y- 6 6hCC~ SN LANGUAGE % ey ENGLISH PAPER © YouTube SACHIN CHOUDHARY SACHIN ACADEMY \ FARMAN MALIK ‘S CP STUDY POINTSACHIN ACADEMY 2 YouTube The E-Notes is Proprietary & Copyrighted Material of Sachin Academy. Any reproduction in any form, physical or electronic mode on public forum etc will lead to infringement of Copyright of Sachin Academy and will attract penal actions including FIR and claim of damages under Indian Copyright Act 1957. $-ailea Sachin Academy & arfermrent 3ik ardnige aaa #1 adalah ae aire ox eat sft we, sitfren a seretiern ats a Pat sft axe that & Sachin Academy & aithise a1 seciaet sm sit aed aithise arftrierra 1957 & aga wreriarch ait afer & ard aida ase artarg a oirvatt! LANGUAGE ENGLISHSENTENCE A group of words, which makes a complete sense is called a sentence. Simple and complex sentences Simple sentences contain one clause: EX: The girl is learning how to drive Complex sentences contain more than one clause. EX: The girl who is learning how to drive is still twelve years old. Types Of Sentences 1. Assertive / Declarative sentence (STeRUT aT) 2. Interrogative sentence (W&eldraeh aTez) 3. Imperative sentence (31e&feh / HAC! Mech ATA) 4. Exclamatory sentence (Ferre / Hare aT) 5. Optative sentence (SeGnqah aa) 1. Assertive sentence :- qatea eo 8 ot Hat Pear sar S aT frets Per TEM Al Vee aT Fret BAT B Ses Assertive sentence Hea Fl Fat sentence * 3iat Full stop (.) wT SI Example: » Ram reads a book. > She goes to school. Assertive / Declarative sentence sentence at Y&R # @la 2 :(A) Affirmative Sentences :- 08 azz rad FanaH Yaa wed eta & 3e% Affirmative UT Positive Sentences hed &; Sha: (i) The earth moves round the sun. (ii) You are writting a letter. (B) Negative Sentences :- faa aeat 4 aanicas qe Pod 8, 3 Negative Sentences ed @; St: (i) She does not play here. (ii) they do not go to school. 2. Interrogative sentence :- Saf areat A weet FS SAS | SAH at ‘area & 31a F (Sigh of Interrogation) (?) Aaa Sire F Example: > What is your name? > Where do you live? > Have you done your work? Helping Verb @ WRT Stet aie weatarae area; She: > Are you playing here? > Does he sing asong? > Do you come here daily? 3. Imperative sentence :- faa areat A 3M, fraeay, Hee TAT TTA wT eT lal #1 3S Imperative sentence Hed & aA & 3ia A (.) MAS! Example: > Do not beat the child. > Always speak the truth.> Please, give me a cup of tea. 4. Exclamatory sentence :- a¢ aaa fared Arai sana so Ga -, Fa, HIS, HE, FO, TAM, ITA Ife Hr sia feo g; Sa exclamatory sentence wed Fl Sat aaa & aia H (1) Fes oT Sl Example: > How beautiful is the rain! > What an idea! > How hot the day is! 5. Optative sentence :- fort areat 8 gear, werarate, weer oT setae TS 8 3eS Optative Sentences Hed El Sat aaa & stat F faeHEH Faes (!) HT water fee Se Examples: > May you live long! > May God bless you! > May God save our country! PARTS OF SPEECH NOUN feet cotta, aed, Fart, BPOT HE AT HER aH WHS Tet amet great BY Noun mea a fora 1.fara A ale, Powel, ear ar naa caret a Sax A ott cater, Ted, Ft, art, HAE A OT HT, TE Noun sTT| Example: Roshan writes a letter. > Roshan @a letter ‘Noun’ #1 ferra 2. area ar feed F arcane FAY] sit ereq Hrs HY sreihel HAT aT Subject st ar Sehr area HY AT SA WT HET par SY 3reitet FRAT wT Object sl, Ts WA: Noun ear él Example: Riya, my sister, plays cricket. At aga Rat rae Bach FI > Rar, seat, Hee J che Noun Z1 Types of Noun 1. Proper Noun, fort Noun (Gat) S feet favre cafea, Fer ar Earer ane wr ster et, SA Proper Noun (cafecarech tam) Fea EI Example : Palak is a sacred book. 2. Common Noun, Fart Noun (eam) & va aot sear onfet a wets cast a seq ar ater st, TH Common Noun (aifaara Gam) Hea FI Example : Boys play in the field.3. Collective Noun, Fart Noun (ti) & wag ater slat %, 34 Collective Noun (AAgaraH Hal) Het él Example : Two players of our team have died. 4, Material Noun, fort Hat (Noun) C8 vers ar ater st ows aaet seat set Beh, Se Material Noun (Veliarah Hen) Hed eI Example : The phone is made of plastic and metal. 5. Abstract Noun fore Ha (Noun) & ayer, swrefefer ar ater et 3a Abstract Noun (saath Hail) wed @1 Example : Laughter is the best medicine. PRONOUN Pronoun (de) ag esq ¢ ait et Noun (Ha) & fore ware ee B1 Types of pronoun 1. Personal Pronoun (cafedards Wea) @ Pronoun sit fet cater (Gey, EA, ASH, Asch) a aT a Cae WT HT z, Personal Pronouns Head 1 EXAMPLE : Mohan is a good boy. He comes to me.2. Reflexive Pronoun (ferstaraeh Gaeta) fart Pronoun & 1A #1 THe Subject (Fat) TC Tsar Gene Vt Stee Fat We set at 3a Reflexive Pronoun Fed é| EXAMPLE : | cut myself 3. Emphasizing 3t¢at Emphatic Pronoun (teatatah WaetlA) FSrt Pronoun FT Tater HX set HY Tease Het BA, SA Emphatic Pronoun (ESATaTAH VaaTA) HET Se B, Het H Hal (subject) 3t2var fae (predicate) W ‘Ay act & fare Emphasizing Pronoun #1 Warer fear Aree] EXAMPLE : The Queen herself attended the party. 4. Relative Pronoun (aFaetrarah aera) ‘it Pronoun at area at sitget ar are any six Sara antecedent (Geach) aft et, ae Relative Pronoun #¢etal @1 EXAMPLE : Robert is a king who rules the seven kingdoms. 5. Interrogative Pronoun (weaaraer Wael) ‘it Pronoun wea Feet aT HR ata s, 38 Interrogative Pronoun wed é! EXAMPLE : What do you want? 6. Demonstrative Pronoun (qatar AeA! @ Pronoun ait fee (i) caer, (ii) Teg, HEAT (iii) Te Hr 3 Tet FIA B, Demonstrative Pronoun #¢eT @1EXAMPLE : Those are my books. (aeq) This is Monu. ( A’ @I WaT 3a Singular Naun eq Seer fevar ra S HA ee HT TAT HEAT Consonant & 41 Wat Haax AY Cafet Consonant & Fale 1 Ex — a cat, a chair, a fan, a bat,> An! oT Walst SH Singular Naun geq S Teer fear stray & TST weg AT VT Cafet Fax GT | AT WIA Ha Vowel é | English 4 Vowel &-A, E, 1, OU Ex - An Umbrella, An Elephant, An Hour, An Honest man > Singular Noun & deel A/An ar Wailer Fear SAT Bl Ex —A Book > Singular Countable Noun (fore fate a ae) S Teer AVAn ar Tae fever STAT a Ex -A Cooler > professions (Sem) 8 Geer 'AVAn' sr waver fea Sa BI Ex — An Architecture > A/An &T Waret what & such He elect & sta exclamatory sentences A fear are 81 Ex — Whata scene. Such a big hall. > Rule 5 - fret fafeise caterer Hr soar S fret ate at agar Mt ore, at A/An ar yaar eta & Ex — He is a Ambani of our society. > Rule 6 - Pret safer / faers art cara ater & Feary, AIAn #1 aT Singular naun Ogee fear Sars Ex — She is an Indian. A dog is an animal.> Rule 7 - 4f& Singular naun & dee HS adjective Hat &, at A/An Ff adjective See aT eI Ex — She is a beautiful girl. He is an honest boy. Use of 'The' > seen weiter feet faa catea, Fare, aed Ua waft Singular 3iX Plurals & fea gar 1 > Natural or Unique things. Ex—The Sun, The Earth, The Moon > afeat, wast, Hera, erst, Streit, ART, STeTaHL, ASEH, IAS TT a TECH Ex - The Himalayas, The Ganga., The Arabian sea, The Indian ocean, > vicerfeen aaa, enfeten Cereth, wer, sreane amie a at S Tee Ex - The Taj Mahal, The Golden Temple, The Gita, The Indian Express. > wet vider reaiat anfe & ect Ex — The Congress, The battle of Panipat. > qaretied fa 1X Evening / morning / afternoon & Teer (feet Sere Feet last, every aT next 216q aT @t) | Ex — The greatest, The most, In the evening, In the morning > ferait gare citar at garet & fore six faRvartre B yee | Ex — That is the house. Today is the 30th of July.> Proper naun #f Plural aettet & feret| 3X Set Singular noun B yee sit Gt safer ar ater aera Ex— The Sharmas. The dog is a faithful animal. > dart, srr, Hoferat, den, Tait & ara S yes aS Article's use att stat 21 Ex — (i) Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, (ii) She died of dengue fever, (iii) Speak English, (iv) She likes pink colour. > sa HS singular Countable Noun fet Sentence 4 first time 3a & ay SAH Tea A/An Asa S Afehat TT TAT noun HT 2nd time use Ha & at The HT VAT err é | Ex —| saw a girl. The girl was beautiful. Punctuation Mark (fax fea) Punctuation is the name of the marks used in writing. They are very essential signs to understand a sentence in correct way. They represent the expression and feeling in a sentence. Punctuation marks are divided into nine types: (1) Full Stop or period (.) (Get fax) (|) Full stop comes after the end of a sentence.Ex -1| am going to market. (2) Comma (,) (37eo fax) Comma is used between two sentences that contain two similar clauses or a compound sentence. Ex — Ram, Neeta, Neha and Rohan are going to the market (3) Semicolon (;) (37ef far) Semicolon is used when two sentences such as compound and mixed sentences are of opposite in nature, this mark shows the importance of special sentence. Ex - You should stop eating too much; otherwise weight will increase. (4) Question Mark (?) (a2etaTae Fee) This punctuation mark is used to define a question. Ex — Where are you going? (5) Exclamation Mark (!) (faeaeanigattre fee) An exclamation mark is used after a strong interjection and after strong imperative sentences which mark certain direct commands. Ex — Don't pick that! (6) Dash (-) (Prem) Indicates additional information, with more emphasis than a comma. Ex— She is an author — and a very good one too.(7) Hyphen ( -) (aterm) Hyphen connects elements of certain words. Ex — North - East (8) Quotation Mark or inverted commas (" ") (‘ ‘) (3qeItor fas) UW Ha Quotation marks enclose quotations. It marks a direct speech. Ex - “07” is my favourite number. (Correct) ‘07’ is my favourite number. (Correct) (9) Colon (:) (aryet fax) Introduces a second clause that expands or illustrates the meaning of the first. Ex — We learned the following at the camp: rock-climbing, canoeing and rafting. MODAL AUXILRIES Modals, verb #1 Ua WAR él sam at gare 1. Modal Auxiliaries3eF can, could, may, might, shall, will, should, would, must 3X ought to 37st Negative forms * a #1! 2. Semi Modals faerT needn't, daren't 3X used to UFafet Sl Modals #1 cet common characteristics 3, at fet var ¢ 4. Modals & aq st verb HT 1st form A war eet 2] 2. Sentence #1 subject singular ét UT plural Modal gaan wa shar ef Wal B] 3. Modal 4 infinite form a participle form at act $ Safes See defective verbs sf med B] Modals and their Usages > CAN'T sah wart h ae TT 1. | can't do it. (inability) 2. | can't read it. (incapability) 3. You can't go there. (not allowed) 4. Can't we have a normal dinner? (possibility) 5. She can't be a doctor. (assumption) 6. He fell asleep last night so he couldn't complete the presentation.(negative part deduction) » COULD 1, S[eepret AY AAMT F AAT Example : | could run fast when | was young. 2. aden ar afasa Fr airs Example: Could | buy a pet? 3. adareat dsaer Example : The house could be locked form inside. 4. span Usd MW eaa-Haatan Kata 7 Example : If | could catch a break, | will feel refreshed. 5. fact oreier Example: Could post these for me, please? 6. Watee OM atet-adara 7 Example : What have you planned for his birthday? 7. MEME HTAT-BETaTT FT - Example: They could throw a party this Sunday.8. Bade - Aal-Hay - Example : He could be very mean. 9. sieeHTe aT BCT aT - Example: He could have bought it for you. > MAY 1. fhe ara Example : May | ask you for a dance, Sir ? 2. aside Example: He didn't had a nice day so he might be gloomy. 3. amreftate Example : May god bless you! 4. Seiden Example : If you work hard, you may succeed. > MIGHT 1, asa Example: The office is about to close so he might come now.2. cilagite a areata aHaar Example : It might be tru. 3. ara & fere Example : Might | join you? 4. seenlet & separ H Fore Example : She might go for the movies though she don't have a ticket. 5. wetar Example : You might help me with my presentation. 6. arena wrelar Example: You might need a coffee. 7. Spree Tere Example: He might take you with him. 8. amare cae Example: You have got failed many times even if you like you may try once more. > SHAN'T 1. Promise, you shall not go with him.2. They shall not be back from the date. (no intention) 3. He shall not argue with his dad. (no willingness) > WILL 1. aleT Example : | will let you know when mail arrives. 2. Feat Example : | will buy SUV. 3. Fer Example: We will paint the house ourselves. 4.%¢ ferear Example: We will complete this project by 12 pm. 5.8E Example : Whatever he wants me to do, | will do it. 6. aifaszrarott a fore Example: She will pass her exam with good grades. 7. WaaOT aT faa facet Example : Will you go to the dance with me, please ?8. agate & fore Example : If you will help me with chores, | will return your comics. 9. erator a caaearait & fere Example : The store will reopen on tuesday. 10. facrar farcer ar 3ireer Example : You will present your ideas on this topic. 11, areal rere Example: They will have fun in Disney land. > WON'T SST VAT THRICAH BT A 1. Won't you take me to a date? (Invitation) 2. She won't complete her work till last moment. (negative deduction) > SHOULD 1. TA F THAT BAVA Example: She should be in class on time. 2. TTA Example: You should be more attentive in class.3. 5g HH Bafa condition sera FT Example : Should you be more polite, when you talk to your mother. 4. mat WHE AXA ET Example : | do not wish that you should take dance classes. 5. HRM WHE HX FT Example : He should be more punctual in class. 6. 3eRRa WHE HA BT Example : Be careful when you are out at night, lest you should be in trouble. > WOULD 1. WHE HL ET Example : Would that | own a restaurant. 2. ‘only if & Ger ‘would’ #r water Example : If only he would pay attention to detail. 3. Hf sect FT Example : He would help if he were asked. 4. 3cG1 WRe art & farExample : Would you please allow me to leave? 5. aad Steet a Tore Example: You signed the contract you would bear the consequences. 6. aside Example : That would be his teacher. 7. soonest AY Tarra FI Example : | think | would rather like to call it off. 8. aT Gaile condition sentences Example : If | said something, he would have shouted on me. 9. 3R837a condition aah Example : Had he left early, he would have caught the train. > OUGHT TO 1. afar wader Example: You ought to take care of your dog. 2. TART Example : You ought to walk daily.3. HT Example : They ought to complete the presentation. 4. SGT HeTATAT Example: She ought to have reached her office. 5. Sfereret AT GUT RT Example : She ought to have mailed it yesterday. > Needn't 1. Absence of obligation or not necessary arta ar 313 aT Hferartar et Example : You needn't travel by air. 2. Past Action neither necessary nor obligatory with needn't perfect infinitive aqernrfere are fora aiferareier atet ett: Example: You needn't have done it. > Daren't Absence of Courage (Hela #1 31371d) Example: He daren't touch me. » Used to Past habits : (a{anfer 31Teci) Example : | used to exercise daily in young age.WORD FORMATION wa Part of Speech & geq HT aux Part of Speech A ager 3k at erect al aitgat Uae esq (Compound Word) aeaitet Ar fafer eT Word Formation wed FI Wels Weg HT Tae FA UH Base Word H gla #1 Base Word H He - Herr WAst CART Hew Wet TAA Wed Sl HoT -HeT WHR & Prefixes, Suffixes Ud Derivatives Gant Aa-aa weg Fad B Gt Hews - 31eeT Parts of Speech, Gender T Number & état @1 38 WHR Noun & Verb, Adjective, Adverb 3mfe sat ot Gad ZI > Prefixes (37H) eset A set BS aa & ZN Suffixes eset & ava Fl Sach Giset A storey - Hovey WHR H Weg Fete Fl > Suffixes #1 Conversion Suffixes med 8, Fal seth silsa A HS eteq Wa Part of Speech # qx Part of Speech # a va Kind W ager Kind F Iqon oT WHAT Fl 1. Primary Words : fat geal & 33st A AMS Prefix a Ha A HS Suffix ael He get, See Primary Words Hea é! Beet Primary Words or fafsiet feraat cant wa Part of Speech W qt Part of Speech 4 aqer stat #12. Prefix : Pre + fix : Pre a 3rt % Gee aan fix ar FS cae He Ued Ae! Meg HT AS aT (syllable) Fa Primary Words B Geet AeTeHT SFT ST UT HY aco stat #, Sa Prefix Hed 3; ae : Fool (Noun) = befool (verb); Large (Adjective) = enlarge (verb); Happy (Adjective) = unhappy (Antonym); Like (verb) = dislike (Antonym) > Prefix qaRT Verb Vd Antonyms wart sa BI 3. Suffix : eq ar ag set (syllable) faa Primary Words % 3a A aay SHH BT A HL aaa sat F, TH Suffix Hea B; RY: Agree (Verb) = Agreement (Noun); Brave (Adjective) = Bravery (Noun); Just (Adjective) = Justify (Verb); Bold (Adjective) = Boldly (Adverb) > Suffix ZaRT Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives td Adverbs aan aid @1 NARRATION Narration eq #1 efegar 312 ‘Herer" Sa BI Narration a THR & ela 2 — 1. Direct speech wa ais cafea fret arc (speaker) & statement (ata) # Sat a at Tae @ at sa Direct speech Her Stat @, EXAMPLE : Ravi said me, "He will go to college tomorrow.Direct speech & at sire eta & A. REPORTED SPEECH Direct speech &T ag s1aT Si inverted commas ("... ") & 3iax ete &, reported speech Heeler @1 EXAMPLE : He said, “I am glad you are here.” B. REPORTING SPEECH Direct speech @T dg aT Si inverted commas ("") & sex gla @, reporting speech Heelan é! EXAMPLE : She said, "| am here to pay my respects. " 2. Indirect speech aa Hts cafea feet azar (speaker) % ‘Het Ades sa HY 3a eect a ast A He, al GE Indirect speech HeaTaT Z, EXAMPLE : Ravi told me that he would go to college the next day. Direct Speech #1 Indirect A aqeeat & fara 1. Direct Speech & Indirect Speech 4 aRadet eet FZ Inverted Commas &eT feu ond é12. 38% Be Reporting Verb I Tense Mat & — Ale Direct Narration 7 Reporting Verb, Present 41 Future tense 4 @ a Indirect A oRadat eta FAT Reported Speech ® tense F até uRacet aét fear sat 1 Reporting Verb ® Past, # ger Rafa a Tense A sa wer wacker fern stat & - Direct Narration Present Indefinite Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Indefinite Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Indirect Narration Past Indefinite ; Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous ais uftacer ai eta aig oftaciet agi erat Future Sentences (Reported Speech) 4 4 3a WER IRadet ea oaT z- Direct Narration Will/shall Can May Indirect Narration Would/should Could MightCould/should/would/might als oRacet aét erat 3. Indirect Speech 4 Uftacet el GX Reported Speech & Persons #1 Wade > First Person :- Reporting verb & subject & Helak aera I > Second Person :- Reporting verb & object & 3efax sacl SI >Third Person:- set HS URadet Aer Stet eI Person # URada ata WAA aie person aEaaT & at oRada agra % sepa eer! aie Person ,Possessive case AF at oRadet set & sepa @rml Person #1 GRadet Direct B Indirect 3 Person #1 number Va case at see Ae FI 4. af& Reporting Verb say, says, will say 4 said t€ a Indirect Speech 4 sft say,says,will say UT said é wait afar Ue Reporting verb & Ae ‘to’ oar et oh oRacer fet vere B eat & - say to —tell saysto —tells saidto —told 5. Indirect Speech 4 aaetet TT UX Reporting Verb ® sq OAIea aTeat F that ar water far sar BI > Direct:-He says,”| am going to Kashmir.” > Indirect:-He says that he is going to Kashmir.Direct & Indirect tate FHA Tat Gert JE Set set F FI Reporting verb +r Tense #1 €| Je Present tense $1 Ha: Reporting Speech # tense A WS Uftada aét eer Reporting verb ,says #1 Ha: Indirect 4 aff says 1 eat Reported Speech & ,| First Person pronoun & sit #f Subject (he) Hae Iaorne [BT He @F SCAT 3X am, verb Fac is S STA > Direct :- She says to me,"You are writing a letter to him.” > Indirect:-She tells me that | am writing a letter to him. 3a area a Reporting Verb says to TaerRT tells A AA Reported Speech 4 you td him , Il Gd Ill person pronouns @1 II person pronoun(you)- object & 34k Fela Sl Bet: object ‘me’ Bef ist aT Il person pronoun-him 4 as GRadet aét erst! 6. Sq Reporting Verb,Past Tense 4 @ ct Reported Speech A 3 qe erect # oRada erat & ST = Direct Narration Indirect Narration Today That day Tomorrow The next day /the following day Yesterday The previous day Last week/month/year The previous week/month/year The last fortnight The previous fortnight The day before yesterday The day before previous day This ThatThese Those Here There Now Then Ago Before Thus So Direct-Indirect Narration Tense wise Present Indifinite:- > Direct — He said to me,” never eat mangoes.” > Indirect- —_He told me that he never ate mangoes. Present Continuous:- > Direct — — Rahul said to Anyj,”| am watching T.V.” > Indirect- — Rahul told Anuj that he was watching T.V. Present Perfect:- > Direct — Anjali said,”| have already cooked.” > Indirect —_ Anjali said that she had already cooked. Present Perfect Continuous:- > Direct — — Sonu said to me,”| have been reading for an hour” > Indirect- — Sonu told me that he had been reading for an hour. Past Indefinite;- » Direct — She said to Sachin,”| went to mussoorie last week.” > Indirect — She told Sachin that she had gone to mussoorie the previous weekPast Continuous:- » Direct — She said to me,” was waiting for you.” > Indirect- She told me that she had been waiting for me. Past Perfect:- > Direct — He said to me,"| had completed my work.” > Indirect- _—_ He told me that he had completed his work. Past Perfect Continuous:- > Direct — He said,”| had been playing cricket for two hours” >» Indirect-__He said that he had been playing cricket for two hours. Future Indefinite:- > Direct — — Shoaib said to Saurabh,”| shall write a letter.” > Indirect- Shoaib told Saurabh that he would write a letter. Future Continuous:- » Direct — — Kuldip said to Anuj,"Neha will be waiting for you.” > Indirect- —_ Kuldip told Anuj that Neha would be waiting for him. Future Perfect:- » Direct — Monika said to Akshay," will have completed my work.” > Indirect— Monika told Akshay that she would have completed her work. Future Perfect Continuous:- > Direct — Nisha said to me,”! shall have been reading the book.”» Indirect— _ Nisha told me that she wold have been reading the book. af Reported Speech A ls — Universal Truth, Proverb (Heda) , Mathematical fact, Historical fact, Habitual Act, Morality wr Ueasy et at CY areal wT Reporting Verb Past tense 4 ald Re st Sater Tense al Fact FI Examples: > Direct-He said,”The sun sets in the west.” > Indirect-He said that the sun sets in the west. > Direct-The teacher said,”India became Republic on 26th January 1950" » Indirect-The teacher said that India became Republic on 26th January,1950. > Direct-She said ,”"Two and two is four” > Indirect-She said that two and two is four. > Direct-He said,”London is the capital of U.K.” > Indirect-He said that London is the capital of U.K. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE &X UH sentence A Uw subject (Hal) Th verb 3i< vw object (He) gets! > area A wall a Hat FLA GU GTA SIL, IE ATA active voice H ga Fl EXAMPLE : Ram is writing a letter.> area A anat apt aa GANT ret ST Fea GATT, ag ala passive voice 4 grat zl EXAMPLE : A letter is written by Ram. oa ga feet ara #1 active S passive voice 4 aqcid ¢ da ga fees rules HT Uleet La S — RULE 1 area Ft Hae passive voice Jaca AAT I CNS B change et sic F1 Subject f sm1g FX object 31 Siat & a2 object Fr sare W subject 31 Sar a1 EXAMPLE : Active voice — Sita reads a book, Passive voice — A book is read by Sita. RULE 2 Passive form 4 main verb &t ae third form a1 é Taver Har Sra 1 EXAMPLE : Active voice — Esha is singing a song. Passive voice — A song is sung by Esha. RULE 3 Passive voice & subject & Weel A&I by a Tater FHA SAT S| EXAMPLE : Active voice — Is Ritika buying a table? Passive voice — Is a table being bought by Ritika? RULE 4fect fret azz A subject 41 condition % 3a by A STE with AT to Hr TAT aft fer strat B1 EXAMPLE : Active voice —| know him. Passive voice — He is known to me. RULE 5 Passive voice 4 aqea ad helping verb 4 ft aqea eat &, Ae saat active voice aTet sentence tense % WX Atel e1 ta go aeora Hrafeie f - 1. Sles, do/does #1 daca is/am/are 4 fear Seat 2! EXAMPLE : Active voice — Reena is buying roses. Passive voice — Roses are being bought by Reena. 2. is/am/are #1 aac is being/am being/ are being 4 fa seat 81 EXAMPLE : Active voice — He is completing project A. Passive voice — Project A is being completed by him. 3. has/have Sqetrd has been/have been 4 frat Sar é1 EXAMPLE : Active voice — He have bought candies from the local store. Passive voice — Candies have been bought candies from the local store. 4. second form of verb/did 1 sacl was/were 4 fat set B1 EXAMPLE : Active voice — He wrote a letter. Passive voice — A letter was written by him.5. was/were 1 daca was being/were being 4 far sitet S1 EXAMPLE : Active voice — He was completing his homework. Passive voice —- Homework was being completed by him. 6. had #1 adeltd had been # far Arar 21 EXAMPLE : Active voice — He had completed the project. Passive voice — The project had been completed by him. 7. will/shall a1 aera will be # fear stat 81 EXAMPLE : Active voice — | will bake chocolate cake. Passive voice — Chocolate cake will be baked by me. 8. will have/shall have #1 aqera will have been 4 frat sat é1 EXAMPLE : Active voice — He will have baked the cake by then. Passive voice — Cake will have been bake by then. FIGURES OF SPEECH aT H Mota, adtetar, AEA Ud eat & few figures of speech a Tater fear are @1 Types of figures of speechSimile (STA) :- saa at ea va A aegsit At Teen Fr oct F foteray wa S HH Uh PUT GA Stl as, so A like Mea Hr WaT MATA caer Lot & fee gat #1 Example : ® He looked big as an elephant. > She sways like a flower in the wind of our song. > He fought like a lion. S ae een va et oft Fr at atasit A et al at Simile at afew Comparison 1-11] Example : She is as beautiful as her sister. et Fe she 3ix her sister va & oMfet & F gafae ye hat Teer F, 7 #T Simile | Metaphor :- aa geen At oret art aret ar vay art form ore & cer Fee FF Tet ee as, so AT like HT WAT al AT Ta ZI Example : > People say that eyes are windows to the soul. > Books are the mirrors of the soul. > The camel is called the ship of the desert. Hyperbole :- saa fet ata Hr areatehar S Her afl ser Ter HL AT IT UTR WHC FHA SAT Sl Example :> They build the nation's pillars deep and lift them to the sky. > She wept oceans of tears. > My school bag weighs a ton. Oxymoron :- saat wa @& aed & at ene fateh or wae ore eae ort a Example : > This is an open secret. > She accepted the kind cruelty of the surgeon’s knife. > | find nothing more depressing than optimism. Personification :- saa fetstfa araait aan snat @t aofta arene cafe a wo A ala ae 21 Example : > Experience is the best teacher. > Opportunity knocks at the door but once. > Love is blind. Apostrophe :- aa gH fet feroffa aeq or ary feet at dale HY at RA figures of speech HT Apostrophe Fea é1 aestet A fret feria aeq at wolfe array se west at axed F cea arated ar Pee (!) ah aaa & | wet Healt feeh Uraleret Noun ate seo Farrar (,) ff ora 3 Example : > Oh! What a noble mind is here overthrown. > Friend! Why have you left me alone in this place?> Freedom! | need you so that | may fly free in the open sky Onomatopoeia :- aa Pea-fea wea, aera aa aeqai Ar cater Fr sara SB HT HT Fa Tera ZI Example : > | heard the water lapping on the crag. > The snake hisses in the grass. > Swords clanged and guns boomed. Degrees Of Comparison feat cafes ar aed A arg aqor faci ara HF secht qoret HY eF degrees of comparison ed é1 Types of Degrees of Comparison 1. Positive Degree (aifstfea Paft) 2. Comparative Degree (wFarfea aft) 3. Superlative Degree (quXeliea fat) 1. Positive Degree (Uiferfea aft) :- aa aS Adjective ar Adverb 31 Wea wT A tal %, aa 3a feed Bal A Per Gas ora 21Example:- good, old, fat, big, sweet, strong, slowly, etc. 2. Comparative Degree (wFatita fSaft) :- Ta Adjective at Adverb & at cafrcat a seq & pit At Geen Fr sit @, aa 38 Comparative Degree F ge BAST Tat Zl Example-: better, older, bigger, stronger, more slowly, etc. 3. Superlative Degree (qaxefea fSah) :- Gt Adjective a Adverb & cat a dt & afte cataat ao araat St deem ar ater eto % ae 3a Superlative Degree 4 get BAST Stat Z1 Example-: best, oldest, biggest, strongest, most slowly, etc. Positive & Comparative Au Superlative A Tact wr ferret RULE 1 :- wh Syllable Adjective 4 r/er sitg#x Comparative Degree aa st/est sits#x< Superlative Degree # sce Sa #1 Example-: Positive comparative superlative tall (aa) taller tallest great (Aetet) greater greatest sweet (afer) sweeter sweetest brave (aeTgz) braver bravest wise (aeferret) wiser wisest cheap (4c) cheaper cheapestdeep (TXT) deeper deepest dear (Hem) dearer dearest RULE 2 :- a@ Adjective & 3iaq 4 wh Consonant ét 3ix sae Veer vowel @, at 3it A Fa consonant # double Ft & ae er sisHL Comparative aa est sitseX Superlative Degree A sae Sat Zl Example-: Positive comparative superlative fat (AYeT) fatter fattest thin (Feet) thinner thinnest hot (aA) hotter hottest big (#ST) bigger biggest RULE 3 :- 38 Positive Degree % Adjective & 3ia 4 Consonant +y @ at y ai A saat & ae er Gs HX Comparative 3i< est Ss HX Superlative aaa Sa BI Example-: Positive comparative superlative easy (311et) easier easiest heavy (sir) heavier heaviest happy (qe) happier happiest dirty (aTeeT) dirtier dirtiestGENDER Gender ae & ait gt fattest Nouns FY Seth feat BI WL Ueaeret sah ara 3k att A Hag ata BI There are four kinds of Gender in English. 1. Masculine Gender (aferar) 2. Feminine Gender (eAiferar) 3. Common Gender (sara Fert) 4. Neuter Gender (ahaa fear) 1. Masculine Gender :- $8 Gender & male (at) of ar ater grat ZI Example:- Rohan, Horse, Boy, Man, Father, King, Actor, Tiger, Hero, , 311f&1 2. Feminine gender :- ag Noun at eft- sife at aeitar @ 3a feminine gender Het Stat = | Example:- Girl, Women, Cow, Goat, Queen, Mother, Sister, etc. 3. common gender :- dg Noun sit male a female det sr azitat at sa common gender #éT silat & | Example:- Doctor, Thief , Child, Teacher, Student, Driver, Friend, Parents, etc.4. Neuter Gender :- 3& Gender & ae ater gat & fH Nouns @ at aX ott le & @ Atel ofc ATI Example:- Love, Peace, Tree, Book, Pen, Class, Army, Crow, Ant, Bench, School, and Watch 3mfé1 > fasta vere, He-Aane, we-wle sTetaT Neuter Gender ¥ 3rd ZI > Collective Noun, Material Noun, and Abstract Noun #ff Neuter Gender 4 set 31 THE SUBSTITUTION TABLE METHOD > The Substitution Table Method Adopted By H.E Palmer. > Substitution Means To Replace Something with Another Thing. > In This Method Words Of One Sentence Are Substituted By Other Words. ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION HIST A HS eect a Seer OE a UH veg HY Ser HT ATS HY afew werraerrelt Ua aefe sare ora ¢| 3a WH weq FT One word substitution (Tarif eq) He Sa Tl SOME EXAMPLE OF ONE WORD SUBSTITUTIONFORM OF GOVERNMENTS > Government by none - Anarchy (3itTstall) > Government by the nobility - Aristocracy (485 aeil & cant Usa meet) > Government by one man with absolute power -Autocracy (aemerer erm) > Government by officials responsible only to their chiefs - Bureaucracy (ataxemét) > Government of the people by the people and for the people - Democracy (aca) > Rule by old men - Gerontocracy (gee eafererat ar ema) > Rule bye one woman or women - Gynocracy (Afear3it Tr eae7) > Government by a controlling group of people - Hierarchy (area amet) > Rule by those in power due to their ability - Meritocracy (agar & aA ee) > Government by a crowd of people - Mobocracy (ssda) > Government by a king - Monarchy ( 2st #T eet) > Rule by one person - Monocracy (ta cafe FT weet) > Government by a few people in power - Oligarchy (314 a3) > Government by rich men -Plutocracy (tifa cafeasit ar eget arerfern a) > Government by many men - Polyarchy (agcia) > Rule by the military - Stratocracy (ga eae)> Government which regards God as its head and is governed by priests/clergymen - Theocracy (QUfect aT erect) MANIACS (CRAZE) >A person having a craze for anything english - Anglomaniac (3iarett & ote crarereff) >A person having a craze for collecting books - Bibliomaniac (qeaat al CAR HeraTeM) >A person having a sickly desire for alcohol - Dipsomaniac (&RT# #T ret) >A person with an irresistible desire to steal - Kleptomaniac (aT axel Hr draretaft) >A person with a false impression that he is great and powerful - Megalomaniac (Haeifeaata Het Fr stark) >A person having an unreasonable interest in any particular living, one idea or area of thought - Monomaniac (fet va & ofa ararerit) >A person who believes that he is God - Theomaniac (Fae FY staTaTeT wast Ar start) WORDS PERTAINING TO SCIENCES AND ARTS >The science of sound - Acoustics (tafer fever) >The science of aviation - Aeronautics (Tattaifera)>The study of man, esp.,of the evolution and customs of mankind - Anthropology (Aqsa sifet ar Trae) >The study of human antiquities - Archaeology (Quecd frat) >The science of heavenly bodies - Astronomy (Gatte feat) >The science of travel in space - Astronautics (3eaftet Tevet) >The science of life and living things - Biology (sta faze) >The science of plants - Botany (aeteufer favitet) >The art of making pottery - Ceramics (feet & oa) >The science of colours -Chromatology (<1 Tavita) > The study of statistics of births, deaths ,diseases, etc, of a community - Demography (staaifeachr) >The art of effective speaking esp. in public - Elocution (931d wr ateet Fr Hatt) >The study of insects - Entomology (hlefeatet) >The science which deals with the variances of the human race - Ethnology (afta faze) >The science of the origin and history of words - Etymology (2Isq- on) >The study of coins or coinage - Numismatic ( feat HT 31tzet) >The study of birds - Ornithology (aaft fasta) >The study of mountains - Orology (Wael aT 3zet) >The study of ancient modes of writing - Paleography (5Tdtet Rrererat aT Hea) >The art of elegant speech of writing - Rhetoric ( 81a Yt wect ar Wart weer)>The science of poisons - Toxicology (fasaet) > Using hypnosis - Hypnotherapy ( GFateet fez) > Using natural things - Naturopathy (oTpfeer fever) > Using exercise,massage - Physiotherapy (fastel gant serst) PHOBIAS > Fear of height - Acrophobia (Sars @ Sve) > Fear of water -hydrophobia (Sleft & sxemt) > Fear of public places. large or open places - Agoraphobia (public place & St aren) > Fear of crowd -Demophobia (aril @ sx) > Fear of women - Gynophobia(Afear3it & Sx) > Fear of book - Bibliophobia (fatal & Sx) > Fear of being confined in a particular place -Claustrophobia (aq areureit & sz) > Fear of foreigners - Xenophobia (faaferat & 3x) > Fear of Depths - Bathophobia (avs & 3x) > Fear of Ugliness - Cacophobia (s1qa04 & 3%) > Fear of Beauty - Callophobia (Geexat A 5%) > Fear of Colours - Chromophobia (tat & 3%) > Fear of Dogs - Cynophobia (Gat @ sx) > Fear of fire - pyrophobia (31T & 3) > Fear of trees - Dendrophobia (Yt & 5%)KILLING > Killing of one’s father - Patricide (ffat #f gem) > Killing of one’s mother - Matricide (Atet #1 gear) > Killing of one’s parents - Parricide (#TaT-ftat #1 sea) > Killing of one’s brother - Fratricide (31S 4 g=m1) > Killing of one’s sister - Sororicide (aeet AT F=M) > Killing of one’s wife - Uxoricide (Tet #1 gem) > Killing of one’s husband - Meriticide (ufa #1 gem) > Killing of one’s child - Filicide (310 Aatet FT Bea) > Killing of infants - Infanticide (aacia FT ea) > Killing of foets - Foeticide (31 4T ga) > Killing of a particular race of people -Genocide (favs sifa * art # BM) > Killing of a man - Homicide (Alda $=) > Killing of a dog - Cannicide (@et #1 sem) > Killing of a king -Regicide (ast 4 gem) English Prose, Poetry, Short Stories, Play > The lesson ‘Torch Bearers’ is written by - W.M. Ryburn > The Enchanted Pool - by C. Raj Gopalachari > A Letter To God - by G. L. Fuents > The Ganga - Pt. J. L. Nehru> Socrates - by Rhoda Power > Torch Bearers - by W. M. Ryburn > Our Indian Music (Stories & Anecdotes) _- by R. Srinivasan > The Fountain - by James Russell Lowell > The Psalm of Life - by H.W. Longfellow > The Village Song - by Sarojini Naidu > The Nation Builders - by R.W. Emerson > The Judgement-Seat of Vikramaditya - by Sister Nivedita (Adapted) > My Greatest Olympic Prize. - by Jesse Owens > The Inventor Who Kept His Promise - Thomas Alva Edison > 'My Struggle for an Education’. The writer ‘Booker T. Washington’ is a Negro educator and reformer. > "The Ant and the Grasshopper" written by William Somerset Maugham. > "The Kite Maker’ written by Ruskin Bond. > "The Variety and Unity of India’ written by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. > 'A Dialogue on Civilization’ written by C.E.M. Joad. > 'On an African River’ written by David Livingstone. > The story 'Pen Pal’ is a true incident of the author's life. written by Keen for pen pal > The poem 'Mercy' composed by William Shakespeare. The present poem is an eloquent appeal for mercy in Shakespeare's comedy, The Merchant of Venice. Portia appeals to Shylock to show mercy to Antonio. > The Scholar’ composed by Robert Southey.> The poem ‘Education of Nature! composed by William Wordsworth. The girl child 'Lucy’ is in this poems > The poem "To the Pupils' composed by Henry L. Derozio. > The poem 'O Captain! My Captain!’ composed by Walt Whitman. The poet describes the great joy after success and victory in the Civil War of America. > The poem 'Dover Beach!’ composed by Matthew Arnold. > The poem ‘Our Casuarina Tree’ composed by Toru Dutt. > The poem "If" composed by Rudyard Kipling. > The poem 'Nightingales' composed by Robert Bridges. > "The 'Palanquin Bearers' composed by Sarojini Naidu. > The Light of Asia’ is an epic of Sir Edwin Arnold on the life of Lord Buddha. The book is divided into eight cantos. The poet has described the life and teachings of Lord Buddha. The eighth cantos of this book gives the message of Lord Buddha. Prince Siddartha is the principal character in this poem. > A Girl with a Basket - William C. Douglas > A Fellow-Traveller - A. G. Gardiner > Secret of Health, Success and Power - James Allen > The Home Coming - Rabindra Nath Tagore > |am John's Heart - J. D. Ratcliff > Women's Education - S. Radhakrishnan > The Heritage of India - A. L. Basham > Character of a Happy Life - Sir Henry Wotton > The True Beauty - Thomas Carew> On His Blindness - John Milton > From "An Elegy Written in a - Thomas Gray Country Churchyard” > A Lament - P.B. Shelley > La Belle Dame Sans Merci - John Keats > From the Passing of Arthur - Alfred Lord Tennyson > My Heaven - Rabindra Nath Tagore > Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening - Robert Frost > The Song of the Free - Swami Vivekanand > The Gold Watch - Ponjikkara Raphy > An Astrologer's Day -R.K. Narayan > The Lost Child - Mulk Raj Anand > A Special Experience - Prem Chand The Merchant of Venice - William Shakespeare The Merchant Of Venis Characters Shylock :- Shylock is a Jew who lends money to his Christian rival Antonio, setting the security at a pound of Antonio's flesh. When a bankrupt Antonio defaults on the loan, Shylock demands the pound of flesh. This decision is fuelled by his sense of revenge, for Antonio had previously insulted, physically assaulted and spat on him in the Rialto(stock exchange of Venice) dozens of times, defiled the "sacred" Jewish religion and had also inflicted massive financial losses on him. Meanwhile, Shylock's daughter, Jessica, falls in love with Antonio's friend Lorenzo and converts to Christianity, leaves Shylock's house and steals vast riches from him, which add to Shylock's rage and harden his resolve for revenge. Bassanio :- He is a spendthrift who wasted all of his money in order to be seen as a respectable man. To regain his fortune, he is determined to marry Portia, a wealthy, intelligent heiress of Belmont. In Act |, Scene |, Bassanio first makes an appearance while Antonio are complaining to his friends that he is sad. Antonio's friends continue to speculate why he is upset, and Antonio asks Bassanio to tell him of the secret love he is hiding. Bassanio explains that he is in love with Portia and needs a loan to show his wealth and power to her. Even though Antonio has no money to give to Bassanio, he still promises to guarantee any loan Bassanio can find. In Act |, Scene Ill, Shylock finally agrees to lend Bassanio three thousand ducats for three months as long as Antonio guarantees the loan. Shylock is skeptical because Bassanio's friend Antonio 's ships are still at sea, and there is uncertainty whether they will return within three months.Portia :- Portia is beautiful, gracious, rich, intelligent, and quick-witted, with luxury lifestyle and high standards for her potential romantic partners. She is bound by the lottery set forth in her father's will, which gives potential suitors the chance to choose between three caskets composed of gold, silver and lead. If they choose the right casket - the casket containing Portia's portrait and a scroll - they win her hand in marriage. If they choose the incorrect casket, they must leave and never seek another woman in marriage. Portia is glad when two suitors, one driven by greed and another by vanity, fail to choose correctly, although she demonstrates tact to the Princes of Morocco and Arragon, who unsuccessfully seek her hand. She favoured Bassanio, a young Venetian noble, but is not allowed to give him any clues to assist in his choice. Later in the play, she disguises herself as a man, then assumes the role of a lawyer's apprentice (named Balthazar) whereby she saves the life of Bassanio's friend, Antonio, in court. Antonio :- The Merchant of Venice in the play is Antonio. The play is called after his because, though not himself the chief actor, he is the source and centre of the action. The battle of the bond story is fought round him. It is his generosity that starts the caskets story. Tubal :- Tubal is a friend of Shylock, a friend with whom he discusses the plan of revenge. Tubal is ready to place himself at the service of Shylock. Shylock mentions him as "Good Tubal". Yet this 'Good Tubal’,while telling Shylock of his search for his runaway daughter, torments him with the account of her extravagance in Genoa. Launcelot Gobbo :- Launcelot Gobbo plays the part of Fool in ‘The Merchant of Venice’. But he combines this with the role of servant and messenger. He is sensible enough to be useful on occasions in a menial role and clownish enough to afford diversion in a dull hour Shylock calls him patch. ("The patch is kind enough"), i.e. the fool who wears motley. Lorenzo :- Lorenzo is a poet with a great deal of the dreamer and artist about him. He has an artist's soul intensely alive to delight in natural beauty and music. This is well exemplified in his speech in the fifth Act : "How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank", etc. His artistic and refined nature draws him to Jessica whose outer beauty is the index of artistic sensibility within. He seems a most suitable lover for a girl of Jessica's type. Gratiano :- Gratiano is a constant companion of Bassanio. He is a big talker and Bassanio tells, not with much truth and definitely with some undindness, that he is the greatest talker of non-sense in entire Venice and that there are two grains (of wisdom) in his two bushels of wheat (talk). But Gratiano is a merry fellow and has a very positive outlook on life. He lays a great store by mirth and cheerfulness. Nerissa :- In Merchant of Venice, Nerissa is still friends with Portia and still her maid in waiting, but in this book, she is more sarcastic, more self-centred, and not as interested in Portia's well-being like in the play, Merchant of Venice.Jessica :- Jessica is the daughter of Shylock, a jewish moneylender, In the play, she elopes with Lorenzo, a penniless Christian, and a chest of her father's money, eventually ending up in Portia and Bassanio's household. In the play's dramatic structure, Jessica is a minor but pivotal role. Her actions motivate Shylock's vengeful insistence on his "pound of flesh" from Antonio; SOME IMPORTANT WORDS Lexical word :- Ua Car esq FaraeapT Ha Ue Ta 3S Ble G1 SE lexical word wed el Example :- Lion, Car, White, Love ellipses :- An ellipsis (plural: ellipses) is a punctuation mark consisting of three dots. > Use an ellipsis when omitting a word, phrase, line, paragraph, or more from a quoted passage. Ellipses save space or remove material that is less relevant. They are useful in getting right to the point without delay or distraction: Full quotation: "Today, after hours of careful thought, we vetoed the bill.” With ellipsis: "Today ... we vetoed the bill.” > ellipsis det Tot farat a sent te faert ¢ ... HR seat Seat Te fear & fore Fepar Ser & fee aera ar VERT aS SRealia :- refers to the objects associated with everyday life to be used in the classroom. Using realia in the language class means bringing real objects as teaching aids. > war A soatar At ore ave ToT AM Bigot S FS aEGat t Bahia ATaT eI aie Ft Haw H Realia Hr STAT Hey apr 31 F NAOT Hers Maa HBT A arediaes Feat ar eet > Realia is a Tangible Teaching-Learning Aid: ® includes coin, newspaper, map, tickets, fruits, vegetables, pamphlets, leaflets. Phonetics :- Phonetics is defined as the study of the sounds of human speech using the mouth, throat, nasal and sinus cavities, and lungs (i.e, production and perception of sounds). Syntax :- The study of how words combine to form phrases, phrases combine to form clauses and clauses join to make sentences is known as Syntax . Phonology :- Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages (i.e., how sounds are combined). Linguistic :- The scientific study of Human language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. > Linguists define grammar as a set of components: Morphemes :- Morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot be subdivided further.Morphology :- The study of forms or how elements are combined to create words Semantics :- Relating to meaning in language or logic. Didactic poetry :- Didactic poetry is poetry that usually has more deeper purpose than just tell a story or portray emotion. It is used to instruct and teach things to the reader. didactic poetry can also be used to convey morals, purpose or messaged to its reader. Reformist :- Trying to improve a system or law by changing it: > Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported English education. Diphthong :- A diphthong occurs when there are two separate vowel sounds within the same syllable. The word, diphthong, comes from Greek which means. "two sounds" or "two tones”. It is also known as a "gliding vowel," as in a diphthong, one sound glides into another sound. Ex-“aw'/‘au” - straw, law, saw, cause, haul, author Homophones :- Homophones are pairs of words that sound the same, but have distinctly different meanings and different spellings. Understanding homophones is an essential part of mastering the English language, both for vocabulary building and spelling. Ex -for / four :- | purchased four new pairs of shoes for my upcoming vacation. Abbreviation :- An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, such as "Jan." for "January." The abbreviated form of the word "abbreviation" is “abbr."—or, less commonly, “abbrv." or "abbrev." Abbreviation comes from the Latin word brevis meaning "short."Phrasal Verbs :- Verb 3it Adverb % Combination & at sq #T Phrasal Verbs weet. Ex — Be Over, Call For. Phrasal Verb #1 31% Original Verb & Hr 3tert eat 8. SR FT Ask HT Hees Bla F " THAT" HK Ask For HT Aaa sa " AleT aaa" You Can Ask For Anything You Need 38 1 Ades Gee ot ariew at Arar eet. PASSAGE Directions (Q.N. 1- 5) Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follows by selecting the most appropriate option. Antarctica is a icy continent in the South Pole. It is covered by permanently frozen ground, is surrounded by water and is about 1.5 times longer than the United States of America. The world's largest desert is in Antarctica. 98% of the land is covered with a continental ice sheet; the remaining 2% of land is barren rock. Antarctica has about 87% of the world's ice. The South Pole is the coldest, windiest and driest place on Earth. The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was at the South Pole; it reached as low as -128.6 °F or - 88.0°C. On an average most of the Antarctica, gets less than 2 inches of snow each year. Although scientific expaditions virit Ahtarica, there are no permanent human residents. This is because of the extreme weather, which includes freezing temperature, strong winds and blizzards. There are about 4000 seasonal visitors to Antarctica. Antarctica hasn't always been located at the South pole. It has drifted, like the other continents and has ranged from the Equator during the Cambrian period, about 500 million years ago to the South Pole. During the time of the dinosaurs, Antarctica has more temperate and housed dinosaurs and many other life-forms. Now there is very little indigenous life.1. The word ‘icy’ in the passage is a/an- (1) noun (2) adjective (3) adverb (4) homonym of ‘ice’ ANS :2 2. The word ‘desert’ in the passage is a- (1) noun (2) pronoun (3) verb (4) verbal ANS :1 3. The word ‘windiest’ in the passage is a- (1) second form of verb (2) superlative form of adjective (3) superlative form of adverb (4) positive form of noun ANS :2 4, Has Antarctica always been fixed in the South Pole? (1) Yes (2) No (3) May be (4) Not given in the passage ANS: 2 5. Who are the earliest known inhabitants of Antarctica? (1) American scientists (2) Indian scientists (3) Dinosaurs (4) It has always been a desert ANS : 3. Directions (Q.Nos. 6-10) Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow, by selecting the most appropriate option. The first thing which a scholar should bear in mind is that a book ought not to be read for mere amusement. Half educated persons read for amusement, and are not to be blamed for it, they are incapable of appreciating the deeper qualities that belong to a really great literature. But a young man who has passed through a course of University training should discipline himself at an early day never to read for mere amusement. And once the habit of discipline has been formed, he will find it impossible to read for mere amusement. He will then impatiently throw down any book from which he cannot obtain intellectual food, any book which does not make an appeal to the higher emotions and to his intellect. But on the other side, the habit of treading for amusement becomes with thousands of people exactly the samekind of habit as wine-drinking or opium-smoking; it is like a narcotic, something that helps to pass the time, something that helps to pass the time, something that keeps up a perpetual condition of dreaming, something that eventually results in destroying all capacity for thought, giving exercise only to the surface parts of the mind and leaving the deeper springs of feelings and the higher faculties of perception unemployed. 6. The writer believes that half-educated persons are not able to - (1) enjoy wine-drinking (2) enjoy dreaming (3) think properly (4) appreciate hidden qualities of admirable literature ANS: 4 7. The word 'narcotic' in the passage means - (1) great literature (2) intoxicant (3) cheap books (4) intellectual exercise ANS : 2 8. The phrase 'the higher faculties’ in the passage means - (1) different departments in the University (2) different ways of enjoying things (3) mental powers of a high order for understanding great literature (4) superficial part of the mind ANS :3 9. The word “eventually’ in the passage means - (1) after some time (2) at last (3) never (4) initially ANS :2 10. The word ‘unemployed’ in the passage Means - (1) jobless (2) in search of employment (3) not working (4) unused ANS: 4 DIRECTIONS (Q. Nos. 11-15) Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the most appropriate option.Helicopters are very different from airplanes. They can do three things that airplanes cannot do. First, when airplanes move upward, they must also move forward, but helicopters can move straight up without moving ahead. Second, helicopters can fly backward, which airplanes cannot do. Third, helicopters can use their rotors to hover in the air, which is impossible for airplanes. Helicopters can perform actions that airplanes cannot, they are used for different tasks. Since, helicopters can take off without moving forward, they do not need a runway for take off. They are used in congested areas where there is no room for airplanes or in isolated areas, which do not have airports. Because they can hover, they are used on firefighting missions to drop water on fires. They are used in logging operations to lift trees out of forests. Helicopters are used as air ambulances to airlift patients out of situations, which are difficult to reach by conventional ambulances. The police used helicopters to follows suspects on the ground or to search for cars on the ground. Of course, helicopters have military uses because of their design and capabilities. 11. The word ‘congested in the passage means (1) the place is roomy (2) the place has no place (3) the place can be accessed by police vans (4) the place has so much of smoke due to fire ANS : 2 12. A helicopter can hover while an airplane cannot, according to the passage. 'Hover' in the passage means (1) stay at one place in the air (2) move straight up in the air (3) go backward in the air (4) fly sideways ANS :1 13. Point out the grammatical category of the word ‘perform’ in the passage. (1) Noun (2) Verb (3) Adverb (4) Helping verb ANS :214. Why is a helicopter used as an ambulance? (1) Its movement can be manoeuvred easily (2) It crosses all difficulties of traffic (3) It reaches the inaccessible places easily (4) It can fire-fight ANS :3 15. Point out the grammatical category of the word ‘very in the passage. (1) Adverb (2) Adjective (3) Noun (4) Verb ANS :1ENGLISH PADAGOGY Learning and Acquisition Language can be acquired in two ways 1. Language Acquisition 2. Language learning Acquisition When we learn something without a systematic and conscious process. We learn mother tongue during the childhood period without knowing grammar, rules and regulations it is learned through acquisition. So acquisition is also called natural and subconscious process. Main points > The acquisition is a natural process. > It is an subconscious process. > It refers to the first language (Native language) acquisition rather than a second language > Through the acquisition process learners acquire knowledge automatically. > Does not use grammatical rules . > focus on practical knowledge. > Informal situation. > Main requirement is a communication environment Learning Language learning is a process in which learner learnt the rules of grammar and vocabulary. With this process we learn Second language.Teacher's capability and experience also impact a person's learning experience. Main points > Learning is a systematic process. > It is a gradual process. > It is a conscious process. > Everyone has a different rate of learning. > Teacher's knowledge and experience also impact the learning process. > Learning modifies the existing knowledge, experience and behaviors. > Motivatior decides learners’ speed and intensity of learning. > Use of Grammatical rules and vocabulary. > formal situation Types of learning 1. Motor learning: Body movement: Walking, driving, climbing, etc. 2. Verbal learning: Communication methods: Speaking, signs, picture symbol, etc. 3. Conceptual learning: Mental process: Thinking, reasoning, intelligence, etc. Theory of learning and acquisition: Concept of Chomsky Jean Piaget > Piaget was a Swiss biologist, philosopher and psychologist. > He is also known as the father of child psychology. > According to Piaget child start learning with adaptation. One can achieve through assimilation and accommodation ® According to him Childs collect small chunks/unit of knowledge and makes a bigger concept. > Childs creates his own world of knowledge by their chunks.