Rupali Burungale et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.35-37

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Speed Control of Induction Motor by Using Variable Frequency

Drive
Pooja Shinde1, Rupali Burungale2, Pooja Kale3, Purvee Jain4
1
(Asst. Prof. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, BSIOTR (W), University of Pune, India)
2
(Student, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, BSIOTR (W), University of Pune, India)
3
(Student, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, BSIOTR (W), University of Pune, India)
4
(Student, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, BSIOTR (W), University of Pune, India)

ABSTRACT
The variable speed drive is focused on voltage amplitude control. However, its only control speed in constraint
limits. The load on Induction Motor is not constant & vary as per load requirement. so speed must be change as
per load. If the supply voltage decreased motor torque also decreases, for maintaining same torque, slip
decreases hence speed falls and motor speed is directly proportional to supply frequency, hence to maintain a
speed, the supply V/F ratio must be vary accordingly. But the speed is not vary proportion to application so it
consume the rated power and it becomes economically disadvantages.
To overcome above problem a new concept of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is introduced. Adding a
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to a motor driven system can offer potential energy saving in a system in
which the load vary with time. The primary function of VFD in application is to provide energy saving, speed
reduction of 20% can save energy upto 50%.
Keywords – Adjustable frequency, inverter, frequency control circuit, single phase induction motor, variable
speed drive

I. INTRODUCTION Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD)

In the various industrial applications the Again, a more generic term applying to both
induction motor is mostly used. The loads on mechanical and electrical means of controlling speed.
induction motor always vary as per its application but
speed of induction motor is constant & can not match II. METHODOLOGY
with the load demand. If load on induction motor The speed of induction motor is directly
decrease, the speed of induction motor can not be proportional to the supply frequency and no. of poles
decreases as per the load. Hence it takes rated power of motor. Variable speed drive by using frequency
from supply so the energy consume by the motor is control method is commonly used to control and
same. Hence there is energy consumption is same change the speed of single phase induction motor. It
during load varying condition also. To overcome this can vary the desired speed by changing the frequency
problem a VFD is used in industrial application to using switching sequence of IGBT. To get low cost,
save the energy consumption and electricity billing. high performance speed control circuit is design.
Variable frequency drive (VFD) usage has
increased dramatically in industrial applications. The The block diagram of VFD is as shown in figure
VFDs are now commonly (VFD).
This device uses power electronics to vary Input
the frequency of input power to the motor, thereby RECTIFIER INVERTER MOTOR LOAD
Supply
controlling motor speed.

Variable Speed Drive (VSD)

This more generic term applies to devices
that control the speed of either the motor or the
MICROCONTROLLER
equipment driven by the motor (fan, pump,
compressor, etc.). This device can be either electronic
or mechanical. Fig.1. Block diagram of VFD

The VFD includes various following stages

of operation:-

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.35-37

1.Rectifier Stage
A full wave bridge rectifier converts single
phase or three phase 50 Hz power from standard D1
D2

utility supply to either fixed or adjustable Dc voltage.

D3
D4

Fig.3.Inverter bridge using IGBT

Fig.2. Diode Bridge Rectifier
Fig 3 shows the configuration of H-bridge
One diagonal pair of rectifier will allow inverter.
power to pass through only when the voltage is This inverter has four switches and operations of this
positive. A second diagonal pair of rectifier will inverter are;
allow power to pass through only when the voltage is S1-S3 ON: Both create short circuits across the DC
negative. So two diagnal pair of rectifiers are source and are invalid.
required for each phase of power. S2-S4 ON: Both create short circuits across the DC
source and are invalid.
2. Inverter stage S1-S4 ON: Applies positive voltage (Vs) to the load.
Electric swithes-power transistor or thyristor The positive current (IL) passes through S1-S4 and
switch the rectified DC on and off, and a produce a the negative current (-IL) is through D1-D4.
current or voltage waveform at the desired new S2-S3 ON: Applies negative voltage (-Vs) across the
frequency. load. The positive current (IL) flows through D2-D3
The final section of the VFD is referred to as and returns energy to the DC source. The negative
an “inverter.” The inverter contains transistors that current (-IL) flows through S2-S3 and draws energy
deliver power to the motor. The “Insulated Gate from the supply.
Bipolar Transistor” (IGBT) is a common choice in S1-S2 ON: Applies zero volts across the
modern VFDs. The IGBT can switch on and off load. The positive current’s path is S1-S2 and the
several thousand times per second and precisely negative current’s path is D1 – S2.
control the power delivered to the motor. The IGBT S3 - S4 ON: Applies zero volts across the load. The
uses a method named “pulse width modulation” positive current’s path is through D2 - D4 and the
(PWM) to simulate a current sine wave at the desired negative current’s path is S3 - S4.
frequency to the motor.
Motor speed (rpm) is dependent upon 3.Control stage
frequency. An electronic circuit receives a feedback
Varying the frequency output of the VFD information from the driven motor and adjusts the
controls motor speed: output voltage or frequency to the selected values.
Usually the output voltage is regulated to produce a
Speed (rpm) = frequency (hertz) x 120 / no. of poles constant ratio of voltage to frequency (V/Hz).
Controllers may incorporate many complex control
Example: functions.
2-pole motor at different frequencies Converting DC to variable frequency AC is
3600 rpm = 60 hertz x 120 / 2 = 3600 rpm accomplished using an inverter. Most currently
3000 rpm = 50 hertz x 120 / 2 = 3000 rpm available inverters use pulse width modulation
2400 rpm = 40 hertz x 120 / 2 = 2400 rpm (PWM) because the output current waveform closely
approximates a sine wave. Power semiconductors
switch DC voltage at high speed, producing a series
of short-duration pulses of constant amplitude.
Output voltage is varied by changing the width and
polarity of the switched pulses. Output frequency is

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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.35-37

adjusted by changing the switching cycle time by motor supply voltage. This allows continuous process
using microcontroller. speed control.
Motor-driven systems are often designed to
III. ADVANTAGES handle peak loads that have a safety factor. This often
As VFD usage in HVAC applications has leads to energy inefficiency in systems that operate
increased, fans, pumps, air handlers, and chillers can for extended periods at reduced load. The ability to
benefit from speed control. Variable frequency drives adjust motor speed enables closer matching of motor
provide the following advantages: output to load and often results in energy savings.
1. Energy savings: VFD can be used for the number of
The primary function of VFD is to provide applications of Induction motor and speed can get
energy saving. The VFD can save the energy upto control as per load requirement so energy
50%. consumption get reduced hence VFD becomes very
reliable and economically beneficial.
2. Low motor starting current:
At the time of starting the motor start with VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
low frequency so it takes low current at starting This is a great pleasure to express my
therefore VFD can be used as starter. deepest sense of gratitude & thanks to everyone who
has directly or indirectly helped me in completing my
3. Reduction of thermal and mechanical stresses seminar work successfully.
on motors and belts during starts: I express my gratitude towards seminar
By using VFD the thermal and mechanical guide Prof. Pooja Shinde and Head of Department
stress on motors and belts during starting get reduced of Electrical Engineering Prof. N. N. Ghuge,
hence chances of wear & tear of various part get Bhivarabai Sawant Institute of Technology and
decreased. Research College of Engineering, Pune who guided
& encouraged me in completing the seminar work in
4. Simple installation: scheduled time.
As VFD is single unit and it does not
required any concrete construction so its installation REFERENCES
is simple. [1] Mr. Aung Zaw Latt, Dr. Ni Ni Win.
“Variable Speed Drive of Single Phase
5. Lower KVA Induction Motor Using Frequency Control
As VFD has nearly unity power factor it has Method” 2009 International Conference on
lower KVA rating. Education Technology and Computer
[2] Auzani Jidin, Jurifa Mat Lazi, Abd Rahim
IV. APPICATIONS Abdullah, Fazlli Patkar, Aida Fazliana Abd
Motor-driven centrifugal pumps, fans and Kadir, Mohd Ariff Mat Hanafiah. “Speed
blowers offer the most dramatic energy-saving Drive Based on Torque-Slip Characteristic
opportunities. Many of these operate for extended of the Single Phase Induction Motor” IEEE
periods at reduced load with flow restricted or PEDS 2005
throttled. In these centrifugal machines, energy [3] B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, “A Textbook of
consumption is proportional to the cube of the flow Electrical Thechnology” Published by
rate. Even small reductions in speed and flow can S.Chand
result in significant energy savings. In these [4] Gopal K. Dubey, “Fundamentals of
applications, significant energy and cost savings can Electrical Drives” Second Edition,
be achieved by reducing the operating speed when published by Narosa Publishing Houses
the process flow requirements are lower.

V. CONCLUSION
Hence we concluded that VFDs provide the
most energy efficient means of capacity control. This
drive comes in a lead role for energy saving products
for the all industries using electrical motors.
Adding a variable frequency drive (VFD) to
a motor-driven system can offer potential energy
savings in a system in which the loads vary with
time. The operating speed of a motor connected to a
VFD is varied by changing the frequency of the

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