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Pragmatics Homework

This document discusses reference and anaphora in linguistics. It begins by defining reference semantically as the relationship between linguistic expressions like nouns and pronouns and real-world objects, and pragmatically as an act performed by speakers to help listeners identify something. It then defines bridging-cross reference anaphora as establishing a link between a preceding expression and a new one by adding background assumptions, and provides 5 examples. Finally, it lists the major types of referring expressions as proper names, definite descriptions, demonstrative NPs, and indefinite NPs.

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Anh Thư Nguyễn
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60 views2 pages

Pragmatics Homework

This document discusses reference and anaphora in linguistics. It begins by defining reference semantically as the relationship between linguistic expressions like nouns and pronouns and real-world objects, and pragmatically as an act performed by speakers to help listeners identify something. It then defines bridging-cross reference anaphora as establishing a link between a preceding expression and a new one by adding background assumptions, and provides 5 examples. Finally, it lists the major types of referring expressions as proper names, definite descriptions, demonstrative NPs, and indefinite NPs.

Uploaded by

Anh Thư Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group members:

1. Nguyễn Trương Anh Thư - ENENIU19107


2. Đặ ng Thị Phương Trang - ENENIU19113
3. Huỳnh Thị Ngọ c Ngâ n - ENENIU19072
4. Lê Thị Ngọ c My - ENENIU19065

1. What is a reference? What is the main difference between the semantic and
pragmatic definitions of reference?
● Reference is the action of mentioning or alluding to something.
● Difference between the semantic and pragmatic definitions of reference

Reference in semantics Reference in pragmatic

- Reference is generally construed - Reference is an act in which a


as the relationships between speaker or writer uses linguistic
nouns or pronouns and objects form to enable a listener or reader
that are named by them (ex: the to identify something (words don’t
word "John" refers to the person refer, people do).
John)
- A two-place relation between a - A three-place relation among
linguistic expression and an object speakers, linguistic expressions
or a set of objects in the external and objects.
world.

2. What is bridging-cross reference anaphora? Provide 5 examples to illustrate


- Bridging-cross reference anaphora: establishing a link of association with
some preceding linguistic expression via the addition of background
assumptions.
- Examples:
● My dad has just booked an apartment for the up-coming trip. The
bedrooms are really well-decorated.
● The taxi driver came on time but he didn’t stop.
● This is my school. The school yard is big enough for all students to
play at break time.
● My grandmother goes to her garden every morning. She kindly
waters the flowers there.
● Jimmy wants to drop by Mega Market right after work because the
food is all for sale.
3. What are the major types of referring expressions?
- Major types: proper names, definite descriptions (include definite genitive
NPs and definite pronouns), demonstrative NPs, indefinite NPs including
indefinite genitive NPs.

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