METTU UNIVERSITY BEDELE CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE ASSESSMENT OF GENDER DISPARITY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE

INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES: (CASE STUDY OF BEDELE TOWN]

ESSAY PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR B.A DEGREE IN ECONOMICS

BY: DINKINESH KIFLE

ID; 6057/12RU

SUBMITE TO: NATNAEL ABRIHAM (PH.D)

NONEMBER, 2022

BEDELE, ETHIOPIA
TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents Page
TABLE OF CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back ground of the study................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................2
1.3. Research questions...........................................................................................................................3
1.4. Objectives of the study.....................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 General objective........................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific objectives.......................................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the study...................................................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the study............................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitation of the Study......................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................................5
2.1. Theoretical literature review................................................................................................................5
2.1.2. Gender inequality in labor market.............................................................................................7
2.1.3. Women’s decision-making in household...................................................................................8
2.1.4. Nature of women’s access to key economic and financial resource..........................................9
2.1.5. Gender relation in Ethiopia......................................................................................................10
2.2. Empirical Literature Review............................................................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................12
3. METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................12
3.1. Site description...............................................................................................................................12
3.2. Method of the study.......................................................................................................................12
3.2.1. Quantitative method...............................................................................................................13
3.2.3. Sampling method and Sample Size..........................................................................................13
3.3. Method of data analysis.................................................................................................................15

i
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................15
4 Budget breakdown and work plan..........................................................................................................15
4.1 Time Schedule.................................................................................................................................15
4.2 Budget Schedule..............................................................................................................................16
References................................................................................................................................................17

ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
CSA; Central static Agency
ILO: International Labor Organization
LDC: Least Developed Countries
REWA: Revolutionary of Ethiopia Women’s Association
SNNP South Nation Nationality People Region

iii
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back ground of the study
The gender relation between women and men is influenced by the prominent of social, cultural,
economic and political aspect of gender. Which mean socially the relation between men and
women is biological determine. Because; traditional society assumes that there is observable
difference between women and men. However, it is known that personality behavior and ability
are the result of differential socialization process (Darare 2007).

The diversity of women duties makes it difficult to determine their share on agriculture
production, much less place on economic value and on their work. However, current estimate
shows that in addition to work with in the household, women provide 60% to80% of agricultural
labor in Africa and Asia and about 40% in Latin America. Much of this work However is
stoically “invisible” in the women of then receives no payment for the work they perform.
Women provide an important source of labor for cash production, cultivate food for household
consumption, raise and market livestock generate additional income through cottage industries,
collect fire wood and fetching water and perform household shares, including the processing and
cooking of food. It has become clear that since women produce a large share of agricultural
output, successful agriculture reform will require raising women productivity. Where the
structure of agriculture is becoming more commercialized, women role and hence their economic
status are changing on the ground of decision making, control house hold property and equal
access to natural resource with men in many developing country women are still exposes for the
long hour they contribute to the lending of commercial crop (Todaros, 2012).

Gender inequality has a long history and has been increased in the past decades in much part of
developing countries of the world. This leads to most serious challenges that fall developing
strategies and one of the factors that decrease (decline) economic development among the
inequality that reduce women in development includes unequal distribution of work between
male and female lower earnings for the same work, reduce access to paid employment, in
equality in promotion. It’s known that gender equality has a great role in income generation of
household and economic development of the countries level but, in Ethiopia, the gender bias
P a g e 1 | 24
affects the income generating and development level of the economy due the social perspective
of gender that emanate from different religion and traditional belief (Mekdes ,2010).

In Ethiopia, women right on land emerged in 1974 during the Derg regime. At that time, women
were actively involved in the political area and they had their own mass organization, which is
known as the revolutionary Ethiopia women’s association (REWA). Their right on land holding
was also recognized in the rural land proclamation by the Derg regime (Mamo, 2006).

The coming of federal democratic republic of Ethiopia makes to decrease the gender disparity on
the income generating activity. But it does not mean that this gender disparity problem solved
totally. Because this gender disparity issues are fixed on unchangeable thing in the mind of many
people of the country that are not getting an access of reduction (MOFED, 2008).

GENERAL COMMENT

1.2 Statement of the problem

The problem of gender in equality is traditionally known, because women do not have access to
control productive resource and women do not participate in decision making on their property in
the household. There is also unequal division of labor allocation between men and women. The
self-perception of women to consider themselves as only depend on men or being a home maker
is crucial factor in the under estimation of the female work force; even if they participate, there is
less economic value of their work (Messay, 2012).

Women’s usually have limits access to resource and opportunities of different employment and
their productive remain lower relative to their potential due to lack of awareness in the society
about the role women for every economic aspect to generate income. In addition, the dominance
of men in the various in income generating activities highly affects the economic empowerment
of women (Kasente, 2008).

Gender inequality is a universal phenomenon. In most countries socio-cultural constraint can

discriminate women’s by making them disadvantage in their society. Therefore, the common
thinking in gender relates only to women are not efficient in their work. Gender inequality is
sustains by assigning care work and domestic labor almost exclusively to women and also

P a g e 2 | 24
women’s in most countries are working citizen but not consider as full citizen in the economy
and powerful (Alebachew , 2010).

The participation and decision making role varies between men and women, in such a way that
maintenance of family and caring of her children allows for women and men head household can
make decision on clearing of land, this action leads to inequality in division of labor in the
household (Michael, 2012).

Even if many researchers have been done researches on the issues of gender disparity, the
research which have been done in Bedele Town but, it is not enough to improve the gap with this
regard. Specially, the differences on income are common in the study area. Therefore, this
requires the specific study which can expose the reason behind that makes income generating
activities to be problematic in Bedele Town.

GENERAL COMMENT

1.3. Research questions

This particular study will addresses at least the following questions.

• What factors differ women engaged in less income generating activities than men?

• What are the job that done by women? disparity and its effect on the income
generating activities:

• What is the gender disparity on decision making and controlling resources?

Generally

1.4. Objectives of the study

1.4.1 General objective

The general objective of study will be assessment of gender disparity and its effect on
the income generating activities:

1.4.2 Specific objectives

• To identify income generating activities handle by both men and women in the study
area at the household level.
P a g e 3 | 24
 • To Examining the major income generating activities performed by women.

• To identify the factor that causes gender disparity in income generation in the study area.

1.5. Significance of the study

The study will have the following importance in general for Bedele town in particular. The study
may be important for the government policy maker as a guide line to formulate policy on the
problem of gender disparity. The study is expected to create clear understanding for the people
with regard to the equality of men and women in every economic sector.

1.6. Scope of the study

Even though the scope of the study under this is wide and universal problem which is available
especially in developing countries, this study is to assess gender disparity and its effect on
income generation, in Bedele Town, for the last years. Further the sample survey for this study
would be limit in its coverage to all part of the Town.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

To make this paper the researcher may face the following problems. Such as getting reliable and
representative data will be the major problems transportation, less awareness of respondents and
time constraints. However great efforts to convincing them in order to, getting reliable data.

P a g e 4 | 24
 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Theoretical literature review

The word gender can be defined as a set of characteristic, role and behavior pattern that
distinguish women from men by socially and culturally and relation of power between them.
These characteristics, role and behavioral pattern are dynamic. That is, it can vary over time and
across cultures because of the constant shifting and variation of cultural and subjective of
meaning gender (Hirut, 2004).

According to the little of the effect of gender inequality in education on economic growth and
development by using simpler regression analysis and the finding tells us the gender inequality
impede the economic growth. Gender in equality in education has significantly negative impact
on economic growth and papers to be an important factor contributing to poor growth
performance in Africa and south Asia over the past 30years. In addition, increase growth, the
gender equality in education promotes other important development goals, including lower
fertility rate and mortality rate (Dattis 1999).

The activities, resources and opportunities of people are significantly influenced by gender; that
is by the socio-economic cultural dimension of being male or female. She uses overlapping
generation framework and she aggregate that initial inequality in education can lead to self-
perpetuating equilibrium of continued gender in education with the consequence of high fertility
and low economic growth. The finding show that gender in equality as an endogenous variable
can be explained to be considerable extent by religious preference, regional factor and civil
freedom(Fernano,1999).

The gender disparity analysis of the study indicates that female farmers contribute more than
male in crop production and management because they participate in all farming activity. Gender

P a g e 5 | 24
role in Ambo district are constrained by an uneven distribution of resource and opportunities
between women and men in the household (Kaper, 2003).

In the all society men and women assigned activities and responsibilities according to their sex.
The gender division of labor varies from one culture to other culture it also changes with time
and external condition. The study result shows that men and women are regarded differently. In
much society, it is assumed that the control of resource is the right of men through women play
crucial role (Tenayigezu, 2006).

Gender inequality can be referring to the unequal treatment of individual based on gender. It
arises from differences in social constructed gender role as well as biological through brain
structure. Africa women are directly or indirectly involved in all sector. Especially, women
contribute enormously in the economic development the household and for their nation. In
their reproductive role, they economically contribute to human development capital by raising
and educating their children. They also actively involved in the productive and community
management role directly or indirectly (Boserup, 1970). However, their contributions in the
household as well as in the nation are invisible and unreal wording; they are counted as mere
consumer rather than producer (Derare, 2007).

A growing body of the literature finds that gender inequalities are detrimental to society at
large, and that unlocking the full economic potential of women would importantly contribute
to poverty reduction and growth stimulation. These improvements would translate in fine into
current poverty reduction and short-term growth thanks to higher incomes and consumption
expenditures, and into future poverty reduction and long-term growth thanks to higher savings
and better children’s health and educational attainment, and productivity as adults. Existing
studies indicate, in particular, that education is crucial as it substantially lowers the magnitude
of gender inequalities in labor income and underemployment, and substantially increases
men’s and women’s probability of getting a paid job (Arbachess et al. 2010).

The issue of gender in equality can be considered as a universal feature of developing countries.
Unlike women developing countries who are in relative term, economically empowered and have
powerful voice indecision making of the household, women’s in developing countries are
P a g e 6 | 24
generally silent and the household, women’s in developing countries are generally silent and
their voice has been influenced by economic and cultural factor. these economic and cultural
factor coupled with institutional factor can coupled with institutional factor can dictate the
gender based division of labor, right and access to control of resource, access to media,
employment, decision making are some of the area for gender disparity. However, increase in
education has often cited as one of the major avenue through which women are empowered
because education can increase the upward socioeconomic mobility of women, create
opportunities of work outsides of work outside the home and enhance husband-wife
communication. (Ethiopian society of population studies, 2005).

While many Developing countries have ratified these conventions, their effective application
and enforcement remain an issue. Tribal, customary and religious laws and norms, which are
largely prevalent in many Developing countries, are serious obstacles to the incorporation and
effectiveness of international labor standards and to achieving gender equality and
empowering women. Empirical research on the situation of women in Developing countries
labor markets is thus essential (WB, 2011).

2.1.2. Gender inequality in labor market

Theoretical approach to gender in labor market outcome can be broadly divided in to those
which focuses on individual choose and those which focus on structural constraint. Over time,
there has been some converge between these approach as social norms and other structural
constraint have been in cooperated in to choice theoretical framework and greater attention is
paid to issues of agency within structural explanation. Individual choice is of course at heart of
neo- classical economics and it reflected in early work on gender and labor market. One stand of
work explained gender differentiated labor market out come in term of gender differential
investment in human capital empowerment (kaper, 2012).

Lack of suitable data on African labor markets is a major obstacle to obtain accurate empirical
evidence on the multiple sources of work-related gender disparities, as well as on their extent
and drivers. Overall, the little evidence available shows that, in Africa, women typically
experience worse labor market outcomes than men, with higher levels of unemployment and
underemployment, and lower access to productive and paid employment. Occupational

P a g e 7 | 24
segregation by sex is widespread and leads to allocation inefficiencies and earnings gaps.
Women tend to adapt their preferences to occupations that are socially acceptable, that is they
are inclined to pursue careers that are more conducive to combining work and reproductive
responsibilities, which leads to their concentration in informal and precarious employment,
where pay and conditions of work are worse than in public and formal jobs (WB, 2011).

2.1.3. Women’s decision-making in household

Women’s are seen in most cases as dependent on men and denied the right to decision making
and leader ship. In the existing structure of social, cultural, economic and political men are
granted with authority to make decision on behalf of women. In most traditional society women
are kept largely within of the household where they are protected and thought to accept the
decision that other making on their behalf. As a result of this lack of experience in public
context, women tend to lack self- confidence and skill need to effectively in poison of formal
leadership (Darare, 2007).

A major and until recently often over looked feature of least developing countries(LDCs)
agrarian system particularly in Africa and Asia, is the crucial role played by women in
agricultural production. In Africa, where subsistence farming is predominant and shifting
cultivation remain important, nearly all tasks associated with subsistence food production are
performed by women although men who remain home general perform the initial task of cutting
tree and bushes on a potential cultivable plot of land, women are responsible for all subsequent
operation including removing burning felled trees, slowing or planting the plot, weeding,
harvesting and preparing the crops for storage or immediately consumption. Women’s provides
an important source of labor for cash crop production, cultivate food for household consumption,
raise and market livestock, generate addition income through cottage industries, Collect fire
wood and fetching water, perform household chores, including the processing and cooking of
food. Due to the time consuming nature of their diverse responsibility and no doubt to their
limited household bargaining power, women tend to work long hours than male (Sivens, 2010).

The diversity of women duties makes it difficult to determine their share of agricultural
production, much less place of economic value on their work. However, current estimate
indicates that the importance of women on agriculture is increase. It is estimated that in addition

P a g e 8 | 24
to work with in household, women provide 60% to 80% of agricultural, labor in Africa and Asia
and about 40% in Latin America. Though men generally control the production and profits from
commercial crops cultivated by women, women are usually responsible for the strenuous job of
weeding and transporting Perhaps, the most important role of women is providing food security
for the household. Women investment in revenue generating project and livestock are crucial to
stabilizing household income, especially in female headed house hold, where resource constraint
is the most save to the future (Michael Todaro, pp;450,2012).

2.1.4. Nature of women’s access to key economic and financial resource

In Africa, the first shifting cultivation will be the main tolls for plowing of the land. Under this,
contribution of women was much greater than men. In this system women were the dominant
figures of the practice farming whereas men’s role was only confined to clearing the land. In
undertaking different economic activity more than men, rural women in developing countries
have less property right, have no role in the economic input and they have remained
economically in secure. Rural women’s have played significant role in livestock production in
developing countries and they are active participant in the livestock management; but land and
property right for women require urgent attention by policy maker and land reformer in Africa
during the last three decades (UNDP, 2006).

The increased focus on a globalization of women empowerment in Africa generally gets little
attention. The income gained from such informal employment is insignificant and unbalanced.
Women who were involved in the informal employment sector usually start business with little
capital and little asset that is not sufficient to run this business. On the other hand, at the rural
area of developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular, the micro credits support
has not expanded to reach most rural women. The number of bank that support rural women is
limited, these condition discourage rural women to engage in self-employment. Since the rural
women are responsible for household management such as cooking, collection of fuel wood,
feeding of large family and caring children. Under Ethiopia, condition in which women engaged
in the informal employment not only contributes for household consumption but also to meet the
medical cost, clothing for the family. The incomes gained from this economic activity were used
for household consumption and family support rather than re-investing in to expanding their
business (Messay, 2012).
P a g e 9 | 24
The men have more power to control on the income made by women and often decide to finance
their own personal interest instead of the household this is because women have less power
(right) to make decision on the household income independently. Even though credit support and
micro finance facilities are very important for poverty reduction and economic empowerment of
rural women, in developing countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular, majority of rural
women are not benefited from micro finance and credit support launched by government and
non-government organization for poverty reduction for increasing earning capacity of the poor
women (linda, 2005).

2.1.5. Gender relation in Ethiopia

Ethiopian women have played a traditional role of motherhood and homemaker in both rural and
urban area. However, their work has never been limited in the household and the family. Rather
the women are actively involved in all aspect of their social life. But the important roles they
play have not been recognized. So, economic development is unthinkable without participation's.
Because their participation in the economy does not have value and have not received even their
share of the nation wealth (Messay, 2012).

In rural area, women are engaged in the verities of economic activity including the construction
of house, land cultivation and harvesting and food storage and marketing. However, men’s work
in agricultural sector has often been erroneously documented as marginal and they have been
considered more as consumer than producer. Ethiopian women are seen to have gained
somewhat better experience since the 1974 socio, economic and political transformation. They
have expanded their horizon with educational advancement and increased economic activity
(Amarech, 2004).

Women still faces multiple forms of discrimination's in the labor market-women almost still
continue to earn less than men for work of equal value. Discriminatory practices based on
assumptions about what jobs are “appropriate” for women; on Women's reproductive roles
continue to exist in Ethiopia. For instance, it is not unique to observe several women assuming
secretarial post in governmental and non-governmental institutions, while there are only few
women at managerial levels. Because of this the secretarial post is taken as, “female’s job”

P a g e 10 | 24
among many; the same holds true as girls are mainly required to assist their mothers in the house
hold, unlike boys. (Alebachew and Mekdes, 2010).

2.2. Empirical Literature Review

There are large gender variations in the nature and the terms of wage employment. For men,
public formal wage employment and private formal wage employment constitute altogether the
biggest share of the wage employed. Only 15 per cent of wage employed men are in informal
private jobs. For women, however, the proportion of the wage employed in private informal jobs
represents the second most frequent form of wage employment (32 per cent) after public
employment (40 per cent). In relative terms, women are more likely than men to work in
informal jobs, as temporary or casual employees, and less likely to work in permanent or
contract employment, suggesting that the conditions of work among wage employed women are
less favorable than for men. The participation rate and the employment ratio are lower for
women, while female unemployment is similar to male unemployment. In addition, a higher
proportion of the male population is in wage employment (WB, 2007).

On the average, Women wages represent about 66 per cent of male wages which is remarkably
low, even from an African perspective. The wage relative disadvantage of women is more
pronounced for younger women. As women get older, the pay differential with men tends to
lower. There are large variations in the gender pay gap at different points in the wage
distribution. While female wages represent nearly 70 per cent of male wages at the top quartile,
they account only for 55 per cent of male wages at the median and 49 per cent at the bottom
quartile. The gender disadvantage in terms of wages appears to be more pronounced in the
formal private sector than in the public sector. In the latter female wages do not exceed 80 per
cent of male wages while in the former female wages barely reach 74 per cent of male wages. In
the informal private sector, the gender wage gap is very high: female wages account for just
slightly more than one-third of male wages (LFS, 2005)

P a g e 11 | 24
 CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Site description
The study will be conducted in Bedele district. Bedele is a woreda and separate
woreda in Southwest Buno Bedele zone, which is found in Oromia regional state
of Ethiopia. It is far from Addis Ababa 480 Km to the south west. It is bordered on
the: south by Gechi, on the southwest by Chora, on the west by Dega, on the
north by the southern exclave of the Benishangul Gumuz Region, on the
northeast by the Didessa River which separates it from the Misrak Welega Zone
and on Southeast by Gechi.According to the national population and housing
census carried out in 2012, the population of the town was around 112854. Out
of this 67427(50.8%) were male and 45427(49.2%) were female. Regarding age
distribution 28520(31%) was within the age group of 0-15 years, and above. It has
43 Kebeles, 41 rural and 2 towns. Agro-ecologically, the woreda is divided into
three ecological zones namely mid-altitude (81.34%), low-land (18.6%) and
highland (0.06%). The climate condition of Bedele district is warm and temperate.
In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. The average temperature in
Bedele is 18.4ºc. About 1850mm of precipitation falls annually. The difference in
precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 310 mm. The
average temperatures vary during the year by 3.1ºc. The economy of the wored is
dominated by traditional cash crop farming mixed with livestock husbandry. The
major economy base in Woreda include honey, Maize, teff, Sorghum, Mango,
Banana, Papaya and Avocado ((BWARDO, 2012).

3.2. Method of the study

The study will be uses descriptive form of analysis method which includes percentages, tables,
and charts as well as the qualitative description through the statement collects from interviews
and questionnaires. Data present in the study would obtain from primary and secondary sources.
Primary data will be collects directly from respondents using Questionnaires and interviews.
Secondary data will be collect through Review of relate literatures and through direct discussion
with focus groups.
P a g e 12 | 24
3.2.1. Quantitative method
The quantitative research relies on field data collects using structured questionnaire that includes
questions on different issues in practice and the role of women and men in the economy. Basic
information will be collect on demographic and socio-economic situation of survey respondents.
The questionnaire will be code by Kebele to distinguish the four Kebeles.

It focuses on the role of women’s and men in the economy in the study area. Information would
be attaining through interviews and focus group discussions by using interview and discussion
guides. Secondary data are collect from Town Gender office and Healthy office. The discussion
was undertaken to collect information from relevant bodies involved on actual implementation of
the role of women in income generation activities by using open and close-ended questions.
Focus group discussion will be conduct with urban women and Gender office leaders in the
study area. The focus group discussion will be unstructured, thus allowing participants to open
up and discuss freely. Useful information was gathered as a number of issues are raise from
participants. The focus group discussion offered opportunity to capture case stories and to direct
observation

3.2.3. Sampling method and Sample Size

3.2.3.1. Sampling method

The sample size of population will be determines depending on the number of target population.
Systematic and simple random sampling methods are suitable to achieve the objectives of the
study. The reason will be use to these systematic sampling and simple sampling techniques is to
achieve my main target by identifying those group of gender disparity on income generating
activities. Although data shall be collect from different groups of respondent households in the
village shall form the most important source of information. In order to obtain relevant and
reliable information, systematic random sampling technique

Sampling technique

3.2.3.2. Sample Size

The sample size for collecting data for the study will be determine by using (Cochran’s, 1977)
formula as indicated on Bart let Kortlett and Higgins (Bart let and Higgins, 2001). Because of the
formula would use simple to determine the number sample size from the total number of
P a g e 13 | 24
population. Stratified and simple random sampling methods are suitable to achieve the objectives
of the study.

In order to obtain relevant and reliable information, systematic random sampling technique have
been used to select a sample of four kebeles from which data gathered have been selected;
namely: Dabana, Sedesa, Nabe Bakanisa and Qanqach. Then, to collect data from the identified
kebeles, I will use simple random sampling. These techniques of data collection are preferred to
avoid bias and ambiguity with data collection and cost minimization. That is as collection of
data from the whole population was very difficult, costly and time consuming, it has been
preferred to use sample methods based on the availability of time and cost.

From the kebeles of the Town, I will select the four areas by stratified random sampling. After
target populations are identified, data gathered from the kebeles dwellers by simple random
sampling. The sample includes both males and females those found in productive age group (>18
age). The reason to select this age group was to get reliable information for the effect of gender
disparity on income generation. Dabana, Sedesa, Nabe Bakanisa and Qanqach, the households
of blocks are 4800, 5000, 4000 and 5200 respectively. Thus19000 households are representing in
the Town.

Where: n =designates the sample size the research uses;

N= designates total number of households in four kebeles;

e =designates maximum variability or margin/ error 11.156 %( 0.11156);

1=designates the probability of the event occurring.

Therefore,

n = 19000/1+19000(0.11156)

n =80

P a g e 14 | 24
Sample size for each kebeles such as, Dabana = 20, Nabe = 21, Bakanisa =17, Qanqach =22. On
these bases, from each kebele respondents will be selected on random basis who are in the age
group of 18 years and above. It will cover both male and female respondents; a total of 80
households will interviews in each kebele.

3.3. Method of data analysis

After the data will be collect from Bedele Town community and Bedele gender office using both
primary and secondary source of data, the researchers will analyze the data using the simple
statistical methods like percentage and mean (average), charts and table

P a g e 15 | 24
P a g e 16 | 24
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. BUDGET BREAKDOWN AND WORK PLAN

All the research work needs budget to implement its activities to meet the intended goals, achieve at right
time, on quality, depth, and context and so on.

4.1 Budget requirement for the research paper

1. Stationary items ------------------------------------ 1,500
2. Typing, printing, copying and binding ------- 1,000
3. Travel cost ------------------------------------------ 1,000
4. Contingency ---------------------------------------- 5,00

Total ------------------ ----------------------------------- 4,000

4.2 Work plan

N0 Activities Months
Rema
rk
AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL
1 Problem identification xx
2 Selecting the research xx
topics
3 Literature review xx
4 Develop proposal xx
5 Submission of 1st draft xx
proposal
6 Final draft submission of xx
proposal
7 Data collection xx
8 Data edition xx
9 Data analysis xx
10 Data summary write xx xx
11 Submission of essay xx xx
report 1st draft
12 Write up finding and xx
incorporating comment
13 Finalizing the research xx
report
14 Submission of essay xx
report final draft
15 Defense xx xx

P a g e 17 | 24
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