FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
Duhok Polytechnic University
Technical College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
2nd Stage
Lecturer's Name: Experiment No. (4)
Mr. Kawar Abid Group (A2)
Title of Experiment:
Air Flow velocity measurement using pitot-static tube
Student Name:
Hayder Hassan Hussain
Date Expt. Performed:
07/02/2022
Date Report Submitted:
14/02/2022
Objective:
Our objectives of this lab are to learn and apply the Bernoulli
equations to measure and calculate the velocity of the airflow. We also must
look at the variations between total pressure and static pressure and then find
a relationship, along with studying how velocity and pressure in the Venturi
tube are associated.
Introduction:
The total pressure tube, or Pitot tube, provides a common method of
measuring the stagnation pressure within a pipe, channel or duct flow. In its
simplest form this instrument consists of a symmetrical body such as a
cylinder, cone, or hemisphere with a small hole or piezometric opening
drilled along its central axis. If this is aligned with its central axis in the
direction of the flow (Figure 1) the fluid will accelerate around the upstream
face with minimal energy losses, and a stagnation point arises at the
piezometric opening. In this case the tapping point, typically connected to
some form of manometer, provides a direct measure of the stagnation
pressure, or total pressure, Ps. If a second piezometric opening records the
static pressure in the undisturbed flow (P0), the velocity of the flow may be
inferred from the pressure difference (Ps-P0).
(Figure 1) Pitot tube
Equipment:
• Piezometer tube.
• Venturi meter.
• Air flow machine.
• Pressure gauge bord.
• Pitot tube.
2
Procedure:
1. We try to run the blower by plug the electric motor to AC source.
2. Adjustable the pitot-static tube to any distance (X) from the upper
end of the duct.
3. Read the static pressure and total pressure heads from the
piezometer readings.
4. Read the temperature of air inside the duct by using the
thermometer.
5. Estimate the length of duct (B) at every distance (X) from the
upper end of the duct by using the above equations.
6. Apply B.E to find velocity ratio of convergent and divergent
portion to throat portion air then compare it with velocity ratio
produced from continuity equation.
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Results and Calculations:
Ptotal (h) Ptotal (pa) Pstatic l (h) Pstatic (pa) √𝐏 − 𝐏
X mm B Bt/B
h=h-100 R=γh h=h-100 Ps=γh √𝐩𝐭 − 𝐩𝐭
30 173-100 716.13 90-100 -98.1 62.3 0.71 0.738
40 = = 82-100 -176.58 57.7 0.76 0.773
55 = = 56-100 -431.64 50.8 0.86 0.877
75 = = 21-100 -774.99 44 1 1
120 = = 15-100 -833.85 45 0.97 1.02
170 = = 48-100 -510.12 53.4 0.82 0.91
190 = = 58-100 -412.02 56.8 0.77 0.87
4
Graph:
1.2
0.8
Vilocity m/s
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Distance from discharge plan mm
5
Discussion:
1. Is the stagnation pressure constant along the duct length?
Stagnation pressure is variable in convergent – Throat – Divergent sections.
2. Is the discharge is constant at every duct section?
Yes, Discharge is constant just velocity and statics pressure change during
(convergent – Throat – Divergent) sections.
3. If you compare (v VS x) & (p VS x), what you see? Discuss these figures
in details.
In the convrgnt when X increase P dynamic increase because velocity increase but
P static decrease because length decrease and P total remain constant.
In the converges when x increases the velocity increase because the length became
less but in divergent when x increases the velocity decrease the length became
more.
4. What the benefit of this experiment?
The aim of the experiment is to measure the air flow velocity from the
distribution of total pressure (P total) and static pressure (P static) along a
convergent-divergent duct and to compare these results with the prediction
of Bernoulli’s equation, Also the volume flow rate calculated along the
convergent –divergent duct.
5. Is the flow velocity gradient is the same at each cross-section area?
No, flow velocity gradient is variable in convergent – Throat – Divergent
sections.
6. Is the discharge is constant at every duct section?
Yes, Discharge is constant just velocity and statics pressure change during
(convergent – Throat – Divergent) sections).
7. What is the relationship between static pressure and total pressure in
this experiment?
Difference between total pressure and static is a Dynamic pressure
(P total - p statics) = dynamic pressure
6
Conclusion:
An instrument called a manometer and a pitot tube are devices that
measure air pressure and velocity. A pitot tube is a flowmeter that measures
air velocity and a manometer measures the pressure acting on the air. The
basic pitot tube includes a specific tube in the air stream. Stagnant pressure
is also a measure of how much air pressure exceeds the local atmospheric
pressure, but it includes the effect of converting air velocity into pressure. It
is measured through a flat orifice that is perpendicular to the direction of the
air flow and facing the air flow.
Error:
Possible errors are blockage of the tube and thus lead to wrong readings of
air speed and angle of inclination a significant impact on the amount of air
flowing in the tube as well as if there is a fluctuation in air speed has a
negative impact on the readings.
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Contant
Objective: .................................................................................... 1
Introduction: ............................................................................... 1
Equipment: .................................................................................. 2
Procedure: ................................................................................... 3
Results and Calculations: ............................................................. 4
Graph:......................................................................................... 5
Discussion: ................................................................................... 6
Conclusion: .................................................................................. 7