Solids, Liquids and Gases Questions

Q1.

The photograph shows a brass mass.

(a) State the formula linking density, mass and volume.

(1)

e Mr O
(b) The brass mass has a mass of 454 g.
The density of brass is 8.46 g/cm3.
Calculate the volume of the brass mass.
Give the unit.

0
(3)

v Me
454
8.46
g 3.7 M
volume = ............................................................ unit ............................................................

53.66 (Total for question = 4 marks)

53.7
Q2.

A glass contains fizzy water.

Bubbles of carbon dioxide form at the bottom of the glass and rise to the surface.
(a) The graph shows the relationship between the volume of a bubble and the pressure of the gas in the
bubble.
 (i) Describe the relationship shown by the graph.

0(2)
It is inversely proportional
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.............................................................................................................................................
Non linear relation r
.............................................................................................................................................
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(ii) State the formula linking pressure difference, height, gravitational field strength and density.
(1)

fieldstrengthhas
difference heightx gravitational
pressure

(iii) The depth of the fizzy water in the glass is 22 cm.

The density of the fizzy water is 1080 kg/m3.
Calculate the pressure difference at the bottom of the glass due to the fizzy water.

O (2)

FI 0.22 p 1080 0.22 10

2376
2400N
pressure difference = ........................................................... Pa
(iv) Calculate the pressure of the gas in the bubble when the bubble is at the bottom of the glass.
[atmospheric pressure = 101 000 Pa]

y(1)

2376 101,000 103376

403000Pa
103800 V
pressure = ........................................................... Pa
 (v) When a bubble is at the top of the glass, the pressure of the gas in the bubble is equal to 101 000
Pa and the bubble has a volume of 0.084 cm3.
Calculate the volume of the gas in the bubble when the bubble is at the bottom of the glass.
Assume the temperature of the gas remains constant.
(3)

pV Pat
V2
PE
1095 8 0.0820
0.0824volume = ...........................................................
0.082 cm 3

(b) A force called upthrust acts vertically upwards on the bubble.

When the bubble is released, it accelerates vertically upwards.
Draw two labelled arrows on the diagram to show the forces on the bubble as it is released.
(3)

thrust

weight

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q3.

The graph shows how the distance travelled by an aeroplane changes during part of its journey.
 300400
700
400

30

6030 30
(a) (i) State the formula linking average speed, distance moved and time taken.

O
(1)

s dlt
(ii) Calculate the average speed of the aeroplane during this part of its journey.
Give a suitable unit.

13 60 780 O
(4)

400
30
5 780km h
4013

13.3 800
13 Kmfm 780 KH
average speed = ................................... unit ........................
(b) During the flight, the height of the aeroplane decreases.
As the height of the aeroplane decreases, the temperature outside the aeroplane increases.
Explain how the air pressure outside the aeroplane changes as the height of the aeroplane decreases.
(3)
the pressure increases as there is higher
............................................................................................................................................. 0
temperature Astempoature increases Air particles
.............................................................................................................................................

have higher kinetic energy which

.............................................................................................................................................
means they move faster and hit the
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aeroplane more frequently

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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4.

The diagram shows a device called a hydraulic lift.

The hydraulic lift consists of a tube of oil with a piston at each end.

(a) Calculate the pressure difference between the bottom of piston X and the bottom of the oil.
[density of oil = 820 kg/m3]
(3)

O
p egh
820 58 10
4674
4700 4700
pressure difference = ........................................................... Pa
(b) A 24 kg mass is placed on piston X.
(i) Calculate the weight of the 24 kg mass.
Give the unit.

O (3)

W ng
10
24
240N
 240 N
weight =.......................................... unit..............................
(ii) Calculate the extra pressure on the oil due to the mass.

0
(2)

p Fa
240 200
1.2 200
extra pressure = ........................................................... Pa
(iii) The oil transfers the same extra pressure to piston Y.
Calculate the force acting upwards on piston Y due to the extra pressure.

O
(3)

f PA
206 48
960

960
force = ........................................................... N
(c) Piston Y starts at rest, rises slowly and then comes to rest.
State how the following energy stores have changed from before the motion to after the motion is
complete.
(4)

decrease

increase

No change

change
No
(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q5.

A student uses a bottle and a stopper to find the density of an unknown liquid.
The stopper fits tightly into the bottle and has a small diameter hole through it.

(a) This is the student's method.

use a balance to find the mass of the bottle and stopper

completely fill the bottle with water
insert the stopper and dry the outside of the bottle
use the balance to find the mass of the full bottle and stopper
These are the student's results.
mass of empty bottle and stopper = 63.4 g
mass of full bottle and stopper = 112.9 g
Use the student's results to determine the volume of the water in the bottle.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
[density of water = 0.998 g/cm3]

O
(4)

63.4 49.5
112.9

Me
49
998

49.59
496 49.6
volume = ........................................................... cm3
(b) The student empties the bottle and then dries it.
He refills the bottle with the unknown liquid.
He measures the mass of the full bottle and stopper as 143.8 g.
Calculate the density of the unknown liquid.

O
(3)

143.8 63.4 80.4g

80
pm 9.6 1 54
 density of unknown liquid = ........................................................... g/cm3
(c) Another student uses a measuring cylinder to find the volume of the unknown liquid.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using each method to find the volume of the unknown
liquid.

0
(3)
Mesuring cylinder could result in parallax
.............................................................................................................................................

error hover it is easier

to use
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and ahs more

quote
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q6.

The diagram shows some of the apparatus a student uses to investigate the effect of heating a solid
substance.
(a) Describe how the student could use their apparatus to help determine the specific heat capacity of the
substance.
You should give details of any additional apparatus needed in your answer.
(5)
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(b) The student continues to heat the substance, keeping the power of the heater constant.
The graph shows how the temperature of the substance changes with time.
 340

(i) Use the graph to determine the melting point of this substance.

0
(1)
340
melting point = ........................................................... °C
(ii) Describe, in terms of particles, what is happening in the substance when the graph line is
horizontal.

The bonds between particles are 0

(2)

being weakened
.............................................................................................................................................

And each
other
they slowly get away from
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

briqular vibrating Oscillating

.............................................................................................................................................
Regular
(iii) Suggest why the two non-horizontal lines on the graph have different gradients.

0
(2)

particles an in a differentstate they

.............................................................................................................................................
hotter easily
get
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q7.

This is a question about a melting ice cube.

(a) The diagram shows an ice cube placed on the ground.

(i) The mass of the ice cube is 3.7 g and its area of contact with the ground is 2.6 × 10–4 m2.
Calculate the pressure the ice cube exerts on the ground.
(4)

pressure = ........................................................... Pa
(ii) The ice cube melts and becomes a puddle with a larger cross-sectional area.
Explain how the pressure of the ice cube on the ground changes when it melts.
(2)
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.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Ice melts at a temperature of 0 °C.
On the axes, sketch how the temperature of the ice cube changes as it rises from a temperature of
–10 °C to a temperature of 20 °C.
(3)
(c) Explain the changes that occur when a solid melts.
Refer to particles in your answer.
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q8.

A gas is contained inside a sealed syringe.

(a) The plunger is pushed so that the gas is compressed and its volume reduces at constant
temperature.
Explain why decreasing the volume changes the pressure of the gas in the syringe.
You should use ideas about particles in your answer.
(3)
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(b) The plunger of the syringe is released and the gas returns to its original pressure of 100 kPa.
The plunger is then held in position so that the volume of the gas cannot change.
The gas is now heated and its temperature increases.
Describe how the average kinetic energy of the gas particles changes when the temperature of the
gas increases.
(3)
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q9.

A dog sits on a water-filled bag to keep cool.

(a) The table shows some data about the dog and the water in the bag.

The dog sits on the bag for 22 minutes.

(i) Calculate the energy transferred from the dog to the water by heating in 22 minutes.
(3)

energy = ........................................................... J
(ii) State an assumption you have made when calculating the energy transferred.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Calculate the temperature of the water after 22 minutes.
(4)

temperature = ........................................................... °C
(b) Discuss why conduction is the main way that thermal energy is transferred from the dog to the water.
(3)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q10.

This is a question about Io, a moon of Jupiter.

The diagram shows two jets of gas from volcanoes on Io.
One jet of gas is from the volcano Prometheus and the other is from the volcano Tvashtar.
(a) Gas particles in the Prometheus jet leave the surface of Io and move vertically upwards.
The particles reach their maximum height when their speed is zero.
Some particles in the Prometheus jet reach a maximum height of 92 km.
Calculate the initial speed of these particles as they leave the surface of Io.
[acceleration due to gravity on Io = 1.8 m/s2]
(3)

initial speed = ........................................................... m/s

(b) Before the gas particles leave the surface of Io, they are trapped in a chamber.

(i) Explain how the gas particles exert a pressure on the walls of the chamber.
(3)
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(ii) The Tvashtar chamber has the same volume as the Prometheus chamber and contains the same
number of molecules of the same type of gas.
The temperature of the gas in the Prometheus chamber is 1200 K.
The temperature of the gas in the Tvashtar chamber is 1600 K.
The pressure of the gas in the Prometheus chamber is 8.2 kPa.
Calculate the pressure of the gas in the Tvashtar chamber.
(3)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(iii) Explain why the pressure inside the chambers increases when the temperature increases.
Use ideas about particles in your answer.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(iv) Explain why the particles from the Tvashtar chamber reach a greater maximum height than the
particles from the Prometheus chamber.
(3)
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(Total for question = 15 marks)

Q11.

A student investigates how much pressure she exerts on the ground when she is standing up.
(a) The weight of the student is 520 N.
(i) State the formula linking weight, mass and gravitational field strength (g).
(1)

(ii) Calculate the mass of the student.

(2)

mass = ........................................................... kg
(b) The student measures the area of one of her feet when it is in contact with the ground.
She draws around her foot on a piece of squared paper.
 I
f
i n

m t

(i) The squares on the paper have a side length of 2 cm.

Estimate the area of the student's foot in contact with the ground.

o(4)
2 24
164cm
4 41
 164
area = ........................................................... cm2
(ii) State the formula linking pressure, force and area.
(1)
FA O
p
(iii) The weight of the student is 520 N.
Calculate the pressure the student exerts on the ground when she is standing on both feet.
Give the unit.
(3)
529164 2

t as
y 1.5lb past N am
pressure = ............................................................ unit ............................................................

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q12.

A student needs to identify a sample of an unknown liquid.

She decides to do this by finding the density of the liquid.
(a) Describe how the student should measure the mass of the liquid.

Entain (2)
O
Using a balance Mesa the mass of the
.............................................................................................................................................

and mesure the mass at the full container

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Subtract mass at empty from massoffull container
.............................................................................................................................................
container
(b) Describe how the student should use a measuring cylinder to obtain an accurate measurement of the
liquid's volume.

1 I
(2)

By reading the volume at beret

eye
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

Repeat and fake outagex ensure eylinde

.............................................................................................................................................
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(c) The table gives the values of the densities for some liquids. is empty before
use
 The student measures the mass of the sample of unknown liquid as 150 g and the volume as 163 cm3.
Deduce the name of the unknown liquid.

f Mr 1
150
163 9 0.92
(3)
............................................................................................................................................. 0
.............................................................................................................................................
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The
liquid is sunflower oil
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q13.

A student uses a computer simulation to investigate the motion of particles in a gas.

He records the pressure of the gas and the mean speed of the particles in the gas at different
temperatures.
The graphs show his results.
(a) Give a reason why the student does not start the y-axis scale from zero on either of his graphs.
(1)
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(b) Describe the relationships shown by the graphs.
(3)
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(c) Explain why the value of temperature chosen in the simulation should not decrease below – 273 °C.
(2)
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(d) The student then calculates the kinetic energy of a single gas particle at each temperature.
(i) Using the curve of best fit on graph 2, determine the mean speed of a gas particle when the gas
temperature is 100 °C.
(1)

mean speed = ........................................................... m/s

(ii) The mass of a single gas particle is 5.3 × 10–26 kg.
Calculate the average kinetic energy of a gas particle when the temperature of the gas is 100 °C.
(3)

kinetic energy = ........................................................... J

(iii) Calculate the temperature of the gas in kelvin when its temperature is 100 °C.
(1)

temperature = ........................................................... K
(iv) On the axes, sketch a graph of the average kinetic energy of the gas particles against
temperature in kelvin.
(2)
 (Total for question = 13 marks)

Q14.

Energy is transferred from the Sun to the Earth.

(a) Nuclear fusion happens in the Sun.
(i) Which energy store of the Sun decreases during nuclear fusion?

O
(1)
A chemical
B kinetic
C nuclear
D thermal

(ii) How is energy transferred through space from the Sun to the Earth?

O
(1)
A by heating
B by radiation
C electrically
D mechanically

(b) Solar panels use energy from the Sun to heat water.
 (i) The total area of the solar panels is 15 m2.
Each 1.0 m2 of the solar panels receives 1000 J of energy per second from the Sun.
Show that the total energy transferred to the solar panels in 2 hours is about 100 MJ.
(3)

(ii) A mass of 1100 kg of cold water is in the solar panels at an initial temperature of 20 °C.
Calculate the final temperature of this water after it has been heated by the Sun for 2 hours.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C]
(4)

final temperature = ........................................................... °C

(iii) Give a reason why the actual final temperature of the water will be lower than the calculated
value.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q15.

The diagram shows apparatus used to investigate how the pressure of a gas varies with temperature.

(a) The volume of the gas is kept constant by the flask.

The volume of the gas is a control variable.
State why it is important to keep a control variable constant throughout the investigation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The pressure of the gas changes as its temperature increases.
The graph shows the results.
 60

(i) Explain how these results show that there is a linear, but not proportional, relationship between the
pressure of the gas and its temperature in °C.

O
(2)
A is not proportional as it doesnt pass
.............................................................................................................................................
through origin It is a straight line
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(ii) Use the graph to determine the value for absolute zero.
(2)
O
300
temperature = ........................................................... °C
(iii) Explain how the pressure of the gas changes as its temperature increases.
Include ideas about particles in your answer.
(3)
As temperature increases particles have
more kinetic
............................................................................................................................................. 0
energy Tey move faster and hit the walls
.............................................................................................................................................

of the containter more frequently and with

.............................................................................................................................................

higher Pressure is the total force over

force
.............................................................................................................................................

harder
.............................................................................................................................................
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(c) The pressure of the gas is 112 kPa when its temperature is 35 °C.
The gas is heated to 340 °C using some different apparatus.
(i) Calculate the pressure of the gas when its temperature is 340 °C.
Assume the gas has a constant volume.
(4)

pressure = ........................................................... kPa

(ii) The volume of the gas is constant in the investigation.
Give the name of the other quantity that must be constant for the calculation to be correct.
(1)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

Q16.

This question is about pressure in gases.

(a) Photograph 1 shows an open conical flask containing air.

The air in the flask is heated to a temperature of 85 °C.

(i) Calculate the temperature of the air in the flask in kelvin.
(1)
 temperature = ........................................................... K
(ii) Describe how the motion of the molecules in the flask changes when the temperature of the air
inside the flask increases.
(2)
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(iii) The pressure of the air in the flask does not change when the temperature of the air increases.
State what happens to the number of air molecules in the flask when the temperature of the air
inside the flask increases.
(1)
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(b) Photograph 2 shows a boiled egg, without its shell, placed in the top of the conical flask containing
hot air.
The flask is no longer being heated.
The egg seals the flask so that no air escapes.
Photograph 3 shows the egg and the flask a short time later.

Explain why the egg moves down into the flask and then stops moving.
Refer to ideas about pressure in your answer.
(4)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q17.

A student uses a syringe containing trapped air to investigate pressure.

Diagram 1 shows the apparatus he uses.

(a) Diagram 2 shows the pressure gauge when the piston is at its initial position.

Determine the reading on the pressure gauge.

(1)
 pressure = ........................................................... kPa
(b) The piston is pushed in so that the volume of trapped air in the syringe is halved. The temperature of
the trapped air remains constant.
Explain how the reading on the pressure gauge will change when the piston is pushed in.
(3)
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(c) The position of the piston is then fixed so that the volume of trapped air in the syringe is now constant.
The air in the syringe is then cooled.
(i) State how the motion of air particles inside the syringe changes when the air is cooled.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how the pressure of the trapped air inside the syringe changes when the air is cooled.
Refer to particles in your answer.
(3)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q18.

The diagram shows a manometer, a device used for measuring differences in pressure.
(a) One side of the manometer has some trapped gas. The other side is left open to the atmosphere.
The difference in pressure can be calculated using this formula.
[difference in pressure = height × density × 10]
The density of the liquid is 1.3 × 104 kg/m 3.
The difference in the levels of the liquid is 3.8 cm.
Calculate the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the trapped gas.
(3)

difference in pressure = ........................................................... Pa

(b) The temperature and pressure of the trapped gas increase when it is warmed.
(i) Explain, in terms of particles, why the pressure of the trapped gas increases.
(3)
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(ii) The pressure of the trapped gas in the manometer is 9.95 × 104 Pa and the temperature is 16 °C.
Calculate the new pressure of the trapped gas if the temperature increases to 32 °C.
[assume volume of the trapped gas remains constant]
(4)

new pressure = ........................................................... Pa

 (Total for question = 10 marks)

Q19.

A ship floats on the sea.

(a) The ship floats because of the forces acting on it.

(i) The upward force acting on the ship is called upthrust.
This force is shown on the diagram.
Draw another labelled arrow on the diagram to show the other vertical force acting on the ship.
(2)
(ii) Forces are vector quantities.
State what is meant by the term vector quantity.
(2)
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(iii) Give another example of a vector quantity.
(1)
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(b) The upthrust force acting on the ship is proportional to the pressure difference between the bottom of
the ship and the surface of the sea.
The pressure acting on the ship at the surface of the sea is 100 kPa.
(i) State the formula linking pressure difference, height, density and gravitational field strength (g).
(1)

(ii) The bottom of the ship is 15.8 m below the surface of the sea.
Show that the pressure acting on the bottom of the ship is approximately 260 kPa.
[density of seawater = 1030 kg/m3]
(3)
 (iii) Explain why the bottom of the ship is deeper below the surface of the sea when the ship is fully
loaded with cargo.
(2)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q20.

The photograph shows a truck with a crane that is used to move large bags of building materials.

(a) (i) State the formula linking work done, force and distance moved.
(1)

(ii) A bag of building materials has a weight of 8750 N.

Calculate the work done on the bag when it is lifted a vertical distance of 230 cm from the ground
until it is stationary again.
Give the unit.
(3)
 20125 J
work done = ....................................... unit ....................
(iii) The crane takes 7.0 s to lift the bag.
Calculate the mean power output of the crane when it is lifting the bag.
(2)
20
power 125 2875
2875
2875
mean power output = ........................................................... W
(b) The truck has a stabilising leg which is positioned on a wooden board.

(i) Give a reason why the wooden board is used.

(1)

to protect the ground from damage

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State the formula linking pressure, force and area.
(1)

pressure force
Area
(iii) The wooden board is a square with side length 0.50 m.
The pressure the board exerts on the ground is 148 kPa.
Calculate the force exerted by the board on the ground.
(4)

f PA
148 103 x 0 5 0.5
37,000
 37,000
force = ........................................................... N

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.

Q9.
Q10.
Q11.
Q12.
Q13.
Q14.
Q15.
Q16.
Q17.
Q18.
Q19.
Q20.