Module 1

Marine Propulsion and Steering

You will be able to:
- explain the basics of marine propulsion;
- discuss peculiars of energy conversion plants in mechanical propulsion systems;
- speak about transmission system components and their operation;
- tell about the priorities and operation of combined propulsion and hybrid propulsion systems;
analyze the principle of steering gear operation.

Essential competency: characterize a type of propulsion system focusing on its design peculiars
and principle of operation.

Part 1
Marine Propulsion System

Basics of Marine Propulsion System

Starter

Discuss the quotation.

"...If the wheelhouse is the brain of the ship, the engine room may be called the heart of the
ship".
W. Somerset Maugham "Mister Know-All"

Vocabulary

1 Match the words to get word combinations and enquire a monolingual dictionary for their
meaning.
marine characteristics
propulsive a ship
to propel propulsion

2 Read the definition of the word “propulsion”. Which of them are applicable to marine sphere?
a) force that creates thrust which pushes the vehicle;
b) force that propels (drives) a vehicle;
c) process of making a body to move against natural forces;
d) process of driving something into operation;
e) ability to propel.

3 Tick appropriate in the list and explain.

Marine propulsion may be wanted for:

- Watching movies
- Travelling
- Moving vehicles
- Machinery repair
- Filling of fuel tanks
- Swimming
- Taking readings
- Braking a car
- Maneuvering a ship
- Delivering pilot on board
- Carrying cargoes
- Fishing
- Transportation of passengers

4 Label the pictures of some objects. Discuss in pairs the possibility to use them for marine
propulsion.
Motor, sail, paddle wheel, propeller, thruster, pedal, oar,
controllable pitch propeller (CPP)

_____________ _____________ _____________ ____________

_____________ _____________ ____________

_____________

5 Complete the sentences with the words from previous activity.

After the motor of our boat had failed we started to row with ____________.
When we need to maneuver the ship in port, we usually start a _______________.
A ____________is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust.
That sailing vessel was moving with grandeur in full ________.
The __________ of his bike had broken and he couldn’t ride it more.
I must dismantle the ____________ of my car and look what makes it knocking.

Reading

6 Look at the scheme of a marine propulsion system and share ideas about the function of each
its part.

7 Skim the text and check your suppositions.

Any vehicle contains the propulsion system

which consists of an energy source (e.g. fuel tank, or
electricity battery), an engine (e.g. internal
combustion engine or electric motor) and the force
actuator on the environment (e.g. thruster, wheels or
pedals).

Energy needed for propulsion may come from an external source (e.g. solar radiation,
air), or from a storage on board (e.g. batteries, diesel fuel, heavy fuel). Besides the energy
source, two propulsion subsystems are usually involved: an engine that transforms the energy
source (e.g. chemical, solar) into mechanical energy (e.g. to a shaft), and a thruster (or propeller)
that transforms the mechanical energy to propulsion energy.
Energy conversion devices may be classified
according to the energy source (e.g. chemical propulsion,
electrical propulsion); according to the type of engine
(e.g. internal combustion engine or electric motor);
according to the end of actuator (e.g. wheeled screw-
propelled, jet-propelled); according to the application
(e.g. railroad systems, maritime systems). But it’s clear
that the engine is the key element of any propulsion
plant.
 Marine propulsion engines, located usually in the
engine room, are used to turn the ship’s propeller and move
the ship through the water, while burning diesel or heavy
fuel oil. Thrusters, located in thruster room, are operated by
electric or hydraulic motors and normally used only during
maneuvering the ship.

8 Scan the text and correct false statements.

1/ Any propulsion system consists of two elements. ___________________________________
2/ Energy for propulsion comes always from an external source. _________________________
3/ An engine transforms the energy source into propulsion energy. ________________________
4/ A thruster transforms the energy source into mechanical energy. ______________________
5/ According to the energy source energy conversion devices classified on internal combustion,
electric and others. ___________________________________________________________
6/ According to the type of engine energy conversion devices may be classified on wheeled,
screw-propelled, and jet-propelled.
_______________________________________________

9 Read the text and carry out jig saw filling in the chart: student A fills in with Examples, student
B – Functions, student C – Layout.

Parts of Marine
Examples Functions Layout
Propulsion Plant

Energy sources

Engine/ Motor

Thruster/ Actuator

10 Exchange the information in pairs with your partner for filling in the chart with missing
information.
Models:
St.1: What examples of … do you know?
St.2: I know… And what is the function of …?
St.1: …

Watching/Listening
11 Label the layout of 1/ engine room, 2/ steering room and 3/ thruster room on the drawing of
the vessel given below.

12 Answer the questions.

1/ How many engine rooms may be on different ships?
2/ How many thruster rooms may be on merchant ships?
3/ Must all propulsion engines and thrusters (if they are more than one of each) be operated at
the same time?

13 Check your understanding of some words by matching them with synonymous structures.
giant to increase three times as much
unrivalled oversized
unique plenty of something
to triple unequal to anybody
redundancy recommendations
credentials the only in the whole world

14 Watch the video “North Sea Giant” (url address - https://www.youtube.com/watch?

time_continue=8&v=ADKal__96lw) during time period 00:00 – 02: 30. Fill in gaps to get
word combinations from the video.

Unrivalled ______________; tripled ______________;

unique _______________; _______________ redundancy.

15 Watch/ Listen the video “North Sea Giant” again. Tick the correct sentence in each line.

1. «North Sea Giant» has «North Sea Giant» has

become an innovative operator in become an innovator in ocean
ocean going vessels. going vessels.
2 The ship proposed new levels The ship proposed new
. of advanced marine operations. advanced marine operations.
3 She is 165 meters long and 40 She is 160 meters long
 . meters wide. and 30 meters wide.
4 All operational systems of the All operational systems of
. vessel are tripled. the vessel are doubled.
5 «North Sea Giant» is a dry «North Sea Giant» is a
. bulk cargo ship with supreme deck multipurpose ship with supreme
and crane capacity. deck and crane capacity.
6 The most unique part of the The most unique part of
. vessel is fire-fighting system. the vessel propulsion system.
7 She contains 2 engine rooms She contains 3 engine
. and 4 separated thruster rooms. rooms and 6 separated thruster
rooms.
8 «North Sea Giant» maintains «North Sea Giant»
. DP3 operation with simultaneous maintains DP3 operation with
operation of all systems. one system out of service.
9 The bow is equipped with 1 The bow is equipped with
. Rolls Royce tunnel thruster. 2 Rolls Royce tunnel thrusters.

Writing

Grammar Spot
Passive vs. Active Voice in Present Simple
In the sentences with Present Simple Active In the sentences with Present Simple
Voice, the Subject (Noun) of a sentence usually Passive Voice, the Action (Verb) is
(often, always, sometimes, seldom…) performs usually (often, always, sometimes,
an Action (Verb) on an Object (Noun). seldom…) performed on an Object (Noun)
S + V0(s/es) + O. by the Subject (Noun).
Do/does + S + V0+O? O + is/am/are + Ved(V3) by S.
Wh + do/does + S + V0+O? Is/am/are + O + Ved(V3) by S?
Wh + is/am/are + O + Ved(V3) by S?
The ship proposes new levels of advanced New levels of advanced marine operations
marine operations. are proposed by the ship.
Does the ship propose new levels of advanced Are new levels of advanced marine
marine operations? operations proposed by the ship?
What does the ship propose new levels of What levels of advanced marine operations
advanced marine operations? are proposed by the ship?

16 Practice in transforming sentences about «North Sea Giant» vessel:

a) from Active Voice into Passive Voice

1) The vessel consumes less fuel compared to other vessels in her
class._______________________________________________________________________
2) Her activities include cable laying, pipe laying, dredging and remotely operated vehicle
(ROV) support and survey. _______________________________________________
__________________________________.
3) The vessel stores 2,000m³ of fuel oil, 1,000m³ of fresh water and 8,000m³ of ballast water.
______________________________________________________________________.
4) She accommodates a total of 120 people onboard the vessel. ____________________
______________________________.
5) The cabin combination comprises 58 single cabins and 31 two-man cabins.____________
_______________________________________.
6) The deck machinery includes two electro-hydraulic capstans and two electro-hydraulic anchor
mooring winches. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________.

b) from Passive Voice into Active Voice

1/ The vessel is equipped with two active knuckle boom offshore
cranes.______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
2/ «North Sea Giant»is designed by North Sea Shipping Company for umbilical and mineral
extraction related constructions in deep open sea conditions. _________________________
___________________________________________________.
3/ The vessel is owned by a Norwegian family based shipping company. ________________
____________________________________.
4/ Each side of the vessel is fitted with a Frank Mohn (FRAMO) anti-heeling pumping system to
minimize the impact of heeling. ________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
5/ A stabilization tank and an active anti-roll system are provided to give stability to the vessel
during periodic roll movements induced by waves. ____________________________
__________________________________________________.
6/ The propulsion for the vessel is provided by three Voith Schneider main propellers of
3,800kW each. _______________________________________________________________.

17 Make questions to the words in italics. Pay attention to the Voice (Active or Passive).
1. Onboard facilities of the vessel include two recreation rooms, a cinema hall, online / offline
room and conference room. ___________________________________________________.
2. The vessel is equipped with two large offshore cranes. _____________________________
_____________________________________?
3. The manoeuvring system comprises two Voith Schneider forward thrusters, each of 3,800kW,
and a Rolls-Royce tunnel thruster of 2,000kW capacity. ______________________________
_________________________________________?
4. «North Sea Giant»is furnished with diesel electric propulsion systems with six General
Electric (GE) main engines, and six Leroy Somer main generators.
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________?
5. The vessel is provided with Kongsberg’s DPC21 dynamic positioning (DP) Class-3 control
system for automatic positioning. ________________________________________________
______________________________________?
Speaking
18 Use the introductory phrases to make chain story about unique propulsion system of North
Sea Giant.

 Firstly/ First at all…  It may seem that…

 It is important to say  In fact/ Actually
 It makes sense to say  As far, as I can judge
 It seems that  It is not surprising that
 Besides/ By the way…  In my opinion
 In addition  I would like to say…
 It should be noted…  Finally/ Eventually

19 Role play the situation in pairs: student A is the Chief Engineer of North Sea Giant, student B
– a journalist from magazine Marine Propulsion. The last interviews the Chief Engineer about
the unique propulsion system of this vessel.

J.: Hello! Would you be so kind to

tell about the peculiars of unique
propulsion system of North Sea
Giant?

Ch./Eng.: Hello! Our company is

greatly proud of the advanced
propulsion system. Of course, I’ll
answer all your questions…
 Types of Marine Propulsion Systems

Starter
a) Label the pictures of ships with names of propulsion systems types.

- human propulsion;
- wind propulsion;
- mechanical propulsion

1 2 3

__________________ __________________ __________________

__________________ __________________ __________________

b) Tick the propulsion system type, which is applicable to modern merchant ships.

Vocabulary

1 Guess one hidden name of propulsion system to be filled in all gaps.

1) In ________________ propulsion fuel or some other stored energy is converted into

_________________energy by accelerating incoming fluid and thereby generating thrust
according to Newton’s Third Law. The last sounds like any force must be balanced by an
opposite one, i.e. to propel something else (environment) must be pushed to the rear.
2) ______________ energy for propulsion is converted from the source energy (fuel) by
means of a main energy conversion device like engine, motor and others.
3) ______________ propulsion system on a vessel can be as simple, as a diesel engine
directly connected to a propeller shaft, which drives the propeller, or more complex system
containing diesel engines powering an electrical generator, supplying electrical power to an
electrical motor through a sophisticated control system.

2 Match the paragraphs in previous activity with their main ideas. Which is odd?
a) Propulsion system design.
b) Variety of propulsion systems.
c) Fundamental provision for propulsion.
d) Energy generation.
3 Put the words on their correct places in sentences.

pushed, three, complex, generate, thrust

1. Mechanical energy creates __________ to propel the ship.

2. According to Newton’s Third Law to propel something, something else must be ______ back.
3. The function of a main energy conversion device is to __________ mechanical energy from
the source energy.
4. A simple mechanical propulsion system consists of __________ components.
5. Variety of mechanical propulsion systems is represented by simple and __________ systems.

4 Identify three components of an ordinary mechanical propulsion system and explain their
functions.

5 Tick the pictures with energy conversion devices for mechanical propulsion systems.

diesel engine air compressor diesel-electric propulsion plant

steam turbine steering gear

nuclear plant gas turbine

 pump solar panels separator

6 Restore the sentences with the words from previous activity.

1/ Ro-Ro vessels, catamarans and superyachts may be propelled by _________________

_______________. 2/ Submarines and ice-breakers use mostly _________________
______________ for propulsion. 3/ On many warships, hydrofoils and cushion vessels
_________ ___________ are commonly used. 4/ Most modern ships use a reciprocating
______________ _____________ as their prime mover. 5/ Almost all high-speed liners in the
first half of the 20th century were propelled by __________________ ___________. 6/ Today as
submarines, as merchant ships incorporate ___________________ __________________
system to propel themselves.

Reading

7 Brainstorm common requirements to all marine propulsion plants.

8 Check your ideas while highlighting the actual requirements to marine propulsion plants.

It still remains a riddle what type of propulsion plants will be

used in the nearest future on ships. The most essential requirements
to all propulsion plants are: a little space for its layout, relatively
long service life, low fuel consumption and easiness for its
automation.

9 Give suppositions about the best energy conversion device for a marine propulsion plant.

I think that …
has the most number of
advantages, because … But as for me, I
suppose that … has
more advantages,
because …
10 Scan the text to check your reasoning.
If to compare the weight and cost of different propulsion plants, gas turbines and multi-
machined units with middle-speed diesel engines may seem more appropriate. So, gas turbine
weights 60% less than ssslow-speed diesel engine which directly drives the propeller. Gas
turbines have other advantages like: very few maintenance costs, possibility of urgent (in 4 – 6
hours) renewal, quick readiness for operation and high capacity against very little volume.
Despite numerous advantages gas turbines have some weak sides. They burn only fine
(light) and expensive (diesel) fuel, but slow- or middle-speed diesel engine can work on heavy
fuel (it’s 60% cheaper).
Thus only on fast-speed ships (as hydrofoils and air cushions) where the use of gas turbine
is reasonable they may be applied. On the majority of ships diesel engines with greater than in gas
turbines capacity are mostly used.
Pollution is one of the biggest drawbacks of diesel engines: they’re noisy, produce a lot of
unburned soot particles, emissions of CO2, and contribute to global warming. Though their lower
running costs and longer operating life generally offsets that.

11 Read the text and in pairs fill in the chart: student A fills the information about gas turbines
and students B – about diesel engine.

Energy Size/ Fuel Capacity Service and Disadvantages

conversion weight consumption maintenance
propulsion
plant

Gas turbine

Diesel
engine

12 Interview your partner about missing information and complete filling in the chart. Use the
models for speaking:
- What do you know about … ?
- What is … of …?
- What’s about … of …?
- What can you say about disadvantages of … ?
13 Group work. Prepare a project in groups: group A - about Gas Turbines, group B – about
Diesel Engine. Enlighten the questions:
- Size/ weight;
- Fuel consumption;
- Capacity;
- Service and maintenance;
- Disadvantages.

Part 2
Auxiliary Machinery For Ship Propulsion

Transmission System Parts

Starter
Look at the pictures of different propulsion systems, find the difference in gas and diesel engine
connection to the propeller and answer the questions:

- What is propulsion plant connected to the propeller for?

- What is transmitted from the propulsion plant to the propeller and backwards?
Vocabulary
1 Choose among definitions below the one which matches better to ‘transmission system of
marine propulsion plant’.
a. a coupling that connects or disconnects driving and driven parts of a driving mechanism;
b. a transmission that is operated manually with a gear lever and a clutch pedal;
c. a transmission that depends on a hydraulic system;
d. a mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels of a motor vehicle;
e. a transmission that automatically changes the gears according to the speed of the vehicle;
f. a system, which provides controlled application of the power.

2 Fill in the gaps with the only proper name of system:

propulsion system; hydraulic system; draining system; transmission system

The ______________________ is located between the prime mover (diesel engine, gas or
steam turbine, electric motor) and the propulsor (propeller, waterjet or vertical axis propeller). Its
main function is to convert or transmit mechanical energy. The ___________________ transmits
the torque (a twisting force that causes rotation) generated by the prime mover to the propulsor,
and the thrust generated by the propulsor to the ship’s hull. The _______________ _________
includes shafts, gearboxes, bearings, couplings and finally the propeller itself. There are two
types of ___________________________ used onboard:
• Direct, when the prime mover is coupled directly, through a shaft to the propulsor (this is
the case with low speed diesel engines)
• Geared: the prime mover delivers its energy through a gearbox and a shaft to the propulsor.
The function of the gearbox is to reduce the rotational speed of the engine to match the desired
rotational speed of the propulsor.
3 Match the pictures with words and definitions.

1 a Shaft seal is usually known as an oil rubberlike

or metal ring seal device in machinery, which
prevents the passage of fluids along a rotating
shaft.

2 b Shaft tunnel is a narrow watertight compartment

through which the propeller shaft of a ship passes
from the after engine-room bulkhead to the stern
tube.

3 c Thrust block is a specialized form of thrust

bearing used on ships to resist the thrust of the
propeller shaft and transmit it to the hull.

4 d Flange coupling is a driving coupling between

rotating shafts that consists of flanges one of
which is fixed to the end of each shaft; the two
flanges then are bolted together with a ring of
bolts to complete the drive.
5 e Intermediate bearing is some supporting
element of a middle shaft line part.

6 f Reduction gearbox is a gear assembly

consistsing of a set of rotating gears connected to
a wheel by which an input speed can be lowered
for a requirement of slower output speed, with
same or more output torque.

7 g Bearing shells are more commonly sliding steel

elements, fitted to bearing housing and gripped in
it with the securing bolts.
4 Use labels on the picture to fill into the gaps of each sentence with the same word (in singular
or plural forms).

Shaft, bearing, thrust, shell

The shafting includes the thrust____________(1), one or more intermediate ___________(2)

and the tail___________(3). These shafts are supported by the thrust block, intermediate
___________ (4) and the stern tube____________(5).
The _________ (6) block transfers the ________ (7) from the propeller to the hull of
the ship. It must therefore be solidly constructed and the construction must be strong enough to
resist normal and shock loads.
One of the two types of shaft ___________ (8) is the aftermost tunnel________(9). The
aftermost tunnel bearing has a top bearing _______ (10) and bottom bearing _______ (11)
because it must counteract the propeller mass and take a vertical upward thrust at the forward
end of the tail shaft. The other _______ (12) bearings only support the _______ (13) weight
and thus have only lower half bearing shells.
The stern tube bearing supports the tail shaft and a considerable proportion of the
propeller weight. It also acts as a gland to prevent the entry of sea water.
There may be one or more sections of intermediate shafting between the thrust _______
(14) and the tail _______ (15), depending upon the machinery space location. The intermediate
shafting has flanges at each end and may be increased in diameter where it is supported by
bearings.

5 Join words in columns with the same meaning.

thrust shaft fairwater sleeve
thrust bearing gearbox
reduction gear bull gear shaft
tail shaft thrust block
bulkhead gland shaft bearing
bearing block thrust ring
thrust collar propeller shaft
shaft alley bulkhead stuffing box
inboard seal shaft tunnel
6 Fill in the chart.
 Parts of transmission system

Shafts Supporting parts Connecting parts Sealing parts

7 Label the parts of transmission system.

8 Make sentences, which should start with the words given below. Use the model:
The transmission system includes the thrust shaft, one or more intermediate shafts and the tail
shaft.
a) transmission system
b) thrust shaft
c) intermediate shaft
d) tail shaft
e) thrust block
f) stern tube bearing
g) intermediate shafting
h) propeller 

9 Find wrong words in each sentence and correct them.

1) The transmission system on a ship transmits power from the engine to the shaft.
2) The thrust from the propeller is transferred to the thrust block through the transmission
system.
3) The system includes the thrust shaft, only one intermediate shaft and the tail shaft.
4) The thrust block transfers the thrust from the propeller to the hold of the ship.
5) The stern tube bearing acts as a gland to prevent draining of sea water.
6) The intermediate shafting has flanges at one end only and may be increased in diameter.

Writing

Grammar Spot
Preposition at the End vs. Preposition at the Beginning
A question with an interrogative pronoun Some speakers prefer to keep the
(who(m), where, when, why, how) may have prepositional phrase together at the beginning
the preposition at the end of the clause, that is of the clause. While this placement is formal
preferred for informal, personal sphere and is good for business and academic usage.
What kind of hobbies are you interested in? In what kind of hobbies are you interested?
Where do you come from? From where do you come?
Who(m) did you give your number to? To whom did you give your number?
Which card did you pay with? With which card did you pay?

10 Practice in making questions of both types to the verbs with prepositions in italics.

Sentence Preposition at the End Preposition at the

Beginning
The transmission system is
located after the prime mover
and before the propulsor.
The torque is generated by the
prime mover and transferred to
the propulsor
The thrust generated by the
propulsor is transmitted to the
ship’s hull.
In case of direct drive the prime
mover is coupled through a
shaft to the propulsor.
In case of geared drive the
prime mover delivers its energy
through a gearbox and a shaft
to the propulsor.
The shafts of transmission
system are supported by the
thrust block, intermediate
bearings and the stern tube
bearing.
The thrust block transfers the
thrust from the propeller to the
hull of the ship.
The intermediate shafting may
be increased in diameter where
it is supported by bearings.
Speaking
11 Use prepositions – between, after, before, on, though, of, from, at and others – to ask
questions of both types about different parts of the transmission system.

12 Compare the pictures different for students A and B, using the questions of both types.

Student A

Student B
 Operation and Troubles of Propulsors and Sterntube

Starter

Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

- What objects do you see?

- What do they have in common?
- Where are they located?

1. 2.

Reading
1 Match the words in columns. Which of the compounds formed by you may refer to the pictures
1 and 2 from previous activity?

electric hole
ship’s the vessel
remotely gland
narrow driven
maneuvering stability
sealing controlled

2 Skim the texts in groups and give the titles.

Group A Group B
__________________ ______________________

Both the diesel engine and propeller are Thrusters are type of propellers. They are
very heavy: locating them both at the same generally used for maneuvering the vessel
place inside the ship would disturb the ship’s near the coastal waters at lower speeds or
stability. It is for this reason a stern tube while entering or leaving a port. Bow
along with a propeller shaft is used. The stern thrusters help in assisting tug boats in
tube is a narrow hole in the hull structure at berthing the ship without wasting time.
the rear end (aft peak) of the ship, through Generally, bow thrusters are transverse
which the propeller shaft passes and connects thrusters placed at the forward and aft end of
the engine and propeller. the ship.

The weight of the overall stern tube Bow thruster consists of an electric
arrangement, along with the stern tube motor which is mounted directly over the
bearings is carried by the stern frame and the thruster using a worm gear arrangement. If
internal framing of the ship’s hull structure at there is a change in the thrust or direction
the aft peak area. Apart from stern bearings, required, the controllable pitch blades are
the stern tube also houses water and oil adjusted. The pitch is changed with the help
sealing glands known as the stern glands. The of hydraulic oil which moves the hub on
glands prevent passing of sea water into the which the blades are mounted to change the
ship and leaking of oil from the stern bearings pitch when it is necessary to maneuver the
into the sea. ship.

A return to seawater lubricated stern The thruster is controlled from the bridge
tube bearing system is widely used on ships. and the directions are given remotely. The
The seawater is taken from the sea, pumped bow and the stern thrusters can be electric
through non-metallic shaft bearings and driven or hydraulic driven, but the most often
returns to the sea. No stern tube oil is needed. used is environmentally friendly electric
drive.
3 Scan the text and answer the questions in groups.
1. What are the functions of the device?
2. Where is it located?
3. What does it consist of?
4. What principle of operation does it have?

4 Read the text and complete the sentences.

1. The stern tube is a ___________________________________________________________.
2. Stern tube bearings carry ______________________________________________________.
3. Stern tube arrangement with bearings is carried by________________________________.
4. The stern glands prevent ______________________________________________________.
5. The seawater as medium for lubrication is taken____________________________________.
6. Bow thrusters are generally used for _____________________________________________.
7. The thrusters may be placed __________________________________________________.
8. Bow thruster consists of _____________________________________________________.
9. The pitch is changed with the help of ____________________________________________.
10. The thruster is controlled from _________________________________________________.

5 Name the main part of propeller embedding into the hull and discuss its arrangement.

6 Join the parts of words and discuss what they have in common.

delami…
…ring
…ment
misalign…
sco… …nation
7 Fill gaps with the words from previous activity.
1) ___________________ (1) takes place when surface of bearing splits apart into layers under
the tension of different stresses and in case of fatigue.
2) _______________ (2) is the damage which may happen due to accumulated small seizures
caused by wrong sliding in case of improper lubrication or severe operating conditions. 
3) A condition where the propeller shaft centerlines are not parallel and intersect at an angle is
known as ____________________ (3).

8 Skim two cases and substitute the words in italics with those in a frame.

deviation; adjustment; uniform; recessions; inclination; rearrange

9 Scan the cases and answer the questions.

- Damage of what machinery items are these cases about?
- What kinds of damage are mentioned in both cases?
- How much are these types of damage dangerous?
10 Read the cases and fill in the chart.

Case # First signs of Kinds of damage Reasons Remedy taken

problem

1st

2nd

11 Role play the situation with kinds of stern tube bearing damage analyzed in previous activity.
The Third Engineer will speak about the first signs of problem and reasons of damage and the
Second Engineer will speak about kinds of damage and remedies to be taken.

12 Project. Design a poster “Sterntube damage prevention” and introduce it to your groupmates.

Part 3
Combined Propulsion Systems

Variety of Combined Propulsion Systems

Starter

Tick only combined propulsion systems in the pictures.

1 2

3 4
Vocabulary

1 Write in synonyms and antonyms to the word “combined” in proper columns.

Connected; one-sided; joined; single; mixed; ordinary;

complex; mingled; united; exclusive; separate;
cooperative; segregated

synonyms antonyms

____________________ ____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
____________________ _____________________
_______________________ ________________________

2 Use the words from previous activity to make your own definition.

Combined propulsion system ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3 Join capital letters in right column definitions to get abbreviations in left column and match
them.
CODAD COmbined Diesel engine Or Gas turbine
COGOG COmbined Diesel engine And Gas turbine
CONAS COmbined Steam turbine And Gas turbine
COGAS COmbined Diesel-eLectric Motor And Gas turbine
CODLOD COmbined Diesel engine And Diesel engine
COSAG COmbined Gas turbine Or Gas turbine
CODOG COmbined Diesel-eLectric motor Or Diesel engine
CODAG COmbined Nuclear plant And Steam turbine
CODLAG COmbined Gas turbine And Gas turbine
COGAG COmbined Gas turbine And Steam turbine

4 Look at the pictures and label the names of propulsion systems. Explain your choice.

COSAG; CODAD; COGAG; CODAG; CODLAG; CODOG

 1. ___________________________ 2. _________________________

3. ____________________________ 4. __________________________

5. ___________________________ 6. __________________________

5 Fill the gaps in sentences with proper abbreviations from previous activity.
1/ Two independent plants (port and starboard) diesel engines and gas turbines that are operated
alternatively according to the required propulsion power are combined in
________________-Systems. 2/ The name of diesel engine with a gas turbine combination is
________________-System. 3/ Two gas turbines for individual or common propulsion
constitute combined _______________-System. 4/ A parallel hybrid propulsion system,
which consists of a gas turbine and an electric motor, is known as _________________-
System.
6 Highlight 3-5 important characteristics of combined marine propulsion systems to prove their
necessity.

High efficiency; cheaper costs; reliable service; safe operation;

flexible design; easiness of maintenance; simplified operation; full
automation; fluent transmission; environment protection …

Speaking

7 Draw the draught of your combined propulsion system which satisfies to some of the following
requirements:
- high capacity;
- ecofriendly enough;
- long service life;
- low fuel consumption;
- easiness for its automation…
Speak about its principle of operation to your mates.

Hybrid Propulsion

Starter

Look at the picture below and find common to this system among those in Ex. 4. Can you
explain why this system is named a hybrid propulsion system?

1 Discuss the questions.

1/ How much is the design of a hybrid propulsion system different from the design of any
combined propulsion system?
2/ What are the advantages of a hybrid drive system before an ordinary mechanical propulsion
system?
3/ What for may a hybrid propulsion system be used else?

2 Watch the video “Hybrid Propulsion” to check your guesses.

3 Scan the text and fill in the chart below.

A “hybrid” drive means there is more than one power source that can turn the shaft through an
electrical interconnection. There might be a combination of batteries and diesel generators, all of
which can feed their power into an electric propulsion motor.
In an ideal hybrid drive system the system automatically chooses the most efficient source of
power for a given load demand. Usually the domestic needs load and propulsion load are
connected together electrically and powered by a combination of power sources including
generators, batteries and alternative power sources.
The engine in the system runs at a constant load, which suits the vessel’s propulsion needs,
and power is sent to the propellers. But during those times when this power is not needed –
during slow-speed maneuvers, for example – the engine still produces the power, but it is banked
in an accumulator array. Then, when required, the accumulator array is drawn upon and its
power is added to the still-continuous output of the engine.
A hybrid drive is of modular design. It may have one or more diesel generators, a battery bank
and a propulsion motor. You can change out a major component of the system without disturbing
the rest.
This modular or “component architecture” nature of a hybrid drive also brings some
potentially important design flexibility. It is possible to put the components nearly anywhere on a
ship. In a hybrid drive there is no need for all the generators to be the same size.
Due to its property to combine abilities to maintain the diesel engine while running on
batteries by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface the hybrid drive is used for
submarines.

Hybrid Propulsion System

Purpose of usage Main components Principle of operation

4 Read the text and decide are the statements true or false.

1/ In hybrid drive any of components may be changed out without disturbing the rest.
2/ Modular “component architecture” of hybrid drive allows design rigidity.
3/ Domestic needs and propulsion load in hybrid drive are fully separated.
4/ When submerged the hybrid drive of submarine is run by diesel engine.
5/ The motor speed of submarine driven by hybrid drive entirely depends on the diesel engine’s
speed.

5 Complete the sentences.

1/ Distribution of power depending on given load is one of __________________________

__________________________________________ .
2/ Hybrid drives may be powered by a_______________________________________.
3/ The accumulator array of hybrid drive is usually drawn upon _________________________
___________________________________.
4/ Flexibility of hybrid drive architecture allows to use generators ________________
____________________________________________.
5/ When submarine with hybrid drive emerges on the surface, the batteries _________________
________________________________ .

Speaking

6 Label the principal elements of hybrid drive propulsion and explain how it works.

7 Take part in debates on the statement:

“Hybrid drive is efficient not only for submarines,

but for merchant ships as well.”
 Part 4
Steering Gear System

Steering Gear Parts and Types

Starter
Look at the picture and answer the questions.

1. What machinery do you see?

2. Which of them is used to create the thrust?
3. Which is used to maintain the heading of the vessel?
4. Are they both driven by the same machinery?
5. Can we say that they both belong to the same system?
6. Why are they located in aft part of the ship and in such order?

Vocabulary
1 Join the words to get word compounds you see in the picture.
 rudder wheel
tiller arm head
ship’s rope
rudder arm
tiller stock

2 Fill the gaps with proper word compounds from previous activity.

1. The top of the rudderpost, to which the steering apparatus may be fixed, is normally
named as ______________________.
2. ______________________ is the vertical member at the forward edge of a rudder, hinged
at the sternpost and attached to the helm or steering gear.
3. The helm, which together with the rest of the steering mechanism, is used to change the
angle of the rudder to change the direction of the ship we name also
_________________________.
4. ____________________ is a handle, which is fixed to the top of a rudderpost to serve as
a lever in steering it.
5. ___________________ is a rope, which connects the fore end of the tiller to the steering
wheel an turns it.

3 Complete the sentences about connection of the rudder to the wheel using the picture below.

1. Wheel or helm is actually located on the _________________.

2. Starter is used to _________________________________________.
3. Hydraulic pump provides ______________________________.
4. Ram functions as ________________________________.
5. Bypass valve is necessary for _________________________.
6. Rudder is turned with help of _________________________.
 7. Control of the ship’s heading depends on the operation of _____________________.

4 Label the pictures and match them to the paragraphs.

- advanced steering control at helm;
- steering gear kinds and types;
- parts of steering gear system.

a)
The total system contains such parts: a telemotor,
a control equipment, a power unit and a
transmission to the rudder stock.
The first part integrates two elements, the
transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter in a
form of wheel sends order to the receiver located in
the steering gear section through revolving the
steering wheel. The receiver sends the order to the
control unit about the desired rudder angle and
activates the power unit. The power unit provides
the force, when required, to move the rudder to that
1.______________________________ angle. The transmission in its turn accomplishes
the movement of the rudder.

b)
The main control of the steering operations is
given from the helm of any ship. The ‘control
force’ for turning is triggered off from the wheel at
the helm, which reaches the steering gear system. 
The steering gear system generates a torsional
force at a certain scale which is then transmitted to
2. ____________________________ the rudder stock that turns the rudder.

c)
According to the way of operation, the steering
gear may be divided into three kinds: hand-
steering, follow-up steering and automatic steering.
Today ships or vessels have been equipped more
advanced steering gear system types: fully
hydraulic, electro-hydraulic and telemotor types.
Among them electro-hydraulic gear is the most
3. ___________________________ widely applied.

1- 2- 3-
5 Match two columns and explain your choice.

steering gear types hand-steering, follow-up steering and automatic steering

steering control at helm
control from the helm through the steering gear system to
the rudder stock
parts of steering gear fully hydraulic, electro-hydraulic and telemotor
system
steering gear kinds telemotor, control equipment, power unit and transmission
to the rudder stock.

6 Choose proper words to complete the sentences.

1._____________________ is responsible for movement of rudder, which changes the

direction of ship. The steering gear system consists of telemotor, 2.___________________
and power unit. The transmitter is a part of a telemotor and is located on the
3.____________________ in the form of a wheel. Modern steering systems have telemotors
of 4.___________________ type.
5. _______________________ can be a steam engine, diesel engine or an electric motor. The
steering gear arrangement should be kept in 6._______________________. Proper
7.____________________________ should be provided in case of failure of any part.

A B C D

1 Line of shafting Steering gear Propeller Wheel

.
2 Control unit Rudder Transmitter Receiver
.
3 Poop deck Navigation bridge Forecastle Stern
.
4 Electric type Hydraulic type Automatic type Electro-
. hydraulic
5 Control unit Telemotor Receiver Power unit
.
6 Engine room Steering gear Wheel house Stern tube
. compartment space
7 Warnings Special signs Visual alarms Precautions
.

7 Look at the pictures and use one word only to fill in gaps of the one only paragraph:
 - hydraulic - telemotor

- electro-hydraulic

1. This ________________system is common in vessels of 20 metres or more in length.

It operates utilising the flow of _____________fluid under pressure to control the
movement and position of the rudder. The system consists of a two way
___________pump, usually an internal gear pump, connected to the wheel. Two pipes lead
from the pump to the _____________ cylinder and ram, which in turn is connected to the
tiller. The rotation of the wheel will force oil from the pump to one side of the ram thus
rotating the rudder.
A major problem associated with any ______________system is air in the system
therefore, most systems are built to be self-purging of air.
To prevent _______________locking bypass valve will need to be opened when the
emergency system is to be operational. There should be a relief valve which spills the oil
from one side to the other in the event of shock loading to the system.
2 In larger systems the signal from the steering wheel is transmitted to the steering gear by
means of a _________________. This not only ensures that the steering system is usually
. isolated to the steering flat, it also means that ____________________steering system can
be used even if the wheel and connections are damaged or become inoperative.
__________________hydraulic system consists of a transmitter in the wheelhouse and a
receiver in the steering flat. The movement of the wheel activates a hydraulic piston in the
transmitter. This acts on the hunting gear. The hunting gear in ________________ system
moves and diplacing a control rod to alter the delivery from the pump. The fluid displaced
by this piston is used to displace a similar piston in the receiver. This movement is used to
control the main steering gear’s hydraulic pump. The delivery from the pump causes the
ram to move rotating the rudder stock and hence the rudder. The other end of the hunting
gear is mounted on the rudder stock. The rotation of the rudder stock moves the hunting
gear returning the operating rod for the pump to the neutral position once the rudder has
reached the correct angle.

3. The ________________________system has the advantage that the signal from the
wheelhouse to steering flat is transmitted by electrical wires. Further, the
____________________system uses a uni-directional pump.
The pump supplies oil at a constant rate to a directional control valve, which is usually
positioned in the steering flat.
 The valve has three positions, and depending on the position, will supply oil to either side
of the double acting ram. When in the neutral position, oil is locked in the ram, thus
maintaining the given rudder angle, whilst the pump flow is circulated back to the tank. In
_______________- system the valve is operated by solenoids controlled from the
wheelhouse via the control box.
 In ________________________ system there is a by-pass and relief valve fitted between
the left and right sides of the ram. Emergency steering can be carried out by operating the
emergency steering lever located in the steering flat.

8 While scanning each text find the words to be filled into the columns.

System Components Principle of operation Reliability

Speaking
9 Label the main components of steering gear system (telemotor, control equipment, power
unit, transmission to the rudder stock) and discuss in pairs:
- their location;
- their functions.

10 Project. Each of three groups make sketches for presentation one of Hydraulic/ Telemotor/
Electro-Hydraulic steering gear systems, using the plan below:
- Steering gear system components;
- Principle of operation;
- Information about its reliability.
 Steering Gear Operation and Troubleshooting

Starter

Use some prompts in the picture to guess the definitions below.

1. An arrangement used to convert the straight line motion of the rams into an
angular movement of the tiller is a _______________________________.
2. A pulley block that is pivoted to control linear movement of the rams to the rotary
movement to the tiller arms and rudder stocks_________________________.
3. A mechanism used to stop the engine when rudder has been turned through an
angle that corresponds to angle indicated at wheel is a __________________.
4. A vertical member of rudder, to which rudder blade is attached, is a
_________________.

Reading

1 Skim the text and choose the title.

- Electro-hydraulic steering gear design;
- Electro-hydraulic steering gear principle of operation;
- Electro-hydraulic steering gear maintenance.

a/ 1. The most widely applied today two-ram

electro-hydraulic gear includes a one ram situated
on the port side of the tiller and the other ram on the
starboard side. Their outer sides are linked to the
tiller arm by a crosshead and swivel block. The
other ends of two rams work inside their own
hydraulic cylinders. These cylinders are connected
to a hydraulic pump with pipes. The tiller is firmly
keyed to the rudder stock.
 2. The pump of special
axial or radial design runs
continuously in the same direction
driven by an electric motor, and the
position of a movable plate or a
floating ring inside the pump
controls the suction and discharge
of the oil. The plate or ring is
actuated by a control rod which is
attached at its outer end to the
hunting gear.
b/

3. The pump control is moved by the

telemotor through a floating lever. The linkage
through the floating lever of telemotor, pump and
rudder stock forms the hunting gear. The pump is
only required to deliver oil when the steering wheel
is moved. The hunting gear returns the pump
operating rod to mid position as soon as the
helmsman stops turning the wheel.

c/

4. If a heavy sea strikes the

rudder, the shock is transmitted
through the tiller to the rams,
increasing oil pressure in one of the
cylinders and the system. If the
pressure in the system rises to
about 10 per cent above normal,
double spring-loaded relief valves
allow the tiller to by-pass some oil
into the other cylinder. The
resultant displacement of the
rudder, tiller and ram crosshead
moves the pump control rod
through the hunting gear and the
tiller is automatically brought back d/
to its proper position.

2 Scan the text and match its parts to the pictures explaining your choice.

1- 2- 3- 4-

3 Are the sentences below true or false? Correct the false ones.

1. The two-ram electro-hydraulic gear outer sides are linked to the tiller arm by a
crosshead only.
 True False
2. The rams inside their own hydraulic cylinders are connected to a hydraulic pump with
stock.
True False
1. The pump of special axial or radial design runs continuously in the same direction
driven by an electric motor.
True False
1. The position of a movable plate or a floating ring inside the pump controls the suction
and discharge of the fuel oil.
True False
2. The plate or ring is actuated by a hunting gear which is attached at its outer end to the
control rod.
True False
3. The pump control is moved by the telemotor through a floating lever.
True False
4. The linkage through the floating lever of telemotor, pump and rudder stock forms the
swivel block.
True False
5. The rudder stock returns the pump operating rod to mid position as soon as the
helmsman stops turning the wheel.
True False

4 Complete the sentences.

1. The most widely applied today two-ram electro-hydraulic gear includes
__________________
__________________________________________________.
2. The outer sides of two rams are linked to the tiller arm by ________________________.
3. Hydraulic cylinders are connected to________________________________.
4. The pump of special axial or radial design runs_______________________________.
5. The position of a movable plate or a floating ring inside the pump __________________
__________________________________.
6. A floating lever is used in telemotor to _______________________________.
7. The hunting gear is formed by __________________________________.
8. If a heavy sea the shock on rudder is transmitted through __________________________.
9. Double spring-loaded relief valves allow the tiller to by-pass some oil into the other
cylinder in case of _________________________________________________.

Speaking

5 Discuss the purposes of everyday checking items in steering gear. Which of these procedures
should be confirmed by the Chief Engineer or reported to the Master?

• Amount of hydraulic oil in the tank.

• Temperature of hydraulic oil in the tanks.
• Steering gear motors’ electric currents.
• All filter indicators on hydraulic oil lines showing clean visual condition.
• Flow indicator of cooling water for the rudder neck bearing.
• Inspection of color of oil for rudder carrier bearing.
• Adequate greasing, replenishing the grease in the container.
• Any leakage of water into rudder trunk.
• Any leakage of hydraulic oil.
6 Fill in the chart with missing information and discuss the common problems found in steering
gear systems on ships, their reasons and remedies.

Common Problems Found in Steering Gear System Of Ships

Name of problem Reasons Remedies
Some of the main areas of ???
Oil leakages leakages are cylinder-ram
seal in hydraulic ram type
steering gear and seal in the
chambers of a rotary vane
pump.
This occurs due to wrong or The turn buckle attached to the
Difference in the actual insufficient adjustment of rod of control and repeat back
rudder angle and ordered control and repeat back lever. lever are to be precisely adjusted.
helm angle
Entrapment of air in the ???
Excessive noise from system. Due to air bubbles in
steering gear the oil, pumps and pipings
are subjected to air hammer
leading to vibration and
heavy noise.
??? Ensure that low oil level alarm in
High oil temperature the tank is working and replenish
the oil when required.

The maximum angle reached Replace the malfunctioned limit

Rudder movement is by the rudder is less than switch or adjust the limit switch
beyond the limit prescribed or the rudder is to maximum prescribed rudder
overshooting the 35 degree angle.
angle mark.
 Break down of hydraulic ???
No steering from remote pumps;
control  Malfunction of transfer or
by-pass valve;
 Oil leakage;
 Problem in telemotor
control system.

Rudder angle transmitter and The duty officer must take a

Ship’s steering stopped tiller link failure when the round before every maneuvering
responding to bridge linkage between the tiller or departure port to check all the
commands and rudder angle transmitter linkages in the engine room.
detached.
7 Read the info about grounding accident. Suggest the reasons which possibly could contribute to
this accident.

Poor maintenance led to steering failure and grounding of the Bow Singapore

(Posted on October 5, 2017 by News Hound)

Read the report in full: mo-2016-005-final-
report

On August 19, 2016, a Port Phillip Sea Pilot boarded the vessel. The pilot was to conduct
the ship through The Rip and the South Channel to an anchorage in the northern part of Port
Phillip.
As the ship neared the eastern end of the South Channel, the rudder ceased responding to
helm inputs and remained at 5° to port. The ship started swinging towards the edge of the
channel. Steering was regained a short time later but, despite the efforts of the pilot, the ship
grounded. The ship was re-floated the next day and did not sustain any hull damage.

20 Highlight the actual reason of this accident and compare with your former guesses. Discuss
the mistakes made by both Bridge and Engine departments.
A telemotor solenoid, controlling the rudder’s movement to starboard, had stopped
responding to electrical signals. The company’s procedures for a steering gear failure required a
change in operation from the bridge to local emergency operation from the steering gear room,
but no steps were taken on the bridge. Besides, planned maintenance system for the steering
gear did not include any schedules for detailed inspections or scheduled parts replacement. In
addition, the hydraulic system port and starboard solenoids were painted green and red
respectively, to match the side of the ship that each is on when mounted on the shuttle valve.
However, this was opposite to the direction the rudder would move when they were operated.

8 Be familiarized with actions of Odfjell Management to investigate this accident and offer your
plan of preventive actions to avoid it.

Odfjell Management, the ship’s managers, arranged for a manufacturer’s representative of

the steering gear to attend the ship when it arrived in Singapore. The solenoids and shuttle valves
for both steering systems were replaced, the relief valves were opened and examined, and the oil
was changed. No faults that could cause the failure were found.

9 Compare you plan of preventive actions with those remedial measures provided by Odfjell
Management.
The ship managers have included a six-monthly job entry into their planned maintenance
system for the opening and inspection of the steering gear’s solenoids. In addition, the telemotor
solenoids have been repainted so that the colors now match the direction of rudder movement,
rather than the side of the ship on which they are mounted. The safety management system
procedures for steering gear change over in case of failure has been amended to ship specific
emergency.
 Check Your Competency
Module 1
Marine Propulsion and Steering

1. What is the definition for “propulsion”?

2. In what spheres may marine propulsion be wanted?
3. What are the main parts of any marine propulsion system?
4. What energy sources may be used for marine propulsion?
5. What is the possible layout of thrusters for different types of ships?
6. Where are the engine room, steering room and thruster room usually located?
7. What energy conversion devices are used on different ships for propulsion?
8. What are the main components of a simple mechanical propulsion system?
9. What is the definition for “combined propulsion system”?
10. What configurations of combined propulsion systems do you know?
11. What is the difference between combined and hybrid propulsion systems?
12. What components does a transmission system consist of?
13. How much different are transmissions with direct and indirect drive?
14. How many shafts are incorporated into the line of shafting?
15. What’s the function of thrust block?
16. What does propeller shaft connect?
17. In what parts of transmission system are couplings, seals and stuffing boxes used?
18. What is the function of stern tube? Where is it located?
19. What’s the destination of intermediate shaft bearings?
20. What bearings carry the total weight of the propeller?
21. What makes propeller rotate?
22. What stern tube bearing system is used to solve the problem of sea water pollution?
23. What are the peculiars of different types of propellers?
24. What is the difference between propellers and thrusters?
25. What are the measures to prevent transmission system damage?
26. Why is the rudder located more rearmost than the propeller?
27. What is a steering gear system and how does it work?
28. What are the main parts of steering gear system?
29. What are the types of steering gear systems?
30. How do hydraulic and electro-hydraulic systems operate?
 31. What is the destination of telemotor in steering gear system?
32. What are the reasons and remedies of steering gear troubles?

actuate /ˈæktʃueɪt/ v cause (a machine or device) to operate запускати, приводити у дію

actuator /ˈæktʃueɪtə/ n a mover that receives a control signal, and responds by converting the
signal's energy into mechanical motion силовий привід, рушій
adjustment /əˈdʒʌstmənt/ n a small alteration or movement made to achieve a desired fit,
appearance, or result регулювання, корегування
advantage /ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ n a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or
superior position перевага
alignment /əˈlaɪnmənt/ n the act of aligning or state of being put in one straight line
налаштування, центрування
alter /ˈɔːltə/ v change in character or composition, typically in a comparatively small but
significant way змінити
alternatively /ɔːlˈtəːnətɪvli/ adj offering or expressing a choice по черзі, поперемінно
angle /ˈaŋɡ(ə)l/ n the space (usually measured in degrees) between two intersecting lines or
surfaces at or close to the point where they meet кут
angular /ˈaŋɡjʊlə/ adj denoting physical properties or quantities measured with reference to
or by means of an angle, especially those associated with rotation кутовий
anti-heeling /ˈæntiˈhiːlɪŋ/ adj system of a ship which automatically detects the angle of the
ship list and compensates it протикренова
application /aplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n the action of putting something into operation застосування
automation /ɔːtəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ n the use or introduction of automatic equipment in a
manufacturing or other process or facility автоматизація
bearing /ˈbeərɪŋ/ n a machine part in which another part (such as a journal or pin) turns or
slides підшипник
aftermost ~ /ˈɑːftəˌməʊst/ найвіддаленіший підшипник
~ block блок підшипників
~ shell вкладень підшипника
sterntube ~ /stɜːn tjuːb/ підшипник дейдвудної труби
braking /ˈbreɪkɪŋ/ n the action of making a moving vehicle slow down or stop by using a
brake гальмування
buckle /ˈbʌk(ə)l/ n a flat, typically rectangular frame with a hinged pin, used for joining the
ends of a belt or strap хомут, скоба
bulkhead /ˈbəlkˌhed/ n a structure or partition to resist pressure or to shut off water, fire,
or gas перегородки
capacity /kəˈpasɪti/ n the maximum amount that something can contain потужність
clutch /klʌtʃ/ n a coupling used to connect and disconnect a driving and a driven part
(such as an engine and a transmission) of a mechanism муфта, з’єднання
CODAD /kɒˈdæd/ n system consists of combination of diesel engines for more power output
пропульсивна установка, в якій комбінуються два дизельних двигуна
CODAG /kɒˈdæɡ/ n system consists of diesel engines for cruising and gas turbines that can
be switched on for high-speed transits пропульсивна установка, в якій комбінуються
дизельний двигун і газова турбіна
CODOG /kɒˈdɔɡ/ n combined diesel or gas systems, which couple the diesels with a simple,
fixed ratio gearbox to the shaft, but disengages when the turbine is switched on
пропульсивна установка, в якій використовуються дизельний двигун або газова
турбіна
CODLAG /kɒˈdlæɡ/ n combined diesel-electric installation and gas turbine propulsion system
пропульсивна установка, в якій комбінуються дизель електрична установка і
газова турбіна
CODLOD /kɒˈdlɔd/ n combined diesel-electric or diesel engine propulsion system
пропульсивна установка, в якій використовуються дизель електрична установка
або дизельний двигун
COGAG /kɒˈɡæɡ/ n combined gas turbine and gas turbine type of propulsion system for
ships using two gas turbines connected to a single propeller shaft пропульсивна установка,
в якій комбінуються дві газові турбіни
COGAS /kɒˈɡæs/ n combined gas and steam turbine пропульсивна установка, в якій
комбінуються газова турбіна і парова турбіна
COGOG /kɒˈɡɔɡ/ n combined gas or gas propulsion system for ships using gas turbine
engines пропульсивна установка, в якій використовуються перша чи друга газові
турбіни
CONAS /kɒˈnæs/ n combined nuclear and steam propulsion пропульсивна установка, в
якій комбінуються ядерний реактор і парова турбіна
COSAG /kɒˈsæɡ/ n combined steam and gas propulsion system for ships using
a combination of steam turbines and gas turbines to power the shafts пропульсивна
установка, в якій комбінуються парова турбіна і газова турбіна
combustion /kəmˈbʌstʃ(ə)n/ n згоряння
internal ~ /ɪnˈtəːn(ə)l/ внутрішнього згоряння
contribute (to) /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ v help to cause or bring about сприяти
controllable pitch propeller/kənˈtrəʊləb(ə)l pɪtʃ prəˈpɛlə/ n a type of propeller with blades
that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch гвинт з регульованим
кроком
costs / kɒsts/ n an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something витрати
running ~ /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ експлуатаційні витрати
coupling /ˈkʌplɪŋ / n a device for connecting parts of machinery з’єднання
flange ~ /flændʒ/ фланцеве з’єднання
сredential /krɪˈdɛnʃ(ə)l/ n a qualification, achievement, quality, or aspect of a person's
background, especially when used to indicate their suitability for something рекомендація,
кваліфікація
cushion vessel /ˈkʊʃ(ə)n ˈvɛs(ə)l/ n  hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV
or an amphibious craft судно на підводній подушці
coupled /ˈkʌp(ə)ld/ adj linked or joined together сполучений
directly ~ сполучений напряму
design / ˈaksɪəl dɪˈzʌɪn/ n a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or
workings of a building, garment, or other object before it is made дизайн, конструкція
despite /dɪˈspʌɪt/ pr without being affected by; in spite of незважаючи на
disadvantage /dɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒ/ n one that causes something or someone to be
less successful than other things недолік
double /ˈdʌb(ə)l/ adj подвійний
~ acting ram /ˈaktɪŋ ræm/ ram or piston having a port at each end, supplied with hydraulic
fluid for both the retraction and extension processes плунжер подвійної дії
~ spring-loaded relief valve /sprɪŋ ˈləʊdɪd rɪˈliːf vælv/ подвійний підпружинений
запобіжний клапан
dredging /ˈdredʒɪŋ/ n clearing the bed of (a harbour, river, or other area of water) by
scooping out mud, weeds, and rubbish with a dredge днопоглиблювальні роботи
drive  /draɪv/ n a sort of mechanism that takes the power coming from a motor with or without any
reductions (such as a gearbox) привід, рушій
direct ~ прямий привід
hybrid ~ /ˈhʌɪbrɪd/ гібридний привід
indirect ~ /indəˈrekt/ непрямий привід
inclined /ˌɪnklɪˈneɪʃn/ adj leaning or turning away from the vertical or horizontal; sloping
нахилений
fairwater /feə(r)ˈwɔːtə(r)/ n a device (as a sleeve about a propeller shaft) that is used to fair
the lines of an underwater fitting обтічник
~ sleeve обтічник гребного валу
fatigue /fəˈtiːɡ/ n extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness
зморення, фатига
fuel /ˈfjuːəl/ n any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases
energy as heat energy or to be used for work паливо
diesel ~ / ˈdiːz(ə)/ легке паливо
fine ~ /faɪn/ очищене паливо
~ consumption / kənˈsʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n/ споживання палива
heavy ~ /ˈhɛvi/ важке паливо
emissions /ɪˈmɪʃənz/ n the products of discharge of something, especially gas or radiation
викиди
excursion /ɪkˈskɜːʃn/ n a movement outward and back or from a mean position or axis
відхилення
heading /ˈhɛdɪŋ/ n a direction or bearing курс
helm / helm/ n a tiller or wheel for steering a ship or boat кермо
~ angle /ˈaŋɡ(ə)l/ n кут керма
helmsman /ˈhɛlmzmən/ n a person who steers a ship or boat рульовий
hydraulic / hʌɪˈdrɔːlɪk/ adj denoting or relating to a liquid moving in a confined space under
pressure гідравлічний
hydrofoil /ˈhʌɪdrə(ʊ)fɔɪl/ n a vessel which hull is fitted underneath with shaped vanes (foils)
which lift the hull clear of the water at speed судно на підводних крилах
gear(box) /ˈɡɪəbɒks/ n a set of gears with its casing, especially in a motor vehicle; the
transmission коробка швидкостей
hunting ~ /ˈhʌntɪŋ/ in the steering gear this system is a feed back mechanism, which
transmits the position of the rudder to the pump control lever, through the floatingмеханізм
 зворотного зв’язку у гідравлічній рульовій машині
reduction ~ /ri-ˈdək-shən/ редуктор
grandeur /ˈɡrandjə/ adj splendour and impressiveness, especially of appearance or style
велич, знатність
greasing /ˈɡriːsɪŋ/ n a thick oil or viscous substance, especially when used as a lubricant
мастило
jet-propelled /ˈdʒetprəˈpeld/ adj moved by means of forwardly directed forces of the
reaction resulting from the rearward discharge of a jet of fluid з реактивним двигуном
keyed /kiːd/ adj закріплений
knuckle boom crane /ˈnʌk(ə)l buːm kreɪn/ n similar to a standard crane, except that the
boom articulates at the 'knuckle' near the middle, letting it fold back like a finger кран-
маніпулятор
lever /ˈliːvə/ n a rigid bar resting on a pivot, used to move a heavy or firmly fixed load with
one end when pressure is applied to the other важіль
linear /ˈlɪnɪə/ adj arranged in or extending along a straight or nearly straight line лінійний
linkage /ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/ n the kind of connection where one thing follows the other, as if in a
chain зціплення
locking /ˈlɒkɪŋ/ adj operated by a key блокування
maintenance /ˈmeɪnt(ə)nəns/ n functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of
necessary devices, equipment, machinery технічний огляд
maneuvering / məˈnuːvərɪŋ/ n carefully guiding or manipulating steering gear and thrusters in
order to achieve the destination маневрування
misalignment /ˌmɪsəˈlaɪnmənt/ n the condition of being out of correct in-line position or
improperly adjusted розцентрування
oar / ɔː/ n a pole with a flat blade, used to row or steer a boat through the water весло
offset /ˈɒfset/ v counteract (something) by having an equal and opposite force or effect
компенсувати
wheel /wiːl/ n a circular frame of hard material that may be solid or spoked and capable of
turning on an axle колесо
paddle ~ /ˈpad(ə) l/ гребне колесо
pedal /ˈpɛd(ə)l/ n each of a pair of foot-operated levers used for powering a bicycle or other
vehicle propelled by the legs педаль
pivot /ˈpɪvət/ v turn on or as if on a pivot обертатися
power /ˈpaʊə/ n the capacity of running machinery сила, міць
~ unit /ˈjuːnɪt/ блок живлення
propel /prəˈpɛl/ v to drive forward or onward by or as if by means of a force that imparts
motion приводити до руху, просувати
propeller /prəˈpɛlə/ n a device that consists of a central hub with radiating blades placed so
that each forms part of a helical surface and that is used to propel a vehicle гвинт,
пропелер
propulsion /prəˈpʌlʃ(ə)n/ n the action or process of propelling просування уперед
propulsive /prəˈpʌlsɪv/ adj tending or having power to propel пропульсивний
propulsor /prəˈpʌlsə/ n one that propels or produces a propulsive force рушій
pulley block /ˈpʊli blɒk/ n a simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in which a
rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope блок
шківа
radial /ˈreɪdɪəl/ adj arranged like rays or the radii of a circle; diverging in lines from a
common centre радіальний
rearrange /ˌriːəˈreɪndʒ/ v to arrange, allocate (something or someone) again in a different
way переставляти
reasonable /ˈriːz(ə)nəb(ə)l/ adj having sound judgement; fair and sensible розумний
recession /rɪˈseʃn/ n pathological withdrawal of tissue from its normal position
заглиглення, порізи
reciprocating /rɪˈsɪprəkeɪtɪŋ/ adj moving of a part of a machine backwards and forwards in a
straight line зворотньо-поступальний
redundancy /rɪˈdʌnd(ə)nsi/ n the state of being not or no longer needed or useful
надмірність
re-float /riˈfləʊt/ v set afloat again зняти з мілини
renewal /rɪˈnjuːəl/ n an instance of resuming something after an interruption відновлення
replenish /rɪˈplɛnɪʃ/ v restore (a stock or supply) to a former level or condition попвнювати
revolving /rɪˈvɒlvɪŋ/ adj moving in a circular orbit around поновлюваний
rod /rɒd / n a thin straight bar, especially of wood or metal шток
control ~ /kənˈtrəʊl / шток управління
rudder /ˈrʌdə/ n руль, кермо
~ head a device used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, or other conveyance that
move through a fluid баллер руля
~ post the vertical member of a stern frame on which the rudder is hung; a sternpost вісь
напрямку руля
~ stock /stɒk /  a vertical post at the forward edge of a rudder that enables the rudder to pivot
балер руля
sail /seɪl/ n a piece of material extended on a mast to catch the wind and propel a boat or ship
or other vessel вітрило
scoring /ˈskɔːrɪŋ/ n a line (such as a scratch or incision) made with or as if with a sharp
instrument задири, порізи
screw-propelled /skruː prəˈpeld/ adj a marine vehicle moved by the rotation of one or
more auger-like cylinders fitted with a helical flange that engages with the medium through or
over which the vehicle is moving гвинт самохідний, просувний гвинтом
service /ˈsəːvɪs/ n a system supplying a public need such as transport, communications, or
utilities сервіс, експлуатація
~ life строк експлуатації
shaft /ʃɑːft/ n a commonly cylindrical bar used to support rotating pieces or to transmit
power or motion by rotation вал
intermediate ~ /ˌɪntəˈmiːdiət/ проміжний вал
~ alley /ˈæli/ тунель валу
~ seal / siːl/ ущільнення валу
~ tunnel /ˈtʌnl/ тунель валу
tail ~ /teɪl/ гребний вал, хвостовик
sheave /ʃiːv/ n a grooved wheel often used for holding a belt, wire rope, or rope and
incorporated into a pulley шків, блок, ролик
size /saɪz/ n the relative extent of something; a thing's overall dimensions or magnitude
розмір
slope /sləʊp/ adj upward or downward slant or inclination or degree of slant похилий
solar /ˈsəʊlə/ adj derived from, relating to, or caused by the sun сонячний
soot /sʊt/ n a deep black powdery or flaky substance consisting largely of amorphous carbon,
produced by the incomplete burning of organic matter сажa
~ particles /ˈpɑːtɪkəlz/ частки сажі
sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ adj having or involving a great deal of worldly experience and
knowledge ускладнений
speed /spiːd/ n the rate at which someone or something moves or operates or is able to move
or operate швидкість
steering /ˈstɪərɪŋ ɡɪə / adj directing the course of a vessel by the use of a rudder or other
means рульовий
~ flat /ˈflæt/ the compartment containing the steering gear управління напрямком руху
~ gear system /ˈɡɪə sistəm/ system of transmission steering signal to the rudder stock
система рульового управління
two-ram electro-hydraulic ~ gear /ˈtuː ræm ɪˈlɛktrəʊ hʌɪˈdrɔːlɪk ɡɪə/ електро-
гідравлічний рульовий устрій з двома плунжерами
stern /stɜːn/ n the rear end of a boat or a vessel корма
~ tube /tjuːb / дейдвудна труба
sternpost /ˈstəːnpəʊst/ n the central upright support at the stern of a boat, traditionally bearing
the rudder архштевень
submarine /ˈsʌbməriːn/ n a marine vessel with a streamlined hull designed to operate
completely submerged in the sea for long periods субмаріна
submerged /səbˈmɜːdʒd/ adj covered with water занурений
superyacht /ˈsuːpə jɒt/ n a commercially operated luxury yacht (motor or sail powered),
which is professionally crewed and has a loadline length of 24 metres and above суперяхта
sustain /səˈsteɪn/ v strengthen or support physically or mentally витримувати
swivel block /ˈswɪv(ə)l blɒck/ a mechanical device used on a drilling rig that hangs directly
under the traveling block and directly above the kelly drive, that provides the ability for the
kelly to rotate while allowing the traveling block to remain in a stationary rotational position
блок з вертлюжним гаком
thrust /θrʌst/ n the force produced by a propeller or by a jet or rocket engine that drives a
vehicle натиск, тяга
~ block блок тяги
~ collar /ˈkɒlə(r)/ затискач, ущільнючий хомут
~ ring /rɪŋ/ затягуюче кільце
~ shaft /ʃɑːft/ тягловий вал
thruster /ˈθrʌstə/ n an auxiliary propeller on a ship, capable of acting athwart ships
підрулюючий пристрій
tiller /ˈtɪlə/ n a horizontal bar fitted to the head of a boat's rudder post and used for steering
румпель
~ arm / ɑːm/ the mechanism attached to a rudder post or stock to provide leverage in the
form of torque for the helmsman to turn the rudder ручка румпеля
 ~ rope /ˈ rəʊp/ a rope leading forward from either end of the tiller to the wheel or other
steering device трос румпеля
torque /tɔːk/ n a turning or twisting force крутний момент
torsion /ˈtɔʃ(ə)n/ n  the twisting or wrenching of a body by the exertion of forces tending to
turn one end or part about a longitudinal axis while the other is held fast or turned in the
opposite direction also : the state of being twisted торсії, крутіння (сила)
transmission /trænzˈmɪʃn/ n an act, process, or instance of transmitting передача
trigger /ˈtrɪɡə/ v to cause a device to function запускати
triple /ˈtrɪp(ə)l/ v make threefold, consisting of three parts потроювати
umbilical /ʌmˈbɪlɪk(ə)l/ adj adjacent to or located near the navel, central to the abdomen
центральний
uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ adj having always the same form, manner, or degree : not varying or
variable стандартний
unrivalled /ʌnˈrʌɪv(ə)ld/ adj having no rival or competitor, having no equal, incomparable,
supreme неперевершений
urgent /ˈəːdʒ(ə)nt/ adj requiring immediate action or attention терміновий
valve /valv/ n a device for controlling the passage of fluid or air through a pipe, duct, etc.,
especially an automatic device allowing movement in one direction only клапан
shuttle ~ /ˈʃʌt(ə)l/ a type of valve which allows fluid to flow through it from one of two
sources запірний клапан
solenoid ~ /ˈsɒlənɔɪd/ an electromechanical device used for controlling liquid or gas flow
електромагнітний клапан
volume /ˈvɒljuːm/ n the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is
enclosed within a container об’єм
wheel /wiːl/ n a circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other
object to enable it to move easily over the ground колесо, кермо
~ house /ˈwiːlhaʊs/ n a part of a boat or ship serving as a shelter for the person at the wheel
рульова рубка
wire /ˈwaɪə/ n metal drawn out into the form of a thin flexible thread or rod дріт
 MARITIME ACCIDENT REPORT

Engine Room Fire

Onboard the Passenger Cruise Vessel “The Calypso”

The Calypso departed Tilbury Passenger Terminal at 1838 on 5 May 2006 carrying 462
passengers.
At 0330, the third engineer officer was writing up his logbook when he saw flames through the
window of the ECR. The flames appeared to be coming from between units 5 and 6 of the starboard main
engine. He immediately phoned the bridge, informed them of the fire, and asked for the engine control to
be passed to the engine room.
The third engineer brought the pitch of both controllable pitch propellers to zero, de-clutched
both engines, and then stopped them. He entered the engine room with a damp cloth over his face.
Through the increasingly smoke-filled engine room, he went down one deck and stopped the fuel oil feed
and booster pumps and closed the pump valves on the port forward side. He located his two assistants, a
motorman and engine room wiper, and they evacuated the engine room and woke the chief engineer.
Soon after the third engineer’s telephone call, the second officer, who was the OOW, called the
master, staff captain and the safety officer to inform them. The master arrived on the bridge at 0334,
followed by the staff captain and safety officer, and went to the safety room.
When they arrived in the safety room, located two decks above the ECR, they found the chief
engineer had already arrived. They all looked into the starboard engine casing from the access door.
They saw flames, which they assessed to be between two to three decks high, and reported this to the
master. The chief engineer operated the remote quick closing valves for the fuel and lube oil systems, and
the stops for the engine room ventilation fans.
At 0336, the master announced “Code Bravo” over the public address system. This was the
signal for the crew to assemble at their fire response muster stations. A number of crew mustered in the
safety room, including three fire entry teams with BA sets. Soon after this, the air conditioning engineer
was ordered to close all the ventilation flaps to the engine room. At about the same time, an attempt was
made to fight the fire with hoses. A fire entry team entered the starboard casing from the safety room.
They found it very hot and withdrew after a few minutes.
At 0341, the chief engineer made a recommendation to the master that the fixed fire-fighting CO 2
system should be used to extinguish the fire. The master agreed to this proposal after receiving
confirmation that the engine room had been evacuated.
The chief engineer instructed the chief electrician, who was in the safety room, to release the
CO2 into the engine room. The CO 2 compartment hatch was opened by the chief electrician and safety
officer, but only the chief electrician entered and climbed down a vertical ladder below the hatch
entrance where the CO2 bottles were located.
At 0347, the chief electrician opened the valves on two small bottles which he believed were the
pilot cylinders. He then operated the control levers for the engine and boiler room gas supply lines, as
directed by the posted instructions, and manually opened the distribution valves to the engine room and
boiler room. He left the CO2 room within a few minutes and informed the chief engineer that the CO 2
system had been operated. At 0350, the safety officer contacted the bridge and confirmed that the CO 2
had been released.
About 10 minutes after the operation of the CO 2 system, the chief engineer and chief electrician
donned BA sets and entered the engine room from the safety room to undertake an assessment. They
found that the fire had depleted and advised the master. At 0416, The Calypso reported to MRCC Dover
that the fire was under control, and that there were no injuries to the passengers or crew.
After the fire, an inspection of the starboard main engine quickly established that the cause of the
fire was due to a loose flange connection on the LP fuel return line from the inboard cylinder bank.
The flanges had separated because the two, 10mm, socket headed flange bolts had failed. Their
failure allowed the flanges to separate slightly, thus causing the “O” ring seal to become dislodged, and
fuel, at a pressure of up to 10 bar, to spray through the gap in the flanges.
The fuel, in both droplet and mist concentrations, would have found a number of hotspots in the
vicinity of the failed flange, such as the exhaust manifold at the inlet to the turbo charger and the turbo
charger itself. Ignition of the fuel would have occurred when a sufficient quantity of fuel to sustain
combustion had come into contact with one of these hot spots. The continuing supply of fuel from the
failed flange would have fed the fire until the third engineer stopped the fuel oil booster pump and closed
the valves in the line.
The analysis indicated that the fracture surfaces were very fine. Nevertheless, one bolt showed
some evidence of failure by fatigue.
The Wartsila technical bulletins provided relevant advice including the replacement of two bolt
flanges with four bolt flanges and other modifications aimed at dampening pressure pulses and
vibrations in the fuel supply system. The recommended modifications were not carried on The Calypso.
It is concluded that a combination of factors, primarily the fatigue failure of the securing bolts on
an LP fuel pipe flange and including a poorly fitting or loose sprayguard and the close proximity of hot
spots to cause ignition, caused the fire. If the advice contained within the Wartsila technical bulletins
had been followed, it is likely that this fire would have been avoided.
_____________________________________________________________________________
TASKS

1 Gaining familiarity – knowing what happened

A. What type of vessel was The Calypso?
B. What happened at half past three?
C. Can you draw the chain of actions by the third engineer from the moment he realized the
danger?
D. Whom and when did the third engineer call?
E. What did the chief engineer do in the safety room?
F. How was the fire fought between 0336 and 0341?
G. Who proposed to use fire-fighting system CO2?
H. What did the chief electrician do after he was ordered to release CO2 into the engine room?
I. How long did it take the crew to extinguish the fire?
J. What were the final actions by the crew fire teams?
K. What was the cause of the fire?

2 Recognizing symptoms – critical understanding of facts (chain of misdoings)

A. Was it correct for the third engineer not to inform the captain about the fire first?
B. Do you think it was the chief electrician’s responsibility to release CO2 into the engine room
and then to assess the situation?
C. Who was guilty of the loose flange connection?

3 Identifying goals – making assumptions

A. Why did the third engineer decide to take the first steps individually?
B. Why weren’t the captain and safety officer active enough?
C. The modifications recommended by Wartsila technical bulletins were not carried on the
Calypso. What could be the reason for it?

4 Conducting analysis – opportunity for linking to theoretical readings

A. What are the responsibilities of the safety officer, chief engineer and chief electrician in case
of fire?
B. How different are the timer bottles and the pilot gas cylinders?
C. Who is responsible for implementing modifications recommended by Wartsila technical bulletins?

5 Making diagnosis / Problem statement

A. What’s your idea of the basic problem that was revealed in the situation?

6 Analyzing case data

A. How could this problem arise?
B. Who is affected most by it?

7 Generating and evaluating alternatives

A. What is your assumption of the possible alternative?