Control of Output Voltage of Simple DC-DC Converters

Afshin Pashaei M.T.Haque Sara Alizadeh

Eastern Azarbayjan Electric power Faculty Electrical and Computer Bank mellat
Distribution Co. Engineering Tabriz University,iran Tabriz Iran
Pasi a7(0ho. cor tarafdar tabrizu.ac.ir salizadehrn ahoo. cor

Key Words: DC-DC chopper, DC level change, loss two controllable switches, two diodes and one inductor
reduction, desired wave form, simple control strategy, series with load. Series inductor prevents occurring of
DC motor, speed control high di/dt and causes gradually increasing and decreasing
of load current. Optimal inductance of series inductor
Abstract should be exactly identified. Fig. 1 has two modes of
operation as follows:
(a) Charging mode
This paper proposes a new simple and fast control (b) Discharging mode
strategy for a dc-dc converter. This strategy is able to
create any desired voltage waveform at the output.
Switching signals are generated using hysteresis band following parts.
control. In this strategy output voltage compares with
reference voltage waveform for getting switching pattern.
Because of low number of switches in power circuit,
switching losses is very low. Another application of this _
circuit is speed control of dc motors by changing the dcl s D2
voltage magnitude. Energy recovery is one of the best
characteristics of this circuit.
L

I- Introduction VD C oYaY + Vload -

The dc-dc converters are widely used in regulated

switch- mode dc power supplies and dc motor drive D S2
applications. Sometimes the high switching frequency
causes a lot of losses in switches and it is important to
reduce its value. The controlling strategy is the key point
of converters operation and it would be a great deal of
progress if it be as simple as possible. In some Fig. 1 Power circuit of proposed dc-dc converter
applications such as robot control and temperature
process output voltage waveform is important and it a) Charging mode
should track the reference signals. In this paper a dc-dc Fig. 2 shows the power circuit in charging mode. In
converter is proposed with reduced number of switches, this mode S1 and S2 are closed for a time interval equal
losses meanwhile it has a simple control strategy for with T1 that is shown in Fig. 4. The switches conduct the
controlling of output voltage waveform. Voltage inductor current and the diodes became reversely biased.
waveform exactly created with hysterics band control to This results in a positive voltage across inductor and
track the desired reference voltage waveform. [1,2] causes increasing of its current.

b) Discharge mode
Ciruit
II- Power TopologyFig. 3 shows the power circuit of proposed dc-dc
Fig. 1 shows the power circuit of proposed dc-dccovreindshgngm
are
e.Itisoe51adS
open and diodes D1 and D2 are conducting for a time
converter. This circuit consists of one DC voltage source, itraeqlwthTtatssoninFg4.Itisim

1-4244-01 59-3/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE

interval the mentioned circuit is in energy recovery state. v
The redundancy energy stored in inductor recovered by
source and this is a considerable characteristic of this
circuit. [2,3] le
T2 TD

- ----

e D2

L t
VDC Load
+ Vload - Fig. 4. Output voltage and its hysteresis band

III. Control Circuit

To control of output voltage and create of switching
nD S2 pattern the hystersis band controller is used. Fig. 4 shows
the reference output voltage (that is considered to be a
step voltage waveform), the actual voltage waveform
across the load VLOAD and the hysteresis band which its
width is AV. In this figure VI and V2 stand for the lower
and upper limits of hysteresis band, respectively. TI
shows the charging interval while T2 shows the
Fig.2: Charging mode discharging interval. When actual voltage reaches to V2,
operation mode changes from charging to discharging
and voltage decreases. By choosing the narrower
hysteresis band the actual voltage tracks the reference
voltage closer but it would results in increasing of
Si D2 switching frequency that will increases the switching
losses by itself.
The block diagram of switching pattern generator
circuit is shown in Fig. 5. In this circuit actual voltage of
load, is compared with upper and lower limits of
LEg J | hysteresis band. The upper limit generates with adding a
T
VDC fixed amount of voltage AV/2 to reference voltage. In the
same time, the lower limit generates with subtracting of
r + Vload - |
same fixed amount of voltage AV/2, from reference
voltage. The results of this comparison are logic zero or
logic one at the output of comparators. There is a relay in
Dl1
/\ S2 control circuit that generates firing pulses of switches SI
and S2 if it receives logic one in its input. This happens
in beginning of charging mode. Obviously, the relay will
open the switches SI and S2 if it receive logic zero in its
input.

Fig. 3 discharging mode

 From VtItage
MeasLJrement

Fig. 5. Block diagram of switching pattern generator.(V*= desired wave form)

IV. Simulation Results:

In this section the simulation results of circuit operation

are studied in two parts as follows:
(a) Resistive load and step voltage response
(b) DC motor as the load and step voltage response
In both cases, the series inductance is considered to be
L=100 mH, the DC source voltage iS VDC=1OO volts and
AV equal with 1 volt.

tV-i- ) Resistive Load and Step Voltage ResponseFi.6Rerncvotg

In this simulation the load is considered to be a resistorFi.6Rerncvotg
that equals with 20 ohms. Fig. 6 shows the desired
reference voltage waveform. Reference load voltage
changes between two DC values after its starting from
initial zero voltage across the load state. Fig. 7 shows the
actual voltage across the resistive load. The delay 70

depends on R and L values. This figures show that it is

possible to track the reference voltage with very fast and 40
good dynamic. Switching patter is shown in Fig. 8. The
circuit has two stages of operation a follows:s g
(a) Vref. =lOO V O

(b) Vref7=50 V
Which:
Vref stands for reference voltage value. Fig. 7. Actual voltage
The switching frequency It is easy to notice that, because
of assuming the first step of output voltage equal with
DC source voltage,Switching
good dynamic. in pattern is shown in Fig. 8. TFighe swithing atter
Fig. s 9 and Fig. 10 show the exchange power and power
in steady state respectively. It is clear that in the
conduction mode, power is positive and in the off mode
power is negtactive (i.e. energy recovery). [4,5]
 Fig. 8 shows that in first stage there is not any
switching except than closing of switches SI and S2 at
the beginning of this stage. It is because the reference
voltage value is equal with DC source voltage. On the
other hand, it is possible to notice a high switching
frequency for second stage that is because of tracking of .4

reference voltage waveform by actual voltage. Fig. 9

shows the power exchange of DC source voltage. In first
stage of circuit operation, the load absorbs a positive
power from the source. In second stage, there is a power
exchange between source and the series inductance.
Obviously, in this case, there is not any energy stored in Fig. 11. Reference signal and armchair voltage of dc motor
resistive load, so all of the power exchange relates only
to the series connected inductor. Fig. 10 shows the
magnified power exchange in second stage of circuit
operation. This figure shows the power exchange
between source and series inductance in detail.
It should be noticed that, adding of series inductor
would result in decreasing of switching frequency, which M47

it results in reduction of switching losses. In addition the

series inductor has not any effect on power absorption
from the source

Sao
Fig. 12. Variation of motor speed

Using of this method we want to vary the voltage across

the armature that causes variation of armature current
and at the finally cause variation of motor speed. If we
A-0
l l
lwant to control of speed motor by tracking of special
curve, we must use this curve as a reference signal in
control strategy. this sim ulation give figure

reference signal, Ra=6 ohm and La=.012H, initial speed

9.Power exchange
Fig.
equal to 0.5rad/sec and Rf=240 ohm. Motor is constant
filed and armature voltage is variation. At first, because
of zero voltage across armature, speed of motor decrease
and later when voltage of armature increases tolO0 volts
MICK) speed of motor increase and until the voltage of armature
is constant it is fixed. [3,5]

V. conclusion
FhL|.Ig. I. Manfe po e exchan'ge31 12 1 The paper presents a new simple and fast control strategy
________________ ~~~~~~for
a dc-dc
converter. This strategy is able to create any
1~a123
120 0 4 C)
3206 3t
0 O 21 0212
123
4 )
3 12desire
i 1
vo tage wavefor across any kind of loads. For
example, it has been used for controlling of speed of a dc
Fig. 10. Magnified3power3exchange motor. The proposed controller produces switching
signals by hysteresis band control of output voltage. The
IV-2-)Step waveform for variation of DC motor speed
speed. operation wlthg
principle
voltag~~~~~~~~~~es1 consiefrmable sdiagrams are
and control dyamic studied. The
responoase.
Byr uda d-td c conterop Ta vheipsd has able
existlen ofsrisreco sytem hs
resultedfo
cnrling d onrated
rfspeductionof

inrdutone of
1 showreferncesgnalndaratswitchinugh frequenyo whichts Sinmurain results
dc motr. Fiure
switching losses and decreases of di/dt stresses on
switches.

VI. References

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experimental operation of a control strategy for the buck-
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Page(s):432 - 436 vol.2

3) Zhu, L. "A novel soft-commutating isolated boost

full-bridge ZVS-PWM DC-DC converter for
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Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th
Annual Volume 3, 20-25 June 2004 Page(s):2141 - 2146
Vol.3

4) Kwak, S.; Toliyat, H.A. "A hybrid converter system

for high performance large induction motor drives
Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
2004. APEC '04. Nineteenth Annual IEEE Volume 1,
2004 Page(s):529 - 536 Vol.
5) Xie Shaojun; Fan Ying; Zhou Dake "Research on a
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Nov. 2003 Page(s):647 - 651 vol.1