STAGE 5

P. 315

• CHAT – (verb) – to speak with someone

ex. I'm speaking with you. (is the same as)
− I'm chatting with you.

• ONLINE – (adjective)
ex. We use the internet when we have our class.
− We go online when we have our class.

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• NOTICE – (verb) – means to know something by seeing it, hearing it etc.
ex. The first thing I notice about people when I meet them for the first time is the face.

ex. There's nothing different about the classroom today.

− I don't notice anything different about the classroom today.

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• FREE – (adjective)
ex. I don't have any work on Saturday and I don't have many things to do.
− So, I'm free on Sunday.

− If something is free, it means that we don't have to pay for it.

ex. By a free meal, we mean that we don't have to pay for it.

• BUSY – (adjective) – is the opposite of “free”.

ex. Most people aren't free from Monday to Friday but they're busy.
− They have work and they have many things to do; they're busy.

P. 316

• LIE – (verb)
ex. The book isn't standing on the table but it's lying on the table.
(Note: show the book on the table and mime “lie”)

− When we go to sleep, we lie in our beds.

• COMFORTABLE – (adjective)
ex. It's comfortable to sleep lying down.
− I can sleep very well.

• UNCOMFORTABLE – (adjective)
 ex. It's uncomfortable to sleep sitting up.
− I can't sleep very well.

• PILLOW – (noun)
ex. This is a pillow. (Note: Show and point at the pillow)

− People generally sleep with pillows.

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• WAKE UP – WOKE UP – WOKEN UP – (verb)
− to wake up is to open our eyes after sleeping
− The three forms of the verb “to wake up” are wake up – woke up – woken up.

• IMMEDIATELY – (adverb)
ex. I don't usually get up immediately after I wake up but I lie in bed for a few minutes.

• MIDNIGHT – (noun) – means at 12 o'clock in the evening

ex. I sometimes go to bed at midnight.

• GO TO SLEEP – (verb) – means “to sleep” or “to go to bed”

ex. I usually go to sleep before (after) midnight.

P. 317

• BUTTON – (noun)
ex. This is a button. (Note: Please show a button of your blouse/shirt.)

• BUTTONHOLE – (noun)
ex. This is a buttonhole. (Note: Please show a buttonhole of your blouse/shirt)

• THROUGH – (Note: Show the button of your shirt/jacket.)

ex. I'm putting my pen through the buttonhole in my shirt/jacket.

− If I look through my bedroom window, I see some trees.

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• CAREER – (noun) – or “job”
ex. I like a job in the army.
− I like a career in the army.

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• CROSS – (noun)
ex. This is a cross. (Note: make a cross with your 2 forefingers)

− We can also use a cross when something is incorrect.

ex. When a teacher puts a cross next to an answer in a written test, it means the
answer is wrong.

• CROSSROADS – (noun)
ex. This is a crossroads.

− There are some crossroads at the end of the street where I live.

P. 318

• DANGER – (noun)
ex. When I cross the road without looking both ways, I'm putting myself in danger.

• DANGEROUS – is an adjective.
• DANGEROUSLY – is an adverb.
− We use red for danger.

• ALCOHOL – (noun)
ex. Whisky is an alcohol.
− Wine is an alcohol.
− It's dangerous to drive after drinking alcohol.

• DETECTIVE – (noun)
ex. Detective Sherlock Holmes, Detective Conan etc.

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• OBLIGATION – (noun)
ex. If you have an obligation to do something, it means that you don't have a choice,
you must do it!
− It's my obligation to teach you because I'm your teacher.

• ALTERNATIVE – (noun) – means a choice

• AMBULANCE – (noun)
ex. When somebody is dangerously ill, we should immediately call an ambulance.
− An ambulance carries a dangerously ill person to the hospital.

• SHOULD
(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

P. 319

• CORRECT – (verb)
ex. When you make some mistakes in your dictations, I correct your mistakes.
− I correct your dictations during the lesson.
− We can correct our mistakes in our pronunciation by listening and speaking as
 much as possible.

• GRAMMATICAL – (adjective) – relating to grammar

ex. In a Callan Method lesson, the teacher corrects your grammatical mistakes.

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• COLLEAGUE – (noun) – is a person who works with you.
ex. I work in QQEnglish.
− (Note: Use a name of a teacher) also works in QQEnglish.
− (________) is my colleague.

• PROBLEM – (noun)
ex. I want to go to the cinema this evening but I don't have any money.
− That's my problem.

ex. Smoking is not good for the health. It can make you ill.
− It can cause health problems.

• BOSS – (noun) – also means the “head” of your office

ex. If I have a problem with a colleague at work, I speak to my boss about it.

• JUSTICE – (noun)
ex. When a man kills someone and the police catch him, that's justice.

• FREEDOM – (noun)
ex. In history, many people died for the causes of freedom and justice.

P. 320

• AS – (conjunction) – is the synonym of “because”

ex. Because the ceiling is too high, I can't touch it.
− As the ceiling is too high, I can't touch it.

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• THAT IS
(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

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• BONE – (noun) – (Note: show your skin and say:)
− This is our skin.
− Under our skin are muscles.
− Under our muscles are bones.

ex. I've never broken any parts of my body.

P. 322

• LIFE
• LIVES
• THE POOR
• THE RICH
(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

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• ALTHOUGH – (conjunction)
ex. Although the food was not very nice, I ate it because I was hungry.
− The food was not very nice but I ate it because I was hungry.

ex. Although you're now able to hold a simple conversation in English, I think you
should keep studying.
− You're now able to hold a simple conversation in English but I think you should
keep studying.

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• COOK – (noun / verb)

− (as a noun) – it means a person who can cook

ex. I can make food.
− I can cook food.

− (as a verb) – it means to make food

ex. I can cook food but I'm not a good cook.
− My mother can cook food very well. She's a good cook.

• TASTY – (adjective) – means something tastes good

ex. My mother cooks well.
− She can cook tasty food.

ex. There is a restaurant near here that cooks tasty food.

• PASTA – (noun)
ex. Spaghetti, noodles, ramen, etc.

P. 323

• INDEPENDENT – (adjective)
– When something or someone is independent, it is when you make all decisions by
yourself / itself.

ex. In the past England owned India. England made decisions for it.
− But now, India can make decisions by itself. It is now an independent country.
 ex. I think that all the countries of the world should be independent.

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• ORIGIN – (noun) – the beginning of something
ex. The origin of the Callan method is in London.
− Many European languages have their origins in Latin.

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• BELONG TO – (verb)
ex. This book is mine. This book belongs to me.
− This pen is mine. This pen belongs to me.

ex. If a factory belonged to me, I think I would be able to make a lot of money.

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• COULD
• VICE VERSA
(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

P. 324

• THROW – (verb)
ex. I am going to throw my pen at the window.
− I don't think I could throw a stone further than you can.

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• DEAD – (adjective) is the opposite of “alive”
ex. If someone killed me, I'm dead.
− Napoleon is dead.

• ALIVE – (adjective) – the opposite of “dead”

ex. I'm not dead.
− I'm alive.

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• DROP – (can be a verb or a noun)
• GO WITHOUT

− (as a verb) –
ex. I'm dropping my pen on the table. (Note: Drop your pen on the table)

− (as a noun) –
ex. a drop of water
ex. The longest time I didn't drink water is half a day.
− The longest time I have ever gone without drinking a drop of water is half a day.
 ex. The longest time I didn't eat is 1 day. (a day)
− The longest time I have ever gone without eating is 1 day. (a day)

P. 325

• ASSASSINATE – (verb) – to kill an important person

ex. a queen, a king, a prime minister, a president etc.
− President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.

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• USUAL – (adjective) – also means “common” or something that is done by many
people
ex. It's common for people in my country to eat hot food for breakfast.
− It's usual for people in my country to eat hot food for breakfast.

ex. It's common for people in my country to drink coca-cola.

− It's usual for people in my country to drink coca-cola.

• UNUSUAL – (adjective) – is the opposite of “usual”

ex. I usually wake up at 6 in the morning but today I woke up at 11 in the morning.
− It's unusual.
− Because I don't usually wake up early. I usually wake up late.

ex. It is unusual for children to find coffee tasty.

ex. Nothing unusual happened to me yesterday.

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• STILL
• YET
• IN PROGRESS
(Please read the book definition.)

P. 326

• SPECIAL – (adjective)
ex. Today is an ordinary day. It makes nothing special.

P. 327

• CLEAN – (can be an adjective / noun)

− (as an adjective) –
ex. After washing, our hands are clean.
 − (as a verb) – is more or less the same as “wash”
ex. I wash my hands with soap. (Note: Please mime)
− I clean my hands with soap.

• DIRTY – (adjective) – is the opposite of “clean”

ex. Before washing, our hands are dirty.
− The bottoms of my shoes are dirty.

• DIRT – (noun)
ex. The bottoms of my shoes are dirty.
− There is a lot of dirt on it.

ex. I think the dirt of the country is less unpleasant than the dirt of the city, of the farm
etc.

• KNOW OF – (verb)
ex. I think Singapore is the cleanest city I know of.

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• TO BE AFRAID – (verb)
ex. I remember I was afraid of the dark when I was a little child.
(Note: shake like your afraid of something.)

− I would be afraid to go round the world in a small, open boat.

− People shake when they feel very afraid.

P. 328

• GUARD – (verb) – to try keep something from happening

ex. The best way to try to keep from becoming ill is to eat healthy food and sleep well.
− The best way to guard against becoming ill is to eat healthy food and sleep well.

• ON YOUR GUARD
ex. We must be on our guard when we buy something from a man selling things in the
street.
− Because maybe we won't be able to find him again if there's a problem with the
thing we've bought.

• OFF YOUR GUARD – is the opposite of “on your guard”

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• CALM – (can be a verb / an adjective)

− (as a verb) –
ex. When I'm angry, I calm myself by talking to a friend, eating sweets, going to bed
etc.
 − (as an adjective) –
ex. The weather today is very good.
− We're having calm weather at the moment.

• QUIETLY – is an adverb
ex. I speak quietly when I'm inside the cinema.
− The best way to calm somebody down when he's very angry is to speak quietly and
pleasantly to him.

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• KING – (noun)
ex. If I were a king, my wife would be called a queen.

• PERSON
ex. 1st person – I, we
− 2nd person – you, they
− 3rd person – he, she, it

• IF I WERE
(Please read the book definition.)

P. 329

• IF I WERE
• ADVICE
• EXPRESSION
• ESPECIALLY
(Please read the book definition.)

P. 330

• WIN – WON – WON – (verb)

− another opposite of the verb “lose” besides “find” is “win”
− the three forms of win is win – won – won

ex. My country doesn't usually win at football.

− If I won a millions pounds, I would buy a large house.

• LOTTERY – (noun) – or lotto

ex. I don't do the lottery.

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• USEFUL – (adj.) - (Note: Show a pen.)
ex. This pen writes well.
 − This pen is useful.

• USELESS – (adj.) - (Note Show another pen.)

ex. This pen doesn't write well.
− This pen is useless.

ex. We throw useless things away.

(Note: Pretend to throw something away.)

• POSSESS – (verb) to own

ex. I own this pen.
− I possess this pen.

P. 331

• TAKE BY SURPRISE – (verb)

ex. On my birthday, my mother gave me a new watch.
− I was really taken by surprise. I was very happy.

P. 332

• CONTRACTION OF WOULD
• CONTRACT (v) – (Note: Please mime with your fingers “to shorten”)
(Note: Please read the book explanation.)

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• CONTRACTION OF THE CONDITIONAL WITH OTHER WORD

(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 333

• SANDWICH – (noun) – is two pieces of bread with something between them.

• CHEESE – (noun)
ex. We put meat, cheese, egg etc. in sandwiches.
− When office workers are too busy to leave their desks for lunch, they often just
have a quick sandwich.

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• FAULT – (noun) is a synonym of mistake
ex. If a student makes a mistake in his dictation, it's usually his fault.

• FAULTLESS – (adjective) – without mistakes, without faults

ex. Your dictations aren't usually faultless; they usually contain mistakes.
 • FAULTY – (adjective) – having a problem
ex. My computer was not working; it was faulty.

• FIX – (verb) – to correct

ex. If my computer was faulty, I wouldn't know how to fix the fault.

P. 334

• O.K.
• ALL RIGHT
(Please read the book explanation.)

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• COMPARE – (verb) – We compare two people or things that are similar.
ex. We can compare Michelangelo with Leonardo Da Vinci because they did similar
work.
− But, we can't compare Michelangelo with Napoleon because they were two
completely different kinds of people who did different work from each other.

• COMPARISON – is the (noun) of the verb “compare”

• HAVE SOMETHING IN COMMON – to have something similar to each other

ex. If we want to make a comparison between two people or things, they must have
something in common.

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• ICE – (noun)
ex. We put ice in beer.
− We put ice in whisky.
− We put ice in tea. (iced tea)

• COOL – (adjective) – somewhat cold; not warm or hot

ex. We use ice for putting in drinks to cool them.

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• POUR – (verb)
ex. “I'm pouring some water from a bottle into a glass.
(Note: Pretend to pour from a bottle in one hand into a glass in the other. )

P. 335

• UNITE – (verb) – means to become one.

ex. During World War II, the countries were divided. (Note: Please mime “divide”)
− Most countries today are united. (Note: Please )
**********************************************************************************************
• EVEN – (adverb)
• SURPRISING – (adjective)
(Please read the book explanation.)
ex. She speaks Russian, German, French, and even Chinese.
− He was very impolite; he didn't even say “hello”.
− It's very simple; even a child could understand it.

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• MIX – (verb)
ex. I add sugar and milk to my coffee.
− I mix my coffee with sugar and milk.

• MIXTURE – is the (noun) of the verb “mix”

ex. A mixture of tea and coffee would make an unpleasant drink.

• PINK – (adjective)
ex. If I mixed some red and white paint together, I'd get pink paint.

**********************************************************************************************
• CARE – (verb)
ex. My mother washed me, fed me, sent me to school, etc.
− My mother cared for me when I was a child.

• CARE FOR – (verb)

ex. Young people ought to care for the old.

• TAKE CARE OF – (verb)

ex. I go to bed early, eat fruits and vegetables, exercise my body in the open air, don't
smoke, don't drink alcohol etc.
− I take good care of my health.

P.336

• APPOINTMENT – (noun) a to meet someone at a particular time

ex. I will meet my doctor tomorrow.
− I have an appointment with my doctor tomorrow.

• KEEP AN APPOINTMENT – (verb) – to arrive in an appointment

ex. It is important to keep appointments that we've made.

• HURRY – (verb) to move or go quickly

ex. If I were late for a very important appointment, I would hurry.
− It's sometimes a bad thing to hurry because we often make mistakes when we
hurry.
 • TAKE ONE'S TIME – is the opposite of “to hurry”
ex. I wouldn't take my time going home if somebody told me my house was on fire; I'd
hurry.

*********************************************************************************************
• PLENTY OF – is a synonym of “a lot of”
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 338

• FOR
• SINCE
• PERIOD
• POINT
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 339

• FRIDGE – (noun) – In U.S. English, “fridge” is informal, but in British English it is the
usual word for a “refrigerator”.
ex. We put some food, milk etc. in the fridge. (refrigerator)

• FREEZER – (noun) – is part of a refrigerator

ex. Meat lasts longer in a freezer.

• COOKER – (noun) – is used to cook food.

ex. A rice cooker is used for cooking rice.

• SINK – (noun)
ex. a kitchen sink
− We wash our hands, face etc. in a sink.
− We wash the vegetables in a sink.
− We wash the plates in a sink.

• MICROWAVE – (noun)
ex. Some people like using microwaves because they cook food very quickly.

• KITCHEN – (noun) – a room in which food is cooked.

ex. We cook food in the kitchen.
− A kitchen usually contains a fridge, a freezer, a cooker, a sink etc.

********************************************************************************************
• STUDIES – (noun) means subject; usually we use this in plural form
ex. English studies ; Language studies ; Social studies etc.
 ex. I found English pronunciation a little difficult at the beginning of my studies.
− I hope my English studies will help my future career.

P. 340

• LEND – LENT – LENT – (verb) – is the three forms of the verb “lend”
− to lend is the opposite of the verb “to borrow”

ex. I borrowed money from you.

− You lent me some money.

ex. I would lend you some money if you asked me.

• RETURN – (verb) to give back

ex. If I lent something to somebody and they didn't return it, I'd ask them to return it.

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• FIRST NAME – (noun) – means “first name”
• SURNAME – (noun) – means “last name”
ex. John Smith
− John is the christian name.
− Smith is the surname.

*******************************************************************************************
• ACTOR – (noun) – is a boy or a man who acts in films.
ex. Johnny Depp is an actor.

• ACTRESS – (noun) – is a girl or a woman who acts in films.

ex. Penelope Cruz is an actress.

• FAMOUS – (adjective) – also means “popular”

ex. I would like to be popular.
− I would like to be famous.

ex. A few famous people in history are Shakespeare, Einstein, Michelangelo etc.

• FILM STAR – (noun) – a film star is a famous actor or actress in the cinema world.

P. 341

• INDUSTRIAL – (adjective)
ex. An industrial town has many factories in it.
− There are many factories in Tokyo.
− Tokyo is an industrial place.
 • REGION – (noun) – the parts of a country that are not close to the capital city
ex. Hokkaido region, Kanto Region, Tohoku Region, etc.

• AGRICULTURAL – (adjective)
ex. An agricultural region means a place with a lot of farms, etc.
− Hokkaido is an agricultural place.
− Niigata prefecture is also an agricultural place which is famous for Koshihikari rice.

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• APOLOGISE – (verb) – means to say sorry
ex. When we do something wrong, we apologize. We say “I'm sorry.”

• APOLOGY – is the (noun) of the verb “apologize”

• KEEP SOMEBODY WAITING – (verb) – means, to make somebody wait for us for a
long time
ex. If you keep somebody waiting for a very long time, you should apologize.

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• AVOID – (verb) – means to keep away from something
ex. We can help to keep away from becoming ill by living a healthy life.
− We can help to avoid becoming ill by living a healthy life.

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• BEND – (verb)
ex. When we get something from the floor, we bend. (Note: Please bend your back.)
− If I want to touch my feet, I don't have to bend down but it would be the easiest way.

P. 342

• CENTURY – (noun) – one hundred years make a century.

ex. World War II happened in the 20th century.
− We are now in the 21st century.

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• FASHION – (noun) – the way people dress
ex. I like the fashion in clothes at the moment.

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• GATE – (noun) – a gate is usually made of metal and is bigger than a door
ex. If we want to enter a school, we must go to its gate.
− This school doesn't have a gate.

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• WORRY – (verb) to think about something which makes you unhappy
ex. Some people worry too much.
 − You shouldn't worry if you don't immediately understand some of the grammar in
this book because you will practice it again in other lessons, and you can study it at
home.

• BE WORRIED – (verb)
ex. I'm worried about my future.
(Note: give some reasons why you worried about your future)

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• RUN – (verb)
ex. When we're in a hurry, we must run.
(Note: Please move your arms as one does when running.)

P. 344

• PAST CONTINOUS
• I WAS SPEAKING
• PARTICULAR
• WHILE
(Please read the book definition.)

P. 345

• EARN – (verb) – means “to make money”

ex. A doctor earns about 300, 000 pesos a year.

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• TRAINER – British English (=“rubber shoes” American English)
− We use trainers while running, playing sports etc.

• JEANS – (noun) – are trousers made of strong, usually blue, cotton cloth.)
ex. I'm wearing jeans. (Note: Show the picture used in Stage 1.)

• FORMAL – (adjective)
ex. a formal party, a formal dinner, a formal greeting etc.
− A man should wear a suit and tie when going to a formal party or dinner.

• INFORMAL – (adjective) – is the opposite of “formal”

ex. an informal party, an informal dinner etc.
− We sometimes wear jeans and trainers if we are going to an informal party or
dinner.

• HOW DO YOU DO?

ex. When we meet somebody for the first time, we say “nice to meet you”.
− If we want to be more formal, we say “how do you do?”
 − And the other person replies “how do you do?”

P. 346

• PERSUADE – (verb) – to get people to give or to do something

ex. It isn't easy to get people to give their money away; it's difficult.
− It isn't easy to persuade people to give their money away; it's difficult.

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• HAIRDRESSER – (noun) – a person who does and cuts our hair.
ex. I go to the hairdresser's five times a year.

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• SO – (adverb) – means “very”
ex. Some films are very popular.
− Some films are so popular.

• INTERESTING – (adjective) – means “not boring”

• EXCITING – (adjective) – making you feel excited that you can't wait for something to
happen
ex. Harry Potter film is not boring.
− It's so interesting.

ex. Some films are so popular because they tell interesting and exciting stories.

*******************************************************************************************
• GRAMMATICALLY – (adverb) – relating to grammar
ex. It isn't grammatically correct to say “I've seen her yesterday”.
− We should say “I saw her yesterday” instead.

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• BATH – (noun) – British English (=“bathtub” American English)
ex. When we take a bath, we wash your body in a bath filled with water.
(Note: Make a circular movement like a shape of a bath.)

• SHOWER – (noun)
ex. We wash our body while standing under a shower.
− I prefer showers than baths.
(Note: mime shower)

− A rain shower – (noun) – means, a short period of rain.

• TOILET – (noun)
ex. I've got stomachache, I need to go to the toilet.

• BASIN – (noun) – is the same as “sink”

 ex. a kitchen sink, a bathroom sink etc.

• BATHROOM – (noun)
− A bathroom usually contains a bath or shower, a toilet and a basin.

P. 347

• MIRROR – (noun) – (Note: Show a mirror)

ex. We usually find a mirror in a bathroom or in a bedroom.

• REFLECT – (verb) – it sends back the light that reaches it

− A mirror reflects light.

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• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
• ACTIVE
• PASSIVE
• SUBJECT
• OBJECT
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 348

• TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
• BY
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 350

• FORCE – (verb) – to make someone do something they do not want to do

• MAKE SOMEBODY DO – (verb) – also means, to force somebody to do something

ex. I force you to give long answers during the lesson because it is important to speak
as much as possible.

*********************************************************************************************
• SNACK – (noun) – is something small that people eat between meals, like a sandwich
or chips.

• BREAK – (noun) – a period of time when you stop working in order to rest, eat etc.
ex. I eat sandwiches during my morning break.

• BISCUIT – (noun) – British English (= “cookie” American English )

ex. I sometimes eat biscuits during my afternoon break.
 • CRISPS – (noun) – British English (= “potato chips” American English)

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• TO BE BORN – (verb)
ex. I was born on (December 15th, 1988).
− I was born in (Cebu Philippines).
− I learnt to walk about a year after I was born.

P. 351

• MURDER – (noun)
ex. Killing people is murder.
− I don't like reading books with stories about murders in them.

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• PRISON – (noun)
ex. If you killed someone, you will be put in prison.
− I wouldn't like to see inside a prison.
− Because it'd make me feel very unhappy.

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• PUPIL – (noun) – is a child who is in school.
ex. Most pupils in my country have to wear a uniform.

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• ROOT – (noun) (Note: Please draw a tree with roots.)
ex. These are the roots of the tree.
− We call the part of a tree that's in the land the roots.

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• MEMORY – (noun)
ex. I can easily remember things.
− I have got a good memory.
OR
ex. I can easily forget things.
− I have got a bad memory.

P. 352

• ANOTHER FORM OF CONTRACTION OF THE VERB “TO BE”

(Please read the book explanation.)

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• CROSS – (verb)
 ex. If I want to go from one side of the road to the other, I must cross the road.
(Note: Please mime by pointing to your right towards your left.)

− I must look both ways before crossing the road.

− If I wanted to go from here to Scotland, I would have to cross the sea.

P. 353

• THINK OF – (verb) (Note: Please mime “think of”)

ex. The first thing I thought of when I woke up this morning was food.

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• SAFE – (adjective) – is the opposite of “dangerous”
ex. I don't think it's safe to shop online but I think it's dangerous.
(because you won't know if there's something wrong with it)

• SAFETY – is the (noun) of “safe”

ex. Parents often worry about their children's safety.

• ON YOUR OWN – means “by yourself”

ex. It isn't safe for young children to cross the road on their own.

ex. I don't like going on holiday on my own.

− I prefer going in company.

*******************************************************************************************
• LAY – (verb) – is the past of the verb “to lie”
ex. I lay in bed for about eight hours last night.

P. 354

• SIR
• MADAM
• GENTLEMAN
• LADY
• CUSTOMER
• OFFICER
(Please read the book explanation.)

*******************************************************************************************
• TITLE
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 355
 • HEIGHT – (noun) – means how tall a person is
ex. I'm 156 cm.
− My height is 156 cm.

• STANDARD – (adjective)
ex. standard of living
− Norway and Australia have the highest standards of living in the world.

− also means, the regular or usual

ex. The usual height for a woman in this country is 154 cm.
− The standard height for a woman in this country is 154 cm.

*******************************************************************************************
• COLOURFUL – (adjective) – has many colours
ex. Sixteenth century fashions in men's clothes were full of colours.
− Sixteenth century fashions in men's clothes were very colourful.

P. 356

• WOULD YOU SAY

• OPINION
(Please read the book explanation.)

********************************************************************************************
• LOOK + ADJECTIVE
ex. Look + dark
− look + dirty
− look + cloudy

ex. If the sky looks dark and cloudy, I sometimes decide not to go out.
ex. When my shoes look dirty, I clean them.

P. 357

• GET IN – (phrasal verb)

• GET OUT OF – (phrasal verb)
• GET ON – (phrasal verb)
• GET OFF – (phrasal verb)
(Please read the book explanation.)

• TAXI – (noun)
ex. I went to the restaurant by taxi.

• FARE – (noun)
ex. We pay when we get out of the taxi.
 − We pay for the fare.

********************************************************************************************
• ROYAL – (adjective)
ex. Kings, queens, princes and princesses belong to a royal family.
− My country hasn't got a royal family.

********************************************************************************************
• MUD – (noun) – soft, wet dirt
ex. We get mud on our shoes by walking in the rain.

• COUNTRYSIDE – (noun) – a place away from towns and cities

ex. I don't live in the countryside; I live in the town.
− We get mud by walking in the countryside in the rain.

********************************************************************************************
• CROWD – (noun) – means a group of people in a place
ex. Famous actors are often surrounded by crowds when they go out in public.

• CROWDED – (adjective) – full of people

ex. Buses in my town are usually crowded in the morning.
(because students go to school early, most people go to work early etc.)

P. 358

• CAPTAIN – (noun) – means, “the leader”

ex. a sports team captain, sea captain, army captain etc.
− The name of a famous sea captain is Captain Cook.

• TEAM
ex. football team, basketball team, etc.
− I've never been the captain of a sports team.

********************************************************************************************
• WIDE – (adjective)
ex. (Colon Street) is the widest street in the place where I live.
(Note: Extend your arms sidewards)

• NARROW – (adjective) – is the opposite of “wide”

ex. (Lahug Street) is the narrowest.

********************************************************************************************
• FLAG – (noun)
ex. Flag of japan, flag of the Philippines etc.
− The color of the flag of my country is blue, red, yellow and white.
 • NATIONAL – (adjective) – relating to a country.
ex. I know the origin of my national flag.

********************************************************************************************
• GRASS – (noun)
• LIVE ON – (phrasal verb)
ex. A horse is an animal that eats grass.
− A horse lives on grass.
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 359

• TOWER – (noun)
ex. Tokyo tower, Sky tree tower etc.

*********************************************************************************************
• WET – (adjective)
ex. The streets are wet when it rains.
− If I walked in the rain without an umbrella, I'd get wet.

• DRY – (adjective) – is the opposite of “wet”

ex. If I got wet, I'd have to take my clothes off and hang them up to dry.

********************************************************************************************
• THREW – (verb) – is the the past of “throw”
ex. If I threw a stone at the window, the window'd break.

********************************************************************************************
• LOUD – (adjective) – causing a lot of noise
ex. The radio is causing a lot of noise.
− It's too loud.

• TURN DOWN – (phrasal verb)

ex. The radio is too loud, I have to turn it down enough for me to hear it.

• TURN UP – (phrasal verb) – is the opposite of “turn down”

ex. If my TV is turned up too loud, I turn it down.

P. 360

• REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
• MYSELF
• YOURSELF
• HIMSELF
• HERSELF
 • ITSELF
• ONESELF
• OURSELVES
• YOURSELVES
• THEMSELVES
• CONSEQUENTLY
• PROTECT
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 361

• THOROUGH – (adjective) – means “complete”

ex. People generally give their houses a thorough cleaning in spring.

• THOROUGHLY – (adverb) – means “completely”

ex. If I jumped into the sea, I'd get thoroughly wet.
− The kind of things that make me thoroughly tired are hard physical work, studying a
lot without break, not enough sleep etc.

*********************************************************************************************
• ACCIDENT – (noun)
ex. A car accident.
− If I drive a car on the left-hand side of the road in America instead of on the right, I'd
have an accident.
− I've seen an accident on the road. (OR – I've never seen an accident on the road.)

• BY ACCIDENT
ex. If I took something by accident that didn't belong to me, I'd return it.

P. 362

• PRIZE – (noun)
ex. If you won a game, you would get a prize.
− I've won a prize for something. (OR – I've never got a prize for anything.)

********************************************************************************************
• TOO – (adverb) – means “also”
ex. He wants a biscuit, and I want one too.

********************************************************************************************
• AT LEAST
ex. He didn't do very well in the exam, but at least he passed.

********************************************************************************************
• WIDELY – (adverb) – means “a lot”
 ex. One of the most widely used English adjectives is nice.
− English is the most widely spoken language in the world.

********************************************************************************************
• PIG – (noun)
ex. We can see a pig on a farm.

• MANNER – (noun)
ex. Polite children have good manners while impolite children have bad manners.
− Good manners are so important in life because they make life easier and more
pleasant.

− When we say that someone has the manners of a pig, we mean that they have very
bad manners.

− (noun) – another meaning of manner is “way of doing something”

ex. People in very hot countries don't wear in the same way (= manner) as people in
very cold countries.
− They dress in a different way (= manner).

P. 364

• CAREFUL – (adjective)
ex. We must be careful when crossing the road.
− We must look both ways to avoid an accident.

• CARELESS – (adjective) – is the opposite of “careful”

ex. People don't become careless when they're in great danger but they become very
careful.

• CAREFULLY – is an adverb
ex. I write carefully.

• CARELESSLY – is an adverb
ex. My friend dresses the most carelessly.

********************************************************************************************
• OWN – (verb) – is a synonym of possess
ex. This pen is mine. I own this pen. I possess this pen.
− I own all the clothes I'm wearing.
− I'd like to own a house more than anything else.
− I don't know who owns the place where I live.

********************************************************************************************
• CARRY ON – (verb) – means “continue”
 ex. People in my country don't usually carry on (= continue) working after they reach
the age of 65.
− They stop working.

• RETIRE – (verb) – means “to stop working”

ex. People in my country stop working when they reach the age of 50.
− People in my country retire when they reach the age of 50.

P. 365

• ASLEEP – (adjective) – is a synonym of “sleeping”

ex. I'll still be asleep at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.
(because I usually wake up at 8 o'clock in the morning)

• AWAKE – (adjective) – is the opposite of “asleep”

ex. I won't still be asleep at 8 o'clock tomorrow morning; I'll be awake.

*********************************************************************************************
• HOSPITAL – (noun)
ex. When somebody is dangerously ill, we ought to put him to bed and call for a doctor
or bring him to hospital.

• NURSE – (noun)
ex. Nurses and doctors take care of us when we're in hospital.

*********************************************************************************************
• PURPOSE – (noun)
• IN ORDER TO ...
• SO THAT
• TAKE EXERCISE – (verb) to exercise
(Please read the book definition.)

P. 366

• NOTICE – (noun) – written statement

ex. There are some notices hanging up in the school.
− They are on the walls and they say always wear your uniform, always speak
English etc.

********************************************************************************************
• LAIN – (verb) – is the past participle of the verb”to lie”
− the three forms of “lie” is LIE – LAY – LAIN”

ex. The longest I've ever lain in bed for when I've been ill has been about a week.
P. 367

• POINT AT
• POINT OUT
• INDICATE
(Please read the book definition.)

*********************************************************************************************
• GRAVE – (noun) – a hole in the ground where a dead person's body is put.
ex. In my country, people visit their relatives' graves.

P. 368

• NECK – (noun)
ex. This part of the body is the neck. (Note: touch your neck)
− It's bad for my neck to sleep without a pillow.

*********************************************************************************************
• FLAME – (noun) – the hot gas that can be seen when a fire is burning
ex. These are flames.
(Note: Draw a fire of a candle on the board and draw flames on the top of it.)

**********************************************************************************************
• FLIGHT – (noun)
ex. flight to England, flight to America etc.
− The flight from here to Japan is about 4 hours.

**********************************************************************************************
• SOUP – (noun)
ex. chicken soup, noodle soup etc.

• EXCEPT – (preposition)
ex. The shops will be open every day except Sundays.

P. 369

• PALACE – (noun) – the home of a king, queen, or president

ex. Buckingham Palace in London.

• PARLIAMENT – (noun) – is a group of people who make the laws of the government.
ex. The Houses of Parliament in London.
− If I went to London, I might see Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament,
Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus etc.

• MAY
 • MIGHT
(Please read the book explanation.)

P.370

• ARRIVE AT – (phrasal verb)

• POINT – (noun)
• ARRIVE IN – (phrasal verb)
• AREA – (noun)
(Please read the book explanation.)

• AIRPORT – (noun)
ex. If you have a flight to catch, you have to go to the airport.

• PASSPORT – (noun) – something you use to go to another country.

ex. If I arrived at a foreign airport without my passport, I might not be able to enter the
country.

*********************************************************************************************
• CAFE – (noun) – is a small informal restaurant where you can get light meals, snacks
and drinks.
ex. I drink coffee in the cafe during my break.

*********************************************************************************************
• OWE – (verb)
ex. I borrowed money from you.
− I owe you some money.

*********************************************************************************************
• SOUVENIR – (noun) – things you bring back with you when you go on holiday.
ex. The things I usually bring back with me when I went on holiday are souvenirs like
key chains, clothes, food like sweets etc.

• VERB + BACK
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 371

• PRIDE – (noun) – a feeling of happiness that you get when you do something good or
difficult.
ex. She spoke with pride about her success in passing the examination.

• PROUD – (adjective) – means “feeling pride”

ex. I am proud of my work.
 • TAKES PRIDE IN – to be proud of
ex. I am proud of my work.
− I take pride in my work.

• NORMAL – (adjective) – means “usual”

ex. My usual breakfast is bread and milk.
− My normal breakfast is bread and milk.

• NORMALLY – (adverb) – means “usually”

ex. People normally (usually) feel proud when they do well in exams.

*********************************************************************************************
• SERVANT – (noun) – a person who does work in a house such as cleaning, cooking
etc.
ex. If I were very rich, I would have servants in my house.

P. 372

• WHEEL – (noun)
ex. There are four wheels on a car.
(Note: make a circular motion shape like a “wheel”)

• LORRY – (noun)
ex. There are eight wheels on a lorry.
− A lorry doesn't have fewer wheels than a car.
− It has more wheels.

********************************************************************************************
• CENTIMETRE – (noun)
• METRE – (noun) – a metre makes a hundred centimetres.

• ARROW – (noun) – (Note: Draw an arrow on the board.)

ex. An arrow is about a metre long. (Note: Mime using your hands.)

********************************************************************************************
• BEARD – (noun) – the hair that grows on a man's chin (Note: point your “chin”)
ex. I know somebody who has a long beard.
− Santa Claus has a long and white beard.

*********************************************************************************************
• TRUE – (adjective)
ex. The opposite of “heaven” is “hell”.
− It's true.

• FALSE – (adjective) – is the opposite of “true”

ex. The opposite of heaven is sky.
 − It's false.

• PAPER – (noun) – or newspaper

ex. Not everything we read in the newspapers are true.
− Some things are true and some things are false.
− I think maybe it's because newspapers haven't always got time to make sure that
what they write is completely true.

********************************************************************************************
• MAINTAIN – (verb)
ex. It isn't cheap to maintain a large house.
− It's expensive.

P. 373

• IT TAKES
ex. It takes me about 30 minutes to go home from here.
− It would take me about an hour to reach the station from here if I walked very fast.

• IRELAND – (noun) – is a state in Europe

ex. It doesn't take longer to fly from here to Ireland than to go by train and ship.
− It takes less time.

********************************************************************************************
• AMOUNT – (noun)
ex. I've got about a hundred pesos in my pocket.
− The amount of money I have got in my pocket is a hundred pesos.

ex. They use a large amount of wood in building houses in my country because it's
cheap.

• AMOUNT TO – (phrasal verb) – also means “equals”

ex. 50 yen and 13 yen amount to 63 yen.

********************************************************************************************
• FURTHER
• IN ADDITION
• EXTRA
(Please read the book explanation.)

ex. I'd have to go to the information office if I wanted further information about train
times at a station.

ex. If I failed an exam; I'd have to take further lessons.

• SWEDEN – (noun) – a country in Northern Europe

 ex. Sweden is further from Spain than Switzerland.

P. 375

• PAST PERFECT
• I HAD EATEN
(Please read the book explanation.)

• PARTY – (noun) – (Note: Let the student translate the word in his/her own language.)

• BIRTHDAY (PARTY) – (noun) – (Note: ask for the translation first)

ex. I sometimes throw a party at home on my birthday.

• POLITICAL (PARTY) – (adjective) – (Note: ask for the translation first)

ex. The strongest political party in my country is the Democratic party.

• LARGE (PARTY) – (noun)

ex. I don't prefer to go on holiday alone.
− I prefer to go in a large party.

P. 377

• MAD – (adjective)
(Please read the book definitions.)

ex. Some people get mad (= angry) when they're driving in very heavy traffic.

ex. I'm most mad (= very interested) about music, films, sport etc.

• CRAZY – (adjective) – mentally ill

• UFO – (abbreviation) – Unidentified Flying Object – a flying object in the sky that some
people believe could be a spaceship from another planet
ex. If a friend told me they had seen a UFO, I wouldn't believe them

********************************************************************************************
• COPY – (verb)
ex. to copy during an exam
− If one pupil copies from another during an exam, he's sent out of the room.

ex. When you answer a question during a Callan lesson, you shouldn't simply copy
what the teacher says.
− You should try to answer the question without waiting to hear the words from the
teacher first.

ex. If I were given two copies of the same book for my birthday, I'd still keep the other
one as a souvenir.

P. 378

• INFLUENCE – (verb)
ex. I feel happy in good weather.
− I feel unhappy in bad weather.
− The weather has a strong influence over me.

*******************************************************************************************
• MOUSE – (noun)
ex. Mickey Mouse

• MICE – is the plural of mouse. We say 1 mouse, 2 mice.

ex. The name of the famous mouse in the cinema world is Mickey Mouse.
− Mice like eating cheese etc.

********************************************************************************************
• THROAT – (noun)
ex. This part of the body is the throat.
(Note: point your throat.)

********************************************************************************************
• OPPORTUNITY – (noun) – is a synonym of “chance”
ex. I'd prefer a job that gave me the opportunity to visit other countries.

********************************************************************************************
• INDUSTRY – (noun)
ex. computer industry, car industry etc.

• AGRICULTURE – (noun)
ex. farming etc.

• DEVELOP – (verb)
ex. UNDER – DEVELOPED – means those with little industry, agriculture etc.
− In the old days, there weren't a lot of factories in Japan.
− Japan was still an under-developed country.
− But now Japan is already a well-developed country.

P. 379

• PRINT – (verb) – means to prepare and make a book for sale

ex. This Callan book was published in London.

********************************************************************************************
 • BEACH – (noun)
ex. In summer, we usually go to a beach.
− When I'm on holiday, I enjoy lying on a beach in the sun.

• DESERT – (noun)
ex. Sahara dessert
− It's difficult to live in a desert because there is so little water.

• SAND – (noun)
ex. We find sand on a beach, in a desert etc.

********************************************************************************************
• RING – (verb)
ex. to ring a bell, a doorbell etc.

• BELL – (noun) (Note: Please draw a bell, mime or produce a sound of a bell “ding -
dong.)
ex. In my school, (way back in college/high school) there's a bell.
− It rings during break time, if the class is about to start or to end.
− This school doesn't have a bell.

• KNOCK – (verb)
ex. I'm knocking on the table. (or on the wall)

• PAY A VISIT – is the same as “to visit”

ex. When I arrive at somebody's front door in order to pay a visit, I knock the door or
ring the doorbell.

*********************************************************************************************
• SHOUT – (verb)
ex. People shout when they're angry or when they think somebody can't hear them.
− If there were some people shouting loudly outside in the corridor, I wouldn't be able
to hear you.

P. 380

• STICK – (noun)
ex. Dogs like to fetch sticks that you throw to them.

• WALKING STICK – (noun)

ex. Some people use walking sticks to help them move around when they get older.

********************************************************************************************
• WOULD PREFER + INFINITIVE WITH “TO”
ex. prefer + to live
− prefer + to eat
 − prefer + to

ex. I'd prefer to live by a lake than to live by the sea.

− This evening, I'd prefer to go out for dinner than simply go home.

********************************************************************************************
• EXCLAMATION MARK – (noun)
ex. This is an exclamation mark. (!)
(Note: Write an exclamation mark on the board or in the chat box.)

P. 381

• - NESS
• REASON
• ILLNESS
• TIREDNESS
• DARKNESS
(Please read the book explanation.)

***********************************************************************
• ALONE – (adjective) – means “the only one”
ex. I'm the only one in this room.
− I'm alone in this room.

ex. Another way of saying “he lives on his own” is “He lives alone”.

ex. I don't live alone.

− I live with other people.

ex. I prefer to go on holiday in company.

P. 382

• ALREADY – (adverb)
ex. The lesson hasn't finished yet.
− It's still in progress.

ex. I'm not able to speak English without making any mistakes yet.
− I still make some mistakes.

ex. We aren't in (winter) yet.

− We're still in (autumn).

ex. We've already studied Stage 4 of the Callan Method.

********************************************************************************************
 • THROWN – (verb)
− The three forms of throw are throw – threw – thrown

ex. I've thrown something away by mistake which was worth a lot of money.
− I've thrown my money by mistake.

********************************************************************************************
• IN SPITE OF
• DESPITE
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 383

• ANYONE
• SOMEONE
• NO ONE (NO – ONE)
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 384

• BORROW – (verb) – the opposite of the verb “to lend”

ex. We should always give back the things we borrow.

ex. If I forgot to bring a pen with me to school, I'd have to borrow one from another
student.

*******************************************************************************************
• MY OWN
• EMPHASIZE
(Please read the book explanation.)

*******************************************************************************************
• SKIN – (noun)
ex. This is my skin. (Note: show and touch your skin.)

P. 385

• WIRE – (noun)
ex. We use wire to carry electricity, to connect things together etc.

• ELECTRICITY – (noun) (Note: You can use your headset's wire as an example.)
ex. We use wire to carry electricity.

• CONNECTION – (noun)
 • WIRELESS – (adjective)
ex. By a wireless internet connection, we mean that we can connect to the internet
without connecting wires to our computer.

• WI – FI
ex. Instead of “a wireless internet connection, we can say “Wi–Fi”.
− Some bars and cafes offer free Wi–Fi to their customers.

• HYPHEN – (noun)
ex. This is a hyphen.
− The spelling of the word Wi–Fi is W, I, hyphen, F, I.

*******************************************************************************************
• FRY – (verb) – to cook food in fat or oil.
ex. fried eggs, fried chicken, etc.
ex. We cook eggs in oil.
− We fry eggs in oil.

ex. We cook chicken in oil.

− We fry chicken in oil.

• ROAST – (verb) – to cook (food such as chicken, potatoes) with dry heat in an oven or
over a fire.
ex. We cook chicken in an oven.
− We roast chicken in an oven.

• BOIL – (verb) – to cook (something) in water that is boiling

ex. We boil potatoes until they are cooked.
− It takes about twenty minutes to boil potatoes.

ex. I prefer fried eggs to boiled eggs.

ex. Three ways of cooking potatoes are boiling, frying and roasting.

*******************************************************************************************
• BRICK – (noun)
ex. A wall is normally built of bricks.
(Note: Please show the picture of the brown family and point at the walls.)

P. 386

• AS WELL
• TOO
• ALSO
(Please read the book explanation.)
P. 387

• FUTURE CONTINUOUS
• I WILL BE SPEAKING
(Please read the book explanation.)

***********************************************************************
• INCH
• FOOT
• YARD
(Please read the book definitions.)

********************************************************************************************
• CHAIN – (noun) – is more or less the same as a “necklace”
ex. I am wearing a chain.

ex. When we say someone is a chain – smoker, we mean that he or she smokes one
cigarette after another without stopping, like a chain.

********************************************************************************************
• RISE – (verb)
ex. My book is rising in the air. (Note: Lift up your book.)

ex. The sun doesn't rise early in winter.

− It rises late.

• CONSTANTLY – (adverb) – means “continuously”

ex. The cost of living is constantly rising these days.

ex. If this table slowly began to rise into the air without anybody touching it, I'd run out
of the room etc.

********************************************************************************************
• BELT – (noun)
ex. I'm wearing a belt.

********************************************************************************************
• HOURLY
• DAILY
• WEEKLY
• MONTHLY
• YEARLY
(Please read the book explanation.)

********************************************************************************************
• ALLOW
 • LET – LET – LET
• EVERYDAY
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 392

• ANYWHERE? – is non – specific and is used in interrogative sentences.

• SOMEWHERE – we use in positive sentences.
• NOT ANYWHERE – we use in negative sentences.
ex. Is there a book (anywhere) in this room?
− Yes, there's a book (somewhere) in this room.
− No, there isn't a book (anywhere) in this room.

• WHERE? – is specific and has specific answers, and is used in interrogative

sentences.

• ON THE WALL
• NOWHERE
ex. Where's the picture?
− The picture's (on the wall).
OR
− The picture's (nowhere).

P. 393

• LOOSE – (adjective)
− There are a lot of meanings of the word loose:

1. it means, without a chain on the neck

ex. I think it's not OK to let dogs run around loose.

− I think they should be kept on a chain.

2. loose like for example “loose clothes”

ex. People in hot countries wear loose clothes to keep themselves cool.

3. loose like “loose stones” – small stones that you can see anywhere
ex. There are some loose stones on the road outside this school.

• LOOSEN – (verb)
ex. A man sometimes loosens his tie because it's more comfortable.
(Note: Pretend to loosen a tie)

********************************************************************************************
• STORM – (noun) – is a short period of very bad weather
 ex. We sometimes see lightning and hear thunder in a storm.

• LIGHTNING – (noun) – light that can be seen in the sky during a storm.

• THUNDER – (noun) – the very loud sound that comes from the sky during a storm.

*********************************************************************************************
• BLIND – (adjective)
ex. Blind people are people who can't see.
− They read with special books made for them, which they can read by touching the
words.

*********************************************************************************************
• DEVIL – (noun)
ex. The devil lives in hell.

P. 394

• RIDE – (verb)
ex. ride a horse, ride a bus, ride a train etc.
− I can't ride a horse.
− I don't like riding on buses.

• CYCLE – (noun) – is the same as “bike”

ex. Another way of saying “I ride a bike every day” is “I cycle every day”

*********************************************************************************************
• MAY
• CAN
• COULD
• PERMISSION
(Please read the book explanation.)

********************************************************************************************
• RAINCOAT – (noun)
ex. If I walked in the rain, I would wear a raincoat or carry an umbrella.

• CATCH – (verb)
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 395

• CAP – (noun) – a baseball cap etc.

ex. It's a good idea to wear a cap in hot, sunny weather because it protects your head
and eyes from the sun.
********************************************************************************************
• HABIT – (noun)
• TO BE IN THE HABIT OF DOING SOMETHING
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 396

• STRANGER
• FOREIGNER
(Please read the book explanation.)

*********************************************************************************************
• SNOWSTORM – (noun) – a storm with a large amount of falling snow
ex. I was blinded by the snowstorm and could not see the right way to my house.

P. 397

• LOOK LIKE – (phrasal verb) – to have a face that is similar to someone or something
ex. My mother and I have a similar face.
− I look like my mother.

ex. I'd most like to look like _____. (name a person)

− Because he/she looks like … (describe the person you just mentioned above)

ex. It appears to me as if it's going to rain.

− It looks like it's going to rain.

********************************************************************************************
• TRAVEL
• JOURNEY
(Please read the book explanation.)

• JUST – (adverb) – also means “only” or nothing more than

ex. It's now easier for people to travel to other countries just for the weekend because
travelling is cheaper and faster these days.

P. 398

• OF COURSE – used to show that what is being said is already generally known
ex. He's American and so, of course, he speaks English.

− “of course” is also used informally to give permission or say yes

ex. Could I borrow your pen for a second?
− Of course you can.
*******************************************************************************************
• NOWADAYS – (adverb) – also means “these days”
ex. I think people are happier (these days) than they were in the past.
− I think people are happier (nowadays) than they were in the past.
− Because the world is becoming a better place to live in.

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• SUFFER – (verb) – to experience illness
ex. I've suffered from some illnesses in the last two years.

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• WISH – (noun)
ex. My greatest wish in life is to have my own house.

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• EXIST – (verb)
ex. This building has existed for 2 years.
− This is new building I'm in at the moment.

P. 399

• REMIND
• IN OTHER WORDS
• MEMBER
(Please read the book explanation.)

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• LIBRARY – (noun)
− The difference between a bookshop and a library is that a bookshop is a place
where we can buy books, whereas a library is a place where we can go to read
books and borrow them.

ex. I buy books from a bookshop.

− I borrow books from a library.

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• EVEN THOUGH – is a synonym of “although”
ex. When I was a child, I sometimes had to go to school even though I didn't want to.
ex. I'd keep my promise to visit her even though I had to walk through heavy rain.

•EVEN – (adverb)
ex. There are some areas of the world where it never gets warm, even in the middle of
summer.
− There will be even more people and more cars in the world in a few years' time.
 • NOT EVEN – is the negative of “even”
ex. I know of a village in this country where they haven't even got water or electricity.
− Somewhere in the countryside.

P. 400

• TO
• AT
• DIRECTION
(Please read the book explanation.)

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• SOON – (adverb) which means in a short time....perhaps five or ten minutes
ex. If I go out of the room and say “I'll be back soon”, I'll be maybe five or ten minutes.

• AT ONCE – means “almost immediately” or about one minute or in a very short time
ex. If I go out of the room and say “I'll be back at once”, I'll be about one minute, or I'll
be back almost immediately.

P. 402
• NEED – (verb)
ex. If I needed a haircut, I'd go to a hairdresser's.
− I think I need a house (car, money, good health, etc.) more than anything else.
− I think my country needs more parks more than anything else.

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• TOWARDS
• DESTINATION
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 403

• TRAY – (noun)
− We use a tray for carrying plates and cups from one room to another.

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• STADIUM – (noun) – a very large building but without a cover on the top (roof).
− There are many seats that surround the stadium.
− it is used for sports like football, baseball etc.

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• MUCH BETTER
• MUCH MORE
(Please read the book explanation.)
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• CONTRARY – (noun) – is another word for “opposite”

• FALL – (verb) – (Note: Please mime fall by moving your hand downwards.)
ex. To fall is the opposite of the verb “to rise” (is the same as)
− To fall is the contrary of the verb “to rise”.

• TEMPERATURE – (noun) – is the hotness and coldness of a person's body.

ex. When I'm ill, my body temperature sometimes rises.
− If my body temperature falls a lot, I should go to bed and call a doctor.

• ATMOSPHERE – (noun) – means the air

ex. When the temperature of the atmosphere is falling, it is usually very cold.
− When the temperature of the atmosphere is rising, it is usually very hot.
− The temperature of the atmosphere is (falling) this month. (that is why it is cold)

P. 404

• TOOTH – (noun) – (Note: Point your tooth.)

• TEETH – is the plural of tooth.

− We say one tooth, two teeth, three teeth etc.

• TOOTHBRUSH – (noun)
ex. We clean our teeth with a toothbrush.

• DENTIST – (noun)
ex. If I have a problem with your teeth, I should go to a dentist.

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• SEEM – (verb) – is a synonym of “look like”
ex. It looks like as if it'll rain later. (is the same as)
− It seems to me as if it'll rain later.

ex. Some people seem younger than they really are because of the way they look, the
way they talk, the things they do etc.

ex. It seems warmer to me today than it was yesterday.

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• SEVERAL – (adjective) – meaning more than twice or 3 times but not many.
− It is used with things we can count.
 ex. I am ill five times during the year.
− I am ill several times during the year.

ex. Some very rich people have houses in several different countries.

P. 405

• COMPOSE – (verb) – write or make something

ex. Mozart composed a lot of music.
ex. I find it difficult to compose formal letters.

• BE COMPOSED OF – (verb) – means “made up of”

ex. The English alphabet is composed of 26 letters.
ex. Europe is composed of many different countries.

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• WISE – (adjective) – a good idea
ex. I think it's wise to put some money in the bank each month for later on in life.

• WISDOM – (noun) – means the things we learn through our experiences in life
ex. I think wisdom comes with age.

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• SUDDENLY – (adverb)
ex. If I suddenly threw my pen at you, I think you wouldn't be able to catch it.
(Note: make a sudden movement of your hand with a pen; as if throwing your pen to the
student.)

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• PAIN – (noun)
ex. Stomachache, headache, toothache etc.
− The greatest physical pain I've ever suffered was when I broke my leg.

P. 406

• CERTAIN – (adjective) – is a synonym of “sure”

ex. There's something in life that we can be completely certain of.
− That is death.

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• PASS BY – (verb) – moving past someone or something
ex. From where I'm sitting, I can see people passing by the window.

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• PARK – (verb) – to leave a car, truck, motorcycle, etc., in a particular place
ex. I parked the car on the street.
 • CAR PARK – (noun)
ex. When a car park is full, a drive has to park his car in the street.

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• PICTURE – (noun)
ex. This is a picture. (Note: Show a picture / Brown family's picture.)
− There are some pictures on the wall.

P. 407

• 3RD CONDITIONAL

• 1ST CONDITIONAL – “If + present + “will do” = real possibility

• 2ND CONDITIONAL – “If + past + “would do” = only imagining

(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 408

• 3RD CONDITIONAL – “If + past perfect + “would have done” = imagining in the past
(Please read the book explanation.)

P. 409

• DIARY – (noun)
− People use diaries to help them remember things that they have done or things that
they need to do.

P. 410

• CHARACTER – (noun) – the way someone thinks, feels etc.

ex. I like to see an interesting (strong, pleasant) character in a person.
− The kind of character he has is strong, pleasant and interesting.

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• REALLY – (adverb) – also means “very”
ex. I've sometimes got up very early to go to work.
− I've sometimes got up really early to go to work.

ex. If I were driving a car on a long journey and suddenly felt really tired, I'd stop the
car, buy a cup of coffee, and wait until I felt more awake.

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 • RAN – (verb) – is the past of “run”
ex. If I ran against you, I think you would win.

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• IMPROVE – (verb)
ex. We can improve our English by practising a lot, reading a lot etc.

• COACH – (noun) – a person who teaches someone to improve doing something

ex. basketball coach, football coach, etc.
− Even the best tennis players need a coach to improve their game.

− (noun) – another meaning of “coach” is “a large bus with comfortable chairs that is
used when going somewhere”.
ex. It's cheaper to travel by train in my country than to go by coach.

P. 411

• ADVERBS FORMED FROM ADJECTIVES

(Please read the book explanation.)

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• FLEW – (verb) – is the past of “fly”
ex. If I flew round the world in a straight line, I'd finish in the same place as I had
started.

ex. If a bird flew into this room, I'd probably try to catch it.

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• WOOL – (noun)
− We get wool from a sheep.
− We can make pullovers, hats and scarves from wool.

P. 412

• POSSESSIVE CASE OF PLURAL NOUNS ENDING IN “S”.

• APOSTROPHE – (noun)
ex. This is an apostrophe.
(Note: write an apostrophe on the board or in the chat box.)

• CASE – (Note: Please read below.)

− * We form the possessive case of singular nouns like “girl”, “man”, “child” etc. by
adding an apostrophe and the letter “s”

ex. The girl's coat

− the old man's hat
− a child's book
 − * We form the possessive case of plural nouns that do not end in “s” such “men”,
“women”, “children” etc. in the same way; by adding an apostrophe and the letter
“s”.

ex. The old men's hats

− children's books
− women's clothes
(Note: Please continue reading the explanation in the book on the next page.)

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• KICK – (verb)
ex. When we play football, we kick the ball with our foot.
− I'm kicking the table.

P. 413

• COAST – (noun) – is a land next to the sea

ex. English coast; East coast; West coast etc.

• CERTAIN – (pronoun)
ex. On certain days, the English coast can be seen from the coast of France.

• TIRE – (verb)
ex. When I work very hard, I feel tired.
− When I study a lot, I feel tired.

ex. I sometimes tire of speaking.

*******************************************END OF STAGE 5*****************************************