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Lecture 3

The document discusses the capability and constraints of synchronous generators. It covers several key points: 1) Generators have voltage and insulation material limitations that constrain their voltage ratings. 2) Generators can deliver or absorb reactive power from the system depending on whether they are overexcited or underexcited. 3) Generators have capability curves that are limited by armature heating, field heating, and end heating, which constrain their active and reactive power output.

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43 views14 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses the capability and constraints of synchronous generators. It covers several key points: 1) Generators have voltage and insulation material limitations that constrain their voltage ratings. 2) Generators can deliver or absorb reactive power from the system depending on whether they are overexcited or underexcited. 3) Generators have capability curves that are limited by armature heating, field heating, and end heating, which constrain their active and reactive power output.

Uploaded by

Gaylethunder007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Capability and constraints in Generators

Capability and constraints of Generators


To minimize the current flow in the armature, which
reduces the copper loss, the voltage rating of the
alternators is increased, but it is also limited due to cost
and insulation loss of material.

three phase complex power(S)


at the generator terminal will be
Capability and constraints of Generators
• Normally the resistance of armature winding (Ra) is
very small compared to the synchronous reactance
(Xs) neglecting Ra
Capability and constraints of Generators
The maximum power (Pmax) from generator can be
delivered when angle=90°. The value Pmax is called
the steady state stability limit.

Generator delivers reactive power to the system when


----------
This condition is said to be overexcited mode of
operation of synchronous generator

The generator is called under-excited when it absorbs


the reactive power from the system
--------
Capability and constraints of Generators

Since delta is mainly governed by real power generation


and terminal voltage is controlled by the system, the
generator excitation voltage (Ef) is adjusted by generator
excitation system to control the reactive power.

Phasor diagrams:
-----
-----
Capability and constraints of
Generators

 Image here
Capability and constraints in
Generators
 Eqs here
Capability curve of synchronous generator
• Synchronous generators are loaded according to operating
chart which is governed by several factors.

• Synchronous generators are rated in terms of maximum


MVA output at a specified voltage and power factor which
they can carry continuously without overheating.

• The continuous reactive power capability is limited by three


consideration: armature heating limit, field heating limit
and end heating limit.

• Whereas active power is limited by prime mover capability.


Capability curve of synchronous generator
Armature Heating Limit:
 Energy associated with the power loss (I^2R) in armature
winding due to the flow of current must be removed to limit
the rising temperature which can cause insulation damage

 Thus, the generator is limited by maximum current that


can flow in armature without exceeding the heating
limitation

 The rise in temperature is controlled by the cooling system


of alternator

Eqs and plot


Capability curve of synchronous
generator
Field heating limit:
• Due to excitation current flow (If) in the field winding
having resistance (Rf). If^2 Rf power loss occurs and
this causes field heating. This excitation voltage (Ef)
is directly proportional to excitation current.

• -----
• -----
End Field heating
• Due to more leakage flux, more eddy current is produced
in the stator laminations, and thus causes more localized
heating in the end region

• The high field currents crossponding to the over-excited


condition keep the retaining ring saturated so that leakage
flux is small

• In the under-excited condition, however field current is


low and the retaining ring is not saturated and this permits
an increase in armature end leakage flux

• Moreover, in under-excited region, the flux produce by the


armature current add to the flux produced by the field
current
End field heating
• Therefore, end flux enhances the axial flux in the end
region and resulting in a severe heating which
severely affect the output of generator
Transmission lines
• Deviation of voltages beyond certain limits can also
be considered to be an unacceptable compromise on
the quality of power being supplied to consumer. Low
or high voltages can also damage electrical
equipment

• Shunt reactor (insulators) are often connected in


shunt on transmission lines to prevent over voltages,
under low loading
- Line Reactors
- Bus Reactors
Transmission lines

• Voltages and reactive power flow in transmission


lines are effected by
- Line Parameters
- Length of line
- Power transfer

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