Problem Solving and Programming with C GITAM

Control Statements: Conditional Statements

- Introduction, conditional execution (if, if-else, nested if), and selection (switch), unconditional
types (break, continue, goto).

What are Control flow statements?

 A program is set of instructions.
 On default these instructions are sequentially or linearly executed.
 Instructions that break up the flow of execution of the program enable program to conditionally
execute particular blocks of code, employ decision making, looping and branching statements.
 These are the statements which breaks the sequential execution of the program based on some
condition.
CONDITIONAL EXECUTION
Types of Conditional statements/decision making statements/ Control construct
 There are 5 Conditional statementsin C
✓ Simple if control construct / One way selection statement
✓ if else control construct / Two way selection statement
✓ nested if else control construct
✓ else if ladder or cascaded if else construct / Multi way selection statement
✓ switch control construct / Multi-way statement
if statement (Simple if/ One way selection)
 An if statement is a single selection statement.
 It is used to execute a set of statements if the condition is true, if the condition is false, it skips
executing those set of statements. Hence it is called one way selection.
Syntax: Flowchart: Statement 1;
Statement 1; Statement 2;
Statement 2;
if(condition) if False
condition
{
Statement 3; True
Statement 4; Statement 3;
} Statement 4;
Statement 5;
Statement 5;

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Explanation
 The keyword if must be followed by an expression and expression must be enclosed within
parentheses.
 First statement1 is executed followed by statement2.
 Then Condition is checked
✓ if false - control directly jumps to statement5 ignoring statement3 and 4.
✓ if true - control goes to statement3 , statement4 and automatically goes to statement5.
An Example which illustrates if statement: To print given no is an even no.
Algorithm Flowchart Program

To Check even number #include<stdio.h>

Step 1: Start void main()
Step 2: Read N {
Step 3: if( n % 2 == 0) int n;
{ Draw Flowchart By Yourself. clrscr();
Print “even no” printf(“ Enter the number\n”)
} scanf(“%d”,&n);
Step 4: Stop if(n%2==0)
{
printf(“Even no”);
}
getch();
}

Note: Similarly write Algorithm, Flowchart and C Program for the following
❖ To print given no is an odd no. Logic: if (n!=0)
❖ To print given no is a positive no.Logic: if(n>0)
❖ To print given no is a negative no. Logic: if(n<0)

Disadvantage
✓ If one action has to be performed when the condition is true and another action has to be
performed when the condition is false thenif-statement is not recommended. This disadvantage
is overcome using two- way decision/selection statement called “ if-else statement”.

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if – else statement (two way selection)

 It is used to execute a set of statements if the condition is true, and another set of statements if the
condition is false. Hence it is called two way selections.

Syntax: Flowchart:

if (condition)
{
// do this if condition is true
// if true statements
}
else
{
// do this is condition is false
// if false statements
}

Explanation
 The keyword if and else must be followed by an expression and expression must be enclosed within
parentheses.
 First statement1 is executed followed by statement2.
 Then Condition is checked
✓ If true- control goes to if part wherestatement3 , statement4 are executed and
automatically goes to statement7.
✓ If false -control goes to else part where statement5, statement6are executed and
automatically goes to statement7.
 In if-else either true part i.e., if part is executed or false part i.e., else part is executed based in the
condition or test expression.

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An Example which illustrates if-else statement: To print given no is an even no or odd no.
Algorithm Flowchart Program

Algorithm: Check even #include<stdio.h>

Start
void main()
number or odd no
{
S1: Start int n;
Input n clrscr();
S2: Read N
printf(“ Enter the number\n”)
S3: if( n % 2 == 0) scanf(“%d”,&n);
{
true
if(n%2==0)
If false
Print “even no”
n%2==0 printf(“Even no”);
}
else
else printf(“odd no”);
{
Print” even no”
Print” odd no” getch();
Print “odd no” }
}
S4: Stop
Stop

Note: Similarly write Algorithm, Flowchart and C Program for the following
❖ To check given integer no is a positive no or negative no.
Logic: if(n>0) its positive else negative.
❖ To find largest of 2 no’s .
Logic: Let a and b be 2 no’s if(a>b) a is greater else b is greater
❖ To check given no is even or odd
Logic: Let n be a no’s if(n%2==0) n is even else n is odd.

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Nested if else
 It is used to execute one set of statements out of many set of statements depending upon the outcome
of the conditions.
 It consists of if else control constructs with in another if or else control constructs and hence the
name is nested if else.
Syntax: Flowchart:

if(condition-1)
{
if (condition-2)
Statement1;
else
Statement2;
}
else
{
s Statement3;
}
Statement4;

Explanation
 The keyword if and else must be followed by an expression and expression must be enclosed within
parentheses.
 Then Condition is checked
✓ Ifcondition-1 is true then again condition-2 is checked if both are true then Statement1 is
executed.
✓ Ifcondition-1 is true but condition-2 is false means Statement2 is executed.
✓ If condition-1 itself is false control goes to Statement3 and automatically goes to Statement4.
Advantage:
 When an action has to be performed based on many decisions involving various types of expressions
and variables then nested if statement is used.

Disadvantage:
 Difficult to understand and modify. As depth of nesting increases, the readability of the program
decreases.

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An Example which illustrates if-else statement: To find biggest of three numbers.
Algorithm Flowchart Program

Algorithm: To find largest #include<stdio.h>

of 3 no void main()
S1: Start {
S2: Read a,b,c inta,b,c;
S3: if( a>b) clrscr();
{ printf(“ Enter the 3 numbers\n”);
if( a>c) scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
{ if(a>b)
Draw the flowchart by yourself.
Print “a largest” {
} if(a>c)
else {
{ printf(“a largest”);
Print “c largest” }
} else
} {
else printf(“c largest”);
{ }
if( b>c) else
{ {
Print “b largest” if(b>c)
} {
else printf(“b largest”);
{ }
Print “c largest” else
} {
} printf(“c largest”);
S4: Stop }
}
getch();
}

Note: Similarly write Algorithm, Flowchart and C Program for the following
❖ To check given integer no is a positive no or negative no or zero.
❖ To find the greatest of three numbers.
❖ Magic number program.

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