm and 10 cm.
(a) Determine focal length and type of lens.
(b) If the lens immersed in water solution of refractive index of 1.35, calculate its
new focal length.
{Ans: (a) 57.69cm, (b) 238.24cm}
SOLUTION :
(a) (b)

1  nmaterial  1 1  1  n material  1 1 
   1      1  
f  n medium  1
R R 2  f  n medium  1
R R 2 

1  1.52  1 1  1  1.52  1 1 
  1     1  
f  1. 0   15  10  f  1.35   15  10 
 f  57.69 cm  f  238.24 cm
Since f = +ve, it is a converging lens

LO 7.3

15.

FIGURE 7.4
FIGURE 7.4 shows an object is placed 20 cm from a biconcave lens. The refractive
index of the lens is 1.52 and the radius of curvature for each spherical surface is 20
cm.
(a) Determine the focal length of the lens.
(b) Calculate the position of the image.
(c) Sketch and label a ray diagram to show the formation of the image for the
case above.
{Ans: (a) -19.2cm (b) -9.80cm}
SOLUTION :
(a) (c)

1  nlens  1 1 
   1  
f  n air  1
R R 2 

1  1.52  1 1 
  1  
f  1.0   20 20 
 f  19.2 cm F

(b) 1 1 1
 
f u v
1 1 1
 
 19.2 20.0 v
v  9.80 cm Prepared by RMZ
 CHAPTER 8: PHYSICAL OPTICS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, student should be able to:
8.1 Huygens’s principle
(a) State Huygens’s principle (e.g., spherical and plane wave fronts).
(b) Sketch and explain the wave front of light after passing through a single slit and
obstacle using Huygens’s principle.

8.2 Constructive and destructive interferences

(a) Define coherence.
(b) State the conditions for interference of light.
(c) State the conditions of constructive and destructive interference.

8.3 Interference of transmitted light through double-slits

(a) Use for bright fringes (maxima), , where m =0, + , +2, +3, …
( )
Use for dark fringes (minima), , where m =0, + , +2, +3, …
(b) Use 𝛥 and explain the effect of changing any of the variables.

8.3 Interference of reflected light in thin films

(a) Identify the occurrence of phase change upon reflection.
(b) Describe with the aid of a diagram the interference of light in thin films at normal
incidence.
(c) Use the following equations for reflected light with no phase difference (non-
reflective coating):

Constructive interference:
Destructive interference: 2nt = (m+ ) where m = 0, ± , ±2, ±3, …

(d) Use the following equations for reflected light of phase difference (reflective
coating):
Constructive interference: ( )
Destructive interference: 2nt = m where m = 0, ± , ±2, ±3, …

(e) Explain the application of thin films (e.g.: solar panel, glass tint).

8.4 Diffraction by single slit

(a) Define diffraction.
(b) Explain with the aid of a diagram the diffraction of a single slit.
(c) Use: , for dark fringes (minima)
 ( )
(d) Use: , for bright fringes (maxima),where n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ...

8.6 Diffraction grating

(a) Explain with the aid of a diagram the formation of diffraction.
(b) Apply, where

TUTORIAL 8

LO 8.1

1. Make an accurate sketch to illustrate Huygens Principle :

(Use incoming parallel wave fronts entering a single slit and exiting and assume the
).
{Ans: DIY}
SOLUTION :

LO 8.1

2. Sketch Huygens’s principle for various situation ( ):

(a) (b)

SOLUTION :

(a) (b)
LO 8.2

3. (a) Interference of two light waves can only take place if their source is coherent.
Explain the meaning of interference and coherent in this statement.
(b) Two slits are illuminated by light consisting of two wavelengths and .
The second-order dark fringe of the 600 nm light is formed at the same position
on a screen as the third-order bright fringe of the light. Determine .
{Ans: (a) DIY (b) 500 nm}
SOLUTION :

(a) Interference: When two light waves superimpose at a certain point, a

maximum(bright) or a minimum(dark) region will be produced according to the
principle of superposition.

Coherent: The two light waves have the same wavelength and the phase difference
constant with time

(b) Given

( )
( )
( )

LO 8.3

4. A coherent light that contains two wavelengths, 660 nm (red) and 470 nm (blue)
passes through two narrow slits separated by 0.3 mm and the interference pattern is
observed on a screen 5.00 m from the slits. Determine the distance between the first
order bright fringe for each wavelength.
{Ans: 3.17 mm}
SOLUTION:
Given

( )( )( )
( ) ( )
 ( )

( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
Distance between both = 11mm – 7.83 mm = 3.17 mm

LO 8.3

5. A monochromatic light of wavelength 560 nm passes through a Young’s double-slit

system of unknown slit separation. After that, the slits are illuminated by a
monochromatic light of unknown wavelength. It was observed that the 4th order
minimum of the known wavelength light overlapped with the 5th order maximum of
the unknown wavelength light on a screen. Calculate the wavelength of the unknown
wavelength light.
{Ans: 504 nm}
SOLUTION:
Given 4th order minimum = 5th order maximum (overlapped)

( )

( )( )

LO 8.3

6. (a) Young’s double-slit experiment is performed with 589-nm light and a distance of
2.00 m between the slits and the screen. The tenth interference minimum is observed
7.26 mm from the central maximum. Determine the spacing of the slits.
(b) A Young’s Interference experiment is performed with monochromatic light. The
separation between the slits is 0.500 mm, and the interference pattern on a screen 3.30 m
away shows the first side maximum 3.40 mm from the center of the pattern. What is the
wavelength? {Ans: (a) 1.54 mm (b) 515 nm}
 SOLUTION:
(a) Given

( )

( )

( )( )
( )
( )

(b) Given

( )( )
( )( )

LO 8.4

7. A thin film of gasoline floats on a puddle of water. Sunlight falls almost perpendicularly
on the film and reflects into your eyes. Although the sunlight is white, since it contains all
colors, the film has a yellow hue because destructive interference has occurred
eliminating the color of blue ( ) from the reflected light. If the refractive
indices for gasoline and water are 1.40 and 1.33 respectively, calculate the minimum
thickness of the film.
{Ans: 168 nm}
SOLUTION:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

( )
LO 8.4

8. White light is incident normally on a thin soap film (n = 1.33) suspended in air:
(a) What are the two minimum thickness that will constructively reflect yellow
light of wavelength 590 nm?
(b) What are the two minimum thickness that will destructively reflect yellow light
of wavelength 590 nm?
{Ans: (a) 111 nm, 333 nm (b) 222 nm, 444 nm}

SOLUTION:

(a) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

Constructively reflect: ( )

First two minimum thickness m = 0,1

n = 1.33

(b) Similar as above but destructively reflect:

First two minimum thickness m = 1,2

n = 1.33

LO 8.4

9. An oil film floats on water. The refractive indices of the oil and water are 1.30 and
1.33 respectively.
(a) If the oil film has uniform thickness of 100 nm, calculate the maximum
wavelength of reflected light for destructive interference.
(b) If the colour of the oil film keeps changing when viewed from the same angle,
explain the reason for this phenomenon.
{Ans: (a) (b) DIY}
SOLUTION:

(a) Given n = 1.30 and

Apply: ( )

( )( ) ( )

(b) Because the thickness of the oil film is varied and allowing different wavelengths
in white light may be constructive or destructive interference.
LO 8.5

10. Light of wavelength 633 nm from a distance source is incident on a single slit
0.750 mm wide and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 3.50 m
away. Determine the distance between the two dark fringes on either side of the
central bright fringe.
{Ans: 5.91 mm}
SOLUTION:

Given .
Distance between two bright fringes, .

( )( )( )
( )
LO 8.5

11. Monochromatic light of wavelength 689 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the
first bright fringe on either side of the central maximum is , calculate the slit
width.
{Ans: 3.17 𝜇 }
SOLUTION:

Given

( )

( )( )

LO 8.5

12. Light from two different sources passes through a 0.5 mm wide slit. A screen is
placed 2 m behind the slit. The second bright fringe from a 633 nm light source
overlaps with the third dark fringe from an unknown light source. Calculate the
wavelength of the unknown light source.
{Ans: }
SOLUTION:

Given a = 0.5 mm, D = 2m, , . ( )

( ) [overlap]

( )

( )( )
LO 8.6

13. Monochromatic light from a helium – neon laser of wavelength 633 nm is incident
normal to a diffraction grating. If the grating consists of 5000 lines per cm, calculate
the angle at which the second order maximum can be observed.
{Ans : }
SOLUTION:

Given

Diffraction grating formula:

( ) ( )( )

LO 8.6

14. The first – order maximum line of 589 nm light falling on a diffraction grating is
observed at an angle of . Determine:
(a) The slit separation on the grating
(b) The angle of diffraction for the third – order maximum line.
{Ans: (a) 𝜇 (b) }

SOLUTION:

(a) Given n = 1 (first order),

( )( )

𝜇
(b)

( )( )
( )

LO 8.6

15. A diffraction grating has 6000 lines per cm. Calculate the angular separation between
wavelengths 589.6 nm and 546.1 nm respectively after transmission through it at
normal incidence, in the first – order spectrum (maximum line).
{Ans : }

SOLUTION:
Given N = 6000

Angular separation:

( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )( )

Edited by Muhamad Amin Najwan Bin Muhamad Yusni &Rahman Bin Brow
 CHAPTER 9: QUANTIZATION OF LIGHT

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, student should be able to:

9.1 Planck’s Quantum Theory
(a) State Planck’s quantum theory
(b) Distinguish between Planck’s quantum theory and classical theory of energy
(c) Use Einstein’s equation for a photon energy,

9.2 Photoelectric Effect

(a) Define photoelectric effect
(b) Explain the phenomenon of photoelectric effect by sketching the diagram of
photoelectric effect experiment set up
(c) Define threshold frequency, work function and stopping potential
(d) Explain failure of classical theory to justify photoelectric effect
(e) Analyse by using graph and equations the observations of photoelectric effect
experiment in terms of the dependence of :
(i) kinetic energy of photoelectron on the frequency of light,

photoelectric current on intensity of incident

light
(ii) work function and threshold frequency on the types of metal surface,

(f) Use Einstein’s photoelectric equation,

TUTORIAL 9
LO 9.1
1. (a) Distinguish between the classical theory and the Planck’s quantum theory of energy.
(b) Monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm is incident normally on a surface are
6cm2. If the light intensity is 1.5 Wm-2, determine the number of photon that strike the
surface in 10 seconds?
{Ans: (a) DIY, (b) 2.04 x 1016 photon}
 SOLUTION :

(a)

Planck’s theory/ Modern Theory Classical theory

-energy can only have discrete values and -energy is continuous and can take any
energy is quantized. value.

-energy is proportional to the frequency of -energy is related to the amplitude or

radiation intensity and does not depend on
frequency

(b)
( ) ( )( )

( )( )

LO 9.1
2 Calculate the energy of a high-energy γ-photon, frequency Hz
{Ans : 6.63 x 10-7 J}
SOLUTION :

E = hf
= (6.63 x 10-34 ) (1026)
= 6.63 x 10-7 J

LO 9.1
3 What is the energy, in eV, of a photon of the yellow light of wavelength 500 nm?
{Ans: 2.49 eV}
SOLUTION :

( )( )
 LO 9.1
4 A 1.0 mW laser produces red light of wavelength 6.48x10-7 m. Calculate how many photons
the laser produces per second

{Ans: 3.26 x 1015 photons s-1}

SOLUTION :

( )( )
( )( )
= 3.26 x 1015 photons s-1

LO 9.1
5 A photon of the green light has a wavelength of 740 nm. Calculate
(a) The photon’s frequency,
(b) the photon’s energy in joule and electron-volt.

{Ans: (a) 4.05 x 1014 Hz , (b) 2.69 x 10-19J, 1.66 eV}

SOLUTION :

(a) c  f
3 10   f 74010 
8 9

f  4.05 1014 Hz
(b) E  hf  6.631034 4.05 1014   2.69 1019 J

2.69 1019
E  1.66eV
1.6 1019

LO 9.2

6 A 10 mW laser beam with wavelength of 600 nm strikes a metal surface. Calculate

(a) the energy of the photon in the laser beam
(b) the number of photons striking the metal surface per second.

{Ans :a) 3.32 x 10-19 J, b) 3.01 x10 16 photons}

 SOLUTION :

( )( )
(a)

(b)

( )

LO 9.1
7 (a) State THREE failure of classical theory and compare with the experimental
observation about photoelectric experiment
(b)Explain the effect of photoelectric current when positive voltage across the cathode and
anode is increase and decrease
{Ans : DIY}
SOLUTION :

(a)

Classical theory Experimental observation

Emission of photoelectrons occurs for all Emission of photoelectrons occur only
frequencies of light. Energy of light wave when frequency of incident light exceeds
is independent of frequency. threshold frequency

The higher the intensity, the greater the The maximum kinetic energy of
energy imparted to the metal surface for photoelectrons is independent of light
emission of photoelectrons intensity. Very low intensity but higher
frequency could emit photoelectrons

An electron must gather sufficient energy Photoelectrons are emitted spontaneously

before emission, hence there is time
elapsed between absorption of light energy
and emission. Delay increase if the light
intensity is low
 (b) When positive voltage across the cathode and anode is increase, more photoelectron
reach the anode, thus the photoelectric current increase

When positive voltage is gradually decreased, the photoelectric current also

decreases slowly

Even at zero voltage there are still some photoelectrons with sufficient energy reach
the anode and photoelectric current flow with minimum current

LO 9.2
8. Ultraviolet light with a frequency of 3.05 x 1015 Hz strikes a metal surface and ejects
electrons that have a maximum kinetic energy of 5.10 eV. What is the work function in
eV of the metal?

{Ans : 7.54 eV}

SOLUTION :
hf = Wo + Kmax
Wo = hf - Kmax
( )( )
= ( )

= 7.54 eV

LO 9.2
9 The work function for lithium, iron and mercury are 2.3 eV, 3.9 eV and 4.5 eV. A 300 nm
light is incident on metals.
(a) Which of these metals emits photoelectron? Explain your answer.
(b) For each metal that emits photoelectrons, what is the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons emitted?
{Ans : (a) DIY , (b) Kmax(lithium) = 1.8 eV, Kmax(iron) = 0.24 eV}
SOLUTION :

( )
(a)

(b) ( ) eV

( )
 LO 9.2
10 (a) A monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm is incident on Rubidium whose work
function is 2.09 eV. Calculate the stopping voltage of emitted photoelectrons.
(b) When light of frequency 5.0 x 1014 Hz is shine on a certain metal, the maximum
kinetic energy of the emitted photon is 2.31 x 10-19 J. What is the threshold frequency of the
metal?
{Ans: (a) 0.67 V, (b) 1.52 x 1014 Hz}
SOLUTION :

( )( )
(a)

(a)

( )( )

Hz

LO 9.2
11 Cesium has a work function of 1.6 eV. When light of wavelength 380 nm falls on a Cesium
cathode of photocell of area 1.20 cm2, only one out of every five photons is able to eject
electrons from the cathode. The photoelectric current is 0.36 µA. Calculate
(a) the threshold frequency of Cesium
(b) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
(c) the stopping voltage of the photoelectrons

{Ans: (a) 3.86 x 1014 Hz, (b) 1.67 eV @ 2.674 x 10-19 J, (c) 1.67 V}
 SOLUTION :

(a)

( )

(b)

( )
( )

(c)

LO 9.2
12 (a) Sketch the graph of the maximum kinetic energy against frequency of radiation for 3 different
metal surface.
(b) The graph below shows how maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron emitted, Kmax varies with
frequency, f for a particular metal surface.
 Kmax ( ×10 –19 J )

0 4 f ( ×1014Hz )

FIGURE 9.1

Use the graph to find the value of

(i) work function of the metal
(ii) threshold wavelength of the photon used

{Ans : (a) DIY , (b) (i)2.65 x 10-19 J, (ii) 751 nm}

SOLUTION :

(a)

Kmax(J)

Wo1 Wo2 Wo3

Different metal

have different W0 Wo3> Wo2>Wo1

0 f (Hz)

fo1 fo2 f03

 (i) E  Wo  K max
K max  E - Wo
When K max = 0 , E = Wo
Work function, Wo = E
(b) hf = hf o
= (6.63 x 10-34 )(4  1014 )
 2.65  10 -19 J
hc (6.63  10 -34 )(3.00  108 )
(ii) Threshold waveleng th, o    751nm
Wo 2.65  10 -19
LO 9.2

13 Light with a wavelength of 200 nm is directed onto a metal surface with work function of 2 eV.
Determine
(a) the stopping potential, Vs of the photoelectron
(b) the velocity, v of the photoelectron

{Ans : (a) 4.2 V , (b) 1.2 x 106 ms-1}

SOLUTION :

(a)

( )( )
( )( )

(b ) Kmax = eVs = (1.6x 10-19)4.2

= 6.72 x10-19 J

√ =√

LO 9.2
14 Sketch graphs to show the relationship between the photoelectric current, I and :
(a) the voltage, V
(b) the intensity, I
of the incident light if all the other factors remain constant
{Ans : (a) DIY , (b) DIY}
 SOLUTION :

(a)
Intensity

(b)
Current, I
(A) constant

LO 9.2
1 Explain how the value of Plank’s constant can be determined from the graph of stopping potential, Vs
5 against radiation frequency, f.
{Ans : DIY}
SOLUTION :

Vs
(V)

fo f (Hz)
at Vs= 0,
W0 = f0

( )

Edited by Zakiah binti Rohman @ Rahman

 CHAPTER 10 : WAVE PROPERTIES OF PARTICLE

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

10.1 de Broglie wavelength
(a) State wave-particle duality

(b) Use de Broglie wavelength,

10.2 Electron diffraction

(a) Describe the observations of electron diffraction in Davisson-Germer experiment.

(b) Explain the wave behaviour of electrons in an electron microscope.
(c) State the advantages of electron microscope compared to optical microscope.

TUTORIAL 10

LO 10.1

1. (a) An electron moves with a speed of . What is the de Broglie

wavelength?

(b) A proton moves with the same speed. Determine its de Broglie wavelength?

{Ans: ( ) ( ) }

SOLUTION :

(a)

( )
(b)

( )
LO 10.1

2. The de Broglie wavelength of a proton is 0.28 nm. Calculate

(a) the momentum of the proton

(b) its kinetic energy in eV

{Ans: ( ) (b) }
SOLUTION :

(a)

(b) from

( )( )

LO 10.1
3. Find the wavelength of a proton moving at 1.00% of the speed of light.

{Ans: }

SOLUTION :

Given : ( )

( )

LO 10.1

4. (a) Find the de Broglie wavelength of neutron with a speed of .

(b) If an electron has a de Broglie wavelength of , what is the

velocity?

{Ans: (a) (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a)

( )
(b) Given :

( )
LO 10.1

5. An electron has 200 eV energy. What is the de Broglie wavelength associated with
the electron?

{Ans: }

SOLUTION :

Given : K = 200 eV = 200

( )
√ √

( )
LO 10.1

6. How fast does a proton have to be moving in order to have the same de Broglie
wavelength as an electron that is moving with speed of ?

{Ans : }

SOLUTION :

( )
=

( )
LO 10.1 & LO 10.2

7. In an experiment performed by students, electron are accelerated through a potential

difference of 550 kV. Calculate

(a) de Broglie wavelength of the electron,

(b) momentum of the electron,

(c) kinetic energy of the electron.

{Ans: (a) , (b) , (c) }

SOLUTION :

(a)
√ √ ( )( )( )

(b) ( )

(c) ( )( )

LO 10.1

8. What is the de Broglie wavelength of a red blood cell, with a mass of ,

that is moving with a speed of 0.720 cm Do we need to be concerned with the wave
nature of the blood cells when we describe the flow of blood in the body?

{Ans: , DIY }

SOLUTION :

( )( )
No. λ is too short.
LO 10.1
9. A particle moves with a velocity of 3 times that of electron. The ratio of de Broglie
wavelength of the particle to electron is . Determine the mass of the
particle?

{Ans: }
SOLUTION :

( )

LO 10.1

10. In an experiment, an electron and a proton are given the same amount of kinetic

energy. Calculate the ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of proton to electron.

{Ans: 0.023 }

SOLUTION :

√
√ √ = 0.023
√

LO 10.1

11. A proton is moving at a speed of v in a vacuum across an electric field of potential

difference 2.5 kV. If the potential difference is doubled, calculate the new speed of
proton in terms of v. {Ans: √ }
SOLUTION :

;
√

When V is doubled; Vnew = 2V

( )
√ √ √ √ √

LO 10.1

12. An electron beam, X is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 650 V.
Another electron beam, Y is also accelerated from rest through a potential difference

of 250 V. Find the ratio between the wavelength of X to Y.

{Ans: 0.62 }

SOLUTION :

√
√ √
√
LO 10.1

13. For an electron having a de Broglie wavelength of 0. 67 nm. Calculate the electron’s
velocity and its kinetic energy in eV.

{Ans: }

SOLUTION :

( )

( )( )

LO 10.1 & LO 10.2

14. (a) Calculate the velocity of an electron that has a wavelength of .

(b) Through what voltage must the electron be accelerated to have this velocity?

{Ans: (a) (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a)

( )
(b)

( )( )
LO 10.1 & LO 10.2

15. (a) If an electron is accelerated by a potential difference V, show that its

wavelength predicted to be
√

(b) A proton is accelerated through a potential difference of 2.3 kV. What is the
wavelength associated with the proton?

{Ans: (a) DIY (b) }

SOLUTION :

(a)
( )

From

( )

Substitute (1) into (2)

( )

(b)

√ √ ( ) ( )

Edited by Fauziah binti Dawam

 TOPIC 11 : NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to :

11.1 Binding energy and mass defect

a) Define and use mass defect,
b) Define and use binding energy,

c) Determine binding energy per nucleon,

d) Sketch and describe graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number

11.2 Radioactivity
a) Explain , , and decays.
* Radioactive decay as spontaneous and random process. Introduce neutrino and
antineutrino
b) State and use decay law

c) Define and determine activity, A and decay constant,

* Consider decay curve.
d) Use or .

e) Define and use half-life,

11.3 Introduction to particles physics

(a) State the thermionic emission
(b) Explain the acceleration of particle by electric and magnetic field.
(c) State the role of electric and magnetic field in particle accelerators (linac and
cyclotron) and detectors (general principles of ionisation and deflection only).
(d) State the need of high energies required to investigate the structure of nucleon.
(e) Indicate the standard quark lepton model particles (baryons, meson, leptons and
photons).
(f) Explain the corresponding antiparticle for every particle.
 TUTORIAL 11

LO 11.1

1. Calculate the energy equivalent of 23.4668 u

i) In unit joule (J)

ii) In unit mega electron-volt (MeV)

[Given: 1u = 1.66 × 10-27 kg = 931.5 MeV/c2 ; 1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J, c = 3 × 108 ms-1]

{Ans :i) 3.506 J, 21.86 MeV}

SOLUTION:

Given : u  1.66  10  27 kg  931.5 MeV , MeV  1.60  10 19 J , c  3.00  108 ms 1

c2

(i) Energy equivalent, E  mc 2

1.66  10 27 kg
E  (23.4668u  )(3.00  108 ms 1 ) 2  3.506 J
1u
(ii) Energy equivalent, E  mc 2
MeV 2 = 21.86
E  (23.4668 931.5 )c MeV
c2
LO 11.1

2. Calculate the mass defect (in amu) and binding energy (in Joule) for 𝐶

[Given: mass of atom 𝐶 = 34.968851 u, proton = 1.00783 u, neutron = 1.00867 u ,

electron = 5.48 × 10-4 u]

{Ans : 0.329635 u, 4.92 10-11 J}

SOLUTION:

(i) A= 35, Z=17, N= A-Z =18

=( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

= 0.329635 u
(ii) convert in kg

= 0.329635 (1.66 x10-27) = 5.471941 x 10-28 kg

E= = 5.471941 x 10-28 (3x 108)2 == 4.92 10-11 J

OR

EB = ( 931.5 MeV)= 0.329635 ( 931.5 x106 )(1.6 10-19 )= 4.92 10-11 J

LO 11.1

3. Calculate the binding energy and the binding energy per nucleon for a 𝐶 nucleus.
Given that the nuclide mass of

𝐶 =12.000000 u., mass of hydrogen nucleus =1.007825 u and mass of neutron =1.008665
u

{Ans : 92.16 MeV, 1.23 10-12 Joule per nucleon}

SOLUTION:

Binding energy, EB for 𝐶

Given that the nuclear mass of

𝐶 =12.000000 u., mass of hydrogen nucleus =1.007825 u and mass of neutron =1.008665
u

EB  (Zm p  Nmn  m )  931.5 MeV

= (6 1.007825 u + 6 1.008665 u – 12.000000 u ) 931.5 MeV = 92.16 MeV

Binding energy per Nucleon

E B 92.16
  7.68 MeV per nucleon
A 12

= 7.68 106 1.6 10-19 J per Nucleon

= 1.23 X 10-12 J per Nucleon

LO 11.1

4. Deuterium is represented by the symbol of .

(a) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of in MeV per nucleon

(b) What is the difference between the binding energy of with .

Given the following data: mp = 1.672648 × 10-27 kg ; mn = 1.674954 × 10-27 kg ;

mass of nuclide = 3.3443 × 10-27 kg ; mass of nuclide = 5.008 × 10-27 kg

{Ans : a) 1.4859× 10-13 Joule per nucleon, b) 8.0532 10-13 J}

SOLUTION:

(a) Binding energy per nucleon of ..

E B  (Zm p  Nmn  m )c 2

Given the following data: mp = 1.672648 × 10-27 kg; mn = 1.674954 × 10-27 kg;

mass of nuclide . = 3.3443 × 10-27 kg; mass of nuclide = 5.008 × 10-27 kg

A = 2, Z = 1, N= 1
EB  [(1.672648 1027 )  (1.674954 1027 )  (3.3443 1027 )](3  108 ) 2  2.9718 1013 J

E B 2.9718 1013
  1.4859 1013 Joule per nucleon
A 2

3
(b) For isotope 2 He , A = 3, Z =2, N=1
E B  (Zm p  Nmn  m )c 2

EB  [2(1.672648 10 27 )  (1.674954 10 27 )  (5.008  10 27 )](3  108 ) 2 = 1.1025

J

Hence the difference of binding energy, = (1.1025 ) (2.9718 )

= 10-13 J

LO 11.1

81
5. A nuclide mass of 35 Br is 80.8971 u. Calculate the
(a) binding energy in unit MeV and unit joule (J),
(b) binding energy per nucleon in unit MeV and joule (J).
[Given: Mass of proton = 1.007277 u, mass of neutron = 1.008665 u]
[Ans : (a) 704.386 MeV , 1.13 ×10–10 J ; (b) ,
]

SOLUTION:

(a) [Given: Mass of proton = 1.007276 u, mass of neutron = 1.008665 u

1 MeV = 1.60 x 10-13 J; c = 3.00 x 108 ms-1] ; Z = 35, N = A – Z = 81-35 = 46

EB = (Zmp + Nmn – m ) x 931.5 M eV

= [35(1.007277 u) + 46(1.008665 u) – 80.8971 u] x 931.5 MeV = 704.386 MeV

= 704.386 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 = 1.13 x 10-10 J

(b) binding energy per nucleon

LO 11.1

6. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is a measure of the stability of a nucleus.
Sketch and describe graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number.
{Ans: DIY}
SOLUTION:

▪ The value of EB/A rises rapidly from 1 MeV/nucleon to 8 MeV/nucleon with

increasing nucleon number A for light nuclei.
 ▪ For the nuclei with A between 50 and 80, the value of EB/A ranges between
8.0 and 8.9 Mev/nucleon. The nuclei in these range are very stable. The
maximum value of the curve occurs at approximately iron nucleus ,
which is therefore one of the most stable nuclei.

▪ For A > 60, the values of EB/A decreases slowly, indicating that the nucleons
are on average less tightly bound.

▪ For heavy nuclei with A between 200 to 240, the binding energy is between
7.0 and 7.5 MeV/nucleon. These nuclei are unstable and radioactive.

LO 11.2
7. (a)Copy and complete the table below

ALPHA Beta Gamma

Symbol
Charge
Deflection by electric
and magnetic field
Ionization power
Penetration power
Ability to affect a
photographic plate
Ability to produce
fluorescence
(b) Draw the path taken by alpha, beta and gamma in electric and magnetic field.

{Ans: DIY}

SOLUTION:

(a)

ALPHA Beta Gamma

Symbol α β Ƴ

Charge +2e −1e OR +1e 0 (uncharged)

Deflection by Yes Yes No

electric and
magnetic field

Ionization power Strong Noderate Weak

 Penetration power Weak Moderate Strong

Ability to affect a Yes Yes Yes

photographic plate

Ability to produce Yes Yes Yes

fluorescence

(b)

LO 11.2

8. U-238 half-life is 4.468 × 109 years. The sample of U-238 contains 5.43 × 1014 atoms.

(a) Calculate the rate of decay in Ci and Bq

(b) What is the fraction of the nuclei left after 8 days?

(c) Sketch its decay curve.

{Ans: (a) 2.671 10-3 Bq , 7.216 ×10-14Ci, (b) 1, (c) DIY}

SOLUTION:

(a) Given N = 5.43 × 1014 atoms

t1/2= 4.468 × 109 years = (4.468 × 109 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 ) s = 1.409 1017 s

λ = = = 4.919 10-18 s-1

= 4.919 10-18 (5.43 × 1014)

 =2.671 10-3 disintegration per second

= 2.671 10-3 Bq

Change Bq to Ci

= 2.671 10-3 ÷ (3.7 × 1010) (1 Ci=3.7 × 1010 Bq)

= 7.216 ×10-14 Ci

(b) What is the fraction of the nuclei left after 8 days

( )

=1

(a) Sketch its decay curve.

5.43 × 1014

14
2.71 × 10

9
4.468 × 10 years

LO 11.2
9. Calculate the decay constant for U-238 if its half-life is 4.468 × 109 years. Then, calculate
how long it will take for 25% of a U-238 sample to radioactively decay.

{Ans: 4.919 × s-1, 1.85 × 109 years}

SOLUTION:

If the problem is referring to the half-life, then the ratio of = 0.5 because half of the
original sample has already undergone decay.
 =

λ = =

λ = 4.9 9 s-1

If 25% of the sample has undergone radioactive decay, then 75 of the original sample
remains. The rate of decay constant for U-238 will be used from the previous problem.

0.75
ln 0.75 = - 4.919 × 10 -18 × t
t = 5.848 x1016 seconds
t = 1.85 x 109 years

LO 11.2
10. Cobalt-60 is commonly used as a radiation source in nuclear medicine. Its half-life is
5.25 years. If a new sample is delivered to a patient.

(a) How long will it take for its activity to decrease to one-third of its initial value?

(b) What is the fraction of the nuclei left after 10 years?

{Ans: a) 8.3228 years. b) 0.267}

SOLUTION:

(a) A(t) = A0

λ=

λ=

0.1320 years-1

=
 ( )
=

= 8.3228 years

(b) =

( )
=

= 0.267

LO 11.2

11. Radium-226 is found to have decay constant of 1.36 × 10-11 s-1.

(a) Determine its half life in years.

(b) Given that the Curies had roughly 200 g of radium in 1898, how much of it will
remain 100 years later?

{Ans: a) = 1.62 years, b) 192 g}

SOLUTION:

(a) Determine its half life in years

= = 5.096

= 1.62 years

(b) t = 100 years = 100 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 3.15 x 109 s

–(λt)
m = mo e = (200) e – ( )( ) = 192 g
LO 11.2

12. A sample of 0.002 g radioisotope has a half-life of 87.32 days. Calculate the activity of
the sample if the mass number is 35.

{Ans: Ao = 3.161 x 1012 Bq }

SOLUTION:

; Molar mass = 35 g/mol

1 mole (35 g) contain NA = 6.02 x 1023 nuclei

Thus 0.002 g contains , No = ( ) = 3.44 x 1019 nuclei

Number of nuclei in the sample at t = 0 s

No = 1.92 x 10 17 nuclei

λ= = = 9.1875 x 10-8 s-1

Ao = λ No = 9.1875 x 10-8 (3.44 x 1019) = 3.161 x 1012 Bq

LO 11.2

13. The activity of a sample Radon-222 is 200 Bq. The half-life of Radon is 3.8 days

(i) Calculate the decay constant of Radon-222

(ii) Calculate the number of Radon-222 atoms in the sample

(iii) How long does it take for the activity to decrease to 60 Bq.

{Ans (i) λ = 2.11 x 10-6 s-1, (ii) N = 9.48 x 107 nuclide (iii) t = 6.6 days }

SOLUTION:

(i) λ= = = 2.11 x 10-6 s-1

( )( )( )
(ii) A= λ N

N= = = 9.48 x 107 nuclide

(iii) A = Ao

( )
60 = 200

( )
0.3 =

ln 0.3 = - 2.11 x t

t= ( )( )(
= 6.6 days.
)

LO 11.2

14. The half-life of is 1600 years

(i) Calculate its decay constant

(ii) If initially the sample contains 3.0 x 1016 nuclei, calculate its activity after

2000 years.

{Ans : λ= .3737 x 0-11 s-1 , A = 1.73 x 105 Bq}

SOLUTION

(i) = 1600 years = 5.04576 x 1010 s

λ= = = 1.3737 x 10-11 s-1

(ii) t = 2000 years = 6.3072 x 1010 s

Ao = λ No = (1.3737 x 10-11)(3.0 x 1016) =4.12 x 105 Bq

( )( )
A = Ao = (4.12 x 105 ) = 1.73 x 105 Bq
LO 11.2

15. A sample consists of 1000 undecayed nuclei of a nuclide whose decay constant is

0.20 s-1. Determine the initial activity of the sample. Estimate the activity of the sample
after 1.0 s.

{Ans : Ao= 200 Bq; A= 160 Bq }

SOLUTION:

Since Ao = λ No we have

Ao = 0.20 x 1000 = 200 s-1 = 200 Bq

After 1.0 s, we might expect 800 nuclei to remain undecayed.

The activity of the sample would then be:

A = 0.20 x 800 = 160 s-1 = 160 Bq.

Editted by Hayati & Sarimah