ETO COC WRITTEN EXAMINATION

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PART-1

Q – With Reference to Electrical Safety onboard a vessel :
(a) Write short note on “Electric shock” . ( 6 Marks)
Ans: Electric shock is a jarring , shaking sensation. Usually it feels like receiving a sudden blow. If the voltage
and current are sufficiently high unconsciousness ocours. Electric shock may severely burn the skin. Muscular
spasms may cause the hands to clasp the apparatus or the wire making it impossible to let go.
(b) How do you treat a person who has Suffered an Electric Shock onboard from a AC supply? Jan 20
(i) Try to switch off the power.
(ii) Remove the victim from the electrical contact with the help of dry stick,rope, belt, coat, blanket, shirt or any
other non conductor of electricity to drag or push the victim to safety.
(iii) Determine the cardiopulmonary status of the casualty. If required start CPR.
(iv) Check the other physical injuries
(v) Lay the victim face up in a prone position.
(vi) The feet should be 12″ (Inches) higher then the head. In case of head or chest injuries then the head to be
slightly elevated.
(vii) Keep the victim warm. The injured person body heat must be conserved. Cover the victim with one or more
blankets.
(viii) Avoid artificial means of warming such as hot water bottles.
(ix) Do not give drugs, food and liquids Never give alcohol and other depressant substances
(x) Do not leave the victim unattended till the medical team arrive/ doctor.
Q – With respect to Alternators onboard
(a) Briefly explain True power, Apparent Power & Power factor. (8 Mark). Jan20
Ans- True Power-The actual amount of power being dissipated or performs the useful work in the circuit is called
as active or true or real power. It is measured in watts, practically measured in KW(kilowatts) & MW(megawatts)
in power systems. It is denoted by the letter P (capital) and it is equal to the average value of P = VI cos ϕ. It is the
required outcome of an electrical system which drives the circuit or the load.
P = VI cos ϕ
Reactive Power – The average value of the second term in the above derived expression is zero, so the power
given by this term is zero. The component, which is proportional to the VI sin ϕ is called as reactive power,
symbolized by the letter Q. Even though it is a power, but not measured in watts as it is a non active power &
hence, it is measured in Volt-Amperes- Reactive(VAR). The value of this reactive power can be negative or
positive depends on the load power factor. This is because inductive load consumes the reactive power while
capacitive load generates the reactive power.
Q = VI sin ϕ
Apparent Power – The complex combination of true or active power & reactive power is called apparent power.
Without reference to any phase angle, the product of voltage & current gives the apparent power. The apparent
power is very useful for rating the power equipment. It can also be expressed as the square of the current
multiplied by the circuit‟s impedance. It is denoted by the letter S & measured in Volt-Amperes (VA), practical
units include KVA (Kilo volt-amperes) & MVA (mega volt-amperes).
Apparent power = RMS voltage × RMS current
Apparent power, S = V × I
In complex form, S = V I
S = V ∠0° I ∠ ϕ (for lagging load current)
S=VI∠ϕ
S = V I cos ϕ + jV I sin ϕ
S = P + jQ
Or S = I²Z
Power Factor
The power factor is the cosine angle between the voltage & current. The power factor can be expressed in terms
of the above discussed power forms. Power factor defines the efficiency of the circuit.
Power factor (PF) = (Active power in watts) / (Apparent power in volt amps)
PF = VI cos ϕ / VI PF = cos ϕ
 Power Triangle and Power Factor
Electrical power consumed in an AC circuit can be represented by the three sides of a right angled triangle, known
as a power triangle.

Q – State the applications of the synchronous motors. Discuss how a synchronous motors can function as a
synchronous capacitor. Compare synchronous motors with induction motors. (16 Marks) Dec 20, Aug 2019
The Applications of the synchronous motor are as follows:-
1. Power factor correction
2. Voltage regulation
3. Constant speed, constant load drives
Synchronous motor can function as a synchronous capacitors:-
 A synchronous motor running without a mechanical load is called as a synchronous capacitor. It can generate or
absorb reactive volt-ampere (VAr) by altering the excitation of its field winding. It can be made to take a leading
current with over-excitation of its field winding.
 Synchronous motors are used in generating stations & in substations connected to the busbars to improve the
power factor.
 Synchronous motor excitation refers to the DC supply given to the rotor which is used to produce the required
Magnetic Flux.
 When a synchronous motor runs with over-excitation, it draws leading current from the source. We use this
property of a synchronous motor as a synchronous capacitor.
Here, in a three-phase system, we connect one 3-phase synchronous motor & run it at no load.

Suppose due to a reactive load of the power system the system draws a current IL from the source at a lagging
angle θL in respect of the voltage. Now the motor draws a IM from the same source at the leading angle θM. Now
the total current drawn from the source is the vector sum of the load current IL & motor current IM. The resultant
current I drawn from the source has an angle θ in respect of the voltage. The angle θ is less than angle θL. Hence
power factor of the system cosθ is now more than the power factor cosθL of the system before we join the
synchronous condenser to the system.
 Difference between Synchronous motors and induction motors :-
Synchronous motor Induction motor
Not self starting Self Starting
Zero slip Slip is not zero
AC & DC Power is required AC power is required
It is not used for improvement of power
It can be used for improvement of power factor
factor
Prime mover is required Prime mover is not required
Moves at constant speed Variable speed
Slip ring is required No slip ring required
Costly Cheaper
More maintenance Less maintenance
It runs at lagging, leading & unity power factor Lagging power factor

Q. With reference to an emergency source of electrical power in cargo ship:- Dec 2019,
a) Describe a typical power source. ( 6 Marks )
b) Give a typical list of essential services, which must be supplied simultaneously. ( 6 Marks )
c) Explain how the emergency installation can be periodically tested. (5 Marks )
Ans: In the event of power failure in ship, Emergency power source is required to meet the essential services by
the emergency equipments.
SOLAS chapter II-1 Part D, regulation 43 tells about emergency source of power and regulation 44 states about
starting arrangement of emergency source.

a) One of the emergency power source is Emergency Generator

 Starts automatically upon failure of main source of power and connect to emergency switchboard in less than 45
seconds.
 Capable of supplying all those services which are essential for safety in an emergency.
 Power rating of Emergency Generator depends on the size and the role of the ship
 Emergency source of power should not be used for supplying power in normal conditions when main source of
power is available.
Location:
The Emergency source of electrical power and associated transition source of emergency power, emergency
switchboard and emergency light switchboard shall be located at above the uppermost continuous deck and
readily accessible from open deck. They shall not be located at the forward of the collision bulkhead, except
where permitted by the administration on certain circumstances.
Fire or other casualty on main source of electrical power or machinery space of category A should not interfere
the source, control and distribution of emergency source of power, switchboard or any transforming aid should
not be contiguous to the boundaries of machinery space of category A.
Starting Arrangements:
Emergency Generator sets shall be readily started in their cold condition at a temperature of 0 degree C , if not
possible than suitable heating arrangement should be present.
In auto mode on failure of the main source , emergency generator should start and connect to load within 45
seconds of power failure.
There must be two independent way of starting emergency generator.
Batteries: Act as a transition source of power to start emergency generator and capable of giving three
consecutive start before discharging, connected with an independent battery charger. Battery charger fail and
battery low voltage audio and visual alarm arrangement should be present.
Air starter Motor: With provision of supplying air from main and emergency air reservoir.
Hydraulic starter: With independent tank and manual pump for building sufficient pressure.
Spring start: Provision to charge the spring by manual handle and then releasing the potential energy stored in
the spring to crank the engine
 Fuel Oil and its supply:
 It should have sufficient fuel in separate tank at all time which is sufficient to run emergency generator on full
load for 18 hours for cargo ship {{36 hours for passenger ship}}.
 Flash point of the fuel used in diesel generator must not be less than 43 0 C.
 It should be able to start at 0°C
 Quick closing valve arrangement should be there for closing supply line from tank to generator in case of
emergency and operating lever should be outside the generator room.
Cooling System:
Emergency Generator must have provision of cooling either by water or air.
Water cooled: Level of cooling water in the radiator should be periodically checked and audio and visual alarm
for low water level should be present. Associated pipes for filling cooling water should not be chocked.
Air Cooled: Proper arrangement of circulation of air should be ensured. It must be provided with forced
ventilation. Hot air after cooling should have provision of escaping outside the compartment.
(b) The essential services supplied by the emergency sources are the following
i) Emergency Fire Pump
ii) One of the steering gear motor.
iii) Emergency Air compressor
iv) Emergency Lightings
v) Battery Charger for Emergency battery and GMDSS battery
vi) Electrical Test Panel
vii) Fire Detection System
viii) Telephone Exchange system
ix) Cargo Control Console
x) Engine Control Console
xi) Emergency Bilge pump (440 V)
xii) Navigation Equipment (220 V), RADAR, Gyro, etc
xiii) Radio Communication (220 V),
xiv) General Alarm and PA system.
(c) Periodic Testing and attention required.
Emergency generator must be used for short period to check for services such as routine testing, operation and
functions of all related audio and visual alarms.
Daily: Daily visual checks should be done for all indication and parameters on emergency switchboard, battery
charger panel and generator starting box.
Weekly: Once in a week normally Saturday following should be checked.
 Starting arrangement on No – Load and running parameters (voltage, frequency)
 Cooling water level and condition
 Lube oil level in sump
 Battery condition including voltage checks and tightness of terminals
 Audio and Visual Alarms related to emergency generator and switchboard.
 Communication of Emergency generator room with engine control room and bridge
 Hydraulic/pneumatic/spring start arrangement to be tested
Quarterly: Addition to daily and weekly procedure, emergency generator should be tested on load by simulation,
and start all emergency and safety equipments including emergency light and check the performance of the
generator.
Yearly: Intentional Black out test should be carried out for checking of operation and time taken by generator to
come on load.

Q. What are semiconductor devices? What are its advantages over thermionic devices? With respect to
semiconductor devices describe working principle and application of the Following:- a) Zener Diode, b)
Transistor, c)Photo cell, d) Thyristor ( 16Marks ) Jan 20, Nov 19

Ans:- A semiconductor device is an electronic component that utilizes the electronic properties of semiconductor
material, principally silicon, germanium, & gallium, arsenide, as well as organic semiconductor devices have
replaced vacuum tubes in most of the applications. They use electrical conduction in the solid state rather than the
gaseous state or thermionic emission in the vacuum. Semiconductor materials are useful because their behavior
can be easily changed by the deliberate addition of impurities, called as doping. Semiconductor conductivity can
be regulated by the introduction of an electric or magnetic field, by exposure to light or heat, or by the mechanical
deformation of the doped mono crystalline silicon grid; thus, semiconductors can make excellent sensors. Current
conduction in a semiconductor occurs due to mobile or “free” electron & electron holes, collectively called as the
charge carriers.
Doping a semiconductor with a small proportion of an atomic impurity, such as phosphorus or boron, increases
the number of free electrons or holes within the semiconductor. When a doped semiconductor consists of excess
holes, it is called a p-type semiconductor(p for positive electric charge); when it consists of excess free electrons,
it is called an n-type semiconductor (n for negative electric charge). A majority of mobile charge carriers have
negative charge. The manufacture of the semiconductors controls precisely the location & concentration of p- &
n-type dopants. The connection of n-type & p-type semiconductors form p-n junctions.

Advantages are:-
1. Low Power Consumption
2. Many possible applications through diodes & transistors. E.g. in solar cells, photovoltaic cells, zener diodes for
voltage regulators, variety of transistors used as switches
3. Used in many integrated circuits due to their minute size
4. Longer life
5. Conductivity lies between that of conductor & insulator, thereby, they find application in almost any & every
electronic device you can think of today like TV, Computer Motherboards, Microcontrollers, Microprocessors,
Microwave Ovens and so on.
6. As semiconductor devices have no filaments, hence no power is required to heat them to cause the emission of
electrons. During operation, semiconductor devices do not produce any humming noise. Semiconductor devices
require low voltage operation as compared to vacuum tubes.
7. Semiconductor devices are manufactured both as single discrete devices & as integrated circuits (ICs), which
consist of the number of two to billions of devices manufactured & interconnected on a single semiconductor
substrate, or wafer.
8. Power semiconductor devices are discrete devices or integrated circuits intended for “high current or high
voltage” applications. Power integrated circuits combine IC technology with the power semiconductor
technology.

(a) Zener Diode- Zener diodes are normal PN junction diodes operating in the reverse biased condition. Working
of the Zener diode is similar to a PN junction diode in forward biased condition, but the uniqueness lies in the fact
that it can also conduct when it is connected in reverse bias above its threshold / breakdown voltage. These are
among the basic types of diodes used frequently, apart from the normal diodes.
Application: Zener diodes are extensively used as voltage references & as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage
across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a
Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode‟s reverse breakdown voltage.

( b)Transistor – Transistors consists of 3 parts „ a base, a collector, & an emitter. The base is the gate controller
device for the larger electrical supply. The collector is the larger electrical supply, & the emitter is the outlet for
that supply. By sending varying levels of current from the base, the amount of current flowing through the gate
from the collector may be regulated. In this way, a very small amount of the current may be used to control a large
amount of current, as in an amplifier. The same process is used to form a binary code for the digital processors but
in this case a voltage threshold of 5 volts is required to open the collector gate. In this way, the transistor is being
used as a switch with a binary function: 5 volts „ ON, less than 5 volts „ OFF.

(C) Photocell: Photocells are sensors that enable you to detect light. A Photocell is generally a resistor that
changes its resistive value(in ohms) depending on how much light is shining on it. They are very low cost, easy to
get in many sizes & specifications, but are very inaccurate. Each photocell sensor will act a little differently than
the other, even if they are from the same batch. The variations can be really large, 50% or higher. For this reason,
they should not be used to try to find precise light levels in lux or millicandela. Instead, you can expect to only be
able to find basic light changes.
(d) Thyristor or SCR( Silicon Controlled Rectifier):
Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR) is a unidirectional semiconductor device made up of silicon. This device in the
solid state equivalent of thyratron & hence it is also referred to as thyristor or thyroid transistor. In fact, SCR
(Silicon Controlled Rectifier) is a trade name given to the thyristor by the General Electric Company. Generally,
SCR is a three-terminal, four-layer semiconductor device consisting of the alternate layers of p-type & n-type
material. Hence it has 3 pn junctions J1, J2 & J3. The figure below shows an SCR with the layers p-n-p-n. The
device has terminals Anode(A), Cathode(K) & the Gate(G). The Gate terminal(G) is attached to the p-layer nearer
to the Cathode(K) terminal.

The symbol of SCR or Thyristor is shown in the figure below.

An SCR can be considered as two inter-connected transistors as shown below.

It is seen that a single SCR is the combination of one pnp transistor (Q1) and one npn transistor (Q2). Here, the
emitter of Q1 acts as the anode terminal of the SCR while the emitter of Q2 is its cathode. Further, the base of Q1
is connected to the collector of Q2 and the collector of Q1 is connected to the base of Q2. The gate terminal of the
SCR is connected to the base of Q2, too.
 ETO COC WRITTEN EXAMINATION
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PART-2

Q. Diesel Electric propulsion is now being chosen as the power plant for an increasingly wide variety of
vessels.
a. Sketch a simple layout of such installation (6 Marks),
b. Explain the advantages of selecting such a plant. ( 10 Marks) Jan20
Ans: The electrical propulsion arrangement for the ship is often explained as a diesel-electric or turbo-electric
system. It is characterized only by the type of prime mover. When the prime mover is a diesel engine, then it is
known as Diesel-Electrical Propulsion.
Types of Diesel Electric Propulsion:-
There are two Types of Diesel Electric Propulsion
 Frequency controlled A.C Motors &
 SCR controlled D.C Motors.
Frequency controlled A.C Motor drive system were usually more cost effective below 500 H.P & SCR controlled
D.C motors systems at the higher end. The offshore drilling industries favor SCR controlled DC drives.
Modern SCR & frequency controlled systems have efficiencies approaching 97% in power conversion. The
selection of one over the other is an application issue.
Lay Out of Diesel Electric Propulsion in Ships

Advantages of Diesel- Electric Propulsion

1. Economic Reasons
Diesel electric propulsion is generally economical for a number of reasons:
1. Optimal utilization of fuel for the diesel engines to produce electrical power, even in partial load ranges.
2. High efficiency across the entire speed range.
3. Less maintenance costs through longer service intervals depends on the optimized operating times of diesel
engines with constant speed.
4. Minimal standstill time for maintenance & service.
5. Flexible & need-oriented use of diesel generator sets in combination power plant for drives & onboard power
systems.
2. Availability
Diesel electric propulsion systems demonstrate high availability for the reasons that include:
1. Modular design with small probability of total loss of the propulsion power.
2. Sharply reduced number of moving mechanical parts.
3. Proven technologies based on the decades of operating experiences.
4. Redundant drives with one propeller are also possible.
5. Designs are also possible for the maximum redundancy requirements.
3. Environmental Compatibility
Diesel electrical propulsion systems save the environment because the pollution emissions of diesel engines is
decreased by operating the engine at the optimal speed and load ranges.
4. Operating Convenience
Diesel electrical propulsion is very convenient for the users, because of the following reasons:
1. Excellent dynamic response from zero(0) to maximum propelling speed.
2. Short reversing time.
3. Availability of maximum torque across the entire speed range at propeller.
4. Quite operation.
5. Minimum mechanical vibrations.
5. Flexibility
1. Flexible arrangement of the components in ship.
2. Simplified mechanical requirements for the propeller shaft.
3. Reduced space requirements in shaft system.
4. Design & engineering of propeller is independent of the drive.
5. Flexibility in the choice of the diesel engine speed.
 Q. Describe the working of a single phase full-wave rectifier with a resistive load. Draw the load voltage
and current waveforms. (8 marks) July 2019
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier
Differing from the half-wave rectifier, the full-wave rectifier allows the input AC source to complete its current
flow circuit in both positive & negative half of an AC cycle. The structure of the full-wave rectifier

There are 4 diodes in the full-wave rectifier circuit. When the AC source voltage is positive, the current flows
through D1 to the load & back to the AC source via D2. When the AC source voltage is negative, the current
flows via D3-load-D4 path. Either way, the current always goes across the load from the positive to the negative
pole.
Figure below shows the waveforms of the input and output voltage of the full-wave rectifier. It can be considered
as if rectifier flips the negative voltage to the positive side.

Q. With respect to circuit breakers:- (a). Compare the effectiveness of a current limiting circuit breaker
with that of a HRC fuse (6 Mark) July 2019
 A current limiting circuit breaker exhibits a current limiting characteristic. It can reduce the peak apparent fault
current to a lesser value and isolate the fault in less than a half cycle time. They can not interrupt currents higher
than their nameplate short circuit rating
 Current-limiting circuit breakers, provide short-circuit protection without the need for current-limiting fuses.
 The breaker must be subjected to short-circuit testing at three levels: the threshold current, the intermediate point
and the maximum interrupting rating.
 it can be more expensive to install, repair and replace.
 When breaker tripped it can be reset.
 It is most suitable for power circuit .
High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) Fuse.
 It can carry short circuit heavy current for a known time period. During this time if the fault gets removed, then it
does not blow off. Otherwise, it blows off or melts.
 It is a part of the circuit which consists of a conductor which melts easily and breaks the connection when current
exceeds the predetermined value.
 The fuse is the weakest part of an electrical circuit which breaks when more than predetermined current flows
through it.
 It is less expensive to install, repair and replace.
 It is most suitable for electronic equipment, /PLC/ PCB etc .
 When fuses are blown, they need to be replaced
 The materials used for fuse wires are mainly tin, lead, zinc, silver, antimony, copper, aluminum etc
Q – With reference to three phase induction motors; • Explain the phenomenon of Crawling and Cogging.
(6 marks) July 2019
Crawling- Sometimes, squirrel cage induction motors shows a tendency to run at very slow speeds(as low as 1/7
of their synchronous speed). This phenomenon is called as crawling of an induction motor. This action is due to
the fact that, flux wave produced by the stator winding is not purely sine wave. But, it is a complex wave
consisting a fundamental wave & odd harmonics like 3rd, 5th, 7th etc. In this case, motor will not accelerate up to
its normal speed, but it will run at a speed which is nearly 1/7th of its normal speed. This phenomenon is known
as crawling in induction motors.
Cogging- The phenomenon of Magnetic Locking between the stator & the rotor teeth is called as Cogging or
Teeth Locking. Even after applying full voltage to the stator winding, the rotor of a three phase induction motor
fails to start/ rotate. This condition occurs when the numbers of stator & rotor slots are either equal or have an
integral ratio. The number of the stator slots equal to or an integral multiple of the rotor slots, strong alignment
forces is generated between the stator & the rotor. As a result of these forces an alignment torque greater than the
accelerating torque with consequent failure of the motor to start. Thus, a locking is created between the stator &
rotor teeth. This condition is called as Cogging or Magnetic locking.

Q – With reference to MARPOL Annex IV:

(a). Draw a biological sewage treatment plant and explain the principle of operation. (8 marks) Jan20, July
19,
(b). Periodical maintenance and checks tests required to be done to verify the effectiveness of the above
system. (8 marks) Jan20, July 19
(a) Biological Sewage Treatment Plant Raw sewage is passed to an aeration chamber and air is supplied through
diffusers. This helps the action of aerobic bacteria which break down the sewage into carbon dioxide, water &
inorganic waste. Figure below shows a biological sewage treatment plant.

Sewage then passes into the settling chamber. Any solids that settle out are returned via an air lift to the aeration
chamber which assures that they are fully broken down. The sample applies to any surface scum. A small vane
type air compressor supplies the air for the air diffusers & air lift.
The clear liquid then passes through the chlorinator where the liquid is disinfected, into the chlorination chamber.
The chamber has float switches, which control the discharge pump, & a high level alarm.
Maintenance and checks
Although the sewage treatment plant runs automatically, without regular maintenance the unit will not function
properly & anaerobic bacteria may help in the formation of hydrogen sulphide & methane, both of which are
hazardous.
The chambers required to be cleaned out occasionally to remove any accumulated matter. The aeration diffusers
should be checked to assure they are clear & that air is bubbling from them. The air lift returns should also be
checked to make sure they function correctly. These generally have a clear plastic pipe so that the sludge can be
seen returning to the aeration chamber.
 The internal tank coating should be checked for any signs of cracking or blistering. When cleaning out a sewage
unit rubber gloves & a mask should be worn. After overhaul the external surfaces of the unit & surroundings are
to be washed down with disinfectant. Hands should also be thoroughly scrubbed & overalls washed.
Q – With Reference to entry into enclosed spaces onboard:
i) Define “Enclosed Space” and give examples of enclosed spaces onboard. (4Marks) Jan 20
ii) Describe hazards relating to entry into Enclosed spaces on board (4 Marks)
iii) Explain safety precaution taken prior to entry into enclosed spaces on board vessel. (8Marks) Jan 20
Answer: – i) An Enclosed Space is defined as any space of an enclosed nature
Where there is a risk of death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions such as lack of
oxygen, toxic gas or other vapour, Limited openings for entry and exit, Unfavourable natural ventilation.
Examples:- Ballast tanks, Fuel oil tanks, Pump rooms, Cargo holds, double bottoms, lube oil tanks, Void spaces,
Engine crankcases, BOW Thruster spaces, Battery lockers, Boilers, Cargo tanks, Double hull spaces, Sewage
Tanks, Cofferdams, Inter barrier spaces, CO2 rooms, Paint lockers, Fresh water tanks, Spaces affected by
chemical spill, Pressure vessels, Gas bottle storage lockers, spaces affected by fire, compressor rooms, duct keels,
chain lockers, hollow spaces.
Enclosed space, as defined by IMO Resolution A.1050(27), means a space which
has any of the following characteristics:
 Limited openings for entry and exit;
 Inadequate ventilation; and
 Is not designed for continuous worker occupancy
ii) Describe hazards relating to entry into Enclosed spaces on board. (4 Marks)
Hazards relating to entry into enclosed spaces – There are 4 main hazards:
a) Hazardous atmosphere – There are 7 types of hazardous atmospheres:
 oxygen depleted
 oxygen enriched { by certain chemical reactions, leaking oxygen by hoses and torches( pipe in ship yard)}
 presence of toxic gases or liquids
 flammable atmosphere
 temperature extremes
 presence of dust
 absence of free flow of air
b) Physical or configuration hazard – Examples of configuration hazards include:
 slicks, wet surfaces and ladders
 very narrow openings that inhibit emergency evacuation
 risk of fall from unguarded heights
 complex arrangement of structure making illumination difficult
 surface configuration such that cleaning ahead of entry is difficult
 objects falling from deck head openings
 the pipelines and ventilation trunking running into and through the space,
 absence of railings and the presence of openings in floors. Many of this present trip and fall hazards.
 Strengthening frame work and box structures within the space may create areas where air exchange does not
occur effectively when ventilated or sitting water has not been completely pumped out.
c) Changing and hazardous conditions –
 Changing conditions within an enclosed space such as water ingress, oxygen-depleting work (burning, welding),
ventilation failure and vapour from paint or cleaning materials must be monitored.
 Sometimes working within an enclosed space can coincide with other activities being carried out elsewhere
onboard. Potentially hazardous changes to conditions within the enclosed space caused by external factors are
also crucial but less easily managed. These may be caused by the inadvertent actions of other ship or shore staff,
work in adjacent or connected spaces, cargo work, pumping ballast or fuel transfer and hot work, as well as
communications of work being carried out in the enclosed space, for example, when there are shift or watch
changes.
d) Engulfment hazard –
 Engulfment is when the person entering is drowned, suffocated, or trapped by falling material. Loose, granular
material stored in holds or tanks, such as grain, can overcome & suffocate a person.
iii) Explain safety precaution taken prior to entry into enclosed spaces on board vessel. (8Marks)
a) TOOL BOX TALK
 All parties to discuss the job to be done in the space.
 What are the hazards of the space and how can they be controlled.
 What are the hazards of the job and how can they be controlled.
b) Risk Assessment
 Document the hazards and necessary safety measures.
 Empty the space if necessary and take steps to prevent the space filling up.
 Lock out valves and pumps.
 Place notices forbidding their operation.
 Secure the space adjacent to other tanks, holds, or pipelines which if not secure could present a danger.
c) Ventilate
 The space to be thoroughly ventilated naturally or mechanically.
 Guard any openings against accidental and unauthorized entry.
 Test the atmosphere in the space for oxygen content and the presence of flammable and toxic gases or vapour.
 Do not enter until the atmosphere has been determined to be safe.
d) Permit to Work:–
Complete an enclosed space entry permits to work, confirming that
 The hazards of the job and of the space have been dealt with,
 The atmosphere in the space is safe and ventilated,
 The space is adequately illuminated,
 An attendant at the entrance has been appointed,
 Communications have been established between bridge and entry point, and, entry point and entry party.
 Emergency rescue equipment is available at the entrance and there are sufficient personnel on board to form a
rescue party.
 All personnel involved are aware of the task and the hazards and are competent in their role.
Q – Describe the checks done for the atmosphere inside enclosed spaces. (4 marks) April 2019.
Ans- In confined spaces there are a number of atmospheres that are hazardous :-
Oxygen- Assure that proper oxygen levels are present.
Combustible gases- Assure that combustible gases are not present.
Toxic Gases- Assure that toxic gases are below the OSHA permissible exposure limit. Common toxic gases in a
confined space could be hydrogen sulfide (H2S) & carbon monoxide (CO), but other toxic compounds could be
present. RAE Systems offers monitors to assess all these gases either individually or simultaneously.
In a confined space, it is important to take samples at the top, middle, & bottom to locate varying concentrations
of gases & vapors. Highly concentrated gases can collected at the top or bottom of a confined space depending on
whether they are less or more dense than air. Dilute gases & vapors in the ppm range distribute evenly throughout
a confined space. It is important to sample at a distance from the opening because air supply near the entrance can
give a false sense of adequate oxygen presence. As the remote air monitoring is completed & the area is safe.
MEO CLASS IV FUNCTION-5 (EECEOL) ORAL
QUESTIONS PART-2

Q. Why is a Megger used for insulation test and not a multi meter?
Ans– With a megger,a voltage of not less than 500 volts DC is used for testing the insulation resistance of
windings. With a multi-meter, the voltage used is not more than 3-volts DC. Megger uses high impedance testing
and is therefore more accurate than a multimeter
Q. How do you test reverse power trip?
Ans– When two generators are running in parallel & one generator can carry the load, reverse power trip can be
tested by load shifting using governor control. When the load has shifted sufficiently & the off loaded generator is
carrying a small percentage of load, its breaker trips & fuel supply to its prime mover cuts off. This means that the
reverse power relay has operated. The relay can be tested by the simulation (using the test push button on the
relay) to see if it initiates a trip signal. Simulation & actual both can be used to test. In actual change controls to
manual. Reduce load one one gen & increase on other.
Reverse power will trip at – 10% of the rated power .
Q. Why do we close the switch at 11 o’clock and not at 12 o’ clock?
Ans– When the synchroscope is approaching 12 o‟clock the “slip” (differential) between the sine waves is
approaching minimum (slip is zero when the synch‟scope is at 12 o‟clock) and the voltage differential between
phases is minimal (it‟s 0 when the synch‟scope is at 12 o‟clock). Due to the time taken to close the
synchronoscope switch, it is normally done at 11 o‟clock. Due to the small delay to close, by doing at the 11
o‟clock, we are achieving closing close to 12 o‟clock.
Q. How is the speed of a DC motor varied?
Ans– To vary the speed of a DC motor we need a constant voltage power supply with a series POT resistor of
higher watt rating. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) can be used.
Q. What does three-phase current mean?
Ans– Three current sinusoidal waveforms equal in magnitude but with a
phase shift of 120 degrees.

Q. After a black out the emergency generator comes on; On restoring the main supply we are closing the
circuit breaker of the main generator without bothering about synchronizing. How is this possible?
Ans– There is a power link connection breaker between the main generator and the emergency generator. During
black out, this breaker trips. The emergency generator starts & its breaker closes & feeds only the emergency
loads. During the restoration, the main generator is started again & its breaker is closed. As the link breaker is still
open, there is no paralleling between main & emergency generator.

Q. How is the speed of a 3-phase induction motor varied?

Ans– The speed of the normal 3-phase induction motor is a function of frequency of the supply voltage. Changing
the speed of such a motor hence need building a three-phase power frequency convertor. This can be realised by
using power MOSFETs (or IGBTs) capable of handling high voltages & fast switching speeds.
 Q. What safety precautions need to be taken during maintenance on batteries?
Ans– The room required to be ventilated to prevent explosions due to gases generated by the battery. Protective
clothing, gloves & eye protection should be used to prevent acid splash over. No flames or ignition sources should
be brought near the batteries. Never short both positive & negative terminals as this will cause short circuit &
high energy flashover. When disconnecting the batteries, always disconnect negative terminals first & vice versa
when reconnecting.
Q. Explain the condition for the Paralleling of Alternators?
Ans– The following conditions must be fulfilled for the proper synchronizing of alternators.
 The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be approximately equal to the bus-bar voltage.
 The frequency of the incoming machine must be equal to that of the bus-bar.
 In the case of three-phase alternators an additional requirement is that phase sequence of the incoming machine
voltages must be the same as that of the bus-bars.
Q. If you get an earth fault alarm what will you do?
Ans– The fault can be investigated by first identifying areas of ship that have a high chance of earth fault
(example deck lighting or pantry equipment) & then switching off their supplies one at a time to see if the alarm is
gone. When a particular load clears the alarm, we know that that circuit is having earth fault & we can go
& repair it.
Q. How does current flow during welding?
Ans– The current flows through the electrode & to the clamp. That‟s how it flows in MIG, stick, flux cored. On
Tig, the electricity flows through the electrode also except that now that‟s the only function of it, the rod is held in
your hand & electrode in the other.
Q. What is an AVO meter?
Ans– The Avometer was a British brand of the multimeter, latterly owned by the Megger. It is often called simply
an AVO & derives its name from the first letter of the words amperes, volts, ohms
Q. What limits the electrical load?
Ans– The available power is fixed & the voltage is fixed, so the setting of the breaker or fuse is the normal
current of the load. If the load exceeds the rated current, then the breaker or fuse will operate & limit the load.
Q. What is the meaning of saying I & V are in phase?
Ans– The angle between the I & V waveforms is zero which means the load is purely resistive.
Q. Where is it used?
Ans– Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is required.
Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers. Electrical power plants almost always use synchronous
generators because it is important to keep the frequency constant at which the generator is connected. Low power
applications include positioning machines, where high precision is needed, & robot actuators.
Q. What are the differences between synchronous & induction motor?
Ans– Synchronous motor : Constant speed on all loads, can be operated on a wide range of power factors, not
self starting, requires dc excitation.
Induction Motor : Speed varies with the load, operates on lagging power factor, self starting, no dc excitation
required.
Q. What are the safety precautions when working on electrical equipments?
Ans– Switch off power, wear proper protective clothing, safety shoes,
Notice board : Do not switch on – Men at work, stand on the rubber mat, remove metal rings, watch bracelets, use
proper insulated tools, check power supply with the voltmeter & double check the voltmeter with known power
supply, keep one person stand-by with proper safety gears, inform authority & get proper work permit. In case of
the electrical shock, give proper first aid, check heart beat and pulse.
Q. Why is special lighting used in battery rooms?
Ans– Spark proof lighting is used as explosive gases may be produced during battery charging & so there should
be no sparks in the room.
Q. Where is a slip ring used and where is a commutator used?
Ans– Slip rings are commonly found in the slip ring motors, electrical generators for alternating current systems
& alternators. They can be used on any rotating object to transfer the power. A commutator is a common feature
of the direct current rotating machines. By reversing the current direction in the moving coil of the motor‟s
armature, a steady rotating force (torque) is generated.
Q. When does Reverse power flow?
Ans– Situation of a generator is feeding a system through switchgear having several generators connected in the
parallel with this generator. The flow of the current, when the system is running normally, is from the generators
to the switchgear. If one generator experiences problems & its terminal voltage falls below the system voltage, the
generator will act as the motor, just as a motor can act as a generator, & current will flow from the switchgear to
the generator. This is the reverse power. The effects can range from minor to extreme in the event of the complete
mechanical failure of the generator which fails.
Q. What protection is provided against this?
Ans– Single phasing can be identified by the special protective relays which can identify & isolate the connected
loads. Smaller motors rely on overcurrent & negative phase sequence relays. Motor protection relays for larger
motors come readily fitted with the protection against single phasing
Q. What is special about Steering gear Overload safety?
Ans– Short Circuit protection & were appropriate-single phase protection is installed. In addition instead of over
current protection an Overload alarm is fitted set to operate at not less than twice normal running current.
Q. What is rms value?
Ans– Root mean square value is the peak value divided by square root of 2
Q. How is the protection against reverse power given?
Ans– Reverse power protection is used for the anti-motoring. This function is used for protection of the prime
mover not generator. It can cut-off the fuel supply & stop the prime mover.
Q. Where does reactive power go?
Ans– Reactive power is not lost. It is delivered to the motor where it sustains the electric field that enables the
motor to convert the real power (electrical) into the mechanical torque.
Q. What is the meaning of preferential trip? Why is it provided?
Ans– Preferential trip is a kind of the electrical arrangement on ship which is designed to disconnect the non-
essential circuit i.e. non-essential load from the main bus bar in case of the partial failure or overload of the main
supply. It lets the critical loads run (like steering gear) & trips the non essential loads (like AC and galley) & is a
safety feature
MEO CLASS IV FUNCTION-5 (EECEOL) ORAL
QUESTIONS PART-3

Q. What is the meaning of power factor?

Ans– Power factor is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current waveform.
Q. How can it be improved?
Ans– Power factor improvement capacitor banks are used if the loads are mainly resistive.
Q. What is the benefit of improving power factor?
Ans– Power factor close to 1 means for the same real power in kW, the load current is less and hence the I2R
losses are less. The system efficiency is higher as the losses are lower. Improved voltage regulation is achieved.
Q. For a given line voltage, four heating coils will produce maximum heat when connected in
Ans– Parallel
Q. If a motor is wound star and you want to change to delta what should you do?
Ans– Open the terminal connection box. Remove the shorting link connecting the common connection (star)
point of A2, B2 and C2. With the 3 phase windings marked A1A2, B1B2, C1C2, connect A2 to B1, B2 to C1 and
C2 to A1.
Q. What is the voltage used for ignition in boilers/incinerators etc.?
Ans– Normally 10,000V (10kV) – incinerator and around 19k in boilers
Q. What can be possible reasons for a motor failing to start?
Ans– No power , Fuse blown , Overload trip, contactor coil burnt , Contactors contacts bad, control circuit relay
faulty, stop switch open circuit and start switch does not operate, hold on contac does not make and motor burnt.
Q. Explain what happens if a DC motor is fed with AC supply?
Ans– Motor will run at low speed, sparking at brushes, heat due to eddy current will finally burn the motor.
Q. Why is 440 V used for motors and 110/220 V used for lighting?
Ans– Motor load currents are large. Motors are 3-phase loads. A higher 440V voltage means lesser current for the
same power and hence losses and size of cable wires is lower. Lighting is single phase loads and its load currents
are small, hence lower voltage means less insulation in the cable wires.
Q. How to test emergency generator widout switching off main supply
Ans– Many methods
1. Simulation switch
2. Tie breaker on esb to be switched off
3. Tie breaker on msb switched off.
Any one can be used
Q. Is the alternator connected star or delta
Ans– Normally star.
Q. Compare between lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries?
Ans- Lead acid : Dilute H2SO4, spongy and PbSO2, low efficiency, 2 volt per cell, less strong, requires more
maintenance, less efficient wrt temperature, discharges fast, low cost, problem of sulfation.
NiCd : KOH, Ni & Cd, high efficiency, 1.2V per cell, robust, less maintenance, more efficient wrt temp
difference, retains charge for longer periods, expensive, no sulfation.
Q. Why are motor ratings given in KW and that of alternator and transformer given in KVA?
Ans– kW is the output mechanical power of a motor and is expressed in kW.
kVA is the net (apparent) power input to the transformer. This input
power is the output + losses.
kW = kVA x system power factor
Q. What is a self-monitoring alarm circuit?
Ans– It self monitors the health of the alarm circuit. That is, it senses whether the power supply to the alarm
circuit is healthy and all the relays and contacts are functioning normally. Check with E/O for more details.
Q. What is Under-voltage protection?
Ans– It prevents closure of the breaker by mistake, or the generator that is coming on load during parallel
operation. It also provides protection against loss of voltage while machinery is connected to the switchboard.
Q. How does the emergency generator start automatically?
Ans– It is activated by a under voltage relay. When there is blackout, the under voltage relay senses loss of
voltage and starts up the emergency generator. Similarly when the power is restored, the relay stops the
emergency generator
Q. What is the purpose of the earth fault indication on the switch board?
Ans– It detects and indicates phase to earth fault on a circuit.
Q. There is something done to bearing pedestal of an alternator, what is it?
Ans– Insulation pads made from nylon are fitted under each pedestal bearing and the bearing holding down bolts
are similarly insulated. Magnetic interpoles producing the opposite ampere turns fitted which minimizes effect of
the stray magnetic fields causing reduced emf in the shaft.
Q. What is a diode?
Ans– In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric transfer characteristic, with
low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A
semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a pn
junction connected to two electrical terminals
Q. Sometimes, when you change the running direction of a E/R blower (from supply to exhaust) it trips.
Why?
Ans– If the flaps of the blower are not set or opened properly or the filters are clogged, the air supply is affected
and the blower may beoverloaded causing it to trip.
Q. If all your air bottles are at low pressure and there is a blackout how do you start the generators?
Ans– If main air bottles are empty, the emergency air bottle can be used to start the main generator. If even the
emergency air bottle is empty, then it can be filled by running the emergency air compressor (powered by the
emergency generator). Once the emergency air bottle is filled, this air can be used to start the main generator.
Q. What is the function of a fuse?
Ans– Fuse places a limit on the amount of the current that can be drawn by an electric circuit by opening
(blowing or melting) when the current exceeds a preset limit. This protects the circuit & the surroundings from
fire or damage in the case of an overload or short circuit.
MEO CLASS IV FUNCTION-5 (EECEOL) ORAL
QUESTIONS PART-4

Q. What is the regular maintenance done on batteries?

Ans– Every week the cell voltage is checked. The specific gravity is monitored using the battery hydrometer. The
terminals are lubricated to prevent corrosion. Sometimes load tests are done on the batteries.
Q. Purpose of AVR
Ans– During KVAr loading, voltages of alternators falls which can be gained by AVR, which increases the
excitation until voltage is back to normal .
Q. How does this cause a rotation to change?
Ans– Due to the change in phase sequence, the rotating magnetic field changes direction and the rotor rotates in
the opposite direction.
Q. How is protection provided for OL and SC?
Ans– Damage from the short circuits & overloads can be reduced or prevented by using fuses, circuit breakers, or
other overload protection, which disconnect the power in reaction to excessive current. The tripping time is much
less (in milli seconds) for the short circuit due to very high currents but can higher (a few seconds) due to the
currents say 1.1 to 1.5 times the normal current.
Q. What is a current transformer and voltage transformer?
Ans– Current transformers used for sensing load currents and as inputs to indicating instruments. Voltage
transformers used for step-up / step-down voltages.
Q. What is a relay? How is it different from a magnetic contactor?
Ans– Contactor is a heavy duty switch whereas the relay is a light duty switch. Relays can be as simple as 12 V
DC solenoids with 12 V, 0.5 A rated contacts. They are employed to detect faults on the power system & signal a
local or remote switching device (breaker) to trip the circuit.
Q. What is colour code of resistors , Please explain ?
Ans– Colours to denote value. In four band colour coding, the first band indicates the first digit, the second band :
the second digit and the third band : the number of zeroes.
The values are as given below:
Black : 0, Brown : 1, Red : 2, Orange : 3, Yellow : 4, Blue : 5, Green : 6, Violet : 7, Grey : 8, White : 9.
Q. What are the safeties on MSB?
Ans– Circuit breakers, fuses and over current relays are used. The panels are dead front panel, that is, we cannot
open the panel for maintenance until we switch off the power to the panel by circuit breaker.
Q. What is capacitance?
Ans– Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Any body or structure that is capable of
being charged, either with static electricity or by an electric current exhibits capacitance. C = Q/V where Q is the
charge and V is the voltage
Q. Even though the main engine runs at varying speeds, how does the alternator maintain constant
frequency?
Ans– By use of thyristor controlled frequency (rpm) converters.
Q. How is this voltage achieved?
Ans– By connecting 12 cells in series. 12 x 2 V = 24 V is total battery bank voltage.
Q. How is the direction of rotation varied?
Ans– By changing the phase sequence (from say R-Y-B to R-B-Y)
Q. What is the harm if reverse power flows?
Ans– Assume that the generator normally produces an amount of power equal to P, and that when operating as a
motor, it will absorb a similar amount, P. Therefore, the net effect on the grid will be the same as if it experienced
a step increase in the load equal to the 2P. Depending on the size of the grid & the strength of the remaining
generation, a step increase of 2P could result in a significant frequency change on grid. There could be prime
mover damage in some instances (especially steam turbines).
Q. If you press the ACB Close button on an idle generator what will happen?
Ans– Generally, the breaker won‟t close till you synchronise, so even if you press the breaker close, it will not
close. The breaker has under-voltage protection which will not let you close it.
Q. Apart from renewing bearings is there any reason for opening up motors for the maintenance?
Ans– Insulation checks & renewal (example using insulation spray on stator winding insulation)
Q. What is the meaning of the overload?
Ans– An overload is a current over & above the normal load current (over the load). In other words greater than
the original design current. This can be a momentary overload such as the starting current for a motor which is
normally ignored or it can be a sustained overload such as plugging in too many appliances at once or a motor that
has faulty bearings or gets jammed
Q. What is an induction motor?
Ans– An induction motor is an alternating current motor in which the primary winding on one member (generally
the stator) is connected to the power source & a secondary winding or a squirrel-cage secondary winding on the
other member (generally the rotor) carries the induced current.
Q. What is the meaning of excitation in an alternator?
Ans– An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor rotating in the magnetic field. The magnetic field
may be produced by the permanent magnets or by field coils. In the case of a machine with the field coils, a
current must flow in the coils to generate the field, otherwise no power is transferred to or from the rotor. The
process of producing a magnetic field by means of an electric current is called excitation.
Q. Permanent magnets are generally made of
Ans– Alnico alloys
Q. What is the full form of ACB?
Ans– Air circuit breaker. It is generally used at 400V and higher current applications (generator breakers).
Q. What is the meaning of ACB, MCCB, NFB?
Ans– Air circuit breaker for 400V higher current ratings.
Moulded case circuit breaker for 400V medium current ratings.
No Fuse Breaker – 75 A capacity
Q. What is a synchronous condenser?
Ans– A synchronous condenser is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not connected to
anything but spins freely. Its purpose is not to convert electric power to mechanical power or vice versa, but to
adjust conditions on the electric power transmission grid. Its field is controlled by a voltage regulator to either
generate or absorb reactive power as needed to adjust the grid‟s voltage, or to improve power factor.
Q. What is meaning of short circuit?
Ans– A short circuit occurs when conductors are connected (shorted) together by a fault. This is normally phase
to phase fault due t failure of insulation by something cutting the wires, fires, etc.
Q. How is the direction varied?
Ans– A general purpose DC motor can be reversed by changing the polarity of either the armature or the field but
not both.

Q. What is a magnetic contactor? Where is it used?

Ans– A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit, similar to a relay except
with higher current ratings. Contactors are used to control electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, and
other electrical loads.
Q. What does different position of the synchroscope needle mean; what is the difference between 6 o clock
and 12 clock?
Ans– 6 o‟clock means that out of synchronisation. We cannot parallel the incoming generator. 12 o‟clock means
the perfect synchronised condition (voltage, frequency and phase sequence match).
Q. What is the voltage used in a meggar?
Ans– 500V DC.
Q. What is the full battery voltage ?
Ans– 24 V DC.
Q. What is the voltage available from each cell in a lead acid battery?
Ans– 2 V DC.
Q. What is the specific gravity of electrolyte used in lead acid battery?
Ans– 1280 at full charge and 1180 at discharge
Q. Out at sea, if there is a black out during your watch, what action will you take?
Ans– Refer company manual for detailed procedure
Q. Why generally we use induction motor on board, not synchronus motor?
Ans– Easy to make. Serves our purpose on board. Easy to operate. Singly excited ac supply is more than
sufficient to start and rotate the motor. Induction motors are Used where speed control is not a priority at all but
continous running, easy start motors are needed.
Q. What is the usual value you see onboard?
Ans– 0.8
 Marine alternator oral questions and answers |ETO|
Marine Electrical
1. What will happen if we overexcite the alternator? ORIf we overexcite what will happen to the power factor?
2. What is the effect in PF of the bus bar when overexcitation?
3. Two generators are running parallel with different KW (200,800kw) with unequal kW sharing what is your
action?.
4. What causes the generator under a voltage problem?
5. How to check the air gap and purpose of the air gap?
6. What is the result of an uneven air gap between rotor and stator of the generator?
7. Why there are two tie breakers in the circuit diagram of emergency gen auto start?
8. What is the role of a Voltage sensing relay in a generator panel?
9. Why alternator is connected in star?
10. What will happen if the generator voltage is not the same while paralleling?
11. What will happen if air gap reduces?
12. Why is Reverse Power Relay required?
13. When does reverse power flow?
14. What is sequential starting?
15. What are the reason for the loss of residual magnetism in the generator?
16. What happens if we increase the excitation of one alternator, when two alternators are in parallel condition?
17. Can we use a 50Hz supply for a 60Hz system and if we use it then what are the effects on Voltage, torque and
speed and current on the machinery?
18. What is the importance of power factor in paralleling two generators?
19. IF we increase the excitation of one generator, Will the impedance of both generators be equal or different?
20. Is there any time delay for under-voltage, over-voltage, under frequency and over frequency?
21. In which all condition reverse power can happen?
22. What is magnetic resistance?
23. Can we parallel emergency generator and main generator?
24. Consequences of difference in power factor during the parallel running of generators.
25. What are the function of reactor coils and capacitors in static excitation?
26. What is the form factor?
27. What is the reason to fail auto Start of Emergency Generator?
28. There is blackout for 10 hours; how you will prepare the ship (for cleaning) for maintenance of MSB?
29. Why we don't parallel with the unknown generating station?
30. If two generators are running in parallel and kW is showing same but current is lower than the other what may be
the problem and how to rectify?
31. Why generator rpm slightly drops instantaneously when a heavy load cuts in?
32. What will happen if the load is not reduced after the preferential trip?
33. Why we use a short time delay in ACB?
34. Why synchroscope pointer moves clockwise when incoming generator speed higher and vice versa?
35. Generator output voltage is ok at 50 % load but when you increase beyond 50 % then the voltage drops, what was
the reason?
36. Two generators running one generator lube oil attached pump stuck what will happen? Which alarm come first?
Directly trip or before any alarm came and what happened in other generator
37. Why are generator and motor bearings insulated?
38. How did the surge resistor protect the diodes in the brushless generator?
39. What will happen if any of the diodes get open in running condition?
40. What will happen if Diode gets short in running condition?
41. Generator started but no voltage producing
42. How to restore residual magnetism?
43. What will happen if the generator is immersed in seawater?
44. After starting generator, it is producing less voltage than rated Voltage
45. After starting generator, it produces more voltage than rated Voltage
46. The generator started but the breaker is not closing (or)Individual generator is not coming on load.
47. Generator started but not paralleling
48. During parallel the operation, one generator is showing less voltage, what the reason is and what action Will you
take?
49. Difference between shunt coil and trip coil?
50. Governor motor control for auxiliary Engine
What will happen if we overexcite the alternator? ORIf we overexcite what will happen to the power
factor?
If the generator overexcited so and it will supply a lagging current to the system. Because the lagging current will
produce the flux that will act against the rotor flux to reduce the action.
In Case of overexcitation, we increase the voltage and correspondingly current will increase and rest as same as
above.
What is the effect in PF of the bus bar when overexcitation?
Power factor will be lagging because the current increases when excitation increases and loss increases when the
current increases. Therefore power factor will be lagging on the bus bar.
Two generators are running parallel with different KW (200,800kw) with unequal kW sharing what is your
action?.
The generators provide power in accordance with its rating. The 200kW generator and the 800kW generator
(200+800=1000kW and 1000kW / 2 = 500kW) in parallel serving a 500kW load, the serve load is one half of the
total source rating. The 200kW generator will be giving 100kW and the 800kW generator will give 400kW.
If kW different we have to adjust the governor droop settings.
What causes the generator under a voltage problem?
Cause 1: Prime speed is low as compared to the rated speed.
Action: Have to adjust the speed of the generator according to the specified rated speed.
Cause 2: Open diode
Action: Change the whole bank of rotating diodes
Cause 3: Ground fault or short-circuiting error especially at the field winding or stator winding.
Action: perform the megger test
Cause 4: Loose connections on the control circuit
Action: Check the connections as per the manufacturer guide.
How to check the air gap and purpose of the air gap?
To prevent the mechanical contact between rotor and stator; required mechanical balance.
To determine the bearing condition.
Measured with the help of plastic feeler gauge and follow the manufacturer procedures.
Generally, the air gap should be 1.5 to 2 mm or follow the manufacturer guidelines.
What is the result of an uneven air gap between rotor and stator of the generator?
Due to uneven air gap- Flux linkage will get distorted.
The generator output voltage will not be pure sine wave due to stator linkage flux will not be a pure sine wave.
Unbalance magnetically will be there.
Due to uneven air gap magnetic pull experienced by the rotor.
Why there are two tie breakers in the circuit diagram of emergency gen auto start?
 One tie-breaker is in the MSB Where we can manually isolate the ESB if we want to do any maintenance or repair
work.
 And the other one is interlocked with the main breaker of EM. Gen
 The tie-breaker is an ESB it will not allow the power from ESB to MSB
 It will give the power from only one direction from MSB to ESB
 It will not allow the power from ESB to MSB
 If the main and emergency generator is running this breaker will not switch on
 If it is in MSB it divides MSB into two parts for maintenance purpose or any fire hazard purpose.
What is the role of a Voltage sensing relay in a generator panel?
Voltage sensing relays identify overvoltage, under-voltage, or both. They can only detect an abnormal condition
on the line side of where the relay is connected. This allows the device to provide pre-start protection.
 Why alternator is connected in star?
#Lesser Stress on Insulation and Copper Saving:
Voltage per phase is less for a given line voltage (Vph= VL / root 3) which reduces insulation requirement and this
also reduces the number of turns hence copper is also saved.
#Easy Protection/ Neutral:
Neutral grounding is necessary to allow zero-sequence currents to flow to the ground in case of a fault.
#Elimination of harmonics:
Star connection facilitates a neutral connection which is instrumental in eliminating triple harmonics.
#No Circulating Currents:
In star, connection don‟t have circulating currents like in delta which leads to heating losses.
What will happen if the generator voltage is not the same while paralleling?
If the voltage is not the same then large circulating current will develop between machines will produce large
magnetic force to pull the generator's voltage into synchronism. So, it will cause rapid acceleration of one
machine and retardation of another. Large force may damage the prime mover large circulating current will trip
the overcurrent relay of the generator. Resulting in a blackout.
What will happen if air gap reduces?
 Air gap reduced means pedestal bearing is damaged.
 For alternator, the rotor will touch the stator and damage it.
 Alternator characteristics and efficiency will be reduced drastically.
 Motor same thing bearing is damage or shaft is bend. The consequence will be the same.
Why is Reverse Power Relay required?
 Prevent the motor effect
 Prevent the mechanical failure of the prime mover.
 Prevent total power failure.
When does reverse power flow?
 Faulty Governor of the prime mover.
 Loss of excitation in the alternator.
 Faulty synchroscope.
What is sequential starting?
Automatic starting of essential necessary equipment when power restored after a blackout.
What are the reason for the loss of residual magnetism in the generator?
If the alternator is not started from so long, improper maintenance and Moisture in air.
What happens if we increase the excitation of one alternator, when two alternators are in parallel
condition?
KVAR load varies but KW load remains the same.
In balanced generator Circulating current flows in the increased excitation one. So that generator will share only
KVAR load.
Power factor will reduce, heat will increase and the current drawing will be more.
Can we use a 50Hz supply for a 60Hz system and if we use it then what are the effects on Voltage, torque
and speed and current on the machinery?
Vice versa 60Hz on 50Hz rated machine
If the frequency is reducing then the corresponding voltage should also reduce to make sure voltage by frequency
ratio should be same. Speed depends upon frequency and torque depends upon voltage. And for smooth operation
speed and torque characteristics should follow the linear curve. For taking shore supply always make sure voltage
by frequency ration should be same.
For 50 Hz voltage should be 380.
So if we have 50Hz, 380Volts on a 440v, 60Hz supply.
What are the effects on the Motor?
V/f ratio should be the same. The motor will run without any problems if it is designed for that frequency but
efficiency of the equipment will be less
 Starting torque will increase with a low V/f ratio
But maximum torque is constant.
What is the importance of power factor in paralleling two generators?
If the power factor is not same then losses of both the alternator are not the same then there is a possibility that
actual power or current will also not be the same. So for perfect paralleling power factor should be same. Then
only both the alternator will share equal kW and will have equal current.
IF we increase the excitation of one generator, Will the impedance of both generators be equal or different?
Their impedances will be different as they have different power factor.
Is there any time delay for under-voltage, over-voltage, under frequency and over frequency?
Usually Under Voltage and over-voltage 2 sec.
In which all condition reverse power can happen?
 Mechanical failure
 Improper synchronising
 ACB not opening after the load shifted.
What is magnetic resistance?
Reluctance which opposes the flow of the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit Reluctance = MMF/FLUX.
Can we parallel emergency generator and main generator?
Emergency generator normally cannot be parallel with main generator until and unless it is designed to be run in
parallel with main generator.
There are 2 modes one is propulsion mode and another one is a harbour mode.
In propulsion mode, it works as a normal emergency generator, whereas in harbour mode it can be used as a
normal generator.
Practically emergency generator is required to run parallel with main generators in the ships with shaft generator
and CPP propulsion and high load even in case of propulsion is not used. That is in container ships with high
reefer capacity, reefer ships etc. As the size of the main generators is small they may not be able to supply power
to entire load in case of one generator failure, especially in ports where we are not using shaft generator. So
arrangements are made such that an emergency generator can be used in parallel with the main generator.
Consequences of difference in power factor during the parallel running of generators.
Reduces the efficiency of a generator with less power factor, I square R losses increases in the generator with less
power factor.
What are the function of reactor coils and capacitors in static excitation?
Reactor coil maintains the rated voltage and. Capacitor release store energy to induce the primary side in case
voltage drops. Voltage drop that time inductance allows to increase voltage.
What is the form factor?
The ratio of RMS value by average value is called the form factor.
What is the reason to fail auto Start of Emergency Generator?
 Switch in manual mode
 Fuel valve is closed
 The battery is fully discharged
 Fuel is empty in the tank
 Auto circuit problem.
There is blackout for 10 hours; how you will prepare the ship (for cleaning) for maintenance of MSB?
 Carry out a risk assessment and follow the company procedures
 Inform to dry dock ship repair manager (SRM)
 Inform chief cook to prepare the food.
 General-purpose battery should be fully charged.
 Will make sure that emergency lights are working.
 Make an arrangement to switch off the unwanted load in dry dock.
 Portable torches should be fully charged and ready for use.
 Make sure shore connection is disconnected and lockout
 Make sure MSB is death condition and Earthing has to be done prior to work.
 Why we don't parallel with the unknown generating station?
Because the characteristics of the prime mover of unknown source generating station is not known (drooping
characteristic).

If two generators are running in parallel and kW is showing same but current is lower than the other what
may be the problem and how to rectify?
AVR setting is disturbed and KVAR will be more for gen showing more current and power factor will be reduced
for the same generator.
Rectify by changing AVR setting
It can be rectified by adjusting their field excitation. Increase excitation which supplies lower current.

Why generator rpm slightly drops instantaneously when a heavy load cuts in?
Due to the armature reaction.
The armature current will increase so stator flux will increase and it will increase the electromagnetic-torque. This
torque will resist the prime mover torque.
When sudden load increases in alternator the rotating magnetic field opposes rotor to rotate this phenomenon is
electromagnetic torque.
Rpm is directly proportional to fuel injection. After monitoring speed governor will increase fuel so speed gains
up.

What will happen if the load is not reduced after the preferential trip?
Stand by generator will start automatically when it‟s in standby mode.
If not in standby mode it will trip depends up LTD-long-time delay set up
(early days where 3 trips are given in preferential trip, 3rd one i.e. 15-second one will cause the main breaker to
trip and it lead to a blackout. But in new ships, we don‟t have the third trip).

Why we use a short time delay in ACB?

The short-time delay function determines the amount of current the breaker will carry for a short period of time,
allowing downstream protective devices to clear short-circuit without tripping the upstream device.

Why synchroscope pointer moves clockwise when incoming generator speed higher and vice versa?
The incoming generator frequency is higher than the bus bar frequency and the pointer is moving in clockwise
(more frequency)
When low frequency and pointer will rotate anticlockwise direction. (Low frequency)
Speed is directly proportional to frequency.

Generator output voltage is ok at 50 % load but when you increase beyond 50 % then the voltage drops,
what was the reason?
The diode is open.

Two generators running one generator lube oil attached pump stuck what will happen? Which alarm come
first? Directly trip or before any alarm came and what happened in other generator
 Lub oil low-pressure alarm will come first
 L.O low-pressure trip activate
 So generator breaker trip
 When the load increases up to 80-85% of total capacity than a standby generator will come to load in case it fails
then at 90-95% of total load capacity preferential trip will activate.
 Why are generator and motor bearings insulated?
To prevent circulating rotor currents which can damage bearings.

How did the surge resistor protect the diodes in the brushless generator?
It‟s actually a variable resistor. When the voltage increases its resistance decreases. So in case of voltage surge, it
will make a low resistance path.

What will happen if any of the diodes get open in running condition?
There will be momentarily voltage clip but that dip will be compensated by AVR. But the excitation system will
start getting heated up. If that generator will start after stopping the rated voltage will not come.

What will happen if Diode gets short in running condition?

A short circuit diode is more serious as it leads to short circuit the exciter. Loss of Excitation can be happened due
to rapid heated up of excitation system. And voltage will drop.
After stopping the generator if you will run, you will not get any voltage.

Generator started but no voltage producing

 Voltmeter may be faulty-Replace it
 Residual magnetism may be lost-flash the alternator
 Diode may be a shorted-replace whole bank
 Surge suppressor resistor may be shorted-replace the whole bank
 AVR malfunctioning-change it
 Circuit may open-make the connection according to drawings.
 Very low insulation resistance to earth (ground), on exciter stator or main stator.
 Winding fault. Open circuit or short circuit on any winding in the machine.

How to restore residual magnetism?

 Do the flashing
 Please follow the maker procedure
 Stop the generator.
 Then bring the 12v DC battery.
 Remove terminal F1 & F2 (J and K) from AVR (if you not disconnect may damage the AVR)
 Check the resistance between F1 and F2 it should show some value (Please refer the maker manual). If it is zero
means field winding shorted. And have to check the resistance with respect to the ground also.
 Touch the terminals of batteries with F1 & F2 terminals. With same
 Polarity (positive to positive and negative to negative), for a very short time (5-6 seconds).

What will happen if the generator is immersed in seawater?

Its residual magnetism will be Lost because seawater is a good conductor of electricity. In freshwater or distilled
water the residual magnetism will not be lost.

After starting generator, it is producing less voltage than rated Voltage

 Any of the diodes may be open.
 AVR may be malfunctioning.
 Excitation trimmer is disturbed.
 Somebody touched accidentally.
 With vibration, it disturbed.

After starting generator, it produces more voltage than rated Voltage

 AVR may be malfunctioning.
 Excitation trimmer is disturbed.
 The generator started but the breaker is not closing (or)Individual generator is not coming on load.
 The generator may not be developing voltage.
 UV coil may be malfunctioning.
 Control supply may not be available.
 Charging motor may be malfunctioning.
 Charging spring defective.
 There may be mechanical damage in ACB.
 Racking handle is still inside/inserted.
 During dry clock, shore supply is available.
 Any of the interlocks are active.
 You were trying to close the wrong breaker.

Generator started but not paralleling

 Paralleling condition is not met.
 Synchronous relay malfunctioning.

During parallel the operation, one generator is showing less voltage, what the reason is and what action
Will you take?
 AVR trimmer may be disturbed
 Rectifier diode may be open circuit
 AVR may be a malfunction
 Faulty voltmeter.
Difference between shunt coil and trip coil?
SHUNT COIL: - To trip breaker from a remote location.
TRIP COIL:-Built in the coil by the manufacturer for safety to keep the ACB for any abnormality.

Governor motor control for auxiliary Engine

It is a DC series motor.
Interlock in raise and lower- so that you can do one operation at a time.
When in auto, the signal comes to upper Land R and governor motor gets DC voltage accordingly.
ETO COC NUMERICAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS - SOLVED I
SOLVED NUMERICAL QUESTIONS IN ASKED IN ETO COC WRITTEN EXAM - PART I
Let me remind the basic electrical formula

BASIC FORMULAS FOR 3 PHASE AC MOTOR

SLIP
S = (Ns - N) / Ns or fr / fs
Where
Ns is synchronous speed
N rotor speed
fr is Rotor frequency = x/60
fs is supply frequency

STATOR INPUT P1
P1 = P2 + PF + PCS (Rotor input + stator losses)
Where
P2 is Rotor input
PF is stator core loss
PCS is stator copper loss

ROTOR INPUT P2
Rotor input P2 = Pm / (1-S)
Where
Pm is Rotor gross output
Or
P2 = P1 – Stator loss

ROTOR GROSS OUTPUT Pm

Pm = Pout + Pw
Where
Pout is motor or rotor output
Pw is windage and friction loss
Or
Pm = P2 – Rotor loss
Where
P2 is Rotor input
Or
Pm = Tg x ωr
Where
Tg is gross Torque
ωr is Rotor radian speed
Tg = Tsh + Torque loss
Where Tsh is shaft torque
ωr = (2Nr) / 60 or 2nfL ; here nfL = NfL / 60 and Nr = Ns (1-S)
Where Nr is rotor speed or actual speed

NET MECHANICAL OUTPUT OR SHAFT OUTPUT OR MOTOR OUTPUT OR

ROTOR OUTPUT
Pout = Pm – Pw or Pout = Tsh x ωr

EFFICIENCY
ղ % = (Pout / P1) X 100
ROTOR CU LOSS
Rotor Cu Loss = S x P2
Where
S is SLIP
P2 is Rotor input

FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENT

fr = Sf x F
Where
Sf is Slip at frequency
F is supply frequency

CHAPTER 1: 3 PHASE AC MOTOR

1.1) Question: The shaft output of a three-phase 60- Hz induction motor is 80 KW. The friction and
windage losses are 920 W, the stator core loss is 4300 W and the stator copper loss is 2690 W. The rotor
current and rotor resistance referred to stator are respectively 110 A and 0.15 Ω. If the slip is 3.8%, what is
the percent efficiency? (Apr, Aug 2016)
Solution:
Shaft output (Pout) = 80 KW
Windage and Friction losses (Pw) = 920W
Stator core loss (p.f.) = 4300 W
Stator copper loss (Pcs) = 2690W
Slip (s) = 3.8% = 0.038
Rotor Gross output (Pm) = Pout + windage and friction losses
= 80 KW + 920 W
= 80.92KW
Rotor gross output (Pm)/ Rotor Input (P2) = 1–s
80.92/P2= 1-0.038
= 0.962 P2
= 80.92/0.962 = 84.11 KW
We know that;
Stator input (P1) = rotor input (P2) + stator core loss (Pf) + stator cu loss (Pcs)
= 84.11 KW +4300 W + 2690 W
= 91.1 KW
% Efficiency (% η) = (rotor output / stator input) x 100
= (Pout/P1) x 100
= (80/91.1) x 100
1.2) Question: The power input to a 500 V, 50 Hz, 6 pole 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor running at
975 rpm is 40 KW. The stator losses are 1 KW and the friction and windage losses are 2 KW. (MAR 2015, JUN
2015 & JUN 2016)
Calculate
(i) Slip
(ii) Rotor copper loss
(iii) Mechanical power developed
(iv) The efficiency.
Solution:
(i) Rotor Speed (N) = 975 RPM
Synchronous speed (Ns) = 120 f /P
= 120 X 50/6 = 1000 RPM
Slip (s) = (Ns-N)/Ns
= (1000-975)/ 1000
= 0.025
(ii) Stator Input (P1) = 40 KW,
Stator Output or Rotor Input (P2) = P1-Stator loss
= 40 -1 = 39KW
Rotor copper loss = s x P2
= 0.025 x 39
= 0.975KW
(iii) Gross mechanical output (Pm) = P2 – Rotor Cu loss = 39 - 0.975 = 38.025KW
Net mechanical output or Shaft output (Pout) =Pm - friction and winding loss
= (38.025-2.000) KW
= 36.025KW
(iv) Efficiency % (% η) = (Pout x 100)/ P1
= (36.025 x 100) /40
= 90.06 %
Note: Assume that the core loss is included in friction and windage loss and the total loss under this head is 2 kW.
1.3) Question: A 400V, 4-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase, 10 Hp, star connected induction motor has a no-load slip of
1% and full load slip of 4%. Find the following: (JUL 2016, OCT 2017)
(i) Syn. speed (ii) no-load speed (iii) full-load speed.
(iv) Frequency of rotor current at full-load (v) full-load torque.
Given Data:
VL = 400 volts
P = 4 nos
50 Hz
Po = 10 HP = 735.5 x 10 = 7355-watt (For British unit 1 (B) HP = 746 W)
Solution:
(i) Synchronous speed Ns = 120 f / p
= 120 x 50 / 4
= 1500 rpm

(ii) No load speed at slip s = 0.01

No = Ns (1 – s)
= 1500 (1- 0.01)
= 1485 rpm
(iii) Full load speed at slip sf = 0.04
Nfl = Ns (1-sf)
= 1500 (1-0.04)
= 1440 rpm
(iv) Frequency of rotor current (fr) = sf. f = 0.04 x 50 = 2.0 Hz
(v) Full load torque at shaft
TSh = 9.55 Po / Nfl
= 9.55 x 7355 /1440
= 48.78 Nm
1.4) Question: A 3 phase Induction Motor which is wound for 4 pole, when running full load develops a
useful torque of 100 Nm; also rotor emf is observed to make 120 cycles/ min. It is known that the torque
lost on account of friction and core loss is 7 Nm. Calculate the shaft Power output, Rotor cu loss, Motor
Input and Efficiency. (SEP & OCT 2016, FEB 2018)
Given Data:
Shaft Torque Tsh = 100Nm &
Rotor frequency fr= 120 / 60 = 2 Hz
Solution:
Assume supply frequency is 50 Hz, so, fs = 50Hz
Slip s = fr/fs = 2/ 50
=0.04
Synchronous speed Ns = 120f/p
= 120x50/4
= 1500 rpm
Rotor speed Nr = (1-s) Ns
= (1 – 0.04) x 1500
= 1440 rpm
Rotor‟s radian speed ωr = 2 π X1440 / 60
= 150.7 rad/s
Shaft power output Pout = Tsh x ωr
= 100 x 150.7
= 15.07 KW.
Gross Torque Tg = Tsh + Torque loss
= (100+7)
= 107Nm
Also, Tg = Pm/ωr
or, Rotor gross output Pm = Tg x ωr
= 107 x 150.7
= 16.12kW
Rotor Input P2 = Pm/(1-s)
= 16.12/(1-0.04)
= 16.12/0.96
= 16.79kW
So, Rotor copper loss = s x P2
= 0.04 x 16.79
= 0.67 kW
Motor Power input Pin = P2 + Stator Cu Loss
= 17.49 kW. (Assume Stator Cu Loss = 0.7 KW)
% Motor efficiency (η) = (Shaft Power Output/ Motor Power Input) x 100
= (Pout/Pin) x 100
= (15.07 / 17.49) x 100 = 86.16 %
1.5) Question: The output of an induction motor running at 4% slip is 36.775kW and the friction and
windage losses are 1500W. Find the rotor copper loss and motor efficiency if stator losses are 3 kW. (10
Marks) (Jan, Apr 2019)
Solution:
Shaft output (Pout) = 36.775 KW
Windage and Friction losses (Pw) = 1500W = 1.5 KW Stator loss = 3 KW
Slip (s) = 4% = 0.04
Rotor Gross output (Pm) = Pout + windage and friction losses
= 36.775 KW + 1.5 KW = 38.275KW
Rotor gross output (Pm)/ Rotor Input (P2) = 1–s
38.275/P2= 1-0.04=0.96
P2= 38.275/0.96 = 39.87 KW
Rotor copper loss = s x P2
= 0.04 X 39.87 = 1.595KW
(Alternate Method: Rotor Copper Loss = Rotor Input (p2) – Rotor Gross Output (Pm))
We know that;
Stator input (P1) = rotor input (P2) + stator loss
= 39.87 KW + 3KW = 42.87 KW
% Efficiency (% η) = (rotor output / stator input) x 100 = (Pout/P1) x 100
= (36.775/42.87) x 100
= 85.78%
1.6) Question: If a 6-Pole motor is supplied at 60Hz and runs with a slip of 5%, what is the actual Rotor
Speed? (4 marks) (Aug, Sep 2018, Mar 2019)
Given Data:
Given That f = 60 Hz
Slip% = 5%
No. of poles P = 6
Solution:
Synchronous speed
Ns = 120 f/P
= 120 x 60/6
= 1200RPM
Let Actual speed is N,
Then, Slip% = {(Ns – N)/ Ns} *100
5 = {(1200 – N)/ 1200} * 100
6000/100 = 1200 – N
N = 1200 – 60 = 1140 RPM Rotor speed = 1140 RPM
1.7) Question: A 3-phase induction motor is wound for four poles and is supplied from a 50Hz system.
Calculate:
(i) The synchronous speed,
(ii) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 4%.
(iii) The rotor frequency when the speed of the rotor is 600r/min. (10 Marks) (Jul 2019)
Solution:
(i) Synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P = 120x50/4 =1500rpm
(ii) Rotor Speed N = Ns (1-s) = 1500 (1 – 0.04) = 1500x0.96 = 1440rpm
(iii) If Rotor Speed N = 600rpm
Then slip s = (Ns – N)/Ns = (1500 -600)/ 1500 = 0.6 So, Rotor current frequency f‟ = s.f = 0.6x50 = 30 Hz

CHAPTER 2: DC MACHINES (MOTOR AND

GENERATOR)
2.1) Question: A shunt generator has an induced emf of 254 V. When the generator is loaded, the terminal
voltage is 240 V. Neglecting armature reaction, find the load current if the armature resistance is 0.04 ohm
and the field circuit resistance is 24 ohms. (Apr, Aug 2016)
Given Data:
Eg = 254 V
V = 240 V
Ra = 0.04 Ω
Rsh = 24 Ω
Solution:
Ish = V / Rsh = 240/24 = 10A.
Substituting the values in the below expression,
Eg = V + Ia Ra
Eg = V + (IL + Ish) Ra
254 = 240 + (IL + 10) 0.04AD CURRENT = 340A

2.2) Question: A 220 V Shunt Motor takes 5 A at No load. Armature resistance is 0.25 Ohm and Field
Resistance is 200 ohm. Calculate
(i) Efficiency when taking Full Load current of 50A
(ii) % Changes in Speed between No load to Full Load (MODEL PAPER 2015)
Solution:
(i)
No Load Io = 5 A,
Ra = 0.25 ohm
Full Load IL = 50 A,
Rsh = 200 ohm
Field current Ish = 220/200 = 1.1 A
No Load Ia = 5-1.1=3.9 A
Full load Ia = 50-1.1 = 48.9 A
No Load Power I/P = 220x5 = 1100 W
Full load Power I/P = 220x 50 = 11000W
No Load Armature Loss = Ia2 Ra = 3.9 x 3.9 x 0.25 =3.8 W
Constant Loss = N/L Power – N/L Ia2 Ra loss = 1100-3.8 = 1096.2 W F/L
Armature Cu Loss = Ia2 Ra = 48.9 x 48.9 x 0.25 = 597.8 W
Total F/L Losses = Constant Loss + F/L Armature Cu Loss = 1096.2 + 597.8 = 1694 W F/L Power Output =
11000-1694 = 9306W
% Efficiency at 50 A F/L current = (9306/11000) x 100 = 84.6 %

(ii) % Changes in Speed between No load to Full Load

Ebo = V - IaRa
= 220 – 3.9 x 0.25
= 220- 0.975 = 219.025V
Eb = V - IaRa
= 220 – 48.9 x 0.25
= 220 – 12.225
= 207.775V
We know that;
Nfl / No = Eb / Ebo = 207.775 / 219.025 if ϕ = ϕ
% Changes in Speed between No load to Full Load = [(No–Nfl )/ ] x 100
= [(219.025–207.775) / 207.775] x 100
= 5.41%
Answer:
(i) The Efficiency is 84.6 % when taking Full Load current of 50A
(ii) % Changes in Speed between No load to Full Load = 5.41%

2.3) Question: Two DC Shunt Generators are connected in parallel and supply a load to DC shunt motor
taking a current of 150 A. One generator emf of 250 V and has an armature resistance of 0.2 Ohm and the
other has 255 V with an armature resistance of 0.3 ohm. What is the motor output voltage and power
output of each generator? (Neglect field current) (JULY 2016 & SEP 2015)
Solution:
Let Motor Output voltage = V
Load Current IL = 150 A
IL = Ia1+Ia2 = 150 A
So, Ia2 = 150- Ia1 ----------- (1)
Now,
In Gen 1,
V = E1- Ia1 Ra1
= 250 – 0.2 Ia1 --------------- (2)
And,
In Gen 2,
V= E2- Ia2 Ra2
= 255- 0.3(150-Ia1)
= 255-45 + 0.3 Ia1
= 210 + 0.3 Ia1 ---------------- (3)
From eq. (2) & (3)
V = 250 – 0.2 Ia1 = 210 + 0.3 Ia1
0.5 Ia1 = 40
Ia1 = 40/0.5
= 80 A
So, Ia2 = 150- Ia1
= 150 - 80
= 70 A
Now Motor output voltage V = E1 – Ia1 Ra1 ---------------- (2)
= 250 - 0.2 x 80
= 234 V
Power Output of First Generator = E1 x Ia1 = 250x 80 = 20 KW
Power Output of Second Generator = E2 x Ia2 = 255x 70 = 17.85 KW
Answer:
The motor output voltage = 234 V
Power Output of First Generator = 20 KW
Power Output of Second Generator = 17.85 KW

Question: Two 220V dc generators each having linear external characteristics, operated in parallel. One
machine has a terminal voltage of 270V on no-load and 220V at a load current 35A, while the other has a
voltage of 280V at no-load and 220V at 50A. Calculate the output current of each machine and the bus
bar voltage when the total load is 60A. What is the kW output of each machine under this condition? (AUG
2018, Nov 2018)
Solution:
Generator 1
No-load voltage = 270V
Full-load voltage = 220V
Full-load current = 35A
Voltage drop for 35A = 270V - 220V = 50V
Therefore Voltage drop/Amp of output current 50V / 35A = 1.429V/A
So, R1 = 50V/35A
= 1.43 Ohm

Generator 2
No-load voltage = 280V
Full-load voltage = 220V
Full-load current = 50A
Voltage drop for 50A = 280V - 220V = 60V
Therefore Voltage drop/Amp of output current 60V / 50A = 1.2V/A
So, R2 = 60V/50A
= 1.2 Ohm
Let V = bus-bar voltage
I1 = current output of generator 1
I2 = current output of generator 2

Then V = 270 – 1.43 I1------------- for Gen 1

& V = 280 – 1.2 I2 ------------------for Gen 2

Also, I1 + I2 = 60A
Ia2 = 60A - Ia1
To operate in parallel both generator terminal Voltages must be equal under the 60 Amp total load current.
Therefore;
270V - 1.43 I1 = 280V - 1.2 I2 or
270 - 1.43 I1 = 280 - 1.2(60 - I1)
2.63 I1 = 62
So, I1 = 23.57 Amps
&, I2 = 60 - 23.57
= 36.43 Amps
Now bus Voltage V = 270 – 1.43 I1 = 236.29 Volts
Generator 1 output power = V * I1 = 236.29 *23.57 = 5.57 kW
Generator 2 output power = V * I2 = 236.29 * 36.43 = 8.60 kW
Answer:
Generator 1 output power = 5.57 kW
Generator 2 output power = 8.60 kW

ETO COC NUMERICAL QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS - SOLVED II
CHAPTER 3: AC ALTERNATOR
3.1) Question: Two alternators are working in parallel supply a lighting load of 3000 KW and motor load
aggregating to 5000 KW at 0.72 pf. One machine loaded up to 5000 KW at 0.8 pf lagging. What is the load
and power factor of the other machine? -2015
Solution:
Lighting load = 3000kW (pf unity)
Cos ø1 = 1
ø1 = cos -1 1
= 0°
tan ø1 =tan 0° = 0
Motor load = 5000kW at 0.72 pf lag Cos ø2 = 0.72
Ø2 = cos -1 0.72
= 43.94°
tan ø2 = tan 43.94° = 0.964
KVAr load = 5000 x 0.964 = 4820 KVAr
Total KVAr = Motor Load + Lighting Load
= 4820 + 0 = 4820 KVAr
Total load = 8000kW
Load on Gen 1 = 5000kW at 0.8 pf (lag)
Cos øm1 = 0.8
Øm1 = cos -1 0.8
= 36.87°
tan Øm1 = tan 36.87°
= 0.75
KVAr load = 5000 x 0.75
= 3750 KVAr
Load on Gen 2 = 8000 – 5000
= 3000kW
KVAr load on machine 2 = 4820 -3750 = 1070
Phase angle Øm2 = tan -1 KVAr/kW
= tan -1 1070/3000
= 19.63
Power Factor pf = cos Øm2
= cos 19.63
= 0.942 (lag)
Answer:
Load of Gen B = 3000kW, Power Factor Gen B= 0.942 (lag)
3.2) Question: The following loads are supplied by two alternators running in parallel
(i) 1400 KW @ 0.86 pf lagging (ii) 900 KW @ 0.8 pf lagging (iii) 800 KW @ unity pf (iv) 500 KW @ 0.8 pf
leading. If the load on one machine is adjusted to 2100KW @ pf of 0.92 find the load and power factor of
the other alternator? (SEP 2015)
Solution:
LOAD- LOAD- LOAD-3 LOAD-4
1 2
Kw 1400 900 800 500
Cos Ø =Pf 0.86 lag 0.8 lag 1 0.8 leading
-1
Ø = Cos Pf 30.68 36.86 0 -36.86
tan Ø 0.59 0.75 0 -0.75
KVAR = Kw tan Ø 826 675 0 -375

Now total Kw = 1400+900+800+500

=3600Kw
Total KVAR = 826+675+0+ (-375)
=1126 KVAR
Load on generator A = 2100 Kw at 0.92 lag
Cos Ø = 0.92
Ø = Cos-1 0.92
= 23.07
tan Ø = 0.425 lag
KVAR = Kw tan Ø
= 2100 x 0.425
KVAR of generator A = 892.5 KVAR
So, KVAR of generator B = Total KVAR – Gen A KVAR
=1126 – 892.5
233.5KVAR
Load on alternator B = Total Kw – Gen A Load
= 3600-2100
= 1500 Kw
tan ØB = KVAR/Kw
= 233.5/1500
= 0.156
ØB = tan-1 0.156
=8.867
Power factor of Gen B = Cos ØB
= cos 8.867
0.968 lag
Answer:
Load on alternator B = 1500 Kw, Power factor of Gen B = 0.968 lag
3.3) Question: Two 3ɸ alternators operate in parallel. The rating of A is 1000kW and B is 800kW. The
droop setting of each generator is 4%. If the load to be shared by both the generators is 1000kW, Calculate
the load sharing by generators A and B, if the original frequency at no-load is 62Hz. (8 marks) (Nov 2018,
Jan, Apr 2019)
Solution:
The frequency/load characteristics (assumed straight) for alternators A & B as shown in the figure. Out of the
combined load AB = 1000kW, A share is BM, and B share is AM. Hence AM + BM = 1000kW. PQ is the
horizontal line drawn through point C, which is the point of intersection.
Total Load shared by Alternator
A & B = 1000kW
Or AB = 1000kW
Let PD = QE = Y
And Load taken by
Alternator A = BM = PC = X kW
So, Load taken by Alternator B
= AM = QC = (1000-X) kW

∆ BAD ~ ∆ PCD
So, BA/PC = BD/PD
1000/X = 0.04/Y
X/Y =1000/0.04
= 25000
Y = X/25000---------------------- (I)

∆ AFE ~ ∆ QCE
So, AF/QC = AE/QE
800 / (1000 – X) = 0.04/Y
20000Y = 1000 – X-------------- (II)
Substituting (I) & (II)
20000 * X/25000 = 1000 – X
X = 5000/9 = 555.56 kW
So, Load shared by Alternator A is 555.56kW
And Load shared by Alternator B is = 1000 – 555.56 = 444.44Kw
Answer:
Load shared by Gen A = 555.56kW, Load shared by Gen B = 444.44Kw
Conclusion: When governors’ drooping characteristics are the same, generators share the active power load in
proportion to their capacities.
3.4) Question: The alternator is rated for 750 KVA at 0.85PF. What is the maximum load (KW) that can be
put on it? Would you be overloading the alternator if the kilowatt reading was now 620KW and the power
factor 0.80? (8 Marks) (Dec 2018, Feb, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec 2019, Jan 2020)
Solution:
Case 1
Given That Apparent Power = 750KVA
Power factor = 0.85
True Power = Apparent Power x Power Factor
= 750 x 0.85
= 637.5 KW
So, Maximum load that can be put on the alternator is 637.5 KW
Case 2
True Power = 620 KW Power factor = 0.8
S0, Apparent power = True Power/ Power Factor
= 620/0.8
= 775KVA
Yes, Alternator will be overloaded in the second case.
Answer:
The maximum load that can be put on the alternator is 637.5 KW
Yes, Alternator will be overloaded in the second case.

CHAPTER 4: TRANSFORMER
4.1) Question: A 100 KVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz, 1-phase transformer has no-load current of 0.64A and a core
loss of 700 W, when its high voltage side is energized at rated voltage and frequency. Calculate
(i) The two components of no-load current.
(ii) If this transformer supplies a load current of 40 amp at 0.8 lagging power factor at its low voltage side,
determine the primary current and its power factor. Ignore the leakage impedance drop. (JUL 2016, OCT
2017, SEP 2018, MAR, JUN, SEP 2019, and MAR 2020).
Given Data:
100KVA, 2400/240 V, 50Hz
No load current Io = 0.64A
Secondary load current I2 = 40 A @ 0.8 lagging Pf
Solution:
Core loss Wo = V1 Io cos Øo
Cos Øo = Wo / V1 Io
= 700 / (2400*0.64)
No load power factor cos Øo = 0.455
Øo = cos-1 0.455
Øo = 62.935
Sin Øo = 0.89
(i) The two components of no-load current:
Iw = Io cos Øo =0.64 * 0.455 = 0.2912 A
Iµ = Io sin Øo =0.64 * 0.89 = 0.5696 A
(ii) On load:
I2‟ cos Ø2 = 4 * 0.8 = 3.2 A
I2‟ sin Ø2 = 4 * 0.6 = 2.4 A
Ix = Io sin Øo + I2‟ sin Ø2
= 0.5696 A + 2.4
= 2.9696
Iy = Io cos Øo + I2‟ cos Ø2
0.2912 + 3.2
3.4912
I1 = √ (Ix2+Iy2)
= √ (2.96962+ 3.49122)
= 4.583 A
Cos Ø1 = Iy / I1
= 3.4912 / 4.583
= 0.76
Answer:
(i) The two components of no-load current:
Iw = 0.2912 A (Active Component)
Iµ = 0.5696 A (Magnetizing Component)
(ii) On load:
Primary Current = 4.583 A
Power factor = 0.76 (lag)

4.2) Question: In a container ship, a 3-φ, delta/ delta connected 6600/ 440V, 60Hz transformer is feeding
AMP supply from shore to 440 Volt switchboards. The transformer primary current takes a line current of
100 amp, when secondary Load of 0.8 lagging pf is connected. Determine each coil current and KW output
of the transformer. (8 Marks) (Jun, Jul 2018, Feb 2020)
Solution:
Phase voltage on primary = Line voltage on primary = 6600V
Phase voltage on secondary = Line voltage on secondary = 440V
So, K = VL of secondary / VL of primary = 440/6600 = 1/15
Line current on primary = 100 Amp
So, Phase current on primary = 100/√� Amp
Thus, Phase current on secondary = Phase current on primary / K
= (100/√3) / (1/15)
= 1500/√3 Amp
So, Line current on secondary IL = 1500 Amp
Power output = √3 VL IL cosφ
= √3 x 440x 1500x 0.8
= 914.50 kW
Answer:
Line current on secondary IL = 1500 Amp
Power output = 914.50 kW
4.3) Question: A 440/110V single phase transformer supplies a load of 5KW at 0.8 power factor load.
Calculate the primary and secondary currents. (Ignoring transformer power losses)? (6 marks) (AUG,
SEP, OCT 2018, MAR 2019)
Given Data:
Primary Voltage Vp = 440V
Secondary Voltage Vs = 110V
Power P = 5000W
Pf = 0.8
Solution:
Power P = Vs Is cos ɸ
5000 = 110 x 0.8 x Is
Is = 56.81 Amp
Secondary Current = 56.81 Amp
K = Vs/Vp = Ip/Is
= 110/440 = Ip/56.81
Ip = 14.20 Amp
Primary Current = 14.20 Amp
Answer:
Primary Current = 14.20 Amp
Secondary Current = 56.81 Amp
4.4) Question: A Single-phase power transformer supplied a load of 20 KVA at a P.F. of 0.81 (lagging). The
iron loss of the transformer is 200W and the copper loss at this load is 180W. Calculate (a) the efficiency (b)
if the load is now changed to 30 KVA at a p.f. of 0.91 (lagging), calculate the new efficiency. (8 marks) (Nov
2018, Jan, Apr 2019)
Solution:
(a) Output (kW)
= 20KVA x 0.81 = 16.2 kW
Fe loss (PFe) + Cu Loss (PCu) = 200 + 180 = 0.380kW
Efficiency = Output (kW) / [Output (kW) + Losses (kW)
Or
ƞ = kVA Cos Ø / [kVA Cos Ø + PFe + PCu]
= 16.2 / [(16.2) + (0.38)]
= 16.2/16.58
= 0.977
Full load Efficiency = 97.7 %
(b) Since the kVA rating is now 30kVA and it can be assumed that the voltage remains constant, therefore iron
loss remains constant.
The new current is 3/2 or 1.5 times the original current.
Cu Loss is proportional to Current Square,
Thus new copper loss = New Cu Loss = (3/2)2
= 9/4 x 180
= 405W = 0.405kW
ƞ = kVA Cos Ø / [kVA Cos Ø + PFe + PCu]
= 30 x 0.91 / [(30 x 0.91) + 0.2 + 0.405]
= 27.3 / (27.3 + 0.605)
= 27.3 / 27.905
= 0.9783
New Efficiency = 97.83 %
Answers:
Full load Efficiency = 97.7 %
New Efficiency = 97.83 %

4.5) Question: In a 25kW, 3300/233V, 1-phase transformer the iron and full load copper losses are 350
watts and 400 watts respectively, calculate the efficiency at half load, 0.8 p.f. (6 Marks) (Aug, Oct 2019)
Solution:
Let Full Load Output = 25kW at 0.8 p.f.
Cu loss at Half Load = 400 x (1/2)2 = 100W

Iron loss will remain constant = 350W

Total Loss = 100 + 350 = 450W = 0.45kW
Half Load output at 0.8 p.f. = 12.5kW

So, Efficiency % = [Output / Output + Total Loss] x 100

Ƞ = [12.5 / (12.5 + 0.45)] x 100

= [12.5 / 12.95] x 100 = 96.5%

Answer:
The efficiency at half load = 96.5%
CHAPTER 5: POWER SYSTEMS
5.1) Question: (i) which has the greater equivalent resistance; two equal capacitors in series or in parallel?
Explain with reasons.
(ii) A circuit has a resistance of 3Ω and an inductance of 0.01H. The voltage across its ends is 60V and the
frequency is 50Hz. Calculate
a) The impedance, b) The power factor, c) The power absorbed
(16 Marks) (AUG, SEP, OCT, Nov, Dec 2018, Feb, Mar, Jun, Sep, Nov 2019, Jan, Mar 2020)

(i) Capacitance in series:

When the capacitor is connected in series; it increases the distance of plates, so the capacitance decreases.
Suppose two equal capacitors of C Henry connected in series,
Then, 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 or CT = C/2
Where CT is the total capacitance
So, the capacitive reactance Xc = 1/2πfCT = 2/2πfC = 1/πfC ohm
Capacitance in parallel:
When the capacitor is connected in parallel; it increases the cross-section of plates, so the capacitance increases.
Suppose two equal capacitors of C Henry connected in parallel,
Then, CT = C1 + C2 = 2C, where CT is total capacitance
So, the Capacitive reactance Xc = 1/2πfCT = 1/4πfC ohm
Therefore, series-connected capacitors are having 4 times more equivalent resistance (capacitive reactance) than
parallel connected capacitors.
(ii) Data Given:
Voltage V = 60V
Resistance R = 3Ω
Inductance L = 0.01 H
Frequency f = 50 Hz
Solution:
a) The impedance
XL = 2πfL
= 2π x 50 x 0.01
= 3.14 ohm
Impedance Z = √32 + 3.142
= 4.34 Ω ∠ 46.4°
(tan ɸ = XL/R = 3.14/3 = 1.05 ; ɸ = tan-1 1.05 = 46.4°)
b) The power factor
Cos ∅ = R/Z = 3/4.34 = 0.691(lag)
c) The power absorbed
Current I = V/Z = 60/4.34 = 13.82 A
P = VI Cos ∅
= 60 x 13.82 x 0.691
= 573 Watt
Answer:
(i) Therefore, series connected capacitors is having 4 times more equivalent resistance (capacitive reactance)
than parallel connected capacitors.
(ii) a) The impedance = 4.34 Ω
b) The power factor = 0.691(lag) c) The power absorbed = 573 Watt
5.2) Question: A 440V, 10KW, 0.8 p.f, 3 phase load is supplied as shown. Calculate short circuit fault current at
the load and at the main switch board. (8 Marks) (Mar, Apr 2018)

Solution:
Short circuit fault location is load terminal
So, the total impedance = Zf = 0.025 + 0.01 + 0.015 = 0.05 Ω
Short circuit fault current = If = V/Zf
= 440/0.05
=8800A
So, prospective fault current level at the load is 8800 A
If, short circuit at the main switch board
The fault current = If = V/Zf
= 440/0.025
=17600A
So, prospective fault current level at the load is 17600 A
Answer:
Prospective fault current level at the load is 8800 A
Prospective fault current level at the load is 17600 A
5.3) Question: What would be the ohmic value of the NER to limit the earth fault to the full load rating of a
2 MW, 0.8pf, 3.3KV, 3 phase AC generator? (4 marks) (AUG, SEP, OCT 2018, JAN, Apr 2019)
Solution:
VL = 3.3KV, P = 2 MW, cos ɸ = 0.8
P = √3 VL IL cos ɸ
So, the generator full load current is
IL = 2*1000 / √3 * 3.3 * 0.8
= 437A
Under E/F condition a phase voltage of the generator winding will be
VPH = 3300/√3 = 1905 V drives the fault current through the NER. So, its ohmic value has to be 1905V/437A =
4.4 ohm.
Answer:
The ohmic value of the NER has to be = 4.4 ohm
5.4) Question: A permanent magnet moving coil instrument has a coil of dimension 15mm x 12mm. the flux
density in the air gap is 1.8 x 10 -3 wb/m2 and the spring constant is 0.4 x 10 -6 Nm/rad. Determine the
number of turns required to produce an angular deflection of 90° when a current of 5 mA is flowing
through the coil. (8 marks) (Oct 2018)
Solution:
Area A = 15 x 12 mm2
= 180 x 10-6 m2
Flux Density B = 1.8 x 10-3 wb/m2
Spring Constant K = 0.4 x 10-6 Nm/rad
Angular Deflection θ = 90° = 1.5708 radian
Current I = 5mA = 5 x 10-3 Amp
Deflection Torque Td = NBA I
= N x 1.8 x 10-3 x 180 x 10-6 x 5 x 10-3 N-m
= N x 1.62 x 10-9
Controlling Torque Tc = K θ
= 0.4 x 10-6 x 1.5708
= 0.62832 x 10-6
= 628.32 x 10-9 N-m for the final steady state position,
Td = Tc
N x 1.62 x 10-9 = 628.32 x 10-9
N = (628.32 x 10-9) / (1.62 x 10-9)
So, N = 387.85 ≅ 388 turn
Answer: the number turns N ≅ 𝟑𝟖𝟖 turn

5.5) Question: A coil having a resistance of 10 ohm and an inductance of 0.15 H is connected in series with a
capacitor across a 100V, 50Hz supply. If the current and the voltage are in phase what will be the value of
the current in the circuit and the voltage drop across the coil? (10 Marks) (Jul 2019)
Data Given:
Input Voltage V = 100V Frequency f = 50Hz
Coil Resistance R = 10 Ω Coil Inductance L = 0.15H
Solution:
XL = 2πfL
= (2x22x50x0.15)/7
= 47.14 Ω
Coil Impedance Zc = √R2 + XL2
= √102 + 47.142
= 48.19 Ω
Therefore Current and Voltage Phase is same
So, Impedance of Total Circuit Z = R = 10 Ω (∵ Z =10 + j 47.14 – j 47.14)
Supply Current I = V/Z
= 100/10 = 10 A
Voltage across the coil = I x Zc
= 10 x 48.19
= 481.9
Answer:
Supply Current I = 10 A
Voltage across the coil = 481.9 V

CHAPTER 6: ELECTRONICS
6.1) Question: Diode half-wave rectifier supply a resistive load of 100Ω from a 100Vac R.M.S. voltage
source. The diode is a resistance of 5Ω during conduction state. Calculate (i) The DC output voltage (ii) DC
average load current. (8 Marks) (Jan, Apr, Jul 2019)
Given Data:
Vs = 100VAC (rms)
RD = 5Ω &
RL = 100Ω
Solution:
So, Vsm = √2 x Vs = 141.4V
Assume that PN Diode is Silicon, so, VB = 0.7V
Let Maximum Load Current = ILM
So, ILM = Vsm –VB / RD + RL
= 141.4 – 0.7 / 5 + 100
= 1.34 Amp
Now, VLM = ILM x RL = 134V peak

(i) Let DC output voltage = VLdc

So, VLdc = VLM / π
= 0.318 x VLM
= 0.318 x 134
= 42.6V average
(ii) Let DC average Load Current = ILdc
So, ILdc = ILM / π
= 0.318 x ILM
= 0.318 x 1.34
= 0.426 Amp average
Alternate Method
ILdc = VLdc / RL
= 42.6/100
= 0.426 Amp average
Answer:
(i) The DC output voltage = 42.6 V average
(ii) DC average load current = 0.426 A average
 Frequently asked questions and answers-steering
gear systems of ships
1. What are the types of steering systems?
2. What is hunting gear?
3. What are the safety devices for the steering system?
4. What is the indication of air in the steering system?
5. What is the effect of air within the steering system?
6. Steering gear maintenance
7. Ward Leonard system
8. What is the hydraulic lock?
9. What are the reasons for the hydraulic lock?
10. How to recover the system from the hydraulic lock?
11. How to try out hydraulic lock alarm?
12. The steering gear is not responding to the command what will be the reasons?
13. What is the significance of 200% insulation in steering gear motor?
14. What are the FU and NFU mode?
15. Critical spares for steering gear?
16. Why is time delay in when starting a steering gear motor?

What are the types of steering systems?

An electro-hydraulic steering gear system
Ram type system (2 or 4 ram) and Vane type system
An all-electric steering gear system
Ward Leonard system and Single motor system
What is hunting gear?
Hunting gear is acting as a feedback mechanism. Hunting gear transmits the position of the rudder to the p/p
control lever by the floating lever
What are the safety devices for the steering system?
ELECTRICAL
 The motor should able to carry 200% of full load current
 200% of motor insulation
 Overload alarm
 Phase failure alarm
 Power failure alarm
 Short circuit trip
 One motor should be connected to ESB
 Should start zero time delay after power failure recovered
MECHANICAL
 Hydraulic tank low-level alarm
 Hydraulic tank low-low level trip-safematic
 Hydraulic oil temperature high alarm
 Filter clogged alarm
 Hydraulic lock alarm
 Angle adjusting stopper (limit switch at PORT & STBD side)
 Relief valve
 What is the indication of air in the steering system?
 Jerky movement
 Jumping pressure gauges on the system
 Defective steering operation
What is the effect of air within the steering system?
It is lead to incorrect balance between units, time lags and irregular operation
Steering gear maintenance
Before departure
 Checks carried out as per checklist
 Visual inspection
 Checking the function of the steering gear
 Check safety equipment and make sure the all alarms are functioning properly
 Actual rudder angle and indicator
 Communication system
Daily
 Visual inspection: deformations, cracks, missing mechanical connectors, defective mechanical or electrical
connections
 Motor load current and temperature
 Check for unusual noises
 Visual inspection for leaks in the hydraulic system
 Check oil level on the oil expansion tank
 Greasing
Weekly
 Check oil level on the oil storage tank
 If steering gear equipped with safematic system: check that safematic is functioning properly
 Visual inspection of automatic grease lubricator and hoses
Every 3 months interval
 As per manufacturer information
 Thorough inspection: deformations, cracks, missing mechanical connectors, defective mechanical or electrical
connections
 Limit switch operation
 Emergency steering gear drill.
 What is the purpose of buffer spring?
 Buffer spring used to protect the control system from the damages.
Read also: Preparation for Electro Technical Officer COC Oral examination-ETO
Ward Leonard system
This is an electrical type steering gear system. Ward Leonard system controls the speed of DC (direct current)
motor from zero to maximum in either direction.
What is the hydraulic lock?
In this situation, the rudder is not responding to the command
What are the reasons for the hydraulic lock?
 The air into the system
 Hydraulic oil dirty renew hydraulic oil
 Synchro transmitter or receiver malfunctioning
 Sluggish movement of the rudder
 Very frequent movement
 Limit switch malfunctioning
 Main pump malfunction
 Rudder angle having the error
 Hydraulic lock alarm unit malfunctioning or defective
How to recover the system from the hydraulic lock?
 Take control to local
 Purging out the air If air in the system
 Check the Synchro system
 Check the limit switch operation
 Check the rudder movement for proper operation
How to try out hydraulic lock alarm?
 Take control to local
 Press both solenoid at the same time
 Both limit switches activate at the same time
The steering gear is not responding to the command what will be the reasons?
 Steering Angle Indicator faulty.
 Solenoid not working
 Oil level low
 The switch is in Manual
 PI Controller faulty
What is the significance of 200% insulation in steering gear motor?
It means that motor winding can withstand 200% of FLC
What are the FU and NFU mode?
FU - follow up
 FU has two modes
 Auto and manual
 Auto - autopilot command
 Manual - hand steering and once u give a command like 10-degree port then rudder go to 10-degree port then it
comes to midship
NFU - no follow-up
 NFU mode in simple words emergency steering from the bridge
 All controls bypassed
 In this rudder will not come to Midship once u give the command
Critical spares for steering gear?
 Synchro transmitter and receiver
 PID controller
 Steering gear motor and its control ckt spares (contactors, breakers)
 Limit switches
 Proximity switches
 Rudder angle indicator etc.
Why is time delay in when starting a steering gear motor?
2-sec delay because servo pump start in prior to the main pump
 How will you check AVR? (AUTOMATIC
VOLTAGE CONTROLLER)
1. How we will get to know AVR is faulty by what checks we will do for confirmation
exactly. Or if you suspect the AVR is faulty, how will you confirm?
2. What is the output voltage of AVR's step down transformer?
3. AVR circuit diagram and explanation, SCR triggering
4. How will you check AVR?
5. What will you do if the AVR is bad?
6. How will you know AVR is malfunctioning?
7. Correct operation of AVR
8. AVR working principle.
9. AVR block diagram. AVR control Range for the Main generator and emergency
generator
10.What is AVR? Role of Zener diode in AVR
11.CT purpose in AVR
12.AVR operation and how much voltage dip
13.Explain AVR and SOLAS regulations
14.What is AVR output voltage range for an emergency generator and turbine generator?
15.If the AVR is defective, can it handle the additional load?
16.AVR components, how much voltage is after step down transformer and purpose of
comparator
17.How the AVR will damage?
18.AVR types
19.The output value of AVR
20.AVR functions during surges.
21.AVR droop question
22.What if change connection direction of exciter field +F1 and - F2 in AVR?
23.What is the requirement of an emergency generator AVR setting?
24.How AVR is maintaining the voltage?
25.In AVR can we use a diode in place of thyristor? Explain?
26.Can we check voltage near AVR in running condition?
27.Why only D.C is used for Excitation in Alternators?
28.Setting in AVR
29.Protection in AVR
How we will get to know AVR is faulty by what checks we will do for confirmation exactly. Or if
you suspect the AVR is faulty, how will you confirm?
SYMPTOMS
 No output voltage
 Low or high output voltage
 Significant voltage changes with changes in output current
 Run excessively hot
 Excessively noise
 Uncontrol voltage
FAULTY AVR
 Diagnosing a faulty AVR is done by a process of elimination.
 Exciter part
 Rotating diode part
 Main stator part
 Cable connection and continuity
 If all are intact then the AVR is faulty and will need to be replaced.

What is the output voltage of AVR's step down transformer?

Depends upon sensing voltage

Read also: Preparation for Electro Technical Officer COC Oral examination-ETO

AVR circuit diagram and explanation, SCR triggering

Thyristor-Based Electronic AVR Circuit Diagram

The direct current derived from the alternator output through the transformer is rectified and filtered. Then it is
applied to a Wheatstone bridge which has fixed-resistance on two arms and variable resistances (Zener diode
voltage reference) on the other two.
The Zener operates in the reverse breakdown mode, as these diodes are manufactured with a Zener breakdown
voltage of very low value. Zener diode voltage remains constant once the breakdown voltage has occurred despite
the change in the current. This implies that changes in applied voltage, while not affecting voltage across the
diode, will cause a change in resistance which permits the change in current. As with a Wheatstone bridge, an
imbalance of the resistance changes the flow pattern and produces in the voltage measuring bridge an error signal.
The error signal can be amplified and used to control alternator excitation. Thus it can control the firing angle of
thyristors through a triggering circuit to give the desired voltage. It can be used in the statically excited alternator
to correct small errors through a magnetic amplifier arrangement. The error signal has also been amplified
through transistors in series, for excitation control.
SCR TRIGGERING
For SCR to start conducting, it needs two conditions simultaneously. 1. The voltage at anode greater than cathode
2. Gate signal (current injection in gate).SCR once turned on, will remain to conduct till the cycle completes.
Firing angle refers to the phase angle of the ac supply voltage (sinusoidal) when the GATE current is applied and
thyristor turns ON.
For example, if firing angle is 45 degrees, then up till 45 degrees of the input sine wave it won't conduct, after
that, it'll conduct till the cycle completes (or till the next current zero, as needed by the designer)
If it's firing angle is decreased, the SCR will turn on early in the cycle which will result in the increase in output
power, voltage.
If it is firing angle is increased, the SCR will turn on later in the cycle which will result in a decrease in output
power, voltage.
How will you check AVR?
AVR checks, as guided by the manufacturer, consist of AC and DC voltage measurements at installed test points

What will you do if the AVR is bad?

Renew the AVR
AVR changeover should only be attempted when its generator stopped and locked off.

How will you know AVR is malfunctioning?

Check the output voltage of AVR in ideal condition, and match with manual and then make sure the excitation
trimmer setting is as what the manual is telling and if it's not matching then AVR is defective.
Of no voltage is coming out at AVR output terminal is zero. In ideal condition...then it's defective
Correct operation of AVR
When generators are load sharing in parallel, check for approximately equal current sharing between the
machines. This will indicate the correct operation of their AVRs
AVR working principle.
It works on the principle of closed-loop control system. The output voltage of an AC generator obtained through a
potential transformer and then it is rectified, filtered and compared with a reference. The difference between the
actual voltage and the reference voltage is known as the error voltage. This error voltage is amplified by an
amplifier and then supplied to the main exciter or pilot exciter.

AVR block diagram. AVR control Range for the Main generator and emergency generator

The voltage sensing unit transforms down, rectifies and smooth the generator output voltage. This produces a
low voltage DC signal proportionate to AC generator voltage.
In the comparator unit, it is compared to the set value (DC value produced by the reference unit of the Zener
diodes and resistance). The correction is then amplified and through thyristor control is used to alter the alternator
field current in order to reach the set voltage value.
This is its steady-state voltage regulation. Transient voltage dip is usually limited to 15% for a specified sudden
load change with recovery back to the rated voltage within 2 seconds.

What is AVR? Role of Zener diode in AVR

Reference unit of the Zener diodes, The Zener operates in the reverse breakdown mode, as these diodes are
manufactured with a Zener breakdown voltage of very low value. Zener diode voltage remains constant once the
 breakdown voltage has occurred despite the change in the current. This implies that changes in applied voltage,
while not affecting voltage across the diode, will cause a change in resistance which permits the change in current.
As with a Wheatstone bridge, an imbalance of the resistance changes the flow pattern and produces in the voltage
measuring bridge an error signal.
CT purpose in AVR
To obtain correct load sharing between parallel running alternators, the alternator voltage is made current
dependent. This is obtained by the current transformer and a resistance network inside the AVR unit.

AVR operation and how much voltage dip

Transient voltage dip is usually limited to 15%
Explain AVR and SOLAS regulations
A.V.R or Automatic Voltage Regulators are used in conjunction with the generator for controlling the terminal
voltage to give a steady voltage under varying load.
It senses and controls an A.C generator‟s output voltage within (+ or -) 1 to 2%.
There are following main functions of an AVR
 Controls the voltage of the system and operation of the machine nearer to the steady-state stability.
 It divides the reactive load between the alternators operating in parallel.
 The automatic voltage regulators reduce the overvoltages which occur because of the sudden loss of load on the
system.
 It increases the excitation of the system under fault conditions so that the maximum synchronizing power exists at
the time of clearance of the fault.

An AVR will control the generator‟s voltage to 2.5% (or better) of its set value over the full load range. This is its
steady-state voltage regulation.
15% of voltage dip should be brought back into the range of + or – 2.5%
In special cases where unusually large surges are expected (e.g. from heavy-duty cargo cranes) the generator /
AVR performance limits may be extended.
What is AVR output voltage range for an emergency generator and turbine generator?
If the AVR is defective, can it handle the additional load?
No
REASON
An AVR works on the principle of the closed-loop control system. It used to regulate the output voltage of the
generator and accordingly control the field circuit of the generator. If the AVR is defective then there will be
incorrect feedback to field circuit which might lead to over and under-voltage scenarios.
AVR components, how much voltage is after step down transformer and purpose of
comparator
In a process control of voltage regulation by electronic AVR involves the following components
Voltage sensing unit – to check the present value of the voltage- steps down the voltage rectifies and smoothes
the generator output. Producing a dc signal proportional to the generator terminal voltage.
The comparator unit – to check error .i.e. difference in voltage- compares this dc signal with a set dc value.
Giving an error output
amplifying unit – to amplify the error signal-the error signal is amplified and made suitable for driving the
thyristor circuit
correcting unit – to apply actions to process control as per error to get desired output voltage
Purpose of comparator
The comparator unit compares this DC signal with a set DC value giving an error output
 How the AVR will damage?
 Unstable Engine Speed of the Generator
 Overload (Overcurrent)
 Big Surge of Power
 Short Circuit
 Life Time
AVR types
 Carbon pile regulator
 Vibrating contact regulator
 Static A.V. R.
 Rotating sector
 Multi contact
 Magnetic amplifier
 Electronic amplifier
The output value of AVR
The AVR Output Voltage to Exciter Stator usually ranges from 13Vdc - 60Vdc, the voltage applied to the Exciter
depends on how much voltage (Sensing) the AVR receives from the generator voltage.
In loaded condition 90-95V DC, ideal condition 60-65V DC
AVR functions during surges.
AVR droop question
Droop % = (No load rated current - full load rated current) / No Load Rated current

Droop Current transformer is used to maintain the reactive power of the generator. Droop CTs are ordinary
current transformer which is used only for AVR.

AVR controls the reactive power of the generator with the help of Droop CT. At the same time, the power factor
can be adjusted with the help of droop CT reference only.

This adjustment is performed by adjusting the excitation current of the generator. When you increase the
excitation current to the generator, which generates more reactive power and when you decrease the excitation
current the generator produces less reactive power vice versa.

If the AVR droop is less- the generator will share more KVAR-so less kW. So more loss in the system...and
Power factor will be more lagging.

What if change connection direction of exciter field +F1 and - F2 in AVR?

Then the direction of current will change through an exciter winding and also the direction of the magnetic field
will change if the stator field and rotor field are in the opposite direction flux generated will be reduced and
reduced flux means the reduced voltage that we will get at the alternator terminals
If we change the polarity of dc coil direction of current flowing through it changes

What is the requirement of an emergency generator AVR setting?

How AVR is maintaining the voltage?

It controls output by sensing the voltage from the generator terminals and comparing it to a set voltage reference.
The error signal is then used to adjust the field current by increasing or decreasing the current flow to an exciter
stator, which in turn will lead to a lower or higher voltage at the main stator terminals. So that we can regulate the
terminal voltage
In AVR can we use a diode in place of thyristor? Explain?
No

The diode is an uncontrolled rectifying device

A diode is a two-terminal unidirectional device. This means it conducts current only in one direction.
But SCR or thyristor is a three-terminal device that anode, cathode, and gate. SCR is a good device for controlling
purposes as in Scr we can control the Scr by just changing the firing angle.
In simple words, we can say that the firing angle is a point where we provide the required voltage at the gate
terminal of SCR so that it starts conducting.

Can we check voltage near AVR in running condition?

Why only D.C is used for Excitation in Alternators?

Excitation voltage or current is supplied to the field windings of a rotor to produce a static magnetic field. If we
use alternating current instead of direct current; we will get a fluctuating magnetic field. This will generate
alternating magnetic flux in the stator windings leading to unpredictable and unstable voltage and power supply
which may cause distortion and high risk for burning armature windings. Even if we somehow tap the output it
won‟t be pure sinusoidal three-phase supply. This is why the field windings of a rotor must be excited by direct
current to avoid all those disadvantages.

Setting in AVR
Ramp Potentiometer – To set the time taken for the initial the buildup of the alternator voltage to its rated
value ( 1-3 Sec) ranges from 1-8sec

Droop setting – To enable proper sharing of KVAr load during paralleling alternators. The common method of
KVAr sharing is to create a generator voltage characteristic which falls with a decreasing PF (increasing
KVAr). A current transformer in the Blue Phase provides a signal that is dependent upon the current phase angle
to the AVR. The CT has a burden resistor and the percentage of the resistor‟s voltage (Droop Setting) is added to
the AVRs Circuit.

Under Frequency Roll Off – To give an indication when the frequency falls below a set value ( 57 Hz for a 60
Hz alternator)

Dip Setting – To adjust the Volt/Speed characteristic

Dwell setting – Provides a time delay between the recovery of voltage and recovery of frequency

All the above settings are set during the initial commissioning and are not to be meddled with
indiscriminately

Protection in AVR
EXCITATION PROTECTION

An AVR supplied by PMG inherently delivers maximum excitation power during “Line-Line” or “Line-Ground”
short circuits since output voltage dropdown drastically during the above faults.

To protect the windings from such over-excitation, an excitation trip acts after a pre-determined delay to cut off
such over-excitation.
The trip setting should be such that it does not operate when the generator is on full load or when a small overload
occurs.

OVERLOAD PROTECTION

In the event of a loss of Voltage Sensing input to AVR, the resulting excitation may cause a Overvoltage at the
Generator output.

In such an event, this protection can provide two signals.

a. “De-excitation” of Generator
b. Open signal to the Generator Breaker

The setting should be such that it does not operate under “no-load” conditions or during “load shedding”
 Marine Transformer questions and answers for
ETO | ETO COC Exam
1. Introduction
2. Types of transformer
3. Core type transformer
4. Shell type transformer
5. Losses in Transformer
6. What is Hysteresis Loss?
7. What is Eddy current loss?
8. Copper loss
9. Ideal transformer
10.Voltage regulation of transformer
11.All-day efficiency of transformer
12.Construction of Three phase transformer
13.Advantages of single three-phase transformer
14.Bank of three single phase transformers
15.Advantages of Bank of three single-phase transformers
16.Three-phase transformer connections
17.Advantages of Delta – Delta [Δ-Δ] connection in transformer
18.Labelling of transformer terminals
19.Feature of silicon steel
20.If the full load current is 100amps, what would be the starting current when connected in
DOL, Star Delta and Auto Transformer?
21.Why secondary of CT should not be kept open?
22.Transformer safeties?
23.Why can't we use step-up transformer instead of a transistor for voltage amplification?
24.What is Isolation Transformer and what is its function?
25.How do you identify the primary and secondary winding of a transformer? When there is
no marking
26.Why transformer should not be connected star - star?
27.What happens when we use a copper core instead of iron steel core in the transformer?
28.What will happen if we connect dc voltage to the input of a transformer?
29.In order to replace ammeter why should we open CT?
30.How do you carry out the Transformer changeover on ship?
31.What are the types of transformer using in the ship?
 Introduction
The transformer is a static device used for transferring electrical power from one circuit to another circuit without
changing frequency

Transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction (Mutual induction) which states that any change
in flux linking with the coil, EMF is induced in the coil.

The transformer consists of two coils or windings which are electrically separated but linked through a common
magnetic circuit.

The two coils have high mutual inductance. If the current in one coil is changed then an EMF gets induced in the
other coil.

The winding which is connected to the supply side is called primary winding and the one which is connected to
load side is called secondary winding.

The primary winding is connected to alternating voltage and the alternating current which produces alternating
flux and this flux links both the primary and secondary winding. Hence according to faraday law of EMI, mutual
induced EMF is developed in the secondary winding. This EMF drives the current if the secondary winding is
connected to the load thus the electrical power is transferred from one circuit to another circuit

Types of transformer
Based on the construction of the core
 Core type
 Shell type
Core type transformer
 Windings are placed on either limb
 Windings surround core
 Natural cooling is possible
 Winding cross section can‟t be thick
 The core is rectangular and is made up of silicon steel, windings of copper
Shell type transformer
 Core surrounds winding
 No natural cooling
 Cross-section of winding can be thicker
 Both primary and secondary winding is placed on the central limb
Losses in Transformer
 Iron losses – hysteresis, eddy current
 Copper losses
What is Hysteresis Loss?
It is due to magnetisation and demagnetisation of the core which is produced by alternating flux. During this
process, some amount of power is lost which is hysteresis loss
For silicon steel, hysteresis coefficient is very less, so it is used for core construction the minimise the loss.
 What is Eddy current loss?
Eddy current losses are because of circulating currents or eddy currents in the metal block. Eddy currents are set
up by induced EMF. To reduce the losses, laminated construction is done to the core thickness of lamination.

Copper loss
These are due to power wasted in the form of I2R losses due to the resistance of the primary and secondary
windings
It can be minimized by reducing the resistance of windings i.e. by increasing the cross-sectional area of windings.
Ideal transformer
 It has no losses
 Winding resistance is zero
 Leakage flux is zero

Voltage regulation of transformer

Voltage regulation of the transformer is defined as a change in the magnitude of terminal voltage from no load to
full load expressed as a % of the no-load voltage
Voltage regulation = [(no-load voltage – full load voltage) / (no-load voltage)] x 100
All-day efficiency of transformer
The ratio of output power to input power is defined as the efficiency which is the power efficiency. But for special
types of the transformer, this may not measures the correct performance
The special types of transformer used for industrial and commercial loads are distribution transformer
The load on such transformer varies considerably during the period of the day. But the primary of the transformer
is energised at it is rated voltage for 24 hours to provide continuous supply to the consumers.
The core loss depends on the voltage which takes place continuously whether the load is tnt or not whereas copper
loss depends on the load condition at no load copper loss is negligibly small while on the full load it is at rated
value. So there will be no measures of true efficiency. In such a transformer, the energy output is calculated in
kWh.
Energy spent in supplying to various losses is also calculated in kWh. Output to total energy thus the ratio of total
energy input is called as energy efficiency or all-day efficiency.
All-day efficiency = energy o/p during a day kWh / energy i/p during a day kWh
All-day efficiency = energy o/p during a day (kWh) / energy o/p in kWht (energy spent in supplying the losses)

Construction of Three phase transformer

The three-phase transformers can be core or shell type. The three core type single-phase transformers can be
combined to get a three-phase core type transformers and similarly shell-type also
Advantages of single three-phase transformer

 A 3 phase transformer of occupies less space for the same rating compared to a bank of 3 single-phase
transformers
 Its weight is less
 Cost is less
 Only one unit is required to be handled which make it easy for the operator
 The core will be of smaller size and the material required for the core is less
 The overall structure and installation of a single three-phase unit is simple

Bank of three single phase transformers

Three single-phase transformer are connected together to have a three-phase transformer. The 3 single-phase
transformers from a bank have identical ratings.
 In a bank of 3 single-phase transformer, the phases are electrically connected but the three magnetic circuit
circuits are independent.

Advantages of Bank of three single-phase transformers

 When one of the transformers is out of service then also the system separations are possible with remaining two
transformers using Y-Y connections at induced capacity.
 It is possible to have one transformer in a bank with a higher KVA rating than the other so that unbalanced load
can be supplied.
 In the bank of three single-phase transformers, only one single-phase transformer is to be kept spare rather than to
keep a where 3 phase unit which is expensive. This requirement of standby is less in case of bank of 3-single
phase transformers.

Three-phase transformer connections

The primary and secondary of three-phase transformers can be connected in different ways such as star and delta
connection.
The following types of connections are used

 Y-Y connection
 Δ-Δ connection
 Δ-Y connection
 Y- Δ connection
 V-V connection or open delta
 Scott connection or T-T

Advantages of Delta – Delta [Δ-Δ] connection in transformer

 In order to get the secondary voltage is sinusoidal, the magnetising current of transformer must contain 3rd
harmonic content.
 The delta connection provides a closed path for the circulation of 3rd harmonic component of current.
 The flux remains sinusoidal which results in sinusoidal voltage.
 This type of connection can be used for supplying unbalanced load also.
 Due to Δ connection, Vph is same as VL but Iph = 1/ root 3 IL
 Therefore the cross-section of winding is very less, this makes the condition economical for a low voltage
transformer.
 If there is a bank of single-phase transformers connected in Δ-Δ and if one of the transformers is disabled, then
the supply can be continued with remaining two transformers with reduced capacity.
Disadvantages
It is not suitable for 3 phase 4 wire system.
Labelling of transformer terminals
For high voltage winding, upper case letters are used and LV windings by lower case letters.
Feature of silicon steel
Silica + pure steel = silicon steel
Silicon steel belongs to Ferromagnetic materials among all magnetic materials Ferro is a superior magnetic
material.
Silicon steel allows low reluctance and high permeability.
Permeability-conductivity-analogies
Silicon steel has low hysteresis coefficient.
If the full load current is 100amps, what would be the starting current when connected in
DOL, Star Delta and Auto Transformer?

 In DOL starter it is 5 times full load current i.e. 500 A

 In Star Delta one by third of DOL starting current 500/3 = 166.66 A
 In autotransformer, x^2 × DOL starting current
 X is tapping percentage
 50% tapping means x is .5
 I.e. (0.5) ^ 2 × 500 is 125 A
 Autotransformer is depended upon tapping. 25 to 100amps.

Why secondary of CT should not be kept open?

Since we know that CT is a step-up transformer. So if the secondary side is open then it will create a very large
potential difference between the open ends and which will cause medium to ionise and produce arc and can lead
to a fire. So it's shorted and not left open.
It also becomes a hazard to personnel.

Transformer safeties?
 Ventilations for Air Cooling
 Mechanical interlock for avoiding paralleling two transformers.
 Earthed System.
 Breaker protection
 Fuses.
 Isolation arrangements.

Why can't we use step-up transformer instead of a transistor for voltage amplification?
Because if the Transformer steps up the voltage and at the same time reduce current because transformer power is
always the same in primary and secondary. So there is no power gain but in a transistor, we amplify signal same
time we can achieve power gain also.

What is Isolation Transformer and what is its function?

An isolation transformer is used to isolate the two circuits electrically by providing galvanic isolation between
them.
Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in signals from one circuit to the other, but allow
AC components in signals to pass.
Isolation transformers are used for impedance matching to get the most efficient power transfer between stages
and to keep different stages electrically isolated to prevent ground loops.
Isolation transformers prevent harmonics from transferring from one side to the other side.

Applications:

 Telecommunication equipment
 Remote control equipment
 Computers & peripherals
 Analytical instruments etc.
Reference: https://www.quora.com/
How do you identify the primary and secondary winding of a transformer? When there is
no marking

 We can identify by observing the connecting cable dia. 440 side cable having less dia as compared to 220 sides.
 For step-up transformer low voltage side is primary and high voltage side is secondary.
 For a step down high voltage side is primary and low voltage side is secondary,
 The technical terminology is HT and LT instead of the primary and secondary side. The HT/LT may be primary
or secondary.
 In case of a step-down transformer, primary windings must have more length than the secondary windings.
So, obviously, the winding having more length will have more resistance than the other.
 In short, check the resistance of both windings and the windings having more resistance will be the primary
one.
Why transformer should not be connected star - star?
We can connect is Y-Y configuration also. But every configuration has its own advantage and disadvantage.
In Y if the fault occurs in any phase we have to isolate whole winding but in Delta, if the fault occurs in one
phase we can run the transformer in V (open delta) connection having 57.7% efficiency. In star connection,
harmonic generation is more as compared to delta
Also, in Y-Y connection the 3rd harmonics present in supply, to eliminate 3rd harmonics there is a
requirement of an additional 3rd winding which connected in delta called tertiary winding in Y-Y connection
transformers.

What happens when we use a copper core instead of iron steel core in the transformer?
As copper is a paramagnetic material it has low permeability as compared to iron. Hence to maintain the
same flux in core transformer draw more current and windings damage.

What will happen if we connect dc voltage to the input of a transformer?

When a DC voltage is applied to the primary winding of a transformer, due to low resistance, the winding acts as
a short circuit across the terminals of the DC source that lead to the flow of heavy current through the winding
resulting in overheating of the winding. Eventually, the source or the winding will be damaged. The effect of
current on winding depends on the applied DC voltage, rating of the transformer, winding resistance and how
powerful the DC source is. “Nothing will happen if 5Vdc is applied to a 50KVA transformer!
Reference: https://www.electricalclassroom.com/
In order to replace ammeter why should we open CT?
The CT converts current in the range of 1A or 5A from a higher value. That is high ampere current to lower
ampere rating by using step up transformer
As the voltage gets stepped up this can lead to arcing at the secondary if left open while working.
To avoid this, we short the secondary of CT.

How do you carry out the Transformer changeover on ship?

 The changeover should be carried out in anchorage or port

 Note down the parameters of working transformer
 Carry out IR test for standby transformer
 Make sure everything's perfect
 Inform to bridge and must shout down which are not get supply from ESB and UPS
 After having to carry out the changeover operation
 Note down parameters and compare to previous work
 transformer. If everything perfect and we have to switch ON back to which are shout down.

What are the types of transformer using in the ship?

 Power distribution transformer (High Rating) – for step down, lighting, and 220VAC consumers
 Potential transformer (Low Rating) – indication lamp and instrumentation
 Current transformer – instrumentations circuits and metering
 Isolation transformer – PCB and control circuits
 Ignition transformer – boiler and incinerator
 Low voltage to high voltage with Low current spark
 Autotransformer – Starter
 Welding transformer – Welding machine
 Isolated and Earthed neutral systems on ships |
Neutral Earthing Resistor

1. Insulated neutral system or isolated neutral system (INS)

2. Reason for using an insulated system
3. Advantages of insulated neutral system
4. Earthed system
5. Neutral earthing
6. What is Earth fault?
7. What is an Open circuit fault?
8. What is the Short circuit fault?
9. What are the Causes of short circuit?
10.Earthing of electrical equipment
11.Significance of earth faults
12.What are the Causes of earth faults?
13.Prevention of earth faults
14.Effect of a single earth fault
15.Effect of two earth faults
16.Earth fault indicators
17.Earth fault indicator using lamps
18.Earth fault indicator using ohm meter
19.Common locations of earth faults in the ship
20.Treatment of earth faults
21.An insulation meter with 3 modes
22.What is the difference between monitoring and fault finding?
23.What is a Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER)?
24.Neutral earthing resistor made of?
25.Specifications of Neutral Earthing Resistor

Insulated neutral system or isolated neutral system (INS)

Insulated system
An insulated system is the one that is totally electrically insulated from earth (ship‟s hull)

Reason for using an insulated system

The priority requirement on board ship is to maintain continuity of the electrical supply to equipment in the event
of a single earth fault occurring. On an insulated system, one earth fault does not interrupt the supply but raises a
warning on the earth's detection system. This allows the operator to locate and clear the fault.

Advantages of insulated neutral system

Avoids the risk of loss of essential services like steering gear
One earth fault doesn‟t interrupt the supply but an earth fault detection system will give warning

Earthed system
An earthed system has one pole or the neutral connected to earth
On board ships, the main system is normally insulated for the bus bar voltage of 440 V
When the voltage exceeds 1000 V, then the neutral of the alternator has to be earthed.

Neutral earthing
As mentioned earlier, for the systems having more than 1000 V, the neutral will be earthed. To protect the system
against the high fault current, normally the neutral is earthed either through a resistor or a transformer. In the case
of an earth fault, it is preferable that the fault current should not exceed the full load current of the alternator.

What is Earth fault?

An earth fault is due to a break in the insulation, allowing the conductor to touch the hull or an earthed metal
enclosure.

What is an Open circuit fault?

An open circuit fault is due to a break in the conductor so that the current cannot flow.

What is the Short circuit fault?

It is due to a double break in the insulation, allowing both conductors to be connected so that very large current
passes or short circuit occurs. The fault current depends on the overall impedance in the circuit at the time of the
fault.
 What are the Causes of short circuit?
A short circuit may occur because of the breakdown of insulation due to overheating or ingress of moisture/water.
Terminal connections become loose due to vibration or any other reasons, thereby two cables come into contact.
Cables exposed to fire, mechanical damage, cuts, etc. may lead to short circuits.

Earthing of electrical equipment

In order to protect against the dangers of electric shock and possible fire hazard, the metal enclosures, and other
non-current-carrying metal parts of the equipment must be earthed. This enables the potential at the time of earth
fault to become zero and also provides the least resistance path for the current to flow to the earth. (Ship‟s hull).

CORE BALANCE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Significance of earth faults
If an earth fault occurs (assuming an earthed system), it would be equivalent to a short circuit fault via the ship‟s
hull. The resulting large current would immediately blow the fuse and supply to the equipment is cut off. If this
happens to essential equipment like Steering gear, then the ship will be having loss of control. The large current
could also cause arcing damage at the fault location.

What are the Causes of earth faults?

 Dampness
 Mechanical damage
 Contamination due to dirt
 Temperature rise
 Ageing

Prevention of earth faults

 Appropriate types of the enclosure should be used to prevent the ingress of moisture and dust
 Make sure protection against the mechanical damage
 Exact cable glands and seals are to be used on cable ends
 Insulation tests are to be performed on a regular basis
 Maintaining the equipment strictly as per PMS
 Effect of a single earth fault
A single earth fault occurring in an insulated distribution system, will not cause any protective gear to operate and
the system will continue to function normally. The single earth fault does not provide a complete circuit so no
earth fault current will exist.
Effect of two earth faults
If an earth fault occurs at B on another line, the two earth faults would be equivalent to a short circuit via ship‟s
hull and cause protective gears to operate
An insulated system is, therefore, more effective than an earthed distribution the system, because the insulated
system requires two earth faults on two different lines to cause the tripping of the equipment.
Earth fault indicators
Regulations require that earth fault indicators are fitted to the MSB to indicate the presence of an earth fault on
each isolated section of a distribution system. Earth fault indicators can be a set of lamps or an ohm meter
calibrated in k Ω to show the system insulation resistance value to earth.
Earth fault indicator using lamps

If the system is healthy (no earth faults) then the lamps will glow with equal brilliance. If an earth fault occurs on
one line, the lamp connected in that line is dim or extinguished and the other lamps glow brighter.
The disadvantage of this system is that it is not very sensitive to indicate the presence of high
resistance/impedance faults.
Earth fault indicator using ohm meter
This system can incorporate a switch which will give off an alarm when the insulation resistance falls to the set
value. A small DC voltage is injected into the distribution system. Resulting current indicates the insulation
resistance. The maximum earth fault monitoring current is 250 μ A.
An alternative arrangement for k Ω meter
Common locations of earth faults in the ship
 Lamp fittings on the open deck.
 In the laundry, washing machines drenched with water
 In the galley, the ovens, hot plates, etc.
 Dripping of water over electrical machinery.
 Condensed moisture in the motor terminal box.
 Overheated motors leading to the melting of varnish on the windings.
 Dirty electrical apparatus with surface tracking (leakage current)
 Terminal lock nuts becoming loose due to vibration etc., leading to cable touching the body.
 Due to aging, the insulation may crack due to brittleness, leading to possible earth faults.
 Treatment of earth faults
 Earth faults should be eliminated when located.
 Damaged conductor insulation has to be repaired or renewed.
 Dampness or moisture has to be removed by gentle and gradual heating using lamps.
 Machinery should be kept clean of dirt and dust.
An insulation meter with 3 modes
 Monitoring
 Fault finding.
 Test.
What is the difference between monitoring and fault finding?
Application of three modes of an insulation meter:
Monitoring: to check the healthiness of the insulation of motors, Cables, etc. by measuring the IR values.
Fault Finding: insulation meter/megger can also be used to check the continuity of cables, motor windings, etc.
To find the O/C fault.
Test: to check the insulation meter is ok or not. Is there 1000V or 500V is available or not. Sometime battery/cell
may be discharged of digital Meter.
What is a Neutral Earthing Resistor (NER)?

The neutral earthing resistors are commonly used to handling the fault currents. NER is also called Neutral
Grounding Resistors. NER is used in the AC distribution system to limit the transient overvoltages that flow
through the neutral point of the alternator to a safe level during a fault condition.

Generally, NER is connected between the neutral of the generator and the ground. NERs limit the fault currents to
a value that keeps away from damage to equipment, so far permit the adequate flow of fault current to activate
protection devices.

NERs must withstand a huge amount of energy for the duration of the fault condition as per IEEE32 standards.
Therefore the selection of an NER is highly important to ensure the equipment and personnel safety and
continuity of power supply.

Neutral earthing resistor made of?

NER is made from stainless steel. Because
 Less corrosion
 High-temperature performance
 Economic reasons
Specifications of Neutral Earthing Resistor
Temperature rise:
the utmost short time temperature rise for the resistive component is 760°C, as per IEEE32

Rated Voltage:
line- to neutral voltage | unit Voltage divided by root3

Rated Current:
The initial current that will flow through the NER when it is cold. Generally, Full load current value is the same
as Rated current.

Time Rating:
It is the duration of time for which NER must be tolerate the rated voltage.

Short Time Rating:

Generally, it is 10 or 30 or 60 sec. depending on the design parameters of the protection system. IS-3043
recommends 30 sec. rating.

Continuous Rating:
It is normally 10 % of full load current for a healthy system NER to be designed for the continuous rating of 5 %
to 10 % of full load current.
 Basic Electrical Theory | Electrical Law |
Instruments | ETO
1. What is the Electricity?
2. What is the Charge?
3. What is Current?
4. What is the Direction of current?
5. What is Kirchhoff‟s current law?
6. What is the Electric Circuit?
7. Comparison of series and parallel circuit of the resistor
8. What is the Voltage or potential difference?
9. What is Power?
10.What is the Potential drop or voltage drop?
11.Faraday‟s First Law - Electromagnetic Induction
12.Faraday‟s Second Law - Electromagnetic Induction
13.What is mutual induction?
14.What is the Electro motive force (EMF)?
15.Fleming‟s right hand rule
16.Fleming‟s left hand rule
17.What is Kirchoff's voltage law?
18.What is the Polarity of voltage?
19.What are the Application of Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff‟s current
law (KCL)?
20.Sign convention of power
21.What are the types of circuit element?
22.What is the Active Element?
23.What is the Practical voltage source and current source?
24.What is Source Conversion?
25.What is the Dependent voltage source and current source?
26.What is the Passive Element?
27.What is the Resistor?
28.What is the Resistance?
29.Ohm‟s law
30.What is Resistivity?
31.What is the Inductor?
32.What is Inductance?
33.What is the Inductive Reactance?
34.What is the Node?
35.What is the Junction?
36.What is the Branch?
37.What is the Loop?
38.What is the Mesh?
39.What is the linear circuit?
40.What is the Non-linear Circuit?
41.What is the bilateral circuit?
42.What is the Super position theorem?
43.What is the Maximum power transfer theorem?
44.What is Norton‟s theorem?
45.What is the Transient Circuit?
46.What is the Transient Time?
47.AC circuit
48.What is Power Factor?
49.What is the Single Phase?
50.What is the Three phase?
51.Principle of single phase AC generation
52.Lenz law
53.What is the Form Factor?
54.What is the Crest or Peak or the amplitude factor?
55.What are the advantages of AC?
56.What is the energy storing element?
57.Three-phase star connection
58.Three-phase Delta connection
59.Power
60.Generation
61.What is Transmission?
62.What is Distribution?
63.What is the Apparent power (S)?
64.What is the Reactive power (Q)?
65.What is the necessity and advantages of three-phase systems?
66.What is the necessity of the protective device?
67.What is the Fuse?
68.What is the Fuse Element?
69.What is the Rated current of fuse?
70.What is the Fusing Current?
71.What is the Fusing Factor?
72.What is the fusing elements?
73.What are the Advantages of fuse?
74.What are the Disadvantages of fuse?
75.What is the necessity of earthing?
76.What is the Magnetic Hysteresis?
77.What is the Electrical measuring instruments?
78.What are the Essential the torque of indicating instrument?
79.What are the types of indicating instrument?
80.What is the Luminous Flux?
81.What is the Lumen?
82.What is Illumination?
83.What is the Transformer?
84.Why transformer is an electrostatic device?
85.Principle of operation of the transformer
86.What is the Machine?
87.What is the Device?
88.What is the Electromagnetic Induction?
89.What is the Flux?
90.What is the Flux Linkages?
91.What is the Difference between AC and DC?
What is the Electricity?
The invisible energy which constitutes the flow of electrons through a circuit to do work is called electricity.
What is the Charge?
It is the smallest particles of an atom which has some property of attraction and some property of repulsion.
What is Current?
The flow of electron is known as current or in another word rate of flow of charge is known as current
It is written by
I = dq/dt = q/t c/sec ampere (Amp)
What is the Direction of current?
In source, the current direction is from lower potential to higher potential and in an element the current direction
is from higher potential to potential.
What is Kirchhoff’s current law?
Accordingly, the total incoming current to a junction is equal to total outgoing current from that junction of an
electric circuit or
In other word the net current flowing at a junction of a circuit is zero.
What is the Electric Circuit?
For communicating or transferring energy from one point to other, we require interconnection of electrical devices
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
Comparison of series and parallel circuit of the resistor
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Current remains the same through all Voltage remains the same across all
resistance resistance
The voltage across each resistance is The current through each resistance is
different different
The sum of the voltages across all the The sum of the resistances is the supply
resistance is the supply voltage current
The equivalent resistance is The equivalent resistance is
R1 + R2 +………+Rn 1/R1 + 1/R2 +……..+1/Rn
The equivalent resistance is the largest The equivalent resistance is the smallest
than each of the resistances in series of all the resistances in parallel
What is the Voltage or potential difference?
Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element.
It is denoted by „v‟.
Its unit is volt.
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb
It is also known as absolute potential at the point.
What is Power?
Power is the time rate of expanding or absorbing energy
Unit of power is watts-W
P=VI
What is the Potential drop or voltage drop?
When current flows through an element the voltage produced across that element is known as voltage drop.
Faraday’s First Law - Electromagnetic Induction
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an EMF is induced. A current is induced when the
conductor circuit is closed. This current is named an induced current.
Faraday’s Second Law - Electromagnetic Induction
The induced electro motive force EMF in a coil is equal to the rate of change of the flux linkage.
What is mutual induction?
When an electro motive force (EMF) is produced in a coil due to the change in current in a coupled coil, the effect
is known as mutual inductance.
What is the Electro motive force (EMF)?
The force which motivates the electrons to flows in a circuit known as electro motive force.
Its unit is volt.
Fleming’s right hand rule
THUMP direction of the movement of conductor
FORE FINGER Direction of the magnetic field
MIDDLE FINGER Direction of the induced current
APPLICATIONS Electric Generators
Fleming’s left hand rule
THUMP Direction of thrust (force) on the conductor
FORE FINGER Direction of the magnetic field
MIDDLE FINGER Direction of the current
APPLICATIONS Electric motors
What is Kirchoff's voltage law?
Accordingly, sum of voltages in a closed circuit on a closed path is equal to zero.
∑v=0
What is the Polarity of voltage?
The polarity of the voltage is determined with respect to the direction of flow of current.
In a source, if the current direction is from lower potential to higher potential then the source voltage is positive.
If in a source the current direction is from higher potential to lower potential then the source voltage is negative.
But in an element the current is always from higher potential to lower potential, so the element voltage is
negative.
What are the Application of Kirchoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s current
law (KCL)?
KVL and KCL are used to analyze a circuit completely i.e. to determine each branch current, voltage, and power,
etc.
During KCL we consider each and every junction point of a circuit. The junction is a common point where 3 or
more elements are joined together in a circuit.
During the application of KVL, we start from any one point of the circuit and end at the same point.
Sign convention of power
In case of source, the power given is always positive
But in case of element power absorbed by the element is positive but power given by the element is negative.

Circuit elements
An element is the basic building block of a circuit. There are two types of elements
Active element
Passive element
What are the types of circuit element?

What is the Active Element?

These are the elements that activate on produces current in a circuit.
Example
A voltage source (battery, shell)
And current source (semiconductor devices)
What is the Practical voltage source and current source?
These are the sources having some internal resistance practically.
The internal resistance of a voltage source is connected in series with the source but internal resistance of a
current source is connected across the source.
What is Source Conversion?
A practical voltage source can be converted to its equivalent practical current source and vice versa.
What is the Dependent voltage source and current source?
These sources are also known as controlled sources which depend upon other sources present in a circuit.
What is the Passive Element?
These are the receiving element on parameters which help to carry current in a circuit.
What is the Resistor?
It is a device which opposes the flow of current.
What is the Resistance?
It is the property of a resistor by virtual of which it opposes the flow of current.
The mathematical expression of resistance is given by ohm‟s law.
Ohm’s law
Accordingly at constant temperature and pressure the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage across the conductor.
I∝V
Constructional resistance is directly proportional to length of conductor and inversely proportional to the cross-
sectional area of the conductor.
What is Resistivity?
It is defined as the total resistance offered by a conductor per unit length.
What is the Inductor?
It is a device which opposes any change inflow of current.
What is Inductance?
It is the property of an inductor by which it opposes any change the inflow of current.
Unit of inductance is henry (H).
It is represented by L.
Symbol is
Mathematically it is given by L = NФ/I
Where
N = number of turns of the coil
Ф = Flux of the coil
I = current in the coil
What is the Inductive Reactance?
It is the property of an inductor by which it opposes the flow of current.
It is given by; XL = 2πfL = wL
Where
f = natural frequency
w = angular frequency
What is the Node?
It is the point on point in a circuit where 2or more elements join together.
What is the Junction?
It is a point in a circuit where 3 or more elements join together.
Note: Each junction can be considered as a node but each node cannot be considered as a junction.
Note 2: Nodal analysis of a circuit is based on the number of junction
What is the Branch?
A branch is that part of the network which lies between two junctions
What is the Loop?
A loop is any closed path of a network
What is the Mesh?
It is a loop and can‟t be further divided into other loops
What is the linear circuit?
If the parameters of the circuit are independent of voltage and current then the circuit is called linear circuit
What is the Non-linear Circuit?
If the parameters of the circuit change with voltage and current then the circuit is called nonlinear circuit
What is the bilateral circuit?
A circuit whose characteristics are the same in either the direction of current flow is called a bilateral circuit.
What is the Super position theorem?
Accordingly, if two or more sources are acting simultaneously in a circuit, then-current in any branch is equal to
the net current following through that branch due to individual sources.
Note: During consideration of individual sources all other sources in that circuit is considered as zero
What is the Maximum power transfer theorem?
Accordingly in an electric circuit the load resistance or required resistance will supply maximum power only
when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance.

What is Norton’s theorem?

Any linear bilateral circuit can be converted into an equivalent circuit consist of a current source (Isc = short
circuit current) in parallel with the equivalent resistance of the circuit across the required load terminal.
Note: Thevenin‟s circuit and Norton‟s circuit are equivalent to each other because using source conversion
method Thevenin‟s circuit can be converted to Norton‟s circuit and vice versa
What is the Transient Circuit?
When a circuit condition changes from ON to OFF condition and OFF to ON condition is known as a transient
circuit.
What is the Transient Time?
The time between ON to OFF condition and OFF to ON condition is known as transient time.

AC circuit

The circuit which operates with alternating supply having some frequency with some energy stored element like
inductor and capacitor
Note: DC circuit consists of resistance only but AC circuit consists of all the three elements either in series or in
parallel.
What is Power Factor?
It is the cosine angle between voltage and current of a circuit
Power factor = cos Ф
Power factor is also defined as the ratio of resistance to the total impedance of the circuit
What is the Single Phase?
One conductor is considered a single phase
What is the Three phase?
If three conductors then considered as three-phase.
In three-phase AC system the phase displacement between voltage or current of all conductors is given by 360/n =
360/3 = 120 degree
Principle of single phase AC generation
The single-phase AC generation is based on the principle of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Accordingly when a conductor rotates within a magnetic field and circuit and cut the magnetic flux an EMF is
induced on that conductor and is given by
E = N(dФ/dt)
Where Ф = Flux link with the conductor
N = number of turns
Lenz law
Accordingly whatever may be the cause of production the induced EMF opposes its initial cause
What is the Form Factor?
It is the ratio of RMS value to the average value of an alternating quantity
Vavg = 2Vm /π
VRMS = Vm/√2
Form factor = VRMS/ Vavg
1.11
What is the Crest or Peak or the amplitude factor?
It is the ratio of RMS value to maximum values of alternating quantity
Maximum value = Vm
RMS value = Vm/√2
Peak factor = 1.414
What are the advantages of AC?
AC voltage can be raised or lowered effectively with the help of a device called transformer for different
applications but it is not easy for DC
AC machines are simple in construction and cheaper as compared to DC
AC sources are easily available
What is the energy storing element?
Energy storing elements are inductor and capacitor
Three-phase star connection
Line current IL = phase current Iph
Line voltage VL = √3 Vph
Three-phase Delta connection
Line voltage VL = Vph Phase voltage
Line current IL = √3 Iph
Power
Power P = √3 VL IL
Real power = √3 VL IL cos Ф
Reactive power = √3 VL IL sin Ф
Generation
The production of electrical energy in generating stations using renewable and non-renewable energy sources is
known as generation
What is Transmission?
The supply of generating electrical energy from generating stations to substations are known as transmission
It is divided into two stages
Primary transmission – from generating station to Grid
Secondary transmission – from the grid to area substations
What is Distribution?
The supply of electrical energy from area substations to the consumer is known as distribution
Distribution is also divided into two types
Primary Distribution – From area substation to area transformer
Secondary Distribution – From area transformer to consumers
What is the Apparent power (S)?
It is defined as the product of RMS value of voltage V and current I
it is denoted by S
S = VI > VA
What is the Reactive power (Q)?
It is defined as the product of the applied voltage and the reactive component of the current
It is also defined as an imaginary component of the apparent power
It is represented by Q and it is measured in volt-ampere reactive VAR
Q = VI sin VAR
 What is the necessity and advantages of three-phase systems?
 The output of the three-phase machine is always greater than that of a single-phase machine of the same size.
Hence for a given size and voltage, a three-phase machine occupies less space and has less cost compared to a
single-phase machine having the same rating
 To transmit and distribute a given amount of power a three phase system requires less copper than single-phase
 Three-phase motors have uniform torque whereas single phase motors have pulsating torques
 Single-phase motors are not self-starting whereas three phase motors are self-starting
 The three-phase system give a steady output
 Single-phase supply can be obtained from three-phase but three-phase cannot be obtained from single-phase
What is the necessity of the protective device?

 In an electrical circuit, many types of faults occur which may damage the entire equipment and other devices
connected to the faulty equipment‟s
 Excessive high current can cause damage to equipment or to the operator
 Failure of insulation can cause severe shock to the operator
 Due to all the reasons, there is a need for various protection schemes and protective devices
What is the Fuse?
The fuse is a device which consists of a small piece of metal, which is connected in series with the circuit. When
the current through it increases some predetermined value, the metal melts to interrupt the circuit current which
protects the circuit from excessive-high current
What is the Fuse Element?
The part of the fuse which melts when excessive current flows through it is called fuse element or fuse wire
What is the Rated current of fuse?

 It is that maximum current which fusing element can normally carry without any undue overheating or melting.
 It depends on
 The temperature rise of fuse contacts of the fuse holder
 Fusing element material
 Deterioration of fuse due to oxidation
What is the Fusing Current?
The minimum value of the current at which the fuse element melts to interrupt the circuit current is called fusing
current. It is always more than the current rating of the fuse.
What is the Fusing Factor?
The ratio of minimum fusing current and the rating of the fuse is called fusing factor. Fusing factor is always
greater than one
What is the fusing elements?
Various fusing elements
Copper
Tin-lead alloy
Silver
What are the Advantages of fuse?
 The simplest and cheapest form of protecting device
 Requires no maintenance
 Operation is automatic
 Minimum operating time can be made much smaller than that of circuit breaker
 Inverse time-current characteristic
 The capacity of clearing high values of short circuit currents
 Consistent performance
What are the Disadvantages of fuse?
 Replacement is necessary after every operation
 Replacement takes a lot of time
 They are prone to high-temperature rise
What is the necessity of earthing?
 To protect the human being from disability or death from shock in case the human body comes into contact with
the frame of any electrical machinery/appliances which are electrically charged due to leakage current or fault
 To maintain the line voltage constant

What is the Magnetic Hysteresis?

The lagging of magnetic flux density (B) behind magnetic field (H) intensity is known as magnetic hysteresis
What is the Electrical measuring instruments?
 Indicating instrument – voltmeter, ammeter
 Integrating instrument – energy meter
 Recording instrument
What are the Essential the torque of indicating instrument?
 Deflecting torque
 Controlling torque
 Damping torques
What are the types of indicating instrument?
 Moving coil type instrument
 Moving iron type instrument
 Dyna momentum type instrument
 Electrostatic instrument
 Induction instrument
What is the Luminous Flux?
It is the rate of energy radiation in the form of light waves
Luminous flux = energy radiated/sec
Unit = Lumen
What is the Lumen?
It is defined as the candle power as the luminous flux emitted in a unit solid angle by a source of candle power
Lumen = candle power x solid angle
What is Illumination?
It is the luminous flux received by a surface per unit area
What is the Transformer?
It is an electrostatic device which transfers electricity from one AC circuit to another AC circuit at a constant
frequency
Why transformer is an electrostatic device?
During the operation of the transformer since it remains stationary and no rotating part, therefore, it is known as
an electrostatic device.
Principle of operation of the transformer
The principle of transformer is based on Faraday's law of mutual induction
What is the Machine?
The elements which have moving part or rotating part is known as machine - motor
What is the Device?
The element having no rotating part is known as a device - transformer
What is the Electromagnetic Induction?
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux a dynamically induced EMF induced in it. The magnetic of induced
EMF is directly proportional to the rate of flux linkages.
What is the Flux?
The amount of magnetic field around the magnet is represented through the lines of force is called flux. Units are
webers represented by 0
What is the Flux Linkages?
The extent of interaction between flux and the conductor or conductor and flux

What is the Difference between AC and DC?

ALTERNATING CURRENT AC DIRECT CURRENT DC
It is the current of magnitude varying It is the current of constant magnitude
with time
It's reverse its direction while following It flows in one direction in the circuit
in a circuit
Electrons keep switching directions- Electrons move steadily in one direction
forward and backward
It is obtained from AC generator It is obtained from a cell or battery or
rectifier
The frequency of AC is 50 Hz or 60 Hz The frequency of DC is zero
The passive parameter is the impedance The passive parameter is the resistance
only
Power factor lies between 0 to 1 Power factor is always 1
Types: sinusoidal, triangular, square Types: pure and pulsating
 What is the difference between the purifier
motor and normal motor?
1. What kind of motor used for antenna drives? (Furuno Radars)
2. Where is Dc motor used onboard?
3. Is it possible to improve insulation winding without stopping of Motor? If yes please
explain the procedure.
4. How will you set OCR of the motor, if the motor is carrying 10A current?
5. What does mean in the steering gear motor safeties there is 200% insulation?
6. What is the minimum acceptable insulation resistance of a 440v motor?
7. Why some motors on the ship is connected as star and some as Delta?
8. What is the function of Servo motor in the main engine electronic governor control?
9. What is the function of unloader in air compressor?
10.Application of synchronous motors on ship
11.What happens to the motor if we completely shut off the discharge v/v of centrifugal p/p?
12.Which motor is continuous running in purifier room?
13.What happens when single phasing happens in star connected motor and delta connected
motor?
14.Why the air gap in the synchronous machine is large than the induction machine?
15.Why we cannot use star delta starter instead of autotransformer starter?
16.Why soft starter firing angle 3°-177°?
17.Where is damper winding placed in the synchronous motor?
18.Why we are using star-delta starter instead of we can run with DOL starter with star
connection?
19.What is the IP rating for engine room motor?
20.Why resistor and inductor are connected with the armature in synchroscope?
21.If motor immersed in Seawater what will happen?
22.How to control the crane motor speed on the ship?
23.Can we increase a motor speed above rated speed using VFD?
24.What will happen in star - Delta starter, if it does not change over to delta mode?
25.What is the type of turning gear motor?
26.In soft starter out of six thyristors, three are gone then what will happen?? And what we
can do onboard?
27.How to reverse a single-phase induction motor?
28.What is the difference between the purifier motor and normal motor?
29.Why is use maximum DOL starter on-board?
30.Why thyristors are connected in antiparallel in the soft starter?
31.Can autotransformer replaced by star-delta?
 What kind of motor used for antenna drives? (Furuno Radars)
 X-band Radar - DC Motor
 S-Band Radar – Three Phase Induction Motor
Where is Dc motor used onboard?
 Clear view screen
 ME Governor.
 AE governor
 X band radar
 DC Servo motor

Is it possible to improve insulation winding without stopping of Motor? If yes please

explain the procedure.
In running condition, if we prevent excessive heat formation. Like, make sure that cooling fan is working fine.
Space heaters are on during its stop time. Preventing the ingress of dust and moisture can help in improving
insulation even in running condition
If we are minimising the vibration of equipment in running condition then also it is improving the insulation.
How will you set OCR of the motor, if the motor is carrying 10A current?
OCR is always set at FLC in case of the normal motor. But if the motor is carrying 105%of FLC then the motor
should continue to run for minimum 2 hrs. And if current rises to 120% of FLC then OCR should activate within
2 hrs. That‟s what D.T hall says.
Check the nameplate for the service factor.
For example, the service factor is 1.15 which means OCR settings is 15% + FLC
What does mean in the steering gear motor safeties there is 200% insulation?
The motor can withstand 200% of the load or motor winding can carry 200% of FLC
What is the minimum acceptable insulation resistance of a 440v motor?
You have to say that according to D T hall the minimum insulation resistance should be 1kilo ohm per volt... So
for 440v, it should be 0.44 megaohm but for survey purpose, it should be 1mega ohm.
The minimum acceptable IR value for 440v system is 1mega ohm.

Why some motors on the ship is connected as star and some as Delta?
Star connected winding
 Line voltage VL is equal to phase voltage Vph × √3.
 Line current IL is equal to phase Iph current.
 The induction motor starting torque is directly proportional to the Phase voltage. So starting torque is low in star
connected winding.

Delta connected winding

 Line voltage VL is equal to phase Vph voltage
 Line current IL is equal to phase current Iph ×√3
 So starting torque is high in delta connected winding.
 Star connection for Low starting torque machines.
 Delta connection for high starting torque machines.

What is the function of Servo motor in the main engine electronic governor control?
Servo motor control the fuel to engine decrease and increase defend on the command signal.
 What is the function of unloader in air compressor?
 To reduce the load on motor by keeping the drain valve open
 This we do by keeping the drain v/v open. Then there will be no compression on the motor.
 To avoid mechanical damage to the compressor.
 It is fitted with a timer.
 It will drain the accumulated moisture content. Which may have accumulated after the stopping of the
compressor.

Application of synchronous motors on ship

 Gyrocompass
 Synchronous compensator in shaft generator
 Electrical clocks

What happens to the motor if we completely shut off the discharge v/v of centrifugal p/p?
Pump pressure will reach to maximum. It causes the liquid will circulate in the pump and no displacement will be
there. If continuously run pump will be overeat
If you closing suddenly,
The pipeline will be damaged due to water hammering.

Effects in positive displacement type pumps

Discharge pressure will continuously increase, and damage the pipe or pump.
If you closing suddenly,
The pipeline will blast without time delay.

Which motor is continuous running in purifier room?

Viscotherm motor
Viscotherm motor - Its induction motor usually

What happens when single phasing happens in star connected motor and delta connected
motor?
In case the motor is running with 3 phase delta arrangement and single phasing occurred then the motor can run as
open delta arrangement where FLC will be 100% at 50% load
After you stop the motor, with single phasing fault motor won‟t run.
Star connected motor cannot be run while single phasing fault is active.

Why the air gap in the synchronous machine is large than the induction machine?
Induction motor work on mutual induction principle if the air gap will be more than leakage flux will be more
mutual flux reduced EMF will reduce and power factor also reduces and noise increases
While in synchronous motor does not work on mutual induction principle we give separate supply to stator and
rotor.
Thus the synchronous motor has a large air gap for low magnetising reactance to allow higher reactive and active
power to be delivered whereas the induction motor has a small air gap for higher magnetising reactance to limit
the reactive power drawn.

Why we cannot use star delta starter instead of autotransformer starter?

Star delta has low starting torque compared to auto transformer, also star-delta is open transition while the auto is
closed-loop which does not affect the surges in motor
Starting current also more in star delta as compared to auto transformer.
Star Delta starting torque 33%
But some motor needs starting torque 50%

Why soft starter firing angle 3°-177°?

Because @ 177 degrees it will supply minimum voltage at 3 degree it will supply the maximum voltage
The thyristor will not fire before 0.7 volts
So initial 3 degrees is gone
Similarly, it will not get any gate pulse from 177-180 degrees
So the last 3 degrees is gone

Where is damper winding placed in the synchronous motor?

On rotor, it is lapped
It is an additional winding shorted with centrifugal switch

Why we are using star-delta starter instead of we can run with DOL starter with star
connection?
In star connection line voltage is low. So if we run it on the lower voltage we need more current for the same
power output.
So with more current, more losses, more heat will generation.
Some surveyor expecting the voltage to torque relation. In delta phase voltage is equal to line voltage so more
voltage more torque so we are using delta connection for high power motor for high torque, whereas in star
connection torque is less.

What is the IP rating for engine room motor?

It's minimum 44 and for the deck, it's minimum 56

Why resistor and inductor are connected with the armature in synchroscope?
An inductor is connected to shift the current 90 degrees as compared to the resistor
But what is the purpose of it? It is taking supply from 2 phases of bus bar which already has a phase difference,
then why this extra phase shift is required?
To turn a single-phase induction motor we need to shift the phases to get starting torque
Otherwise, in single-phase induction motor, there are two similar fields rotating in the opposite direction.
So to produce phase lead we use a capacitor in a fan. And we are use inductor in synchroscope to produce phase
lag.

If motor immersed in Seawater what will happen?

The electric motor IR value will go down to very low levels.
Low insulation resistance will cause an Earth Fault alarm to be triggered.

How to control the crane motor speed on the ship?

We are using the pole change method for controlling the speed.
In cargo cranes nowadays VFD is used
Mostly wound rotor motor is used in cranes as it provides high starting torque and speed control through external
resistance
Can we increase a motor speed above rated speed using VFD?
Yes we can increase the speed above rated speed by increasing the frequency, frequency is directly proportional
to the speed, and by increasing the firing rate of IGBT we can increase frequency.
If a motor is continually operated at above-rated speed could damage the motor.
What will happen in star - Delta starter, if it does not change over to delta mode?
It stands to reason that for an increase in load, for the lower voltage being supplied in star mode (254V instead of
440V) current will have to increase and therefore more heat produced whilst running and finally burn out.
Remember, burn out will not take place immediately, but over a period of time.

What is the type of turning gear motor?

A reversible double squirrel cage induction motor
To increase the starting torque of squirrel cage induction motor, there are two windings (inner cage and outer cage
conductor bars) in the Rotor.

In soft starter out of six thyristors, three are gone then what will happen?? And what we
can do onboard?
We can bypass the soft starter (diodes), thus motor get full voltage
If 3 out of 6 diodes is gone, in the soft starter, the average value of output voltage of starter, which is available at
motor terminals is reduced. As 2 diodes per phase are used (one for positive and other for negative half-cycle
work) is used. Motor speed reduced and it can also stop it if there is the insufficient voltage at motor terminals.

How to reverse a single-phase induction motor?

The direction of rotation of single-phase induction motor can be reversed by changing the polarity of either
starting (auxiliary) winding or running (main) winding. We will preferably change the polarity of starting winding
in which capacitor connected to get better starting torque.

What is the difference between the purifier motor and normal motor?
Purifier motor take high current in starting
Purifier motor since it draws high starting current has class F insulation. Secondly, it does not trip due to overload
being bypassed for a certain duration of time, usually, until bowl picks up speed (anywhere between 10-15mins
duration)

Why is use maximum DOL starter on-board?

Because it‟s simple, easy for fault finding, cheaper, and but only used for smaller load

Why thyristors are connected in antiparallel in the soft starter?

To chopper (control) voltage in both +ve and -ve half-cycles of the sinusoidal input voltage.

Can autotransformer replaced by star-delta?

Autotransformers starter can be replaced by star-delta if the turn ratio of the autotransformer is 1/root3