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The Family Journal

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JOURNAL HOMEPAGE
SUBMIT PAPER

Open access
Research article
First published online April 26, 2021

Anxious, Apart, and Attentive: A

Qualitative Case Study of Overseas
Filipino Workers’ Families in the time
of COVID-19
Jerome Visperas Cleofas    , Ma. Cristina SC. Eusebio, and Ellen Joy
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9203-0212 [email protected]

P. PacudanView all authors and affiliations

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https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211006339

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Abstract
Cognizant of the nature and type of family as factors that affect the experience and
coping of its members, this study sought to examine the impact of the pandemic on
overseas Filipino workers’ (OFW) families using a qualitative instrumental case
study of four OFW families. Three themes emerged from the analysis: (1) worry
over the conditions of the distant family members, (2) disruptions in plans and
family relationships, and (3) monitoring and caring from a distance. From these
findings, it could be reflected that despite the negative effects of the pandemic,
OFW families can recreate patterns over time to retain their familial relations and
routines and protect members from coronavirus and its consequences.
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a massive challenge to societies and families to
ensure the safety and well-being of their members. The actual and potential health
problems and life changes brought about by this public health emergency can
impact the members and the functioning of the family as a unit (Luttik et al., 2020).
During quarantine, families have to provide for members and maintain the unit
amid restrictions on movement, health and safety protocols, and the general threat
of COVID-19 on health and livelihood. The measures implemented to control the
spread of coronavirus have a disruptive effect on family relationships in several
ways, including loss of community and freedom of movement, loss of income and
access to resources, and disruptions in planned activities or celebrations (Luttik et
al., 2020; Rolland, 2020; Walsh, 2020).
While a wealth of evidence suggests the detrimental effects of the pandemic on the
family system (Luttik et al., 2020; Montauk, & Kuhl, 2020; Prime et al., 2020; Rolland,
2020), the role of the family in protecting its members from COVID-19 and its
consequences has also been deemed important to develop their individual and
collective resilience (Walsh, 2020). This is especially true in Philippine culture that
values strong family orientation. The sense of well-being of Filipinos is attached to
the positive welfare of their family (Samaco-Zamora & Fernandez, 2016). During the
periods of lockdown due to COVID-19, Filipinos spend more time interacting with
family members (Cenon et al., 2020), and this helps them cope with the challenges
brought about by the pandemic.
The nature and extent of the COVID-19 impact to and coping of a family vary based
on its type and social location. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and gender of
members and living arrangements of the family influence its response to the
pandemic (Rolland, 2020). The proximity and well-being of the assigned caregivers
and vulnerable members of the family also improve the unit’s resilience to COVID-
19 (Prime et al., 2020). In the Philippines, a special type of family structure has been
coined for those who have members who are migrant workers or overseas Filipino
workers (OFW) in another country but still maintains a collective sense of
familyhood: OFW families (Bryceson, 2019).
The Philippines has one of the largest diasporas in the world. There are an
estimated 10 million Filipinos abroad, working for the promise of higher wages and
better opportunities for themselves and for their families back home. In 2019,
remittances from OFWs reached a record high of more than 200 billion Philippine
Pesos (PhP) (Mapa, 2020). For decades, the existence of OFW families (the Filipino
variant of transnational families) has become a common feature in the societal
landscape of the Philippines.
Prior to the pandemic, OFW families have had challenges that are not experienced
by traditional nuclear families living together in a single household. These include
social and emotional costs on the left-behind children, transnational parenting,
maintaining communication ties despite the distance, persistence of gender
disparities in caregiving, management of remittances, and establishing effective
transnational family arrangements (Graham & Jordan, 2011; Reyes, 2007; Uy-Tioco,
2007). We argue that because of the particular struggles that are inherent among
OFW families, the COVID-19 pandemic would affect them differently compared to
other family types. We also argue that the experiences and capacities gained by
OFW families in coping with the challenges of maintaining transnational relations
will influence the way of their response and adaptation to the pandemic that will
eventually shape their family resilience in the long term.
Cognizant of the actual and potential effects of the pandemic on the members of
the family and the family unit as a whole, and the unique characteristics of OFW
families that can shape their experiences during the time of coronavirus, we
conducted this study to examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on OFW
families.

Method
Research Design and Procedure

This research is a qualitative instrumental case study that examines the impact of
the pandemic on four OFW families. We conducted two virtual interviews using
videoconferencing applications for each family: one with the OFW member and the
other with a member residing in the Philippines.
Data collection was conducted in October 2020, 7 months after COVID-19 was
considered a pandemic. Since then, the Philippines had been in quarantine (ABS-
CBN News, 2020). We made use of a semistructured interview guide and probing
questions in order to collect in-depth information on their experiences as an OFW
family during that long period of time. After transcription, we used thematic
analysis by Braun and Clarke (2014) to analyze data from all of the eight total
interviews.
The protocol of the study upholds the Philippine national ethical standards for
health-related research (Philippine Health Research Ethics Board, 2017). Informed
consent was secured from each participant prior to the interview. The audio and
transcripts of the interviews were secured in an encrypted cloud storage. Privacy
and confidentiality of the identities of the interview participants and their families
were observed.

Profile of the Participants

Four families were purposively selected through the social networks of the
researchers. Each family was represented by the OFW member and one left-behind
member in the Philippines. No member of the participating families has contracted
COVID-19. The names of the participants were changed to maintain anonymity.
Aliases with “*” at the end are the OFW members.

Family 1: Andres* and Andrea

Andres* (30 years old, male) has been working as a pharmacist in Saudi Arabia for 6
years. Andrea (28 years old, female) is Andres’s wife who lives in Central Luzon
(main island of the Philippines in the north), together with their 1-year-old baby and
a house help. Andrea also works as a pharmacist in a local manufacturing
company.

Family 2: Nicolas* and Nora

Nicolas* (42 years old, male) works as a quality assurance officer in Singapore. He
had also worked in China before. Nora (43 years old, female) is Nicolas’s wife who
lives in Southern Luzon. Nora is a housewife, and she lives with her two high
school–aged sons.

Family 3: Lucia* and Lara

Lucia* (47 years old, female) has been a teacher in Bahrain for a year. She is single
and is the eldest child of the family. She is currently the breadwinner of the family.
Her family in Southern Luzon includes her elderly mother, her two brothers, and
her younger sister, Lara (46 years old, female), who remained unemployed to take
care of the needs of the family in the absence of Lucia*.

Family 4: Celia* and Carol

Celia* (47 years old, female) has been a domestic helper in Hong Kong since 2013.
Carol (20 years old, female) is Celia’s eldest daughter, who is a college freshman.
The members in their home in Northern Luzon are Celia’s husband, an ex-OFW and
on-call driver, younger daughter in high school, and Carol’s 1-year-old son (Celia’s
grandson).

Findings
There are three major themes that emerged from the analysis of the interviews,
which we simply coded as anxious, apart, and attentive. “Anxious” refers to the worry
that members feel over the conditions of their distant members because of the
ongoing pandemic. “Apart” refers to the extended periods of separation between
family members because of travel restrictions during the pandemic, and how these
affect their plans and relationships as a family. “Attentive” refers to the way OFW
and left-behind family members are still able to maintain and reframe their
communication to and care for each other despite the distance during the time of
COVID-19.

Anxious: Worry About the Conditions of the Distant Family Members

Participants from the four families all admit having heightened anxiety all
throughout the pandemic. Unlike families who are living together in the same
household, OFW families have members in different nation states and experience
COVID-19 differently. This prolonged separation shapes a unique experience of
anxiety among OFW families.
Andres* shares that he is worried about the health of his infant son, who is often
left under the care of the house helper and in-laws when his wife Andrea goes to
work. Andrea on the other hand is also concerned about Andres because OFWs like
him in Saudi Arabia are asked to report to work more often compared to prior to
the pandemic. She believes that this puts her OFW husband in higher risk of
contracting the virus.
Nicolas* has expressed anxiety over his wife and children’s well-being. However, he
is also worried about his aged parents who are living far from his immediate family
as he understands that old-aged individuals have a higher risk of getting infected.
Another factor that heightens the anxiety of the OFW members over their left-
behind loved ones is the concern over the high number of COVID-19 cases in the
Philippines. The OFWs perceive that the Philippine government’s response to the
pandemic is unclear and uncoordinated compared to their host country. Lucia*
shares:
I am more worried because of the higher number of cases there in the Philippines,
compared to here. Also, here in Bahrain, we know how the government is
responding to and handling the COVID-19 cases. We have better awareness here.

Lara, the sister of Lucia*, is not as worried about her OFW sister, as Lucia* is for
them who are left behind in the Philippines, because of the better situation her
older sister has abroad. Lara mentions:
Of course, I am also worried because it is a problem everywhere in the world. But I
am less worried because the COVID-19 situation there is not as serious compared
to the Philippines. They have better technology that’s why you can better avoid
getting infected.

Celia* expresses worry about their family, especially when she heard the news that
the main hospital in their city had already admitted COVID-19 cases. The daughter
Carol on the other hand worries about her OFW mother getting infected despite
Hong Kong being a developed country with a better coronavirus response. She is
also very worried that her mother, who works as a domestic worker, may be
overworked during this pandemic time. Carol explains:
When the pandemic happened, there were a lot of cases in Hong Kong. My mom
was not allowed to go back to the boarding house. She was asked to stay with her
boss. I worried about her because she would not get some rest if she stayed there.

Aside from the health-related and work-related anxieties that OFW and left-behind
members have over each other during this pandemic, the families also worry about
the usual social costs of being separated with key family members due to overseas
work. For instance, Andres* and Nicolas* are concerned that their young children
are growing without fatherly care, which may impact their emotional development.

Apart: Disruption of Plans and Family Relations

Prepandemic, these OFW families have already established a pattern in order to

maintain family social patterns despite the distance. These include planning
communication and interaction times and channels and the OFW members visiting
the Philippines at least once a year to physically reconnect with their left-behind
members. However, because of the pandemic and the restrictions imposed
because of it, many of their interactional patterns have been disrupted.
For instance, Andres* reports regular communication and visitation patterns prior
to COVID-19. He and his wife Andrea would go online and talk to each other every
day at 12:00 p.m. in the Philippines and 09:00 a.m. in Saudi Arabia and longer
during his rest days. Also, Andres* goes home to the Philippines every August
because it is his baby’s birthday. However, because of the pandemic, he could not
come home because all flights are not allowed in Saudi Arabia. Andres* disclosed
that he and his wife do not have consistent communication during this time
because of the emergency nature of her work as a pharmacist.
On the other hand, Nicolas* was supposed to go home three times this year, but
because of the travel bans, he had to rebook his tickets. The decision was difficult
for him since he wanted to routinely visit his family at home to look after his
children on a more personal level. He verbalizes:
COVID-19 had a big effect on me. I’m supposed to be in the Philippines from July to
September 2020. I really want to visit home yearly to be with family, especially our
baby who is growing up without me by his side…I only see him through gadgets….

Nora, wife of Nicolas*, expressed the same sentiments as she wanted his children
to spend more time with her husband. Nora is the one who takes care of the
children, goes to the marketplace, and assists their children’s online lessons.
The disruptive effect of the pandemic in the lives of Lucia* and Lara is seen in
several ways: First, it prevented their scheduled reunion in June 2020. Lucia* was
supposed to return to the country at the end of the school year in Bahrain but was
unable to do so because of quarantine restrictions. Aside from reuniting with her
family, Lucia* looked forward to her annual vacation so that she would have been
able to “rest and recharge” from work.
Second, the pandemic prevented Lara from finding a new job. While she and Lucia*
think that being unemployed meant that Lara would be able to take care of the
family’s needs more easily during quarantine, she still desires to go back to work
and also help with finances like her OFW sister. Lara shares:
One of the challenges is that someone has to sacrifice…I was planning to get a job,
just here in the city but I was unable to because of the lockdown. Many companies
closed and stopped hiring. Even if my sister is working abroad, she also needs some
help [financially]….
As for the fourth family, Carol admits that she looks forward to these reunions
because they usually coincide with special occasions in the lives of the left-behind
members that they wish to share with their OFW mother, Celia*. Carol narrates:
There are a lot of challenges, such as we could not celebrate birthdays with her,
special occasions. I thought she would be able to attend my Grade 12 graduation,
but the pandemic happened. As early as January [2020], she was already planning
to come to my graduation. My sister feels bad as well because she was not able to
attend her moving up ceremonies.

Celia* also values the importance of her vacations to the Philippines. Reunions
serve as opportunities to compensate for her long absence from her left-behind
loved ones. She makes sure to have “bonding moments” with them when she is at
home. However, despite her boss being supportive of her taking a vacation, Celia*
would not like to risk bringing the virus home to her family by traveling. She told
her boss, “I don’t want to go home and be quarantined.”
Moreover, Celia* and her family experience other disruptions aside from canceled
reunions. Carol shared that the online classes she had to attend to during the
pandemic have interrupted her communication time with her mother.
Before the pandemic, we would have more bonding time, longer conversations.
Now, because of the online class, we have become very busy. Before, when my
mom calls, we could talk to her at the same time. Now when she calls, I can’t be
with the rest of the family….

Attentive: Monitoring and Caring From a Distance

Despite the long-standing anxieties and the disruptions brought about the
pandemic, the families were able to reimagine their relationships and establish new
patterns in order to express their care toward each member, regardless of being
indefinitely physically separated from each other in the context of the COVID-19
pandemic. The four families demonstrated unique ways in how they were able to
implement usual and creative measures to monitor and care for the members
within and outside the Philippines.
As much as he can, Andres* communicates with his wife to remind her to follow
necessary protocols to prevent getting infected with coronavirus. Andrea follows
through and says that she had already developed a protective routine at home,
which includes regular disinfecting, frequent showering, using masks and face
shields, and avoiding outside trips unless necessary. Andrea also monitors her
husband’s conditions abroad. She has established a Korean mini-mart, with the
hopes of being financially stable enough so that Andres* no longer needs to work
abroad and be exposed to uncertain circumstances. Andrea shares:
It’s hard that Andres is far away, but our extended families help…. We always check
up on each other through Facebook…. But if you ask me, I’d rather Andres stay here
with us…that’s why I put up a Korean Mini-Mart, so that eventually Andres could
already come back here to stay with us….

Nicolas* shared that he had installed closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in his
house, so he can monitor the daily activities in his household in the Philippines. The
CCTV, as Nicolas* jokingly remarked, “is like ‘Big Brother’ that monitors their
activities 24/7.” He can talk to them through the CCTV system. He responded that
there was one instance when one of his children refused to eat on time, then he
called him through the CCTV, and this prompted the child to join his sibling and
mother at the table. He also uses the CCTV to monitor and remind them about
COVID-19 prevention. According to Nicolas*, the CCTV is an efficient way to
establish his presence and authority in the house despite him being thousands of
kilometers away.
Despite being in Bahrain, Lucia* facilitates protective behaviors among her family
members in the Philippines. She regularly monitors the COVID-19 situation in the
Philippines due to her worry about its worse situation. In addition, she regularly
checks on family members, especially her elderly mother who is considered at risk
for coronavirus. Lucia* advises her on proper eating habits and healthy activities.
Lucia* also reminds her working siblings to follow safety protocols while traveling.
Lucia* instructs her sister Lara, who goes out to secure essential needs, not to get
lax in following preventive measures against COVID-19.
Even though Celia* is far away from her family, she continues to perform the role of
mother to her children, especially during the time of the pandemic. Carol and her
sister confide in her virtually when they have problems. Aside from the customary
reminders on protective measures, Celia* helps her two daughters in adjusting to
online classes. Carol recounts:
My mom is the one who understands my situation regarding online classes. Daddy
doesn’t know anything about the internet and social media. So, it’s to my mom that
I would rant about how difficult it is, how there are so many things to submit…. She
knows better about these things than my dad although it’s dad that we are with
here…. It helps that I am able to talk to mom, to become mentally stable. The
intense pressure from online class has psychological effects, so it helps that I am
able to express my frustrations to her.

Discussion
This study examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among OFW families
through the experiences of four families. To our knowledge, this is the first COVID-
19 study that looks into the very specific context of OFWs and their families left
behind. While we believe that we were able to flesh out the specific nuances and
draw out insights from the experiences of these families through a qualitative case
study approach, its generalizability is limited. Nonetheless, this study informs the
development of programs and interventions to address the mental health and
social welfare needs of transnational families during the pandemic.
The first major thematic finding of this present study, anxious, demonstrates the
heightened worry and concern that the family members feel. Because some
members of OFW families live in different nation states, their anxiety is exacerbated
by distance and the inability to be physically present to check the situation of family
members. Also, having vulnerable members, such as the very young and very old,
in the household also is a cause for higher concern. While traditional families living
together only have to worry about local pandemic situations and management,
OFW families have to be concerned of the COVID-19 status of another country
where their other member/s reside. These specific considerations make the
anxieties of OFW families more complex. The pandemic anxiety and worry over
distant members are also exacerbated by the long length of time (7 months) of
being separated.
This finding confirms Schneider et al. (2015) which noted that during periods of
recession (such as in the time of COVID-19), family members experience an
increase of daily stressors, even if they are not experiencing illness or
unemployment. For OFW families, this pandemic anxiety goes on top of worrying
about the social costs of members being separated from the children, siblings, and
parents (Bernhard et al., 2005). Inability to be present and care for loved ones in the
time of COVID-19 can be a cause of psychological distress among family members
(Montauk & Kuhl, 2020).
The second major thematic finding of our research, apart, suggests that due to the
pandemic, the usual family plans, patterns, and interactions of the OFW members
have been disrupted, extending their time of being apart. The most common form
of disruption is the cancellation of the migrant members’ visitation to and reunion
with their family members in the Philippines. Also, because of the added functions
of members during the pandemic, such as performing preventive measures,
attending to emergencies, and engaging in online schooling, even their usual virtual
transnational communication patterns have also been interrupted.
Canceled travel plans have been noted as one of the sources of stressors during
the pandemic (Cleofas, 2020). Visitations and family reunions have been considered
important among OFW families. Left-behind family members long for the physical
presence of the migrant member, especially the parent (Uy-Tioco, 2007), which is
why OFW families are disappointed about the travel restrictions. On the other
hand, the disrupted communication patterns can be attributed to changes in family
routines and increased caregiving burden during the pandemic (Prime et al., 2020)
and the challenges brought about by online classes (Dutta & Smitta, 2020).
To reflect how family members have eventually coped with the anxiety and
disruptions brought about by COVID-19, the third major thematic finding, attentive,
emerged. Despite their distance and inability to reunite because of the travel
restrictions, the migrant and left-behind family members were able to devise ways
to monitor and attend to the needs of their distant loved ones. Through the use of
internet and communications technology, the families are able to maintain intimate
ties with each other and check in on the lives and health status of each member.
Through technology and recreation of new interactional routines, distant members
are able to help their loved ones cope with the pandemic whether through
reminding members of safety protocols or providing emotional support for children
engaged in online classes.
Our findings demonstrate important principles of the family resilience framework
(Walsh, 2020). The families’ ability to learn from their previous stressful
experiences, including the painstaking process of adjusting to migrant members
being away from the family, can be used in order to care for and protect distant
loved ones from COVID-19 and its consequences. Walsh (2020) asserts that resilient
families are able to reconnect with and learn from the past in order to innovate
their family patterns in response to the long-standing pandemic (such as the use of
CCTVs and establishment of business as seen in the selected cases). Like the
families in our present research, previous studies have reported the use of digital
and mobile technologies in maintaining communication ties and performing
transnational parenting and caregiving for family members (Uy-Tioco, 2007) to
protect the well-being of members in a time of pandemic (Prime et al., 2020).

Conclusion
In the face of anxiety and disruptions brought by the COVID-19 pandemic in the
past 7 months, and the distance between members, OFW families can maintain
routines and create new ones especially those that protect them from the threat of
coronavirus and continue caring and nurturing relationships in the face of stress.
Due to limited mobility during the time of pandemic, expressions of intimacy and
support are mediated by technology, which allows a number of possibilities for
OFW families to be present, play their traditional roles, and mobilize the family
toward becoming resilient in these difficult times.

Implications to Practice

During this time of pandemic, online counseling services are vital for families with
members working in another country. These services are provided among OFWs by
various agencies in the Philippines. While those who access these services find
advantages such as convenience, anonymity, and less stigma, some OFW families
have minor reservations about its effectiveness. Hechanova et al. (2015) suggest
that the success of online counseling services among OFWs includes the counselor’s
online skills, assurance of safety and privacy, using platforms and apps that clients
find appropriate, and patience in establishing a virtual emphatic relationship.
Resilience is a cultural value that is inherently Filipino. During this time of
uncertainty, crisis, and losses, practitioners can employ strategies to strengthen this
among OFW families kept separated by the pandemic. To address this, the family
resilience (Walsh, 2020) framework may be used. Helping professions can assist
OFW families through providing helpful information. Practitioners can also help
family members explore how they can make sense of their present, learn from their
past, reorient their positive outlook, and appreciate the innovations and growth
they achieved during this time.
We recommend that organizations concerned with the welfare of OFWs and their
families continue to expand and strengthen telecounseling services in order to
address the long-term anxiety and psychological distress brought about by the
extended separation of members due to the pandemic. As family reunions are
deemed important by family members, travel regulations must be carefully studied
so that restrictions can be safely lifted. Future research can look into conducting
quantitative studies on a larger sample of OFW families and also study OFW
families with members who were infected with COVID-19.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the
research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or
publication of this article.

ORCID iD
Jerome Visperas Cleofas  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9203-0212

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