Particle Model and The substances are isotopes

Particle Model and

The following
Atomic Structure

Atomic Structure
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry of the same element, carbon.
symbols describe
The atomic number of carbon
two different
is 6 and the mass numbers of
substances. Deduce all the the isotopes are 13 and 12. An
information you can from atom of carbon-13 contains
these symbols. 6 protons and 7 neutrons. An
13C 12C atom of carbon-12 contains
6 6 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
1 1

Chromatography separates
Purity and Separating

Purity and Separating

mixtures using a stationary
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
phase and a mobile phase.
Paper chromatography is
Explain how the three
Mixtures

Mixtures
used to separate mixtures
different types of of coloured dyes in solution.
Thin layer chromatography
chromatography can be used uses a thin layer of an inert
to separate a mixture. solid as the stationary
phase. Gas chromatography
separates mixtures of gases
2 by passing them through a 2
solid stationary phase.

An ionic bond is formed when one

or more electrons are donated
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry from an atom of one element to
an atom of another element, so
Bonding

Bonding

Describe the two main types of both atoms have full outer electron
chemical bond that can form shells. The atoms form electrically
between two different elements. charged ions.
A covalent bond is formed when
two atoms share electrons to
complete the outer electron
3 shells of both atoms. 3

Simple molecules are formed when

Models of Bonding

Models of Bonding

two or more atoms share electrons

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
and form covalent bonds.
Explain the differences Polymers are formed when repeated
units of smaller molecules bond
between simple molecules,
covalently to form a long chain.
polymers and metals, referring Metal atoms have outermost
to how they are formed and the electrons that can move freely from
one metal atom to another. They
bonding that takes place.
are held together by strong
4 metallic bonds. 4
Properties of Materials

Properties of Materials

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry Intermolecular forces are the

Explain the difference forces between molecules.
between intermolecular Intramolecular forces are the
forces and intramolecular forces between the atoms
forces. inside a molecule, such as
covalent bonds.
5 5
Introducing Chemical

Introducing Chemical
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
State of substance State symbol
Complete the table.
solid (s)
Reactions

Reactions
State of substance State symbol liquid (l)
… (s) gas (g)
liquid (…) (aqueous) (aq)
… (g) dissolved in water
( … ) dissolved (…)
in water 6 6

Simplify and balance

Chemical Equations

Chemical Equations
the following ionic
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
equation, which Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s)
shows the reaction
(The sodium and sulfate ions are
between copper sulfate and
HT

HT
sodium hydroxide solutions to spectator ions that do not change
form solid copper hydroxide. during the reaction, so they can be
Cu2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Na+(aq) deleted from both sides.)
+ OH–(aq) Cu(OH)2(s)
+ Na (aq) + SO42–(aq)
+ 7 7

Which of the
following sentences
Moles and Mass

Moles and Mass

are true and which GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry A is true: one mole is 6.022 ×
are false?
1023 atoms, so 2 × 6.022 × 1023
A. Two moles of calcium
atoms contain a total of = 12.044 × 1023 atoms
HT

HT

just over 12 × 1023 atoms. B is false: one mole of any

B. Carbon has a lower relative
element always contains
atomic mass than calcium,
so two moles of carbon 6.022 × 1023 atoms
atoms contain fewer than 8 8
12 × 1023 atoms.

For most chemical reactions,

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry energy is needed to break
What is the
Energetics

Energetics

chemical bonds so the reaction

activation energy of
can start. This is the activation
a reaction and why is it not
energy. Any new bonds that form
the same as the total energy
will cause some energy to be
given out or taken in during
given out, so the total energy of
the reaction?
the reaction is not the same
9 as the activation energy. 9

Use these words

to complete the
Types of Chemical

Types of Chemical

In oxidation reactions, a substance

sentences that follow.
(You do not need to GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
often gains oxygen.
Reactions

Reactions

use all the words.)

separately oxygen together In reduction reactions, a substance
reduction gains often loses oxygen.
In oxidation reactions, a substance
often … oxygen. These two types of reaction always
In … reactions, a substance often occur together.
loses … .
These two types of reaction 10 10
always occur … .
 Neutralisation A strong acid easily forms H+ ions,

Neutralisation
pH, Acids and

pH, Acids and

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

so the acids fully ionise.

Explain the difference
HT A weak acid forms an equilibrium

HT
between a strong acid and a
mixture, so that some of the ions
weak acid.
formed can recombine into the
original acid.
11 11

Use these words

to complete the In electrolysis, the solution
sentences that follow. containing the ionic compound
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
is called the electrolyte.
Electrolysis

Electrolysis
positive negative
anode dissociate electrolyte cathode In solution, the ions in the
In electrolysis, the solution containing compound dissociate.
the ionic compound is called the … . The negative electrode is the
In solution, the ions in the compound … . cathode and attracts positive ions.
The negative electrode is the … and The positive electrode is
attracts … ions. the anode and attracts
The positive electrode is the … 12 negative ions. 12
and attracts … ions.

Group 1 elements all have one

Predicting Chemical

Predicting Chemical

electron in their outer shell. In a

Explain the
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry chemical reaction, they tend to lose
differences in this outer electron so that the ‘new’
Reactions

Reactions

electron shells between atoms outer shell is complete.

Group 7 elements all have seven
of Group 1, Group 7 and Group 0
electrons in their outer shell. They
elements and suggest what happens tend to gain one electron so the
to these elements in chemical outer shell is complete.
Group 0 elements all have a
reactions.
13 complete outer shell of 13
electrons. They are unreactive.

Complete the
Products of Chemical

Products of Chemical

following table that Gas Test for gas

describes tests for
Identifying the

Identifying the

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry Carbon Turns limewater cloudy

different gases.
Reactions

Reactions

dioxide
Gas Test for gas
Hydrogen Burns with a squeaky pop
Carbon dioxide …
Oxygen Relights a glowing splint
… Burns with a squeaky pop
Chlorine Turns damp indicator
… Relights a glowing splint paper white
Chlorine … Ammonia Turns damp red
… Turns damp red litmus paper blue
litmus paper blue 14 14
Instrumental Methods

Instrumental Methods

Complete the
following
table that describes
Ion Tests and

Ion Tests and

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

Metal Colour of flame
of Analysis

of Analysis

flame tests for

different metals. Sodium Yellow
Metal Colour of flame Potassium Lilac
Sodium … Copper Blue-green
… Lilac Calcium Brick red
… Blue-green
Calcium … 15 15
Monitoring Chemical

Monitoring Chemical
Use these words to
complete the sentences The method used to find out how much
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
that follow. acid is needed to neutralise an alkali is
Reactions

Reactions
indicator titration burette pipette called titration.
The method used to find out how much acid is The alkali is measured into a conical flask
needed to neutralise an alkali is called … . using a pipette.
The alkali is measured into a conical flask The acid is added slowly using a device
using a … . called a burette.
The acid is added slowly using a device An indicator is a substance that changes
called a … . colour when the pH changes.
An … is a substance that changes 16 16
colour when the pH changes.
Calculating Yields and

Calculating Yields and

The actual yield is the amount
Atom Economy

Atom Economy
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
Explain the of product actually produced
difference between in a reaction.
the actual yield and the The percentage yield is
percentage yield of a reaction. calculated using the formula
Include a formula in your percentage yield =
answer.
actual yield
× 100.
17 theoretical yield 17

A sample of solid
Controlling Chemical

Controlling Chemical

calcium carbonate The half that is broken into

is divided precisely GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry small pieces will react faster.
into two equal This is because small pieces
Reactions

Reactions

masses. One half is a single have a large surface area

solid piece, which is then in relation to their volume.
reacted with an acid. The More solid particles are
other half is broken into small exposed to contact with
pieces and reacted with a acid particles, so there are
fresh sample of the same acid. more collisions and a faster
Which half will react faster, reaction.
and why? 18 18
Activation Energy

Activation Energy
Catalysts and

Catalysts and

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

A catalyst is a substance
that speeds up the rate of
What is a catalyst? a chemical reaction without
being used up or changed in
the reaction.

19 19

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

Le Chatelier’s principle: When the
Equilibria

Equilibria

conditions of a system are altered,

HT

HT

State Le Chatelier’s principle. the position of the equilibrium

changes to try and restore the
original conditions.

20 20
 Improving Processes

Improving Processes
Most metals are found
and Products naturally as minerals

and Products
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

(compounds). Carbon can

How is carbon useful in the displace less reactive metals
extraction of metals? from their mineral oxides.
The carbon is heated with the
metal oxide, and the pure
21 metal is extracted. 21

The Haber process involves

The Haber Process

The Haber Process

an equilibrium reaction that
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
is exothermic. A temperature
Explain the conditions of 450 °C is used to produce
used in practice in a reaction that gives a good
HT

HT
yield in a reasonable amount
the Haber process to
of time. A high pressure of
produce ammonia. 200 atmospheres increases
the yield. An iron catalyst
increases the rate of
22 reaction. 22
Life Cycle Assessments,

Life Cycle Assessments,

Recycling and Alloys

Recycling and Alloys

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

1 Obtaining raw materials.
According to a life cycle 2 Manufacture of the product.
assessment, what are the four 3 Use of the product.
stages in the life of a product? 4 Disposal of the product
when it is no longer useful.

23 23

A physical barrier can be placed

between the iron and the water
Using Materials

Using Materials

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

and air outside (e.g. the iron
Describe two ways in which iron can be painted or coated).
Sacrificial protection involves
can be prevented from rusting
attaching a piece of a more
(corrosion). reactive metal (such as zinc)
to the surface of the iron.
This more reactive metal
24 corrodes first. 24

Match each general

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

formula to the GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

correct homologous
Alkanes CnH2n+2
series in the following table.
Alkenes CnH2n
Alkanes CnH2n
Alcohols CnH2n+1OH
Alkenes CnH2n+1OH
Carboxylic acids CnH2n+1COOH
Alcohols CnH2n+1COOH
Carboxylic acids CnH2n+2
25 25
 Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds
and Polymers

and Polymers
GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry

Explain what happens to Potassium manganate(VII)

an alcohol when potassium is an oxidising agent. The
manganate(VII) is added to it alcohol is oxidised to form a
and heated. carboxylic acid.

26 26

Cracking requires a catalyst,

Crude Oil and

Crude Oil and

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry
Describe the high temperature and high
Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells
conditions needed for the pressure. Cracking breaks
reaction called cracking, and down some of the large
explain why this reaction is molecules in crude oil to
useful. form smaller, more useful
molecules.
27 27
Interacting with Earth’s

Interacting with Earth’s

Any three from:
Use less fossil fuels.
Interpreting and

Interpreting and

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry Develop and use alternative

energy sources.
Systems

Systems

Suggest three ways in which Improve energy efficiency/cut

we could slow down climate down on wasted energy.
Plant new forests that can change
change. carbon dioxide into oxygen.
Reduce the amount of waste
we produce, to cut down
28 the amount of methane 28
gas in the air.
Air Pollution, Potable

Air Pollution, Potable

Water and Fertilisers

Water and Fertilisers

GCSE OCR Revision • Chemistry Particulates in the air can

Why have many
cause lung problems and
governments passed laws
respiratory diseases. They can
restricting the amounts of
coat buildings and trees. Laws
particulates that can be
to restrict their emissions aim
emitted?
to improve air quality.
29 29