Reading and Writing Skills:
LESSON 7:
Critical Reading
as Reasoning
Prepared by: Crosel P. David
What to Do??? Please Help Me...
What to Do? Tell Me...
Please Tell Me What to Do...
Critical Reading Defined...
Critical reading is a type of reading goes
beyond passively understanding a text.
Critical reading is a deeper and more
complex engagement with a text.
Critical reading is a process of analyzing,
interpreting and evaluating the text.
Plain Reading
VS
Critical Reading
Plain Reading is concerned with WHAT is in text
while Critical Reading deals with HOW the text was
written and WHY it is written.
Am I Really Thinking
What I am Reading???
Considering the Source
Recognizing What is Said
Recognizing Assumptions and Implications
Recognizing Intent, Attitude, Tone and Bias
Analyzing Arguments
Reasoning Defined...
It is the process of expressing ideas
and opinions as well as justifying a
stand based on prior knowledge and
experiences needed to arrive at a
decision.
Argument Defined...
is a statement that a writer is making
in order to try to convce the reader
that one's opinion about something is
correct, It is a reason given for or
against a matter under discussion.
Logical Fallacies Defined...
are errors in reasoning that invalidate an
argument.
are flawed, deceptive or false statements
that can be proven wrong with reasoning.
1. A r g u m e n t u m A d H o m i n e m
2. Argumentum Ad Baculum
3. Argumentum Ad Verecundiam
4. Argumentum Ad Populum
Table of Content:
5. Argumentuam Ad Ignoranti am
6. Argumentum Ad Miseri cordi am
Logical Fallacies 7. Argumentum Ad Nauseam
8. Dicto Simpliciter
9. Slippery SLope
10. Strawman
11. Red Herring
12. False Dilemma
13. Post Hoc Erdo Propter Hoc
14. Tu Quoque
Table of Content: 15. Circular in Demonstrando
Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies Handlist
1. Argumentum Ad Hominem- uses personal attack
rathen than logic.
Example: I cannot accept your idea, unlike me,
you did not have
your doctorate degree
at Oxford University.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
2. Argumentum Ad Baculum- is based upon the
appeal to force or threat in order to bring about
the acceptance of a conclusion.
EXAMPLE: Lend me P 5000.00 or else I will tell all
your secrets to your mother.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
3. Argumentum Ad Verecundiam-this fallacy
occurs when someone tries to demonstrate
the truth of a proposition by citing some
person who agrees, even though that person
may have no expertise in the given area.
EXAMPLE: The facts in my article are correct
because I have been a journalist for
three decades already.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
4. Argumentum Ad Populum- is also known as "appealing
to the people. This fallacy presumes that a proposition
must be true because many believe it to be true.
EXAMPLE: This politiican will make a great president
because he has so many followers and people like him.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
5. Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam-
this is the fallacy of assuming
something is true simply because
it has not been proven to be false.
EXAMPLE: Since you do not have a tatoo,
you must not be a criiminal.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
6. Argumentum Ad
Misericordiam
in this type of reasoning
pity is used instead of
reasoning.
EXAMPLE: Please do not arrest me. I have
10 children to feed and my parents are old
and very sick.
Logical Fallacies
Handlist
EXAMPLE:
7. This is the fallacy
of trying to pro ve Sir, our oppoenents
Argumentum something by
tell us drugs are
wrong, drugs are
Ad Nauseam saying it agai n and wrong, drugs ore
again. wrong.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
8. Dicto Simpliciter
this is the fallacy of making a
sweeping statement and
expecting it to be true of every
specific case.
EXAMPLE: Women are on average not
as strong as men and less able to
carry a gun. Therefore, women can't
pull their weight in a military unit.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
9. Slippery EXAMPLE:
Slope You may have used this fallacy on your
parents as a teenager: "But you have to
assumes that a certain let me go to the party! If I don't go to
course of action will the party, I'll be a loser with no friends.
Next thing you know, I'll end up alone
necessary lead to a and jobless, living in your basement
chain of future events. when I'm 30!"
Logical Fallacies
Handlist
10. Strawman Example
Mr. Jones thinks that capitalism
This is the fallacy in is good because everybody earns
which the position of the whatever wealth they have, but
this is clearly false because
opposition is twisted so
many people just inherit their
that it is easier to refute. fortunes,"
Logical Fallacies Handlist
EXAMPLE
11. RED HERRING
Senator Jinggoy
means Estrada should not be
introducing held accountable for
cheating on his income
irrelevant facts or
tax. After all, there are
arguments to other senators who
distract the have done far worse
question at hand. things.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
EXAMPLES
DEFINITION
12. Either you love
presents limited
me or hate me
options- typically
False Dilemma by focusing on
.Either you will
drink Coca Cola ,
or False two extreme or you will have
options- when in no friends and no
Dichotomy fact more social life.
possibilities exist.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
13.
DEFINITION
Post Hoc
A is the cause of EXAMPLE
Ergo Propter
B since event A Pauline said
Hoc happened whenever I sing it
before event B. rains.SInce I am
singing now it will
rain after a whiel.
Logical Fallacies Handlist
14. Tu Quoque
This is a fallacy of defending an
error in one's reasoning by
pointing out that one's opponent
has made the same error.
EXAMPLE:
Yeah I skipped third and fourth
period but Darren did, too!
Logical Fallacies Handlist
15. Circulus in Demostrando
A circular statement is one that
uses the same statement as both
the premise and the conclusion.
EXAMPLE:
Peppers are the easiest vegetable
to grow because I think peppers
are the easiest vegetable to grow.
Thank you
for
Listening!
