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Pathophysiology of Severe Anemia

Severe anemia is caused by chronic blood loss, intravascular volume depletion, or iron metabolism dysfunction which leads to low hemoglobin and hematocrit counts. This causes hypoxemia and hypoxia resulting in signs and symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Nursing and medical interventions focus on controlling any bleeding, blood transfusions, IV fluids, medication administration, and monitoring for complications like organ dysfunction, changes in vital signs, and death if left uncontrolled. With proper treatment and management, the prognosis is generally good but uncontrolled bleeding can lead to serious complications.

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Chrizley Shawn Deronia
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489 views3 pages

Pathophysiology of Severe Anemia

Severe anemia is caused by chronic blood loss, intravascular volume depletion, or iron metabolism dysfunction which leads to low hemoglobin and hematocrit counts. This causes hypoxemia and hypoxia resulting in signs and symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Nursing and medical interventions focus on controlling any bleeding, blood transfusions, IV fluids, medication administration, and monitoring for complications like organ dysfunction, changes in vital signs, and death if left uncontrolled. With proper treatment and management, the prognosis is generally good but uncontrolled bleeding can lead to serious complications.

Uploaded by

Chrizley Shawn Deronia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SEVERE ANEMIA

PREDISPOSING FACTOR PRECIPITATING FACTOR

Gender (female) Lifestyle (poor nutrition, alcoholics)


Environment (neglected, abused, and
Age (6-59 months old; 15-49 years old; homeless population)
85 years old and above) Medication intake
Trauma
Genetic/Family history Surgery
Chronic conditions (kidney disease,
Race (American African) hyperthyroidism, Endometrial pathology)

Chronic Blood Loss S/Sx


Fatigue
Weakness
S/Sx Pale or Yellow Skin
Orthostatic hypotension Irregular heartbeats
Intravascular Volume Depletion
Tachycardia SOB
Decrease capillary refill Dizziness or Lightheadedness
time Cold hands and feet
Poor skin turgor Chest pain
S/Sx Low Hgb Count
Fatigue
Weakness S/Sx
Pale skin, gums Pale complexion
yellow skin Weakness
SOB Low Hct Count Fatigue
Irregular heartbeat Cold hands and feet
Dizziness Lightheadedness
Cold hands and feet
Chest Pain
Hypoxemia
S/Sx
S/Sx
Dizziness when standing
Headache
Dry skin and mouth
SOB
Increase thirst
Tachycardia
Fatigue
Coughing Hypovolemia
Muscle cramps
Wheezing
Unable to urinate
Confusion
Urine darker than normal
Bluish color of skin,
fingernails, and lips
S/Sx
Hypoxia
Restlessness
Headache
Confusion
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
S/Sx Iron metabolism dysfunction Anxiety
Fatigue Dyspnea
Weakness Slow heart rate
Headaches Extreme restlessness
Pale skin Cyanosis
SOB
Severe Anemia
Heart palpitations S/Sx
Decrease Appetite Blue color to the whites
of the whites of the eyes
Brittle nails
Desire to eat ice or other
non-food things (pica
syndrome)
Lightheadedness
Pale skin color
SOB with mild activity or
even at rest.
Sore or inflamed tongue
Mouth ulcers

Nursing and Medical Intervention Nursing and Medical Intervention

Uncontrolled Bleeding
➢ Independent Interventions
• Vital signs monitoring Q2H as ordered
• Drug administration including IVTT as ordered Extreme fatigue
• IVF regulator and monitoring for patency
• Blood transfusion monitoring for patency
• Maintain and promote comfort for the patient Compensation of all organs to
• Diet monitoring normalize all functions
• WOF: CF4 level
• Health teaching about the present illness and the measures the
patient needs that might improve her comfort. Changes of V/S values beyond normal
• Educate energy-conservation technique
• Continuous documentation on continuity of care
➢ Dependent Interventions Arrest
• Blood transfusion 2 units per day
• Furosemide 40mg P.O post B.T
• Calcium gluconate 1 amp IVTT Post BT Death
• Biopsy
• CT Scan with the contrast of the lower half of the abdomen
• Diphenhydramine OD IM 30 mins prior to BT. Bad Prognosis
• PNSS 2L regulated at 15gtts/m
• Repeat CBC OD prior BT
• Laboratory Values (CBC) monitoring daily Legends:
• Mefenamic Acid 500 mg 1tab TID
• Tranexamic 500mg IVTT Q6H Predisposing and Precipitating factors
• Vitamin K 10g IVTT Q8H present in Px H.
S/Sx present in Px. H.
Controlled Bleeding Independent intervention
management performed to Px. H.
Dependent Intervention Management
Good Prognosis
Performed to Px. H.

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